Horticulturae

15 pages, 2714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calcium Nutrition in Fig Orchards Enhance Fruit Quality at Harvest and Storage

by Jackson Mirellys Azevêdo Souza, Sarita Leonel, Magali Leonel, Emerson Loli Garcia, Luiza Rocha Ribeiro, Rafael Bibiano Ferreira, Rafaelly Calsavara Martins, Marcelo de Souza Silva, Laís Naiara Honorato Monteiro and Anita Santos Duarte

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010123 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2296

Abstract

Due to the high perishability of figs, calcium stands out as an important nutrient for orchard management. This study aims to study the pre-harvest applications of calcium chloride in fig orchards. The fig trees were sprayed with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% [...] Read more.

Due to the high perishability of figs, calcium stands out as an important nutrient for orchard management. This study aims to study the pre-harvest applications of calcium chloride in fig orchards. The fig trees were sprayed with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% CaCl₂, and fruits were thereafter stored for 0, 7, 14 and 21 d. The variables analysed were the concentration of calcium in leaves and fruits, weight loss, fruit decay, pectinolytic enzyme activity, and physical and chemical attributes of the fruits; CaCl₂ sprays enhanced fruit Ca²⁺ concentration in leaves (14.03%) and fruits (29.3%) and were effective in reducing polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase activity, weight loss and fruit decay. Pre-treatment with 1% CaCl₂ provided fruits with larger diameters, greater firmness, and higher levels of total phenolic compounds in both fruit peel and pulp. The pre-harvest application at 1% CaCl₂ showed to be a promising technique in producing high quality fruits and extended storage by approximately 7 to 10 days. These findings may be useful in planning new cultural practices for fig orchards that produce high-quality fruit with desirable characteristics for growers and consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies in Fruit Trees and Vegetables to Increase Nutrient Use Efficiency)

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Graphical abstract

8 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Plant Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein

by Xue Wang, Yuanfan Xu, Haiyan Fan, Na Cui, Xiangnan Meng, Jiajing He, Nana Ran and Yang Yu

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010122 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2430

Abstract

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat sequence (NBS-LRR) protein is the main immune receptor in plants and participates in plant resistance to pathogens. When the NBS-LRR protein is activated by the pathogen’s effector protein, its conformation changes from an inhibitory state to an activated state, then [...] Read more.

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat sequence (NBS-LRR) protein is the main immune receptor in plants and participates in plant resistance to pathogens. When the NBS-LRR protein is activated by the pathogen’s effector protein, its conformation changes from an inhibitory state to an activated state, then it activates downstream signal transduction and initiates defense responses to inhibit the growth of pathogens. The NBS-LRR protein has major three domains: NBS, LRR and TIR/CC, which all play a certain role in the immune response induced by it. In this paper, the NBS-LRR protein domains and their functions, molecular mechanism of the induced immune response and its application in disease resistance breeding are reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research of Physiological of Horticultural Crop Resistance to Abiotic Stresses)

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16 pages, 1751 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hormone–Flavonoid Patterns in Two Genotypes of Campanula portenschlagiana with Distinct Adventitious Rooting Competence

by Tábata Bergonci, Inge S. Fomsgaard, Katrine H. Kjaer and Ivan A. Paponov

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010121 - 16 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1462

Abstract

In horticulture and floriculture, plants are predominantly propagated vegetatively from stem cuttings. Consequently, the success of propagation depends on a plant’s capacity to form adventitious roots (AR) at the basal part of the cutting, and AR formation depends on the interaction between flavonoids [...] Read more.

In horticulture and floriculture, plants are predominantly propagated vegetatively from stem cuttings. Consequently, the success of propagation depends on a plant’s capacity to form adventitious roots (AR) at the basal part of the cutting, and AR formation depends on the interaction between flavonoids and plant hormones in the basal part. In ornamental plants, flavonoid accumulation is important for flower color and can interact with plant hormone activity. In this study, we used an aeroponic system to culture two Campanula portenschlagiana genotypes contrasting in flower color to estimate cultivar differences in AR formation, flavonoid concentrations, and hormone composition. We found a greater accumulation of flavonols and flavones in petals in a blue-flowered genotype than in a white-flowered genotype. The blue-flowered genotype also accumulated more flavonols and flavones in the basal part of cuttings and showed better AR formation. The better AR formation in the blue-colored genotype was related to a greater accumulation of auxin and a lower accumulation of ABA in the basal part of the cuttings. In conclusion, higher flavonoid levels in the basal part of cuttings may interact with hormone action to affect excision-induced AR formation during the vegetative propagation of Campanula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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15 pages, 4896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The WRKY Transcription Factor CsWRKY70 Regulates EGCG Biosynthesis by Affecting CsLAR and CsUGT84A Expressions in Tea Leaves (Camellia sinensis)

by Xiaofeng Song, Xiangxiang Huang, Qin Li, Haiyan Lin, Silei Bai, Mingzhi Zhu, Juan Li and Kunbo Wang

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010120 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1584

Abstract

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is an important contributor to bitterness and astringency in summer tea leaves; however, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of EGCG biosynthesis remain unclear. In this study, EGCG content was significantly decreased after foliar spraying with nano-Se fertilizers in tea leaves. A [...] Read more.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is an important contributor to bitterness and astringency in summer tea leaves; however, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of EGCG biosynthesis remain unclear. In this study, EGCG content was significantly decreased after foliar spraying with nano-Se fertilizers in tea leaves. A WRKY transcription factor (TF), CsWRKY70, was found to be positively related to EGCG content. The open reading frame of CsWRKY70 was 891 bp encoding 296 amino acids. CsWRKY70 is localized to the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that CsWRKY70 can directly bind to the promoters of CsLAR and CsUGT84A containing W-box (5′-C/TTGACT/C-3′) sequences. Dual-luciferase reporter experiment verified that CsWRKY70 activated CsLAR and CsUGT84A expressions in tobacco leaves. In summary, these results demonstrated that CsWRKY70 may reduce EGCG biosynthesis by inhibiting the CsLAR and CsUGT84A expressions under nano-Se treatment. Our findings provide new insight into the regulatory mechanism of WRKY TFs involved in catechin biosynthesis and offer a theoretical basis for breeding low or high EGCG content tea cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tea Tree: Cultivation, Breeding and Their Processing Innovation)

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18 pages, 5822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Expression Analysis of the UDP Glycosyltransferase Family in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

by Guixiang Li, Jiyu Li, Gaihua Qin, Chunyan Liu, Xin Liu, Zhen Cao, Botao Jia and Huping Zhang

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010119 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1697

Abstract

UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play an indispensable role in regulating signaling pathways and intracellular homeostasis in plants by catalyzing the glycosylation of metabolites. To date, the molecular characteristics and potential biological functions of the UGT gene family in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) remain [...] Read more.

UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play an indispensable role in regulating signaling pathways and intracellular homeostasis in plants by catalyzing the glycosylation of metabolites. To date, the molecular characteristics and potential biological functions of the UGT gene family in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) remain elusive. In this study, a total of 120 PgUGT genes were identified in the pomegranate genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these PgUGTs were clustered into 15 groups: 13 conserved groups (A–J and L–N) and two newly discovered groups (P and R). Structural analysis showed that most members in the same evolutionary branch shared similar motifs and gene structures. Gene duplication analysis demonstrated that tandem duplication and fragment duplication were the primary driving force for the expansion of the PgUGT family. Expression analysis based on RNA-seq data indicated that PgUGTs exhibited various expression profiles in different pomegranate tissues. We further analyzed the expression patterns of the PgUGTs of groups E and L in the seed coat of the hard-seeded cultivar ‘Dabenzi’ and the soft-seeded cultivar ‘Tunisia’ at different developmental stages. There were eight PgUGTs with high expression levels in the seed coat of both cultivars: PgUGTE10 was highly expressed in inner and outer seed coats; PgUGTE20, PgUGTE21, PgUGTL6, PgUGTL11, and PgUGTL12 were mainly expressed in the inner seed coat; and PgUGTE12 and PgUGTL13 were mainly expressed in the outer seed coat. Interestingly, the relative expression levels of PgUGTE10 and PgUGTL11 in ‘Tunisia’ were higher than in ‘Dabenzi’. In the seedlings, quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression level of PgUGTE10 was induced by brassinolide treatment, while the expression of PgUGTL11 was up-regulated both by indole-3-acetic acid and the brassinolide treatment. In addition, the expressions of PgUGTE10 and PgUGTL11 were highly correlated with the expression of genes involved in hormone signaling and lignin biosynthesis pathways. These results suggested that PgUGTE10 and PgUGTL11 are potential candidate genes involved in seed hardness development by catalyzing the glycosylation of specific substrates. Full article

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15 pages, 3517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Irradiance Conditions on Photosynthetic Activity, Photosystem II, Rubisco Enzyme Activity, Chloroplast Ultrastructure, and Chloroplast-Related Gene Expression in Clematis tientaiensis Leaves

by Xiaohua Ma, Qin Zhou, Qingdi Hu, Xule Zhang, Jian Zheng and Renjuan Qian

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010118 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

Clematis is a perennial ornamental vine known as the “Vine Queen” for its gorgeous floral color and rich flower shape. Clematis tientaiensis, an endangered plant, is a key protected wild plant and a rare breeding parent of Clematis because of its extremely [...] Read more.

Clematis is a perennial ornamental vine known as the “Vine Queen” for its gorgeous floral color and rich flower shape. Clematis tientaiensis, an endangered plant, is a key protected wild plant and a rare breeding parent of Clematis because of its extremely high ornamental value. Light environment is one of the important environmental factors affecting the space distribution and the size of C. tientaiensis population. One-year-old homogenous and healthy potted C. tientaiensis plants were grown under four different light intensities (T1: 1800 ± 30/0 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹; T2: 1500 ± 30/0 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹; T3: 1200 ± 30/0 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹; T4: 900 ± 30/0 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹). This study analyzed the potential adaptive mechanism of C. tientaiensis in response to irradiance by investigating the photosynthesis, rapid light curve, chloroplast ultrastructure, Rubisco activase enzyme (RAC), Rubisco enzyme, amino acids, and gene expression under four irradiance treatments. High light caused the leaves chlorosis and yellowing, reduced the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), RAC and Rubisco enzyme activity; the quantum yield of unregulated energy dissipation [Y(NO)], and increased the content of eight amino acids content. The expression of psbA, psbB, psbC, and Psb(OEC) were down-regulated with decreasing irradiance. The results showed that C. tientaiensis plants grown under T1 (1800 ± 30 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) irradiance were in danger of absorbing more light energy than they could use for photosynthesis, while they exhibited good adaptability to the T3 (1200 ± 30 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) irradiance, and the PSII reaction center and Rubisco and RCA enzymes could be the key points in response to high light stress, which also emphasized the importance of appropriate light management practices for promoting the growth and population expansion of C. tientaiensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Ornamental Plants)

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14 pages, 17415 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Study on the Characteristics of Buds and Flowers in Pomegranate: Differences among Cultivars

by Giuseppe Ferrara, Carlo Porfido, Roberto Terzano, Ali Sarkhosh and Andrea Mazzeo

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010117 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4464

Abstract

The growing cultivation of pomegranate and the interest of consumers in the nutraceutical properties of the fruit have not yet spurred similar increases in the knowledge base of some important botanical and physiological aspects of this species, such as bud differentiation. The aim [...] Read more.

The growing cultivation of pomegranate and the interest of consumers in the nutraceutical properties of the fruit have not yet spurred similar increases in the knowledge base of some important botanical and physiological aspects of this species, such as bud differentiation. The aim of this research was to study the bud morphology of four pomegranate cultivars (‘Comune S. Giorgio’, ‘Wonderful’, ‘Ki-Zakuro’, and ‘Haku Botan’) to better clarify the bud differentiation process. In all four cultivars, the number and the position of the buds were variable, from a typical two buds per node to a single bud or more (3). Two types of buds were observed: small and thin on the twigs (short, medium, and long) and large and round on the spurs; large buds were also observed on twigs but in a reduced number. Flowers showed differences among the cultivars, with a larger number of petals in ‘ornamental’ cultivars because of the petaloidy. Hermaphrodite flowers were larger and longer than the staminate flowers and also more abundant. Moreover, flowers developing from a flower bud were longer than flowers developing from mixed buds. The presence of an undifferentiated meristem, starch grains in the protective scales, and two small transition leaves were observed in all the types of buds from summer to the end of endodormancy in all cultivars. However, a dome-shaped meristem was observed in a few flower buds. Our observations indicate pomegranate behaves as a species for warm, sub-tropical, and tropical areas more than for temperate ones. Full article

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13 pages, 1691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Relative-Humidity Storage Reduces the Chilling Injury Symptoms of Red Sweet Peppers in the Breaker Stage

by Abiodun Samuel Afolabi, In-Lee Choi, Joo Hwan Lee, Yong Beom Kwon and Ho-Min Kang

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010116 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1829

Abstract

Water loss, interwoven with other factors, is identified as the cause of chilling injury to sweet peppers. The breaker stage is the most vulnerable of all maturity stages. The purpose of this study was to see if increasing the storage relative humidity (RH) [...] Read more.

Water loss, interwoven with other factors, is identified as the cause of chilling injury to sweet peppers. The breaker stage is the most vulnerable of all maturity stages. The purpose of this study was to see if increasing the storage relative humidity (RH) reduces the chilling injury and to compare its effect on breaker-stage fruits to red-ripe fruits at a normal RH. The fruits were stored at 5 °C with a RH of 98 ± 2% and 70 ± 6% for high and low RH, respectively. After 15 days of cold storage, the fruits were moved to ambient conditions for 3–5 days for chilling injury symptoms to appear. The results showed that high RH storage reduced fruit water loss by 4–4.5% compared to low RH storage, resulting in fewer chilling injury symptoms regardless of fruit maturity stage. Due to the increased RH, cell membrane damage indicators such as electrolyte leakage, MDA, respiration, and ethylene production rates were shown to be reduced, while brix and color were well maintained, indicating reduced or stopped senescence. Furthermore, DPPH antioxidant activity and vitamin C were retained and optimized. The microbiological analyses also showed that a high RH may not promote the growth of microorganisms as quickly as may have been thought. Finally, the findings of this study indicate that breaker-stage peppers stored at a high RH may be less susceptible to chilling injury than red-ripe peppers stored at a low RH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Factors Affecting the Quality and Shelf Life of Horticultural Crops)

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15 pages, 5445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Characterization of CCD Gene Family in Rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq. ‘Old Blush’) and Gene Co-Expression Network in Biosynthesis of Flower Scent

by Fangfang Ji, Jie Wu and Zhao Zhang

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010115 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1646

Abstract

Rose (Rosa sp.) is a widely used raw material for essential oil extraction and fragrance production. The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases pathway is one of the main metabolic pathways for the degradation of carotenoids, which is located downstream of the terpenoids biosynthesis pathway [...] Read more.

Rose (Rosa sp.) is a widely used raw material for essential oil extraction and fragrance production. The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases pathway is one of the main metabolic pathways for the degradation of carotenoids, which is located downstream of the terpenoids biosynthesis pathway and is closely related to the biosynthesis of volatile compounds. We performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the rose CCD family genes (RcCCDs) in terms of phylogeny, sequence characterization, gene structure, gene duplication events, and transcriptome. Finally, 15 CCD family members were identified from the rose genome, and they were classified into three clades: nine for the CCD clade, four for the NCED clade, and two for the CCD-LIKE clade. The RcCCDs were distributed on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and were concentrated on both ends of the chromosomes. RcCCDs did not have paralogous genes or whole genome duplication events (WGD), eleven of them were single-copy genes, and their repetitive sequences were mainly dispersed and tandem. Ten RcCCDs were differentially expressed in the transcriptomes of different flowering stages. The expression of four of them increased and then decreased, which was the same process as the accumulation of volatile compounds, and it was speculated that these genes might be involved in the biosynthesis of volatile compounds. A total of fifteen modules were obtained by weighted gene co-expression network analysis of eighteen volatile compounds-related genes, of which six modules were a highly significant positive correlation with volatile compounds, and 20 hub genes in the modules were predicted. These hub genes all exercised their functions in the early flowering stage with strict temporal specificity. This study provided a theoretical basis for further exploring the biological functions of RcCCDs and hub genes regulating the synthesis and metabolism of volatile compounds in rose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding of Ornamental Plants—Genetic Resources, New Challenges and Prospects)

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9 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Activity and Mineral Content in Unripe Fruits of 10 Apple Cultivars Growing in the Northern Part of Korea

by Birtukan Tolera Geleta, Je-Chang Lee and Jae-Yun Heo

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010114 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1920

Abstract

This study evaluated unripe fruits of ten apple cultivars removed during fruit thinning for their antioxidant activity and mineral content. The unripe fruits were collected from Chuncheon and Jeongseon located at Gangwon-Do of Korea. Antioxidant activities such as total phenolic content (TPC), total [...] Read more.

This study evaluated unripe fruits of ten apple cultivars removed during fruit thinning for their antioxidant activity and mineral content. The unripe fruits were collected from Chuncheon and Jeongseon located at Gangwon-Do of Korea. Antioxidant activities such as total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity, FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power), vitamin C and mineral contents were measured. In the unripe fruits obtained from Chuncheon and Jeongseon, TPC was in the range 8.97–81.4 and 7.11–42.15 mg GAE/g, TFC was in the range 9.38–33.81 and 6.83–19.24 mg QE/g, DPPH was in the range 27.17–82.58 and 29.73–73.24, FRAP was in the range 33.54–371.12 and 26.76–185.69 µM trolox /g, and Vitamin C was in the range 1.1–4.9 and 1.1–2.8 mg/AA/g, respectively. Among the cultivars tested, ‘Hongro’ and ‘Honggeum’ had consistently highest antioxidant activity, while ‘Summer King,’ ‘Tsugaru,’ and ‘Arisoo’ had the lowest value. ‘Picnic’ had the highest mineral contents expect P and K in Joengsoen, while ‘Summer King’ and ‘Tsugaru’ had the lowest value in both locations. These differences could be due to the genetic characteristics and/or their growth environments. These results could provide information to help with better utilization of thinned unripe fruits of apples in Korea. Full article

13 pages, 3323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

‘Miguang’ Grape Response to Pergola and Single-Curtain Training Systems

by Wensheng Du, Shangrui Li, Tingting Du, Wenwei Huang, Yifan Zhang, Hui Kang, Yuxin Yao, Zhen Gao and Yuanpeng Du

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010113 - 14 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1554

Abstract

Background and Aims: Grapevine shoot growth and light utilization are typically adjusted through the use of canopy management strategies that are adapted to the local climate. In this study, we analyze the effects of a pergola (PER) and single-curtain training system (SCT) on [...] Read more.

Background and Aims: Grapevine shoot growth and light utilization are typically adjusted through the use of canopy management strategies that are adapted to the local climate. In this study, we analyze the effects of a pergola (PER) and single-curtain training system (SCT) on the microclimate, light interception, photosynthetic capacity, and assimilate distribution of ‘Miguang’ grape in a rainy region of China. Methods and Results: We measured light interception, spectral absorptance, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, soluble sugar and starch content per cane, assimilate distribution berry weight, soluble solids, and titratable acid content. SCT produced a higher photosynthetic photon flux density in the cluster region, a canopy light absorptance in the 450–800 nm wavelength range, higher chlorophyll content, and larger leaf area of the middle node leaves. It produced lower basal and top leaves leaf areas. At berry expansion (E-L-31) and veraison (E-L-35), the net photosynthetic capacity of the leaves from the base to the middle nodes was higher with SCT than with the PER, and the net photosynthetic capacity of leaves near the top was reduced with SCT. At the harvest period, the net photosynthetic rate of the middle and top node leaves and the shoot photosynthetic rate were higher with SCT than with the PER. The distribution of assimilates to the fruit was higher with SCT. In addition, SCT produced a higher shoot soluble sugar and lower internode length from the fourth to sixth nodes, and it produced a higher shoot starch content and internode diameter in the fourth internode. Conclusions: SCT significantly improved photosynthetic photon flux density in the cluster, promoted assimilate distribution to fruit, decreased vegetative growth, increased chlorophyll content, increased the leaf size of the middle node on the primary shoot, and increased shoot soluble sugar from the fourth to sixth nodes. Significance of this Study: The results of this study can provide a relevant theoretical basis and technical support for grape canopy management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viticulture under Constantly Changing Climate Conditions)

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12 pages, 1135 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pectin, Lignin and Disease Resistance in Brassica napus L.: An Update

by Duoduo Wang, Qianhui Lu, Shunda Jin, Xiangyun Fan and Hui Ling

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010112 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1762

Abstract

The plant cell wall is dynamically modified during host–pathogen interactions and acts as a crucial factor controlling plant immunity. In the context of recently revised models of plant primary cell walls (PCWs), pectin is considered to be important in determining the mechanical properties [...] Read more.

The plant cell wall is dynamically modified during host–pathogen interactions and acts as a crucial factor controlling plant immunity. In the context of recently revised models of plant primary cell walls (PCWs), pectin is considered to be important in determining the mechanical properties of PCWs. A secondary cell wall is present in some cell types and lignin is normally present and acts to strengthen wall rigidity. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding cell-wall-mediated defense responses against pathogens in Brassica napus L. (B. napus). A major part of this response involves pectin and lignin, and these two major cell wall components contribute greatly to immune responses in B. napus. Crosstalk between pectin and lignin metabolism has been detected in B. napus upon pathogen infection, suggesting a synergistic action of pectin and lignin metabolism in regulating cell wall integrity as well as wall-mediated immunity. The transcriptional regulation of cell-wall-mediated immunity in B. napus along with that in Arabidopsis is discussed, and directions for future work are proposed for a better understanding of wall-mediated plant immunity in B. napus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Brassica Crops Genomics and Breeding, Volume II)

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11 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Effect of Drought on Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Wild Species for Potential Cultivation as a Leafy Vegetable

by Marta Guarise, Gigliola Borgonovo, Angela Bassoli and Antonio Ferrante

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010111 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1493

Abstract

Leafy vegetables are common components of the human diet and are a source of antioxidant, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Fresh-cut or minimally processed industries are always looking for product innovations. Many wild species, based on their composition, can be evaluated as potential [...] Read more.

Leafy vegetables are common components of the human diet and are a source of antioxidant, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Fresh-cut or minimally processed industries are always looking for product innovations. Many wild species, based on their composition, can be evaluated as potential vegetables. In this work, hedge mustard has been studied as a potential leafy vegetable, and two wild populations were grown under 100% crop water requirement (WR) and 50% WR. The effect of water reduction was monitored using non-destructive measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence and by the analytical determination of primary or secondary metabolism associated parameters such as sugars, anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and nitrate concentrations. The results demonstrated that hedge mustard [Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.] can be grown with 50% WR without yield reduction. The yield was not statistically different between the two water regimes and ranged from 22.3 to 40 g plant⁻¹ FW. Leaf nitrate concentrations showed high variability in the MI population grown with 100% WR, while in the BG population, they did not change when the WR was shifted from 100% to 50%. The total phenols were 25% higher in the leaves of plants grown under 50% WR in both wild populations. The total sugars and anthocyanins did not show significant variations. Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters did not show significant changes. The results suggest that hedge mustard can be grown in environments with limited water availability or in the winter season using less water to avoid disease development. The highest yield was obtained from the BG population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wild Plant Species as Potential Horticultural Crops: An Opportunity for Farmers and Consumers)

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14 pages, 1583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Moderate Nitrogen Rates Applied to a Rainfed Olive Grove Seem to Provide an Interesting Balance between Variables Associated with Olive and Oil Quality

by Ermelinda Silva, Alexandre Gonçalves, Sandra Martins, Luís Pinto, Luís Rocha, Helena Ferreira, José Moutinho-Pereira, Manuel Ângelo Rodrigues and Carlos M. Correia

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010110 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1366

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization has been extensively studied all over the world, not only due to its impact on plant growth and yield, but also on product quality. Olive oil is a natural product highly valued by the markets, due to its role in [...] Read more.

Nitrogen (N) fertilization has been extensively studied all over the world, not only due to its impact on plant growth and yield, but also on product quality. Olive oil is a natural product highly valued by the markets, due to its role in the Mediterranean diet, but only when its quality is above legally established standards. Thus, it is important to continue to study how cropping practices can impact the quality of olive oil in order to fine-tune the guidelines issued to producers. The objective of the three-year study was to assess the effect of the application of 0, (N0), 40 (N40) and 120 (N120) kg ha⁻¹ of N in a rainfed olive grove on variables associated with fruit biometry and the maturation index, polyphenols in olives and olive oil, the evolution of the quality of the oil over time and sensory analysis. The application of N prolonged the period of coloration, delaying the maturation of the fruits, particularly in the higher doses of N applied. N application changed the phenolic composition and the antioxidant capacity of the fruits and olive oil, but without a clear trend among years. In general, the high N rate negatively affected the quality of the oils, reducing the oxidative stability and bitterness of the oil when compared to N40 treatment; this is due to the lower content of phenolic compounds that have a radical scavenging capacity. Excessive N application (N120) increased the degradation of the oil quality, as it led to an increase in the K232 extinction coefficient. Moderate N rates (N40) seem to be a good compromise to guarantee the quality and stability of the oil, although there was some interference from other uncontrolled environmental variables; these were probably accentuated because the olives came from a rainfed olive grove. The sensory analysis panel detected a defect (winey-vinegary flavour) in the oil from N40 treatment that is difficult to justify and will need more attention in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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15 pages, 2610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Rain Cover on Tree Physiology and Fruit Condition and Quality of ‘Rainier’, ‘Bing’ and ‘Sweetheart’ Sweet Cherry Trees

by Simón Pino, Miguel Palma, Álvaro Sepúlveda, Javier Sánchez-Contreras, Mariana Moya and José Antonio Yuri

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010109 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2094

Abstract

A study was conducted in a commercial sweet cherry orchard in central Chile. The objective was to evaluate the rain cover effect on changes in the microclimate, vegetative growth, plant physiology and fruit quality of ‘Rainier’, ‘Bing’ and ‘Sweetheart’ sweet cherry trees. The [...] Read more.

A study was conducted in a commercial sweet cherry orchard in central Chile. The objective was to evaluate the rain cover effect on changes in the microclimate, vegetative growth, plant physiology and fruit quality of ‘Rainier’, ‘Bing’ and ‘Sweetheart’ sweet cherry trees. The data were compared to a control without a rain cover. The results showed that, under the rain cover, there was a 50–60% reduction in total solar radiation, as well as an increase in air temperature (+0.6 °C) and a decrease in relative humidity (−4.7 percentage points) in the upper canopy zone. Regarding the trees under rain cover, a greater shoot length (28–58%) and leaf area (24–54%) were observed among cultivars compared to the control; the trunk cross-sectional area was only significant in ‘Rainier’, it being 1.2 times greater under rain cover. CO₂ assimilation showed no differences, but an increase in the leaf transpiration rate was observed. The fruit firmness and sugar content in fruits were negatively affected by the rain cover, those characteristics being of major relevance for the cherry growers. Additionally, the contents of anthocyanins and carotenoids and the antioxidant capacity were significantly lower only in ‘Rainier’ under rain cover, while the total phenol content decreased in all three cultivars. The rain cover did not negatively affect the tree physiology, but it can be detrimental in bicolor cultivars with a yellow flesh due to a lower color and phenolic compounds development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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17 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of 1-methylcyclopropylene (1-MCP) and Salicylic Acid (SA) in Induced Resistance of Postharvest Fruits

by Xiangzhi Meng, Jiazhen Fang, Maorun Fu, Wenxiao Jiao, Pengfei Ren and Xiaoying Yang

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010108 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2511

Abstract

Postharvest diseases cause huge postharvest losses of horticultural fresh produce. Cooling and synthetic fungicide are used as traditional postharvest preservation technology. Recently, induced resistance has been thought to be an optional and perhaps alternative preservation technology. 1-methylcyclopropylene (1-MCP) and salicylic acid (SA) are [...] Read more.

Postharvest diseases cause huge postharvest losses of horticultural fresh produce. Cooling and synthetic fungicide are used as traditional postharvest preservation technology. Recently, induced resistance has been thought to be an optional and perhaps alternative preservation technology. 1-methylcyclopropylene (1-MCP) and salicylic acid (SA) are two more common chemical agents used mostly as a preservative for harvested fruit in order to achieve better quality and better taste. Many reports have also proven that 1-MCP and SA could induce postharvest fruit resistance. The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of 1-MCP and SA in postharvest fruit resistance, including the effect of 1-MCP and SA on the induced resistance as well as its involved mechanism; the effects of 1-MCP and SA on firmness, phenolic metabolism, membrane lipid metabolism, and reactive oxygen species in fruit after harvest; and the effects of 1-MCP and SA on disease resistance-related defense enzymes, proteins, signaling synthesis, and signaling pathways as well as the combined effect of 1-MCP and SA on the induced resistance and its mechanism. Meanwhile, we prospect for the future direction of increasing postharvest fruit resistance by 1-MCP and SA in more depth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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13 pages, 1567 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Selection Progress for Resistance to Fusarium Basal Rot in Short-Day Onions Using Artificial Inoculation Mature Bulb Screening

by Suman Sharma and Christopher S. Cramer

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010099 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2241

Abstract

Fusarium basal rot (FBR), caused by a soil-borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOC), is a major disease hindering onion production worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the initial and the most advanced selected populations of seven open-pollinated short-day onion cultivars [...] Read more.

Fusarium basal rot (FBR), caused by a soil-borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOC), is a major disease hindering onion production worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the initial and the most advanced selected populations of seven open-pollinated short-day onion cultivars for FBR susceptibility, along with two check cultivars using the conidial inoculation of mature bulbs for two consecutive years. The artificial inoculation of mature bulbs was carried out by applying a virulent FOC isolate ‘CSC 515’ at a final concentration of 3.0 × 10⁴ spores mL⁻¹ to the transversely cut basal plates of onion bulbs. The basal plates of 20 arbitrarily chosen bulbs per plot were recut after 20 days of incubation and then were rated for FBR severity using a rating scale of 1 (no disease) to 9 (≥70% of the basal plate is infected). The bulbs with a rating of 1 were saved and then bulked to form the seeds for the next generation. The selected populations exhibited a variable response for FBR severity when evaluated over two years, with an improvement in the most advanced selections observed for a majority of the cultivars. For example, the advanced selections of ‘NuMex Sweetpak’ exceeded the partially resistant check ‘Serrana’ in their levels of resistance when both were evaluated in the second year. A conidial inoculation can be effective in the development of FBR-resistant cultivars. In addition, this inoculation method can accelerate breeding efforts by determining the genetic mechanism(s) responsible for FBR resistance, locating quantitative trait loci, and facilitating marker-assisted selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Allium Breeding and Genetics, Volume II)

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13 pages, 6930 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Growth and Photosynthetic Rate of Cucumber Seedlings Affected by Far-Red Light Using a Semi-Open Chamber and Imaging System

by Yu Hyun Moon, Myongkyoon Yang, Ui Jeong Woo, Ha Seon Sim, Tae Yeon Lee, Ha Rang Shin, Jung Su Jo and Sung Kyeom Kim

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010098 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1586

Abstract

Far-red light was excluded in photosynthetic photon flux; however, recent studies have shown that it increases photosynthetic capacity. In addition, there were few studies on the whole canopy photosynthetic rate and continuous changes of morphology on cucumber seedlings affected by far-red light. This [...] Read more.

Far-red light was excluded in photosynthetic photon flux; however, recent studies have shown that it increases photosynthetic capacity. In addition, there were few studies on the whole canopy photosynthetic rate and continuous changes of morphology on cucumber seedlings affected by far-red light. This study evaluated the effect of conventional white LEDs adding far-red light on cucumber seedlings using a semi-open chamber system for the measurement of the whole canopy gas exchange rate, and the Raspberry Pi-based imaging system for the analysis of a continuous image. In the image, through the imaging system, it was confirmed that far-red light promoted the germination rate of cucumber seedlings and enhanced early growth. However, the dry weight of the shoot and root did not increase. The measured net apparent CO₂ assimilation rate was improved by an increasing leaf area during the cultivation period. The conventional white LED light source with added far-red light increased the photosynthetic rate of cucumber seedlings’ whole canopy. However, at the early seedling stage, plant height and leaf area of the whole canopy was increased by far-red light, and it was revealed that the image data saturated faster. It was considered that the photosynthetic efficiency decreased due to a shading effect of the limited planting density of the cell tray. The results found that using appropriate far-red light, considering planting density, could increase the photosynthetic rate of the whole canopy of crops, thereby promoting crop growth, but it was judged that the use of far-red light in the early growth stage of cucumber seedlings should be considered carefully. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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6 pages, 616 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

High Level of Salmonella Contamination of Leafy Vegetables Sold around the Niayes Zone of Senegal

by Fatou Béye Sarré, Yakhya Dièye, Adji Marième Seck, Cheikh Fall and Modou Dieng

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010097 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1853

Abstract

Foodborne diseases are an important public health concern worldwide. Following a first global estimate of the burden of these diseases by the World Health Organization in 2015, many high-income countries implemented the generation of national data as a part of strategies to limit [...] Read more.

Foodborne diseases are an important public health concern worldwide. Following a first global estimate of the burden of these diseases by the World Health Organization in 2015, many high-income countries implemented the generation of national data as a part of strategies to limit the transmission of pathogens through the food chain. In contrast, low-income countries, especially in the sub-Saharan Africa region, have limited data available on the burden and the source of contamination of produce destined for human and animal consumption. In this study, we analyzed Salmonella contamination of vegetables sold in supermarkets and open wet markets of five cities located in the Niayes zone, an area of high market gardening activities in the north western area of Senegal. We found high levels of Salmonella contamination of leafy vegetables, including mint leaves, parsley and lettuce. Contamination was higher in samples from supermarkets compared to open markets. Our results stress the need for an active surveillance of the microbiological quality of vegetables in Senegal, especially the presence of Salmonella, in order to prevent the risk of transmission of this bacterium through the food chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Green Leafy Vegetables)

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11 pages, 3402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Thrips Diversity Associated with Two Olive Varieties (Chemlal & Sigoise), in Northeast Algeria

by Randa Mahmoudi, Malik Laamari and Arturo Goldarazena

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010107 - 12 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1539

Abstract

In this study, the diversity of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) on two varieties of olive trees (Chemlal and Sigoise) in northeast Algeria (Province of Batna), was evaluated for 3 years (2019–2021). In addition, the fluctuations in the numbers of phytophagous thrips were estimated according [...] Read more.

In this study, the diversity of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) on two varieties of olive trees (Chemlal and Sigoise) in northeast Algeria (Province of Batna), was evaluated for 3 years (2019–2021). In addition, the fluctuations in the numbers of phytophagous thrips were estimated according to the varieties phenological stages. A total of 19 species are identified and the olive thrips (Liothrips oleae) have just been reported for the first time in Algeria. Only 5 females of this species were collected in May 2021 on the Sigoise variety at the fruit-setting stage. Haplothrips tritici(17.25%), Frankliniella occidentalis (16.29%) and Thrips tabaci (16.29%) are the most present. It is noticed that the thrips were present on the olive tree only in spring (April to May), when the average monthly temperatures are between 10–26 °C, but linear regression analyses were not confirmed that temperature explain the variation in thrips numbers, which may be due to other climatic factors such as the rainfall, while olive varieties and phenological stages are affecting the population of thrips, their number was higher on the Sigoise variety, especially at flowering stage in the case of H. tritici and F. occidentalis while T. tabaci was most noticeable at the fruit growth stage. The number of this species was relatively low, just until the inflorescence stage, where thrips start to appear in Sigoise before Chemlal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Pest Management in Horticulture)

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13 pages, 2102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Chrysanthemum Physiological Characteristics and Photosynthesis under Drought Stress

by Yan Luo, Taotao Hu, Yunyun Huo, Lingling Wang, Li Zhang and Rui Yan

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010106 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2018

Abstract

Melatonin has been confirmed to relieve drought stress in various plant species. However, the mechanism in garden chrysanthemums remains to be elucidated. Here, we examined the putative role of exogenous melatonin application in improving drought-stress tolerance in Chrysanthemum seedlings. Treatment with melatonin (100 [...] Read more.

Melatonin has been confirmed to relieve drought stress in various plant species. However, the mechanism in garden chrysanthemums remains to be elucidated. Here, we examined the putative role of exogenous melatonin application in improving drought-stress tolerance in Chrysanthemum seedlings. Treatment with melatonin (100 µM) significantly mitigated the negative effects of drought stress on the seedling photosynthetic parameters and physiological and biochemical indexes. The increased tolerance conferred by exogenous melatonin was attributable to increased photosynthetic activity, which alleviates drought-induced oxidative damage by reducing malondialdehyde accumulation. In other words, the combined application of MT and PEG was better than their individual applications, as it prevented heat-induced membrane damages by declining the hydrogen peroxide (28%), malondialdehyde contents (38%), and relative electrical conductivity (19%) as compared to PEG. Interestingly, the melatonin application stimulated the activity of major antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (21%), catalase (26%) and polyphenol oxidase (35%). In addition, exogenous melatonin promoted photosynthesis. Compared with the PEG drought-stress treatment, the melatonin treatment significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate (39%), stomatal conductance (27%), and transpiration rates (18%), while decreasing the intercellular CO₂ concentration (10%). The photochemical quenching coefficient (46%), photosystem II (PSII) maximum photochemical quantum yield (22%), apparent electron transfer rate (37%), and PSII potential photochemical efficiency (18%) showed an upward trend. In summary, exogenous spraying of MT can effectively improve drought tolerance and mitigate the damage caused by drought stress in the “Xuanqiu ninghong” Chrysanthemum. Full article

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15 pages, 1050 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Coir-Based Growing Media with Municipal Compost and Biochar and Their Impacts on Growth and Some Quality Parameters in Lettuce Seedlings

by Tiago Carreira Martins, Rui M. A. Machado, Isabel Alves-Pereira, Rui Ferreira and Nazim S. Gruda

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010105 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2530

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop substrates with little or no peat by combining coir-based growing media with municipal compost and/or acacia biochar, two locally produced renewable resources, and to assess their effects on lettuce seedling emergence and growth, as well [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to develop substrates with little or no peat by combining coir-based growing media with municipal compost and/or acacia biochar, two locally produced renewable resources, and to assess their effects on lettuce seedling emergence and growth, as well as their content in photosynthetic pigments and total phenols. Two experiments were carried out, the first with six mixes using compost and biochar blended with perlite, pine bark, and blonde peat to adjust some physicochemical characteristics. The mixes of coir: compost: pine bark: blonde peat (73:12:5:10, v/v) and coir: compost: biochar: blonde peat (73:12:10:5, v/v) had physicochemical characteristics closer to or within the normal range of the substrates. The presence of 12% compost and 10% biochar in the mixtures had no adverse effect on lettuce seed germination and cumulative seed emergence, which ranged from 90 to 99%. The seedling growth in those mixes was vigorous and higher than in other mixtures. Coir-based growing media with municipal solid waste compost and compost plus biochar can reduce the use of peat to a percentage of 5–10% v/v and the use of 17–22% v/v of locally produced renewable resources. In addition, mixtures affected the total phenol content in the lettuce leaves. Future research is needed to assess the behavior of seedlings after their transplantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soilless Culture—An Intensive Production Method on Its Way to Sustainability)

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10 pages, 4288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Aim Characteristics of Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa) Cultivars in Estonia by Using the K-Means Clustering Method

by Natallia Klakotskaya, Peeter Laurson, Asta-Virve Libek and Ave Kikas

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010104 - 12 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1331

Abstract

Choosing an excellent method to compare the aim characteristics of a large number of cultivars simultaneously in a sufficiently comprehensive way is often an essential challenge for breeders. This article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the Estonian conditions of 58 [...] Read more.

Choosing an excellent method to compare the aim characteristics of a large number of cultivars simultaneously in a sufficiently comprehensive way is often an essential challenge for breeders. This article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the Estonian conditions of 58 strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars of various geographical origins according to the main economically useful markers. Based on two years of data, cultivars were clustered separately for each marker using the K-means clustering method. Considering the data on the aim characteristics, including high yield, high fruit weight, high total soluble solids TSS (°Brix) content, optimal titratable acidity TA (%) content, and a high °Brix/acidity ratio, the groups of similar cultivars formed clearly. The validation of cultivars into similar groups is important for further breeding decisions. A K-means clustering method is ideal for clustering strawberry cultivars according to their characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Resources and Breeding Trends of Berry Crops)

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14 pages, 345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Domestication of Wild Edible Species: The Response of Scolymus hispanicus Plants to Different Fertigation Regimes

by Beatriz H. Paschoalinotto, Nikolaos Polyzos, Maria Compocholi, Youssef Rouphael, Alexios Alexopoulos, Maria Inês Dias, Lillian Barros and Spyridon A. Petropoulos

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010103 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1774

Abstract

Scolymus hispanicus L. is a wild edible species with wide distribution in the Mediterranean area. Recent research has focused on the domestication of wild edible greens, which is essential for the preservation of agroecosystems and the increase in biodiversity, especially under the adversely [...] Read more.

Scolymus hispanicus L. is a wild edible species with wide distribution in the Mediterranean area. Recent research has focused on the domestication of wild edible greens, which is essential for the preservation of agroecosystems and the increase in biodiversity, especially under the adversely changing climate conditions. In the present work, the aim was to evaluate the response of S. hispanicus plants to different fertilization regimes that varied in the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in regard to plant growth and chemical composition of leaves. For this purpose, plants were grown in pots within an unheated greenhouse. Seven experimental treatments were used, including six fertigation regimes (SH1-SH6) and the control treatment (SHC), where no fertilizers were added. Fresh yield was beneficially affected by the treatments that included a high content of P and K (e.g., SH3 and SH5), while lesser amounts of these macronutrients (e.g., SH1 and SH4) resulted in higher chlorophyll content (SPAD index) and leaf area. In terms of mineral profile, high amounts of P and K improved dietary fiber and carbohydrates content, whereas the untreated plants had the highest content of ash, fat and crude protein. Oxalic and quinic acid were the major organic acids detected, with fertigation regimes significantly reducing their content compared to the control treatment. α-tocopherol was the only isoform of vitamin E detected in all the samples, while glucose and fructose were the most abundant sugars, with their highest content detected in control and SH4 treatments, respectively. Scolymus hispanicus leaves were rich in macro and micro minerals, while their contents varied depending on the fertigation regime. Finally, α-linolenic, palmitic, and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids detected, while their contents were beneficially affected by low nutrient inputs (e.g., untreated plants and SH1 and SH2 treatments). In conclusion, the regulation of nutrient solution seems to be an effective practice to increase fresh yield in S. hispanicus without compromising the nutritional profile of the edible product, while low inputs of macronutrients such as P and K may improve the chemical composition of the species, especially in terms of n-fatty acids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wild Plant Species as Potential Horticultural Crops: An Opportunity for Farmers and Consumers)

15 pages, 5987 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Seasonal Development of Paeonia obovata and Paeonia oreogeton and Their Contents of Biologically Active and Reserve Substances in the Forest-Steppe Zone of Western Siberia

by Olga V. Kalendar, Vera A. Kostikova, Tatiana A. Kukushkina, Andrey S. Erst, Alexander A. Kuznetsov, Maxim S. Kulikovskiy and Olga Y. Vasilyeva

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010102 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1174

Abstract

Paeonia obovata and Paeonia oreogeton belong to the monotypic family Paeoniaceae. Both are popular as ornamental plants. P. obovata and P. oreogeton have been introduced into Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia) from Primorye (Far East). The aim of the study was to assess their [...] Read more.

Paeonia obovata and Paeonia oreogeton belong to the monotypic family Paeoniaceae. Both are popular as ornamental plants. P. obovata and P. oreogeton have been introduced into Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia) from Primorye (Far East). The aim of the study was to assess their adaptability as well as the effect of seasonal developmental stages on the accumulation of secondary metabolites and reserve substances in the leaves and rhizomes under the conditions of Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk, Russia). According to long-term data (15 years), P. obovata and P. oreogeton complete the entire growth cycle here, including flowering and fruiting. Both species exhibited abundant flowering, but in the first 3 years, P. oreogeton did not bloom; yet under the microclimatic conditions specifically selected for this species (a more shaded area), it started to bloom and fruit yearly. A biochemical analysis (by spectrometric method) of P. obovata and P. oreogeton grown in Akademgorodok showed that the leaves accumulate higher concentrations of flavonols (P. obovata: 1.77%), tannins (P. oreogeton: 16.42%), ascorbic acid (P. oreogeton: 155.2 mg/100 g), and sugars (P. obovata: 20.85%) as compared to the roots. Peony rhizomes contain higher concentrations of protopectins (P. oreogeton: 13.03%), saponins (P. obovata: 21.06%), and starch (P. obovata: 30.20%) than the leaves do. These data can help to increase the levels of these natural compounds in these species. Further investigation into the dynamics of accumulation of biologically active substances in the organs of peonies will help to identify introduced plant species having high biochemical potential for the pharmaceutical industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphology, Palynology and Phytochemicals of Medicinal Plants)

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8 pages, 853 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Propagation Characteristics of the Rare Endemic Rhododenderon micranthum Turcz.

by Sang Im Oh, Eun Hye Park, Hong Min Koh, Min Gil, Mi Jeong Yoon, Jun Kyu Bae and Chung Ho Ko

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010101 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1211

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the effect of plant growth regulators on the rooting and growth of Rhododendron micranthum Turcz., a rare plant in South Korea. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) 150, 250, 350 mg·L⁻¹ and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 50, 150, 250 mg·L [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of plant growth regulators on the rooting and growth of Rhododendron micranthum Turcz., a rare plant in South Korea. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) 150, 250, 350 mg·L⁻¹ and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 50, 150, 250 mg·L⁻¹ treatment groups were established and cutting was performed in a commercial growth medium in March 2021 with 3 replications of 10 plants per group. After 70 days, the longest initial root growth was observed under the NAA 150 and 250 mg·L⁻¹ treatments. Moreover, the number of roots and percentage of rooting were slightly higher in NAA 150 and 250 mg·L⁻¹, indicating that these treatments were more effective in promoting plant growth. The above-ground part of plants treated with NAA 150 and 250 mg·L⁻¹ had a taller plant height, longer and wider leaves, and a greater number of leaves compared to other groups. Accordingly, the survival rate of plants treated with NAA 150 and 250 mg·L⁻¹ was higher than 80%, suggesting well-established roots and excellent above-ground growth. Therefore, treatment with growth regulator NAA at 150 and 250 mg·L⁻¹ is considered beneficial for the cutting of R. micranthum Turcz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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16 pages, 3220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Heat Resistance of Peony Using Photosynthetic Indexes and Rapid Fluorescence Kinetics

by Zhijun Li, Wen Ji, Erman Hong, Zhen Fan, Bangyu Lin, Xuanze Xia, Xia Chen and Xiangtao Zhu

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010100 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1441

Abstract

To investigate the effects of high-temperature stress on the chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics of peony and to determine indicators for the rapid screening of varieties responding to high temperatures, three four-year-old peony variety, ‘Fengdanbai’, ‘Huhong’, and ‘Yinhongqiaodui’, were selected as materials. The photosynthetic [...] Read more.

To investigate the effects of high-temperature stress on the chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics of peony and to determine indicators for the rapid screening of varieties responding to high temperatures, three four-year-old peony variety, ‘Fengdanbai’, ‘Huhong’, and ‘Yinhongqiaodui’, were selected as materials. The photosynthetic curves (Pn-PAR) and fast chlorophyll fluorescence curves (OJIP curves) of peony leaves were measured at different times under high-temperature stress conditions (40 °C), the changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of different peony varieties under high-temperature stress were analyzed, and the heat tolerance of peony was evaluated. The results showed that ‘Huhong’ grew well within 16 days, while all of the other varieties showed obvious wilting at 6–9 days. High temperatures damaged the structure and function of the photosystem of peony leaves, indicating that the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn_max), apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and photosynthetic performance index (PI_ABS) all tended to decrease under high-temperature stress, while the rate of closing the PS II reaction center (Mo) and the absorption per reaction center (ABS/RC), the capture (TRo/RC), and the dissipation (Dio/RC) of light energy per reaction center showed an overall increasing trend. The ability to cope with high-temperature stress differed among varieties, and the heat tolerance was determined to be in the descending order of ‘Fengdanbai’ < ‘Yinhongqiaodui’ < ‘Huhong’. The correlation analysis among the parameters and the analysis of the morphological change patterns in peony leaves concluded that PI_ABS, Dio/RC, and Mo could be used as indicators of peony tolerance to high-temperature stress. The results of the study can provide a basis for the screening of heat-tolerant peony species and peony heat defense in the Jiangnan area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation, Protection, and Efficient Utilization of Excellent Resources of Peony)

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28 pages, 14438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Effects of the Explant Type and Different Plant Growth Regulators on Micropropagation of Five Mediterranean Salvia spp. Native to Greece

by Maria Papafotiou, Georgia Vlachou and Aikaterini N. Martini

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010096 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2823

Abstract

Sages are medicinal and aromatic plants that constitute a large pool from which active compounds of great pharmaceutical potential can be derived, while at the same time, they also have ornamental value. The purpose of this study was to develop the micropropagation protocols [...] Read more.

Sages are medicinal and aromatic plants that constitute a large pool from which active compounds of great pharmaceutical potential can be derived, while at the same time, they also have ornamental value. The purpose of this study was to develop the micropropagation protocols of Salvia fruticosa, S. officinalis, S. ringens, S. tomentosa, and S. pomifera ssp. pomifera to facilitate their exploitation in the pharmaceutical and floriculture industries. In vitro cultures of S. ringens and S. pomifera ssp. pomifera was studied for the first time. Shoot tips and single node explants from in vitro seedlings were initially cultured on hormone free (Hf)-MS medium, followed by subcultures on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) for all species, as well as with zeatin (ZEA), kinetin (KIN), 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallyamino) purine (2iP), or meta-topolin (mT) for S. fruticosa and S. officinalis, at concentrations 0.0 to 3.2 mg L⁻¹, in combination with 0.01 mg L⁻¹ 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). S. officinalis was the most efficient in shoot multiplication of all the studied species. The highest multiplication indices were found using 0.8 mg L⁻¹ BA for S. fruticosa, 0.4 mg L⁻¹ BA, or mT for S. officinalis, and lower than 0.8 mg L⁻¹ BA for the other three species. Hyperhydricity was a problem at the multiplication stage, and was most pronounced in single node explants, increasing in proportion to cytokinin concentration. Microshoots rooted at high percentages (75–85%) on half-strength MS medium with 0.0 or 0.5 mg L⁻¹ Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), except for those of S. ringens, which rooted best at 1.0–2.0 mg L⁻¹ IBA. Ex vitro acclimatization was highly successful (80–95%) on peat–perlite substrate (1:1 v/v). Thus, the present study resulted in efficient micropropagation protocols for five Mediterranean sage species native to Greece, which will facilitate breeding programs and the promotion of these species in the floriculture and pharmaceutical industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro Technology and Micropropagated Plants)

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12 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects and Mechanism of the Mycelial Culture Temperature on the Growth and Development of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm

by Yanru Hu, Fangfang Xue, Yujie Chen, Yuancheng Qi, Wei Zhu, Fengqin Wang, Qing Wen and Jinwen Shen

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010095 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2896

Abstract

Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm is the second most cultivated edible mushroom worldwide. Temperature is one of the main environmental factors affecting the growth and fructification of mushrooms. However, the effects of ambient temperature on the growth, development, and production of bag-cultured P. [...] Read more.

Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm is the second most cultivated edible mushroom worldwide. Temperature is one of the main environmental factors affecting the growth and fructification of mushrooms. However, the effects of ambient temperature on the growth, development, and production of bag-cultured P. ostreatus are still unclear. In this study, eight ambient temperatures (15 °C, 18 °C, 20 °C, 22 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C) were used to cultivate P. ostreatus mycelia with cottonseed hull as substrate. Then, the agronomic traits and the activities of substrate-degrading and antioxidant enzymes were determined. The mycelial growth and fructification of P. ostreatus differed significantly under different temperatures, and 22 °C was the optimum temperature for mycelial culture when we comprehensively analyzed all the agronomic traits. The mycelial growth rate and the biological efficiency under 22 °C were 0.56 cm/d and 99.53%, respectively. Furthermore, there were also significant differences in the activities of substrate-degrading enzymes and antioxidant enzymes under different ambient temperatures. The highest activities of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes (laccase, xylanase, and cellulase), amylase, and proteinase at the vegetative growth stage occurred at 15–22 °C, 20–22 °C, and 22–30 °C, respectively. The highest activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase at the vegetative growth stage occurred at 28–30 °C. This study provides a reference temperature for bag-cultured P. ostreatus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crop Physiology under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses)

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15 pages, 4552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Visible Light on the Postharvest Life of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

by Johannes de Bruijn, Nicole Fuentes, Víctor Solar, Ana Valdebenito, Leslie Vidal, Pedro Melín, Francis Fagundes and Héctor Valdés

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010094 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2308

Abstract

Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are widely cultivated and consumed, but ripening should be carried out in controlled storage conditions to extend their shelf life and avoid economic losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of visible artificial light [...] Read more.

Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are widely cultivated and consumed, but ripening should be carried out in controlled storage conditions to extend their shelf life and avoid economic losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of visible artificial light on the ripening and quality of fresh market tomatoes stored at a low temperature and high humidity. The postharvest performance with respect to the ripening of organically grown tomatoes in the Toscano cultivar, with a long storage life, was studied in the presence and the absence of visible LED light. The maturation kinetics of the tomatoes was modeled using the Power Law equation. Results showed that tomatoes stored in the presence of light exhibited an increased respiration rate and a faster preclimacteric phase. Lycopene content, total soluble solids, and maturity index increased in the presence of light. Hence, light increased the postharvest ripening of tomatoes, affecting their shelf life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Physiology and Disease of Fruits)

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Horticulturae, Volume 9, Issue 1 (January 2023) – 123 articles

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