Horticulturae

15 pages, 4257 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Analysis of Structure Variations and Expression Characteristics of DMP8 and DMP9 Genes in Brassicaceae

by Tingting Zhang, Jianli Liang, Xu Cai, Lei Zhang, Jian Wu and Xiaowu Wang

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111095 - 21 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1598

Doubled haploid (DH) technology based on in vivo haploid induction (HI), which is used to obtain true-breeding lines within a single generation, is a technique that significantly increases modern crop-breeding efficiency. Recently, dicot Arabidopsis thaliana lines containing mutations in DMP8/9 were used as [...] Read more.

Doubled haploid (DH) technology based on in vivo haploid induction (HI), which is used to obtain true-breeding lines within a single generation, is a technique that significantly increases modern crop-breeding efficiency. Recently, dicot Arabidopsis thaliana lines containing mutations in DMP8/9 were used as haploid inducer lines, but the use of this new HI mechanism is limited in Brassicaceae species, which include many important vegetable, oil, and fodder crops. Here, we investigated the phylogenetic distribution of the DMP8 and DMP9 homologous genes from 26 sequenced Brassicaceae species. We found that DMP8 only exists in the tribe Arabideae, while multiple copies of the DMP9 gene are presenting in all the investigated Brassicaceae species. The syntenic DMP9 genes were divided into two groups derived from the S genomic block and R genomic block, respectively. We further investigated the duplication, structure variations, and expression of the DMP9 genes in Brassica species that had undergone an extra whole-genome triplication. Our results revealed that DMP9 was lost in the most fractionated (MF2) subgenome, and the retained DMP9s in the least fractionated (LF) subgenome and medium fractionated (MF1) subgenome showed diversified expression patterns, indicating their functional diversification. Our results will be useful for obtaining the target DMP genes for the establishing of HI lines in Brassicaceae crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Brassica Crops Genomics and Breeding, Volume II)

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10 pages, 1743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gibberellic Acid Concentrations and Storage of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) Seeds Propagated in Tubes

by Vander Rocha Lacerda, Levi Fraga Pagehú, Armando Pego Gonçalves, Rogério Lopes Vieites and Paulo Sérgio Nascimento Lopes

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111094 - 20 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1652

Abstract

The immersion of seeds in gibberellic acid solutions can promote dormancy breaking. Storage can be dynamic in seed longevity. The objective of this work was to evaluate different concentrations of gibberellic acid applied to seeds isolated from two storage times on the emergence [...] Read more.

The immersion of seeds in gibberellic acid solutions can promote dormancy breaking. Storage can be dynamic in seed longevity. The objective of this work was to evaluate different concentrations of gibberellic acid applied to seeds isolated from two storage times on the emergence of C. brasiliense tree seedlings grown in tubes. There were two experiments with different planting and storage times. The seeds were extracted from the endocarp. In both, a randomized block design was used with the following seven treatments: 0, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg L⁻¹ of GA₃ and dry seeds without pre-soaking, with five replications of 20 seeds. The seeds were treated with fungicide and sown in tubes containing substrate. After 60 days, evaluations and transplantation were carried out. In the experiment with older pyrenes (seeds stored for seven months), there was high seed mortality (96.54%) and a small emergence rate (3.45%). On the other hand, when new pyrenes were used, the percentage of dead seeds was 32.71% and emergence was 62.28%. GA₃ did not stimulate germination or the diameter of C. brasiliense tree seedlings, except for stem length. The 2000 concentration provided a greater stem length and greater leaf area compared to dry seeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Seed Dormancy and Germination of Horticultural Plants)

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16 pages, 2048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expression Analysis of Brassinolide-Metabolism-Related Genes at Different Growth Stages of Pak Choi

by Guiling Mao, Xianhui Qi, Yue Bao, Xuan Li, Yinghua Wu, Leiping Hou and Meilan Li

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111093 - 20 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1267

Abstract

Pak choi needs to be exposed to low temperature (vernalized) before flowering will initiate. Early bolting caused by low temperature often occurs in spring and leads to significant economic losses. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the flowering process of [...] Read more.

Pak choi needs to be exposed to low temperature (vernalized) before flowering will initiate. Early bolting caused by low temperature often occurs in spring and leads to significant economic losses. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the flowering process of pak choi. Brassinolide (BR) plays a certain role in the flowering process of pak choi. In order to better understand the role of BR in the flowering process of pak choi, the BR content in the shoot apices of pak choi at different growth stages was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the BR content increased after low-temperature treatment. With the progress of vegetative growth, the BR content decreased and reached the lowest at 10 days after transplanting (V10), then the content increased and reached a small peak at the critical period of floral bud differentiation (S0). After initiation of floral bud differentiation, the content decreased at floral bud differentiation stage 1 (S1), and then gradually increased and reached a peak at floral bud differentiation stage 3 (S3). In order to clarify the molecular mechanism of BR content changes, we analyzed the expressions of key enzymes coding genes in the BR metabolic pathway, and found that six major synthase-encoding genes (Bra008760, Bra030023, Bra036097, Bra027405, Bra011678, and Bra025409) were upregulated at the critical period of floral bud differentiation, leading to the increase in BR content, which were consistent with changes in the BR content. By analyzing the functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the vegetative growth stage (V10) and the critical period of floral bud differentiation (S0), 21 DEGs were found to be related to BR metabolism. These findings can provide a reference for elucidating the molecular mechanism of BR regulating the flowering process of pak choi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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10 pages, 2496 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Identification and Characterization of Major Flavonoids in Extracts from an Unexplored Medicinal Herb Orostachys fimbriata

by Jeongho Lee, Hyerim Son, Kang Hyun Lee, Seunghee Kim, Ganzorig Myagmar, Soo-Yong Kim, Youngsang Chun and Hah Young Yoo

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111092 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

Orostachys species have been recognized as medicinal herbs in East Asia. Although O. fimbriata is known as a traditional medicine, its antioxidant properties have not been investigated compared to other Orostachys species. In this study, we characterized the antioxidant compounds and determined the [...] Read more.

Orostachys species have been recognized as medicinal herbs in East Asia. Although O. fimbriata is known as a traditional medicine, its antioxidant properties have not been investigated compared to other Orostachys species. In this study, we characterized the antioxidant compounds and determined the antioxidant activity of O. fimbriata for the first time. As a result, 1 g of O. fimbriata extracts contains 288.5 ± 7.4 mg polyphenols, which contains 159.7 ± 8.3 mg flavonoids. In particular, 21.6%, 6.6%, and 2.6% of the total flavonoids were identified as epicatechin gallate, quercetin, and kaempferol, respectively, by LC-MS system. The DPPH IC₅₀, ABTS IC₅₀, and FRAP value of the extracts was determined to be 27.6 ± 5.5 μg/mL, 125.7 ± 6.0 μg/mL, and 115.0 ± 4.4 mmol/L, respectively. These activities were 30–57% of the positive control, ascorbic acid. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that O. fimbriata has outstanding antioxidant properties. This study highlights the need for further investigations toward in-depth research on the pharmacological functions of O. fimbriata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Horticultural Natural Products)

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20 pages, 2415 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Efficiency of Sodium and Calcium Chloride in Conferring Cross-Tolerance to Water Deficit in Periwinkle

by Nahid Zomorrodi, Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad, Sadegh Mousavi-Fard, Hassan Feizi, Nikolaos Nikoloudakis and Dimitrios Fanourakis

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111091 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1695

Abstract

The potential of using pre-stress NaCl or CaCl₂ applications to confer a cross-tolerance to a water deficit was evaluated in periwinkle. The plants initially received five applications of NaCl (0, 30 and 50 mM), or CaCl₂ (15 and 25 mM) via [...] Read more.

The potential of using pre-stress NaCl or CaCl₂ applications to confer a cross-tolerance to a water deficit was evaluated in periwinkle. The plants initially received five applications of NaCl (0, 30 and 50 mM), or CaCl₂ (15 and 25 mM) via irrigation, and then they were cultivated under different water deficit regimes (80, 50 and 20% available water content). The water deficit induced smaller and denser stomata. It promoted a water use efficiency, a proline content and antioxidant enzyme activity. However, it downgraded the aesthetic value (plant stature, flower size and vegetation greenness), magnified the stem bending probability and strongly decreased the floral longevity. It additionally impeded the growth by reductions in the leaf area and photosynthesis. Plants undergoing a water deficit maintained a lower hydration and expressed oxidative damage symptoms, including enhanced chlorophyll and membrane degradation. As the water deficit intensified, these effects were more pronounced. Pre-stress CaCl₂ or NaCl applications generally restored most of the water severity-induced effects, with the former being more effective. For CaCl₂, the highest concentration (25 mM) was generally optimal, whereas NaCl was the lowest concentration (30 mM). In conclusion, pre-stress CaCl₂ or NaCl applications effectively confer a cross-tolerance to the water deficit by promoting the aesthetic value and extending the floral longevity, with the promotive effects being incremental as the water deficit becomes more severe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants)

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11 pages, 915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effects of Process Conditions on the Extraction of Glucosinolates from Broccoli Sprouts

by Erika Melissa Bojorquez-Rodríguez, Daniel Guajardo-Flores, Daniel A. Jacobo-Velázquez and Sergio O. Serna-Saldívar

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111090 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1870

Abstract

Glucosinolates and their enzyme-degraded metabolites, such as isothiocyanates, have shown great potential to prevent and treat chronic-degenerative diseases. Broccoli sprouts (Brassica oleracea L., var. italica) are an excellent source of glucosinolates. The objective of this study was to evaluate different process conditions [...] Read more.

Glucosinolates and their enzyme-degraded metabolites, such as isothiocyanates, have shown great potential to prevent and treat chronic-degenerative diseases. Broccoli sprouts (Brassica oleracea L., var. italica) are an excellent source of glucosinolates. The objective of this study was to evaluate different process conditions (temperature, solvent concentration, and sample:solvent ratio) for the extraction of glucosinolates present in broccoli sprouts. The study evaluated different combinations of temperature (15–64 °C), ethanol concentration (0–100%), and sample:solvent ratio (1:15–1:35 w/v). The treatment with 40 °C, 50% ethanol/water (v/v), 1:35 (w/v) generated the highest extraction of total glucosinolates (100,094 ± 9016 mg/kg DW). The ethanol percentage was the factor that exerted the greatest impact on glucosinolate extraction (p < 0.05). In addition, the amount of glucoraphanin in the extract was determined, obtaining a final concentration of 14,986 ± 1862 mg/kg DW of sprouts processed under the optimal extraction conditions studied. The data presented herein demonstrate the relevance of the ethanol concentration during the extraction and the importance of applying high temperature in solid-liquid phase extraction. Under optimal conditions, it was possible to obtain extracts rich in glucosinolates to prepare food supplements, nutraceuticals, and even pharmaceuticals with application in the prevention and treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Horticultural Plants)

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19 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Alleviation Effects of Biostimulants Application on Lettuce Plants Grown under Deficit Irrigation

by Christina Chaski and Spyridon A. Petropoulos

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111089 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1628

Abstract

Τhe aim of this study was to examine the potential of using biostimulants for the amelioration of deficit irrigation effects on field-grown lettuce plants growth parameters (cv. Doris (Romaine type) and cv. Manchester (Batavia type)). Therefore, five biostimulatory products that differed in their [...] Read more.

Τhe aim of this study was to examine the potential of using biostimulants for the amelioration of deficit irrigation effects on field-grown lettuce plants growth parameters (cv. Doris (Romaine type) and cv. Manchester (Batavia type)). Therefore, five biostimulatory products that differed in their composition were evaluated, including seaweed extracts, amino acids, humic and fulvic acids, macronutrients, Si, and vegetable proteins, while a control treatment with no biostimulants applied on plants was also considered. Plants were subjected to three irrigation regimes, e.g., rain-fed plants (RF), deficit irrigation (I1; 50% of field capacity) and normal irrigation (I2; 100 of field capacity). The results indicate that the application of seaweed extracts, macronutrients, and amino acids (SW treatment) alleviated the negative effects of deficit irrigation on plant growth and chlorophyll content of Romaine-type plants. On the other hand, Batavia-type plants were more susceptible to water stress, since the highest crop yield plant was observed under the full irrigation treatment and the application of vegetal proteins and amino acids (VP treatment). In general, the application of biostimulants on the Romaine type improved plant growth under water shortage conditions compared with fully irrigated plants in almost all measurements, whereas the Batavia-type plants appeared to be more sensitive to deficit irrigation. Therefore, the ecofriendly practices of deficit irrigation and biostimulant application could be useful in leafy vegetable production on a genotype-depended manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Green Leafy Vegetables)

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12 pages, 1546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biofortified Rocket (Eruca sativa) with Selenium by Using the Nutrient Film Technique

by Carolina Seno Nascimento, Camila Seno Nascimento, Guilherme Lopes, Gilda Carrasco, Priscila Lupino Gratão and Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111088 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1575

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans, but most foods are Se deficient, mainly because of its low content in the soil. A Se-deficient diet results in increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and hyperthyroidism. Agronomic biofortification is a good alternative to [...] Read more.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans, but most foods are Se deficient, mainly because of its low content in the soil. A Se-deficient diet results in increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and hyperthyroidism. Agronomic biofortification is a good alternative to increase Se in food. This study investigated the effect of Se on the growth, yield, and biofortification of the rocket. Plants were grown in a hydroponic system. Seven Se concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 µM) were evaluated using sodium selenate. Growth, yield, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide content, and the enzymatic activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were influenced by the Se concentration. Considering the evaluated parameters, 10–30 µM Se promoted the best results, and with 20 µM, the higher yield. Rocket plants treated with Se in the nutrient solution were biofortified, showing Se contents of 598.96 to 1437.56 mg kg⁻¹ in the dry mass, higher than plants cultivated in a nutrient solution without Se, which presented 167.84 mg kg⁻¹ of Se. Se concentrations of 10–30 µM in the nutrient solution were beneficial for rocket plants, while concentrations above 50 µM were toxic to the plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Nutrition Biofortification)

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17 pages, 5031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MAPK Gene Family in Lactuca sativa: Genome-Wide Identification, Regulatory Network, and Expression Patterns in Stem Development and Stress Responses

by Ying Huang, Jiageng Du, Yihua Liu, Xue Cao, Zhenning Liu and Mengyao Li

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111087 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1352

Abstract

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play essential roles in the process of stress response and plant growth and development. MAPK family genes have been identified in many plant species. In this study, 18 LsMAPK genes were identified in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The [...] Read more.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play essential roles in the process of stress response and plant growth and development. MAPK family genes have been identified in many plant species. In this study, 18 LsMAPK genes were identified in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The LsMAPK members were divided into Group A, B, C, and D by phylogenetic tree analysis among Arabidopsis, rice, and lettuce. Cis-elements, which relate to abiotic stress, phytohormone response, and transcription factor binding site, were identified to exist in the promoter region of LsMAPK genes. Chromosomal location analysis showed the LsMAPK genes were distributed on eight chromosomes except chromosome 6. Interaction network analysis showed that LsMAPKs could interact with MAPK kinase (MAPKK), protein-tyrosine-phosphatase (PTP), and transcription factors (WRKY, bZIP). Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that LsMAPK genes were induced by different abiotic stresses, hormone response, and stem enlargement. The comprehensive identification and characterization of LsMAPK genes in stem lettuce will lay a theoretical foundation for the functional analysis of LsMAPK genes and advance our knowledge of the regulatory mechanism of MAPK genes in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection The Correlation of Stress Response and Organ Development in Horticultural Crops)

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13 pages, 2506 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identification of a Leafy Head Formation Related Gene in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)

by Yonghui Zhao, Chuanhong Liu, Bing Fang, Shengnan Huang, Nan Wang, Chong Tan, Jie Ren and Hui Feng

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111086 - 17 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1470

Abstract

Leafy head formation is one of the most important characteristics of Chinese cabbage, and the process is regulated by a series of genes and environmental factors. In this study, a non-heading short leaf mutant slm was identified from an ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis [...] Read more.

Leafy head formation is one of the most important characteristics of Chinese cabbage, and the process is regulated by a series of genes and environmental factors. In this study, a non-heading short leaf mutant slm was identified from an ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis (EMS) population of the heading Chinese cabbage line FT. The most significant phenotypic characteristics of slm was shortening leaves and increasing leaf numbers, which led to failure to form a leafy head. Genetic analysis showed that a single recessive gene Brslm was responsible for the mutant phenotype. Mutmap analysis suggested that Brslm was located on chromosome A07, and four candidate genes were predicted. KASP analysis demonstrated that BraA07g039390.3C was the target gene of the candidates. BraA07g039390.3C is a homologous to Arabidopsis CLV1 encoding receptor kinase with an extracellular leucine-rich domain. Sequencing analysis revealed that a single SNP from G to A occurred in 904th nucleotide of Brclv1, which resulted in the change of the 302nd amino acid from Asp to Asn. The SNP was co-segregated with the mutant phenotype in F₂ individuals and located on the conserved domains. These results indicated that BrCLV1 was the mutant gene for slm which led to shortening leaves and increasing leaf numbers, disrupting the leafy heading formation in FT. These findings contribute to revealing the BrCLV1 function in leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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12 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Feasibility of Using Autofluorescence to Detect Lignin Deposition Pattern during Defense Response in Apple Roots to Pythium ultimum Infection

by Yanmin Zhu

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111085 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1409

Abstract

The molecular mechanisms underpinning apple root resistance to infection by Pythium ultimum have not been carefully investigated until recently. A panoramic and high-resolution picture of genome-wide transcriptional networks regulating the defense activation in apple roots was obtained recently from a comprehensive transcriptome analysis. [...] Read more.

The molecular mechanisms underpinning apple root resistance to infection by Pythium ultimum have not been carefully investigated until recently. A panoramic and high-resolution picture of genome-wide transcriptional networks regulating the defense activation in apple roots was obtained recently from a comprehensive transcriptome analysis. Among the most notable transcriptome changes are the upregulation of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, transportation of secondary metabolites, and laccase-directed lignin formation. However, assessing cellular responses and anatomical changes in young roots of apple as a woody species of the Rosacea family remains challenging. Taking advantage of the autofluorescence of lignin and the specific staining by Wiesner reagent, the feasibility of using microscopy to detect lignin deposition in apple roots was evaluated. The preliminary results indicated that a combination of brightfield and fluorescence images may provide the opportunity to reveal the location and degree of lignification in sectioned roots. The procedure represents a proof-of-concept of using fluorescence microscopy to examine cellular features relevant to apple root resistance traits. The ability to detect subtle phenotypic variations, such as lignin deposition patterns, is critically needed to bridge the gap between genomic data and macro-level plant resistance phenotypes and to further identify the resistance mechanisms of apple root. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Plants Pathology and Advances in Disease Management)

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18 pages, 2352 KiB

Open AccessReview

Extraction, Quantification and Characterization Techniques for Anthocyanin Compounds in Various Food Matrices—A Review

by Oana Emilia Constantin and Daniela Ionela Istrati

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111084 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5302

Abstract

Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments characterized by various intense colors found in fruits and vegetables. Scientific studies have shown growing evidence to support their health benefits. Therefore, estimating the anthocyanin content in food is essential to identify the ideal analytical method. Moreover, due to [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments characterized by various intense colors found in fruits and vegetables. Scientific studies have shown growing evidence to support their health benefits. Therefore, estimating the anthocyanin content in food is essential to identify the ideal analytical method. Moreover, due to the instability of plant anthocyanins, it is important to select and optimize their extraction, separation and qualitative and quantitative analysis, steps that are indispensable and important in their study. The present article reviews the latest procedures for extracting anthocyanins from various food matrices and analytical methods for their quantification. Therefore, various forms of preliminary treatments of samples for anthocyanin extraction, extraction procedures for various fruits, vegetables and cereals, purification of samples and quantification of anthocyanins are highlighted and evaluated. Using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) might be effective for anthocyanin extraction and the Amberlite XAD-7HP method is the most effective for purifying anthocyanins. Combining the liquid chromatography (LC) method with electrospray ionization (ESI) and mass spectrometry (MS) or quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) with mass spectrometry (MS) better quantifies the anthocyanins in the food complex samples. Therefore, the extraction and separation of anthocyanins and their qualitative and quantitative analyses are essential steps in their research. As a result, the study concentrates on a detailed characterization of various qualitative and quantitative analytical methodologies, while briefly describing the main anthocyanin extraction processes. Full article

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18 pages, 4046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Methods for Evaluation on Ploidy Level of Cucurbita pepo L. Regenerant Plants Obtained in Unpollinated Ovule Culture In Vitro

by Elena Domblides, Alexey Ermolaev, Sergey Belov, Lyudmila Kan, Mikhail Skaptsov and Arthur Domblides

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111083 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2101

Abstract

An important stage in doubled haploid (DH) production is to evaluate and to differentiate the ploidy level of regenerant plants at least two–three times during the technology. Therefore, rapid and reliable methods are necessary for particular species taken into the technology. In this [...] Read more.

An important stage in doubled haploid (DH) production is to evaluate and to differentiate the ploidy level of regenerant plants at least two–three times during the technology. Therefore, rapid and reliable methods are necessary for particular species taken into the technology. In this study, Cucurbita pepo regenerants obtained through unpollinated ovule culture in vitro were evaluated including three different methods: direct chromosome counting in apical meristems, flow cytometry of the cell nucleus, and estimation of morphological parameters of the abaxial epidermis. Methods were optimized for each of three evaluations, and main criteria were determined for ploidy level differentiation. As a result, four ploidy levels, namely, 2n, 3n, 4n, and 8n, were defined among regenerant plants adapted to ex vitro conditions, while true haploids were only found among plants that remained in the in vitro culture. In total, 32.35%, 26.47%, 33.82%, 4.41%, and 2.94% of regenerant plants of courgette and patisson were diploid, triploid, tetraploid, octaploid, and aneuploid, respectively. According to results of flow cytometry of the cell nucleus, two cytotypes in diploid samples with DNA content of 2C = 1.07 ± 0.03 pg for courgette belonging to subsp. pepo and 2C = 0.95 ± 0.03 pg for patisson samples belonging to subsp. ovifera were revealed. The images of metaphase chromosomes of haploid, triploid, and tetraploid C. pepo specimens obtained using the propion–lacmoid chromosome staining method were presented for the first time. Parameters of abaxial epidermis in diploid samples of courgette and patisson grown in open-field and greenhouse conditions were described and compared. It was shown that the most robust parameter not depending on external factors was the number of chloroplasts in stomatal guard cells, which contained 9.41 to 11.31, 14.84 to 16.3, and up to 17.58 chloroplasts in diploid, triploid, and tetraploid samples, respectively. The application of several methods for estimation enables avoiding the misidentification of ploidy levels in adapted regenerant plants produced with the use of DH technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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13 pages, 2117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Translocation and Utilization Mechanisms of Leaf Intracellular Water in Karst Plants Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz and Brassica napus L.

by Deke Xing, Weixu Wang, Yanyou Wu, Xiaojie Qin, Meiqing Li, Xiaole Chen and Rui Yu

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111082 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1155

Abstract

Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz adapts to karst environments through a variety of adaptability mechanisms. However, the leaf intracellular water translocation and utilization mechanism is still unknown. This study hypothesizes that plants adapt to dehydration by synergistically adjusting the leaf anatomy, cell [...] Read more.

Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz adapts to karst environments through a variety of adaptability mechanisms. However, the leaf intracellular water translocation and utilization mechanism is still unknown. This study hypothesizes that plants adapt to dehydration by synergistically adjusting the leaf anatomy, cell elasticity and intracellular water translocation. Leaf structure, elastic modulus (Em), physiological capacitance (CP), impedance (Z), water potential (Ψ_L), leaf tensity (LT) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the detached leaves in plants of O. violaceus and Brassica napus L. were measured at each water loss time (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h). The uniform leaves were randomly selected from five different plants for each species. The cell vacuole volume and translocation resistance of intracellular water could be represented by the electrophysiological parameters, such as CP and Z. The results indicated that timely shrinkage of O. violaceus leaves and mesophyll cells together with the increased water translocation resistance retained the intracellular water and maintained the turgor pressure. Water within sponge parenchyma could also be translocated into palisade parenchyma. The PSII reaction center was kept stable, and the photosynthetic activity of O. violaceus was clearly inhibited at 3 h. Palisade parenchyma of B. napus leaves increased quickly to improve the intercellular water translocation due to the strong cell stiffness. Gradually increasing intracellular water translocation resistance and recovery of the cell elasticity slowed down the leaf water loss, which, however, could not timely stop the damage on the PSII reaction center and the photochemical efficiency. The photochemical efficiency was seriously inhibited at 4 h and 5 h. The response mechanism of intracellular water to dehydration can be investigated with the help of leaf electrophysiological traits. However, the direct determination of plant drought resistance using electrophysiological information can still not be realized at present and needs further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Physiology under Abiotic Stresses)

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17 pages, 2651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Phytochemical and Nutrient Compounds from the Leaves and Seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina

by Heba A. M. Abdalla, Mohammed Ali, Mohamed Hamdy Amar, Lingyun Chen and Qing-Feng Wang

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111081 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2663

Abstract

Moringa oleifera and M. peregrina are robust and fast-growing trees. These trees are considered some of the most highly valued trees worldwide because of their properties and uses. This study aimed to investigate and determine the content of phytochemical and nutrient compounds in the [...] Read more.

Moringa oleifera and M. peregrina are robust and fast-growing trees. These trees are considered some of the most highly valued trees worldwide because of their properties and uses. This study aimed to investigate and determine the content of phytochemical and nutrient compounds in the fresh leaves and the mature seeds of both M. oleifera and M. peregrina. The experimental data analysis showed that all four extracts were rich in proximate minerals, fatty acids (FA), and un-saponified and polyphenolic components. The total percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids compounds obtained from the leaves and seeds of M. oleifera and M. peregrina were (45.02 and 54.93%), (10.80 and 89.19%), (37.13 and 62.8%), and (11.95 and 88.03%), respectively. The major polyphenols compositions were identified as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, and coffeic acid. The outcomes of the present study indicate that the leaves and seeds of Egyptian Moringa (M. oleifera and M. peregrina) contain various phytochemical and nutrient compounds, which can provide several health advantages and play an important role in the metabolism of the human body, especially in diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart disease, obesity, and high cholesterol and triglycerides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

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15 pages, 6466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Impact Damage Characteristics of Transplanting Seedlings Based on Pressure Distribution Measurement System

by Hongbin Bai, Xuying Li, Fandi Zeng, Ji Cui and Yongzhi Zhang

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111080 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1181

Abstract

Collision is one of the main causes of mechanical damage to the seedling during transplanting. To reveal the impact damage characteristics of plug seedlings, the kinetics equations of seedling collision were established based on Hertz’s contact theory, and the kinematic characteristics, elastoplastic deformation, [...] Read more.

Collision is one of the main causes of mechanical damage to the seedling during transplanting. To reveal the impact damage characteristics of plug seedlings, the kinetics equations of seedling collision were established based on Hertz’s contact theory, and the kinematic characteristics, elastoplastic deformation, and collision damage during seedling collision were analyzed using high-speed photography. Using the Tekscan pressure distribution measurement system, the significant levels of various factors that affect impact peak force (IPF) and damage of seedling pot (DSP) were studied, the change rule of contact pressure distribution of seedlings under significant factors was measured, and a regression model between IPF and DSP was established. The results showed that collision material, drop height and seedling pot size had significant effects on IPF and DSP. The contact pressure area of different collision materials from large to small was soil block, steel, and ABS plastic. The contact pressure area of seedlings of different pot sizes was big, medium, and small in descending order. At a dropping height of 50~350 mm, a contact pressure > 10 kPa accounted for the major contact pressure area, which is the main reason for collision damage of the seedling pot. Linear regression models between IPF and DSP under different factors were established, and the determination coefficients (R²) were 0.98 and 0.94, respectively. The results provided a theoretical basis for understanding the collision damage mechanism of the plug seedling and how to reduce damage during transplanting. Full article

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9 pages, 1820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generation of Composite Rosa roxburghii Plants with Transgenic Roots by Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation

by Lisha Gong, Min Lu and Huaming An

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111079 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1295

Abstract

Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is an emerging fruit endemic to China, which has the reputation of being the “King of Vitamin C” because of its abundance of vitamin C. However, it is also a recalcitrant species that imposes severe limitations on the transformation and [...] Read more.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is an emerging fruit endemic to China, which has the reputation of being the “King of Vitamin C” because of its abundance of vitamin C. However, it is also a recalcitrant species that imposes severe limitations on the transformation and whole-plant regeneration processes, restricting the verification of the functional genes. Therefore, developing a feasible and efficient genetic transformation method for R. roxburghii is an urgent requirement. Herein, K599 with eGFP was used as the Agrobacterium strain to optimize the genetic transformation from four factors: bacterial concentration, seedling age, infection site, and method. First, the original roots of 5-day-old seedlings were excised, and then the slant cuts of the remaining hypocotyls with 0.5 cm length were placed in K599 at an OD600 of 0.4. Subsequently, the explants were planted in a moistened sterile vermiculite after the beveled site was stained with a clump of bacteria. The results showed that the transformation efficiency of this cutting method was almost 28% at 30 days post-inoculation, while the transformation efficiency obtained by injecting 5-day-old seedlings 0.5–1.0 cm away from the primary root with K599 at an OD600 of 0.4 was only about 7%. Taken together, the current findings provide evidence that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a simple, fast, and efficient approach for generating composite R. roxburghii plants. Thus, this method has a broad application to analyze the gene functions in R. roxburghii and other related plant species. Full article

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16 pages, 960 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Combination of KMnO₄ Oxidation and UV-C Radiation on Postharvest Quality of Refrigerated Pears cv. ‘Ercolini’

by Ramiro Alonso-Salinas, José Ramón Acosta-Motos, Antonio J. Pérez-López, Luis Noguera-Artiaga, Estrella Núñez-Delicado, Francisco Burló and Santiago López-Miranda

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111078 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

This present study proposes an improvement for the postharvest preservation of the ‘Ercolini’ pear, a fruit that is little tested in the field, using a combination of ethylene elimination methods. The techniques used were potassium permanganate filters in devices with ultraviolet radiation and [...] Read more.

This present study proposes an improvement for the postharvest preservation of the ‘Ercolini’ pear, a fruit that is little tested in the field, using a combination of ethylene elimination methods. The techniques used were potassium permanganate filters in devices with ultraviolet radiation and constant air flow to favour the contact of ethylene with the oxidising agents. The analysis carried out included weight, diameter, firmness, soluble solids content, total acidity, maturity index, ascorbic acid concentration, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity via the ORAC method and a descriptive sensory analysis using experts. In addition, the ethylene removal method was tested at two storage temperatures: 1 °C, near optimal temperature, and 8 °C, the standard temperature for transport and storage of fruit on a commercial scale. The results showed a marked improvement in the maintenance of postharvest physicochemical quality using the proposed combination of methods. The sensory analysis confirmed what was observed in the laboratory, with higher organoleptic quality values observed in pears treated with the complete system under study consisting of filter and machine, highlighting the greater presence of flavours and odours related to green fruit. Ultimately, this innovation could be highly relevant for the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruits Quality and Sensory Analysis)

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16 pages, 1246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flower Thinning Improves Fruit Quality and Oil Composition in Camellia oleifera Abel

by Tiantian Ye, Xue Liu, Xiaojie Liang, Xueyan Zhu, Qian Bai and Shuchai Su

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111077 - 16 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1368

Abstract

Camellia oleifera is a woody oil tree with overlapping flower bud differentiation and fruit maturation. Therefore, mechanical harvesting of fruits leads to flower abscission. The present study investigated the effects of flower number per tree on fruit growth, yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil [...] Read more.

Camellia oleifera is a woody oil tree with overlapping flower bud differentiation and fruit maturation. Therefore, mechanical harvesting of fruits leads to flower abscission. The present study investigated the effects of flower number per tree on fruit growth, yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil fatty acid composition in C. oleifera. Here, we set different flower numbers per tree by thinning flowers. Heavy flower thinning (T2 and T3) significantly reduced fruit yield and the proportion of palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid in fatty acids compared with other treatments. However, heavy thinning favored an increase in fruit size and weight, seed and dry kernel rate of fresh fruit, soluble protein and oil accumulation in seeds, and the proportion of oleic acid and stearic acid in fatty acids, and it had no significant effect on oil yield per tree compared with light thinning (T1) and control (T0). T2 and T3 decreased soluble sugar content in the kernels at the later stage of fruit development (260–320 days after full bloom (DAFB)) in contrast to the rapid fruit growth period (200–230 DAFB). As the crop load decreased, fruit ABA content increased continuously during 260–320 DAFB, while fruit IAA content increased during 260–300 DAFB and then decreased during 310–320 DAFB. These data suggest that the abscission of a few flowers during mechanical harvesting will not affect fruit production efficiency in C. oleifera. Full article

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13 pages, 6912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of the GLK Gene Family and the Expression under Different Growth Stages and Dark Stress in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis)

by Bo Xiong, Yan Gong, Qin Li, Ling Li, Huiqiong Mao, Ling Liao, Xun Wang, Honghong Deng, Mingfei Zhang and Zhihui Wang

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111076 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1613

Abstract

The GLK gene family is of great significance in regulating chloroplast development and participating in chlorophyll synthesis. However, the mechanism of GLK involvement in Citrus chlorophyll synthesis remains unclear. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the gene structure, protein evolution, [...] Read more.

The GLK gene family is of great significance in regulating chloroplast development and participating in chlorophyll synthesis. However, the mechanism of GLK involvement in Citrus chlorophyll synthesis remains unclear. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the gene structure, protein evolution, chromosome distribution, promoter elements and expression profile of GLK gene family in Citrus. Overall, 27 CsGLK TFs were identified from Citrus genome and divided into three subgroups according to the conserved domains. All members were distributed on nine chromosomes. The tandem replication events (ka/ks < 1) indicated that CsGLK TFs underwent a purification selection evolutionary process. The intron variation might be a vital configuration for the evolution of CsGLK genes. The expression pattern of CsGLKs showed that family members had higher expression levels in different tissues and at different growth stages and could actively respond to dark stress. CsGLK TFs of the same group had similar structures, but their expression patterns were quite different, indicating that they may have different functions and not be redundant. Correlation analysis showed that CsGLK2, CsGLK9, CsGLK10, CsGLK11, CsGLK20 and CsGLK24 were significantly positive correlations with Chl a and Chl b contents. In addition, CsGLK2, CsGLK5, CsGLK10, CsGLK11, CsGLK12, CsGLK15, CsGLK20 and CsGLK24 were significantly positive related to Mg-Proto IX, Proto IX and Pchl. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crops Genetics and Genomics)

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13 pages, 2430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Macronutrient Fertility on Mineral Uptake and Growth of Lactuca sativa ‘Salanova Green’ in a Hydroponic System

by Patrick Veazie, Piyush Pandey, Sierra Young, M. Seth Ballance, Kristin Hicks and Brian Whipker

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111075 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4298

Abstract

Lactuca sativa (commonly referred to as lettuce) is one of the most popular grown hydroponic crops. While other fertilizer rate work has been conducted on lettuce, the impact of each element has not been evaluated independently or by determining adequate foliar tissue concentrations [...] Read more.

Lactuca sativa (commonly referred to as lettuce) is one of the most popular grown hydroponic crops. While other fertilizer rate work has been conducted on lettuce, the impact of each element has not been evaluated independently or by determining adequate foliar tissue concentrations when all nutrients are plant-available. This study explores the impact that macronutrients have on the growth and yield of lettuce at different stages of the production cycle. Additionally, this study explores the adequate nutrient rates by regressing nutrient curves to find the concentration of each element that corresponds to optimal growth. Plants were grown under varying macronutrient concentrations (0, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 100%) utilizing the concentrations of a modified Hoagland’s solution based on 150 mg·L⁻¹ N. Lettuce plants were grown in a silica sand culture and received a nutrient solution in which a single element was altered. Visual symptomology was documented, and leaf tissue mineral nutrient concentrations and biomass were measured at Weeks 3, 6, and 8 after transplant. Optimal elemental leaf tissue concentration and biomass varied by macronutrient rates and weeks of growth. Nitrogen rate produced a linear increase in total plant dry weight, but foliar N followed a quadratic plateau pattern. Other elements, such as phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium, produced distinct total plant dry weight plateaus despite increasing fertility concentrations. These results demonstrate that fertility recommendation can be lowered for nutrients where higher rates do not result in higher plant biomass or foliar nutrient concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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15 pages, 3763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alleviating Effects of Linalool Fumigation on Botrytis cinerea Infections in Postharvest Tomato Fruits

by Qing Shen, Haosen Li, Qifang Wang, Jianquan Wang, Jiarui Ge, Xiaoyu Yang, Xiaoyun Wang, Xiuming Li, Yan Zhang, Ruimin Zhang and Qinghua Shi

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111074 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1787

Abstract

Gray mold is a disease that often occurs in postharvest tomato fruits, leading to a significant decline in the fruits’ quality. In production, pesticides are mostly used to control gray mold, which negatively affect both the environment and food safety. The purpose of [...] Read more.

Gray mold is a disease that often occurs in postharvest tomato fruits, leading to a significant decline in the fruits’ quality. In production, pesticides are mostly used to control gray mold, which negatively affect both the environment and food safety. The purpose of this article is to study the effects of linalool fumigation on controlling gray mold in tomato fruits and to further investigate the mechanism of linalool function, so as to provide technical support and a theoretical basis for the application of linalool in the green control of tomato gray mold. The results of the in vitro experiments showed that linalool fumigation had a strong inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea and that the fumigation of linalool inhibited the expansion of pathogens on tomato fruits. The disease index of tomato fruits in the linalool treatment was always lower than that of the control within 72 h after inoculation with Botrytis cinerea; at the end of experiment, the disease index of the control reached 100.0, which was only 8.0 with the 30 μL/L linalool treatment. Linalool fumigation increased the antioxidant capacity of the tomato fruits under Botrytis cinerea infection through regulating activities of SOD, POD and CAT as well as the ascorbic acid (AsA) content, which could be responsible for the lower malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Linalool fumigation increased the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in tomato fruits, indicating that secondary metabolism was involved in the function of linalool in the regulation of tomato fruit resistance to pathogens. As the main enzymes related to cell structure, polygalacturonase (PG), cellulase (CL) and β-galactosidase (β-GAL) were inhibited by linalool, which could protect cell wall structures from damage, and strengthened the mechanical barrier against pathogen access to fruit flesh. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Genetic Improvement of Vegetables for Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses)

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18 pages, 8729 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Integrating Trap Cropping and Entomopathogenic Nematode Foliar Sprays to Manage Diamondback Moth and Imported Cabbage Worm

by Sabina Budhathoki, Brent S. Sipes, Ikkei Shikano, Roxana Y. Myers, Roshan Manandhar and Koon-Hui Wang

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111073 - 16 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1828

Abstract

Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, and imported cabbage worm (ICW), Pieris rapae, are destructive pests of crucifers worldwide. Although several insecticides are effective against ICW, pesticide management against DBM is challenged by insecticide resistant populations. The objective of this study was [...] Read more.

Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, and imported cabbage worm (ICW), Pieris rapae, are destructive pests of crucifers worldwide. Although several insecticides are effective against ICW, pesticide management against DBM is challenged by insecticide resistant populations. The objective of this study was to explore the potential of integrating foliar sprays of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema feltiae with trap cropping using kai choi (Brassica juncea) planted as an intercrop for the management of DBM and ICW. Four 2 × 2 (trap crop × EPN) factorial designed field trials were conducted with 2 trials on head cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var capitata) and 2 on kale (Brassica oleraceae var acephala). In the first head cabbage trial, trap cropping reduced DBM abundance by 46% and ICW abundance by 73%. Leaf damage by DBM and ICW were reduced by 45% and 33%, respectively. In the second head cabbage trial, DBM populations were reduced by 19% whereas ICW was reduced by 65%. No effects were observed on leaf damage. Trap cropping suppressed DBM abundance by 50% and DBM leaf damage by 19% in the first kale trial. No significant effects were observed on ICW. In the second kale trial, trap cropping reduced ICW leaf damage by 13%. In the first head cabbage trial, adding EPN foliar sprays further reduced DBM populations in plots with trap crops and ICW in plots without trap crops. In the second kale trial, EPNs suppressed DBM populations entirely. No effects from EPNs were observed in the second head cabbage trial or the first kale trial. It is concluded that trap cropping with kai choi did not improve the efficacy of EPN foliar sprays consistently. EPNs were most successful at suppressing DBM and ICW populations when the average pest pressure was below 0.5/plant whereas trap crops worked more effectively at insect populations above 0.5/plant. Although the use of trap cropping reduced pest abundance and leaf damage, the weight of head cabbage and kale was lower when planted 30 cm or closer to kai choi plants. This was resolved by leaving a distance of 60 cm between cash and trap crops. With further optimization, the use of trap cropping and EPN foliar sprays can be beneficial to an integrated pest management program to control DBM and ICW in cruciferous crops. Full article

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10 pages, 690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Bee and Fly Pollination on Physical and Biochemical Properties of Strawberry Fruit

by Muhammad Anees, Mudssar Ali, Hamed A. Ghramh, Asif Sajjad, Khalid Ali Khan, Shafqat Saeed and Kashif Razzaq

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111072 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1617

Abstract

Improvement in physical and biochemical properties of fruits through cross-pollination is a highly variable phenomenon. It mainly depends on the species of the pollinator and the nature of the crop being pollinated. It is therefore imperative to quantify the relative pollination effectiveness of [...] Read more.

Improvement in physical and biochemical properties of fruits through cross-pollination is a highly variable phenomenon. It mainly depends on the species of the pollinator and the nature of the crop being pollinated. It is therefore imperative to quantify the relative pollination effectiveness of an insect species for a certain crop species. In the present study, pollination effectiveness of two native bees (i.e., Apis dorsata and A. florea) and two syrphid flies (i.e., Eristalinus aeneus and Eupeodes corollae) were evaluated in terms of physical properties of strawberry fruits at Multan, Pakistan. The physical parameters of resultant fruits included length, pole, equator, fruit set ratio, number of days to reach market maturity, and shelf life. The biochemical properties of fruits resulted from open-pollinated plants (free insect visits) and caged plants (no insect visits) were also compared. The biochemical parameters included TSS (total soluble solids), TA (titratable acidity), vitamin C, and pH. Apis dorsata was the most abundant pollinator, followed by E. aeneus and E. corollae. Based on single-visit effectiveness, A. dorsata proved to be the most effective pollinator, in terms of physical properties, of strawberry fruit. Eristalinus aeneus outcrossed A. florea in terms of fruit set (%). The open-pollinated plants showed better physical and biochemical properties (26% higher TSS, 34% higher TA, but 25% lower pH value) in terms of fruits than the caged plants. Conservation of A. dorsata and E. aeneus can enhance physical and biochemical properties of strawberry fruits in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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21 pages, 4815 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prevention and Control of Fusarium spp., the Causal Agents of Onion (Allium cepa) Basal Rot

by Ofir Degani, Elhanan Dimant, Asaf Gordani, Shaul Graph and Eliyahu Margalit

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111071 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4573

Abstract

Fusarium basal rot disease (FBR) is considered a serious threat to commercial onion production in Israel and worldwide. Today, coping means applied in Israel against the disease have limited efficiency and include a four-year crop cycle and disinfecting the soil with metam sodium. [...] Read more.

Fusarium basal rot disease (FBR) is considered a serious threat to commercial onion production in Israel and worldwide. Today, coping means applied in Israel against the disease have limited efficiency and include a four-year crop cycle and disinfecting the soil with metam sodium. At the same time, agricultural tools (harrows, plows, etc.), contaminated equipment and workers facilitate spread of the disease to new growth areas, and the field disease incidence in Israel now reaches 8% of yields in heavily infected areas. Infected onions do not always show disease symptoms and the problem worsens if they arrive at storage facilities, especially since this pathogen genus produces known toxins. The current study aims at examining the potential of chemical control to reduce the damage caused by this disease. To this end, nine commercial fungicides were scanned in plate sensitivity assay against the main pathogens involved, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae and Fusarium acutatum. Several fungicides were found to be highly effective against the two pathogens, especially the mixtures Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole, Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin, or the Fluazinam compounds. Three selected preparations previously tested in seedlings were evaluated here in a full growing season. Prochloraz successfully protected the Orlando variety (white onion, Riverside cv.) and the Noam variety (red onion) at all growth stages against F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae. At the same time, this treatment was ineffective against F. acutatum in Noam cv. Another anti-fungal preparation, Fludioxonil + Sedaxen mixture, showed a wider range of effectiveness at the season’s end against the two Fusarium species tested in both onion cultivars. These results are an important step towards developing FBR control in commercial onion fields. Follow-up work is needed to optimize the pesticides’ concentrations and their application methods and to test them on a field scale. Interestingly, these pathogens were more aggressive towards the cultivar from which they were isolated: F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae to the red onion Noam cv. and F. acutatum to the white Orlando cv. Infecting the plants with both pathogens reduced disease symptoms in the white Orlando cv, suggesting antagonistic interactions in this onion genotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetable and Fruit Postharvest Physiology and Diseases)

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11 pages, 9078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Drying Temperature on the Physicochemical, Functional, and Microstructural Properties of Powders from Agave angustifolia Haw and Agave rhodacantha Trel

by Francisco Erik González-Jiménez, José Eduardo Barojas-Zavaleta, Guadalupe Vivar-Vera, Audry Peredo-Lovillo, Alfredo Alberto Morales-Tapia, Josué Antonio Del Ángel-Zumaya, Mónica Reyes-Reyes, Liliana Alamilla-Beltrán, Diana Elizabeth Leyva-Daniel and Jaime Jiménez-Guzmán

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111070 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1315

Abstract

The present study evaluated the effect of convective drying on the physicochemical, functional, and microstructural properties of the powders of leaves of Agave angustifolia Haw (agave espadin) and Agave rhodacantha Trel (agave mexicano) at temperatures of 70, 90, and 110 °C. The leaves [...] Read more.

The present study evaluated the effect of convective drying on the physicochemical, functional, and microstructural properties of the powders of leaves of Agave angustifolia Haw (agave espadin) and Agave rhodacantha Trel (agave mexicano) at temperatures of 70, 90, and 110 °C. The leaves correspond to the agro-industrial waste generated by the mezcal industry. The results indicate that convective drying at a temperature of 110 °C induces the greatest microstructural modification of the powders and improves their functional properties compared to thermal treatments at 70 and 90 °C. The obtained powders in the present investigation show important contents of dietary fiber in a range of 45.53 ± 0.07 to 55.31 ± 1.60 g/100 g. According to the results of physicochemical analysis, the obtained powders show high storage stability, pointing out that the employment of convective drying in the processing of agave leaves at high temperatures is an emerging tool for the obtention of waste-derived powders with high impact in the development of future functional foods, while contributing to the mitigation of the environmental impact of the mezcal industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Horticultural Waste Management)

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30 pages, 8592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Morphophysiological, Anatomical, and Ultrastructural Traits to Improve the Elite Genotype Selection in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

by Marcelo F. Pompelli, Alfredo Jarma-Orozco and Luis Rodríguez-Páez

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111069 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1568

Abstract

Sugarcane is a highly productive crop with high water requirements. In addition, its growth and sugar content are limited by the water deficit, a major problem affecting agriculture due to climate change. However, monitoring strategies are being developed worldwide that seek to increase [...] Read more.

Sugarcane is a highly productive crop with high water requirements. In addition, its growth and sugar content are limited by the water deficit, a major problem affecting agriculture due to climate change. However, monitoring strategies are being developed worldwide that seek to increase productivity in the same area and with less water consumption. The sugarcane plants are produced sugar table, ethanol, and, from the hydrolysis of biomass, produce second-generation bioethanol, in addition to generating energy in thermoelectric plants. This research described the strategies and mechanisms used by sugarcane to tolerate water deficit. For this, a series of physiological, biochemical, enzymatic, morphological, anatomical, and ultrastructural analyses were developed. We used four commercial varieties of sugarcane, two tolerant and two sensitives, which were tested in all phases of the study. It was concluded that the variety RB92579 is drought tolerant as well as RB867515 and RB72454 genotype is sensitive to drought stress. Therefore, we proposed that variety RB855536 be assigned as an intermediary due to tolerance and sensitivity to water deficit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Irrigation Technologies and Strategies for Horticultural Crop Production)

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19 pages, 2273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

If You Grow It, They Will Come: Ornamental Plants Impact the Abundance and Diversity of Pollinators and Other Flower-Visiting Insects in Gardens

by Michala C. Palmersheim, Roger Schürch, Megan E. O’Rourke, Jenna Slezak and Margaret J. Couvillon

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111068 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2712

Abstract

Gardening for pollinators and other flower-visiting insects, where ornamental landscaping plants are added to provide habitats and foraging resources, may provide substantial benefits to declining insect populations. However, plant recommendations often lack empirical grounding or are limited geographically. Here, we created a pollinator [...] Read more.

Gardening for pollinators and other flower-visiting insects, where ornamental landscaping plants are added to provide habitats and foraging resources, may provide substantial benefits to declining insect populations. However, plant recommendations often lack empirical grounding or are limited geographically. Here, we created a pollinator garden, replicated across two sites, that contained 25 ornamental landscape plants that were either native or non-native to mid-Atlantic states and perennial or annual. Our objective was to determine the plants that would bring insect abundance and diversity to gardens. We surveyed the number and taxonomy of insects visiting the plants for two summers. We found a significant effect of plant species on both the abundance and diversity of flower-visiting insects. Insects were 42 times more abundant on our most visited plant (black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia fulgida) versus our least visited plant (petunia, Petunia sp.). There was more than one diversity point difference in the Shannon index between the plant with the most (purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea) and least (verbena, Verbena bonariensis) diverse visitors. Across our plants, honey bee (Apis mellifera) abundance positively correlated with other insect pollinators, although not specifically with wild bee abundance. Native perennials outperformed non-native perennials and non-native annuals in insect abundance, and both non-native and native perennials attracted more diversity than non-native annuals. Across plants, diversity scores quadratically related to insect abundance, where the highest diversity was seen on the plants with medium abundance. Lastly, we present the weighted sums of all insect visitors per plant, which will allow future gardeners to make informed landscaping decisions. Overall, we have shown that gardening schemes could benefit from a data-driven approach to better support abundant and diverse insect populations within ornamental landscape gardens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest Management)

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16 pages, 1043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Excessive Delay in Nutrient Release by Controlled-Release Fertilizers Can Reduce Chestnut Yield

by Margarida Arrobas, Leonardo Bomfim Belotto, Juliana Aparecida Marchetti, Valdemar Barroso, Soraia Raimundo, Luís César Cassol, Carlos Manuel Correia and Manuel Ângelo Rodrigues

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111067 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1373

Abstract

Farmers are increasing the use of fertilizers in chestnut, the only cash crop produced in the mountainous areas of northeastern Portugal. This calls for more studies to guide them towards a more ecological intensification. The effects of three controlled-release fertilizers, two that release [...] Read more.

Farmers are increasing the use of fertilizers in chestnut, the only cash crop produced in the mountainous areas of northeastern Portugal. This calls for more studies to guide them towards a more ecological intensification. The effects of three controlled-release fertilizers, two that release nutrients over three months (BoskGrow 20:05:20_3m, Exactyon 18:05:13_3m) and one over six months (Exactyon 18:05:12_6m), and an organic amendment authorized for organic farming (Humix 12:03:05) were compared with an untreated control during a three-year field trial (2019–2021). BoskGrow 20:05:20_3m, Exactyon 18:05:13_3m and Humix 12:03:05 gave significantly higher nut yields (90.6 to 97.0 kg tree⁻¹, average 2019 + 2021) than Exactyon 18:05:12_6m (66.3 kg tree⁻¹) and the control (69.5 kg tree⁻¹). Leaf concentrations of nitrogen and potassium tended to be higher in the BoskGrow 20:05:20_3m and Exactyon 18:05:13_3m treatments, and they were stated as the most important causes in the establishment of the two productive groups. Humix 12:03:05, although less concentrated in nutrients, led to a chestnut yield at the level of the most productive treatments, possibly due to the multiple positive effects of organic matter on soil and plants. Under the conditions of this experiment, where rainfall is low in the summer, fertilizers whose nutrient release takes a long time, such as Exactyon 18:05:12_6m, seem not to be a good fertilization option due to reduced nutrient uptake and increased levels of soil inorganic nitrogen at the end of the growing season. Humix 12:03:05 emerged as a possible solution for organic producers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture)

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13 pages, 1195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alleviation Mechanism of Melatonin in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under the Salt Stress Conditions

by Esin Dadasoglu, Metin Turan, Melek Ekinci, Sanem Argin and Ertan Yildirim

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111066 - 13 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1691

Abstract

Melatonin (MT) is considered to be a hormone involved in increasing tolerance in plants under stress. The effect of different doses (0, 50, and 100 µM) of MT on the growth, biochemical and physiological properties of chickpea under salt stress was investigated. Salt [...] Read more.

Melatonin (MT) is considered to be a hormone involved in increasing tolerance in plants under stress. The effect of different doses (0, 50, and 100 µM) of MT on the growth, biochemical and physiological properties of chickpea under salt stress was investigated. Salt stress significantly suppressed the growth, leaf relative water content (LRWC), chlorophyll reading value (CRV), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. Salinity conditions also caused a decrease in macro- and micronutrients, while electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline contents, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased under salinity conditions. MT treatments increased plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, LRWC, CRV, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total carotene of chickpea seedlings under 75 and 150 mM NaCl compared to the non-MT treatment. Especially, 100 µM MT treatment under 75 and 150 mM salinity conditions reduced the H₂O₂ and MDA contents compared to the non-MT-treated plants. Moreover, exogenous MT increased the K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca⁺²/Na⁺ ratios under salt stress conditions. It could be concluded exogenous MT treatments alleviated the salt stress on chickpea by modulating physiological and biochemical properties. Especially 100 µM MT treatment can be suggested for decreasing the negative influence of salinity on chickpea seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Role of Melatonin in the Regulation of Abiotic Stress in Horticultural Plant)

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Horticulturae, Volume 8, Issue 11 (November 2022) – 114 articles

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