Journal of Fungi

12 pages, 2622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcription Factor VM1G_06867: A Requirement for Growth, Pathogenicity, Development, and Maintenance of Cell Wall Integrity in Valsa mali

by Yufei Diao, Jiyang Jin, Xiong Xiong, Chengming Yu, Yehan Tian, Duochuan Li and Huixiang Liu

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060692 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1037

Abstract

Apple canker disease, caused by Valsa mali, is one of the most serious apple tree diseases in China. VmSom1 is an important transcription factor that acts on the cyclic adenosine signaling pathway (cAMP/PKA), regulating the growth, development, morphological differentiation, and pathogenic forces [...] Read more.

Apple canker disease, caused by Valsa mali, is one of the most serious apple tree diseases in China. VmSom1 is an important transcription factor that acts on the cyclic adenosine signaling pathway (cAMP/PKA), regulating the growth, development, morphological differentiation, and pathogenic forces of the pathogen. We perform transcriptome analysis of the VmSom1 deletion mutant and the wild-type strain 11-175 and identify a significantly differentially expressed gene, VM1G_06867, a zinc finger motif transcription factor in V. mali. In this study, we obtain the VM1G_06867 gene using the single deletion mutant via homologous recombination. To determine the relationship between VmSom1 and VM1G_06867, we also obtain a double deletion mutant ΔVmSom1/06867. Compared to the wild-type strain 11-175, the single deletion mutant VM1G_06867 shows a drastic reduction in growth rate and forms more pycnidia on the PDA medium. Additionally, the growth of the mutant is inhibited by SDS, Congo red, and fluorescent brighteners. In comparison to the single deletion mutant VmSom1, the double deletion mutant ΔVmSom1/06867 shows no significant change in growth or conidiation and is unable to produce conidia. The growth rate is significantly increased in Congo red, NaCl, and Sorbitol mediums. These results demonstrate that VM1G_06867 plays important roles in growth, pathogenicity, asexual development, and maintenance of cell wall integrity. VM1G_06867 can recover osmotic stress and cell wall integrity defects caused by the deletion of VmSom1, as well as restore the loss of pathogenicity caused by the deletion of the VmSom1 gene, but not completely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology of Fungal Plant Pathogens)

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23 pages, 5081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Succession of Fungal Community during Outdoor Deterioration of Round Bamboo

by Xiaojiao An, Shuaibo Han, Xin Ren, John Sichone, Zhiwei Fan, Xinxing Wu, Yan Zhang, Hui Wang, Wei Cai and Fangli Sun

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060691 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1228

Abstract

Bamboo’s mechanical and aesthetic properties are significantly influenced by fungi. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the structure and dynamics of fungal communities in bamboo during its natural deterioration. In this study, fungal community succession and characteristic variations of round bamboo [...] Read more.

Bamboo’s mechanical and aesthetic properties are significantly influenced by fungi. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the structure and dynamics of fungal communities in bamboo during its natural deterioration. In this study, fungal community succession and characteristic variations of round bamboo in roofed and unroofed environments over a period of 13 weeks of deterioration were deciphered using high-throughput sequencing and multiple characterization methods. A total of 459 fungal Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) from eight phyla were identified. The fungal community’s richness of roofed bamboo samples showed an increasing trend, whereas that of unroofed bamboo samples presented a declining trend during deterioration. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla throughout the deterioration process in two different environments: Basidiomycota was found to be an early colonizer of unroofed bamboo samples. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) analysis suggested that the deterioration time had a greater impact on fungal community variation compared to the exposure conditions. Redundancy analysis (RDA) further revealed that temperature was a major environmental factor that contributed to the variation in fungal communities. Additionally, the bamboo epidermis presented a descending total amount of cell wall components in both roofed and unroofed conditions. The correlation analysis between the fungal community and relative abundance of three major cell wall components elucidated that Cladosporium was negatively correlated with hemicellulose in roofed samples, whereas they presented a positive correlation with hemicellulose and a negative correlation with lignin in unroofed samples. Furthermore, the contact angle decreased during the deterioration process in the roofed as well as unroofed samples, which could arise from the degradation of lignin. Our findings provide novel insights into the fungal community succession on round bamboo during its natural deterioration and give useful information for round bamboo protection. Full article

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19 pages, 1447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Modulates Aflatoxin-B1 Levels through an Antioxidative Mechanism

by Bwalya Katati, Stan Kovacs, Henry Njapau, Paul W. Kachapulula, Bas J. Zwaan, Anne D. van Diepeningen and Sijmen E. Schoustra

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060690 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 915

Abstract

Aflatoxins (AFs) are considered to play important functions in species of Aspergillus section Flavi including an antioxidative role, as a deterrent against fungivorous insects, and in antibiosis. Atoxigenic Flavi are known to degrade AF-B1 (B1). To better understand the purpose of AF degradation, [...] Read more.

Aflatoxins (AFs) are considered to play important functions in species of Aspergillus section Flavi including an antioxidative role, as a deterrent against fungivorous insects, and in antibiosis. Atoxigenic Flavi are known to degrade AF-B1 (B1). To better understand the purpose of AF degradation, we investigated the degradation of B1 and AF-G1 (G1) in an antioxidative role in Flavi. Atoxigenic and toxigenic Flavi were treated with artificial B1 and G1 with or without the antioxidant selenium (Se), which is expected to affect levels of AF. After incubations, AF levels were measured by HPLC. To estimate which population would likely be favoured between toxigenic and atoxigenic Flavi under Se, we investigated the fitness, by spore count, of the Flavi as a result of exposure to 0, 0.40, and 0.86 µg/g Se in 3%-sucrose cornmeal agar (3gCMA). Results showed that levels B1 in medium without Se were reduced in all isolates, while G1 did not significantly change. When the medium was treated with Se, toxigenic Flavi significantly digested less B1, while levels of G1 significantly increased. Se did not affect the digestion of B1 in atoxigenic Flavi, and also did not alter levels of G1. Furthermore, atoxigenic strains were significantly fitter than toxigenic strains at Se 0.86 µg/g 3gCMA. Findings show that while atoxigenic Flavi degraded B1, toxigenic Flavi modulated its levels through an antioxidative mechanism to levels less than they produced. Furthermore, B1 was preferred in the antioxidative role compared to G1 in the toxigenic isolates. The higher fitness of atoxigenic over toxigenic counterparts at a plant non-lethal dose of 0.86 µg/g would be a useful attribute for integration in the broader biocontrol prospects of toxigenic Flavi. Full article

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16 pages, 782 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mortality in ICU Patients with COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis

by Anna Beltrame, David A. Stevens and Donna Haiduven

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060689 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1252

Abstract

A review of 38 studies involving 1437 COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) with pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) was conducted to investigate whether mortality has improved since the pandemic’s onset. The study found that the median ICU mortality was 56.8%, ranging from [...] Read more.

A review of 38 studies involving 1437 COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) with pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) was conducted to investigate whether mortality has improved since the pandemic’s onset. The study found that the median ICU mortality was 56.8%, ranging from 30% to 91.8%. These rates were higher for patients admitted during 2020–2021 (61.4%) compared to 2020 (52.3%), and prospective studies found higher ICU mortality (64.7%) than retrospective ones (56.4%). The studies were conducted in various countries and used different criteria to define CAPA. The percentage of patients who received antifungal therapy varied across studies. These results indicate that the mortality rate among CAPA patients is a growing concern, mainly since there has been an overall reduction in mortality among COVID-19 patients. Urgent action is needed to improve prevention and management strategies for CAPA, and additional research is needed to identify optimal treatment strategies to reduce mortality rates among these patients. This study serves as a call to action for healthcare professionals and policymakers to prioritize CAPA, a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Therapy of Fungal Infections: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Professor David A. Stevens)

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27 pages, 2857 KiB

Open AccessReview

OMICS and Other Advanced Technologies in Mycological Applications

by Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Nattawut Boonyuen, Chathuranga B. Ranaweera, Heethaka K. S. de Zoysa, Rasanie E. Padmathilake, Faarah Nifla, Dong-Qin Dai, Yanxia Liu, Nakarin Suwannarach, Jaturong Kumla, Thushara C. Bamunuarachchige and Huan-Huan Chen

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060688 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3135

Abstract

Fungi play many roles in different ecosystems. The precise identification of fungi is important in different aspects. Historically, they were identified based on morphological characteristics, but technological advancements such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing now enable more accurate identification and [...] Read more.

Fungi play many roles in different ecosystems. The precise identification of fungi is important in different aspects. Historically, they were identified based on morphological characteristics, but technological advancements such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing now enable more accurate identification and taxonomy, and higher-level classifications. However, some species, referred to as “dark taxa”, lack distinct physical features that makes their identification challenging. High-throughput sequencing and metagenomics of environmental samples provide a solution to identifying new lineages of fungi. This paper discusses different approaches to taxonomy, including PCR amplification and sequencing of rDNA, multi-loci phylogenetic analyses, and the importance of various omics (large-scale molecular) techniques for understanding fungal applications. The use of proteomics, transcriptomics, metatranscriptomics, metabolomics, and interactomics provides a comprehensive understanding of fungi. These advanced technologies are critical for expanding the knowledge of the Kingdom of Fungi, including its impact on food safety and security, edible mushrooms foodomics, fungal secondary metabolites, mycotoxin-producing fungi, and biomedical and therapeutic applications, including antifungal drugs and drug resistance, and fungal omics data for novel drug development. The paper also highlights the importance of exploring fungi from extreme environments and understudied areas to identify novel lineages in the fungal dark taxa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Biodiversity and Ecology, 3rd Edition)

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19 pages, 3057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyclic Lipopeptides of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DHA6 Are the Determinants to Suppress Watermelon Fusarium Wilt by Direct Antifungal Activity and Host Defense Modulation

by Dhabyan Mutar Kareem Al-Mutar, Muhammad Noman, Noor Salih Abduljaleel Alzawar, Azizullah, Dayong Li and Fengming Song

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060687 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1254

Abstract

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), poses a serious threat to watermelon productivity. We previously characterized six antagonistic bacterial strains, including DHA6, capable of suppressing watermelon Fusarium wilt under greenhouse conditions. This study investigates the role of [...] Read more.

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), poses a serious threat to watermelon productivity. We previously characterized six antagonistic bacterial strains, including DHA6, capable of suppressing watermelon Fusarium wilt under greenhouse conditions. This study investigates the role of extracellular cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) produced by strain DHA6 in Fusarium wilt suppression. Taxonomic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence categorized strain DHA6 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identified five families of CLPs, i.e., iturin, surfactin, bacillomycin, syringfactin, and pumilacidin, in the culture filtrate of B. amyloliquefaciens DHA6. These CLPs exhibited significant antifungal activity against Fon by inducing oxidative stress and disrupting structural integrity, inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination. Furthermore, pretreatment with CLPs promoted plant growth and suppressed watermelon Fusarium wilt by activating antioxidant enzymes (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) and triggering genes involved in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling in watermelon plants. These results highlight the critical roles of CLPs as determinants for B. amyloliquefaciens DHA6 in suppressing Fusarium wilt through direct antifungal activity and modulation of plant defense responses. This study provides a foundation for developing B. amyloliquefaciens DHA6-based biopesticides, serving as both antimicrobial agents and resistance inducers, to effectively control Fusarium wilt in watermelon and other crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fungal Pathogens: Isolation, Characterization and Control Strategies, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evidence of Biparental Mitochondrial Inheritance from Self-Fertile Crosses between Closely Related Species of Ceratocystis

by Daniella van der Walt, Emma T. Steenkamp, Brenda D. Wingfield and P. Markus Wilken

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060686 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 958

Abstract

Hybridization is recognized as a notable driver of evolution and adaptation, which closely related species may exploit in the form of incomplete reproductive barriers. Three closely related species of Ceratocystis (i.e., C. fimbriata, C. manginecans and C. eucalypticola) have previously been [...] Read more.

Hybridization is recognized as a notable driver of evolution and adaptation, which closely related species may exploit in the form of incomplete reproductive barriers. Three closely related species of Ceratocystis (i.e., C. fimbriata, C. manginecans and C. eucalypticola) have previously been shown to hybridize. In such studies, naturally occurring self-sterile strains were mated with an unusual laboratory-generated sterile isolate type, which could have impacted conclusions regarding the prevalence of hybridization and inheritance of mitochondria. In the current study, we investigated whether interspecific crosses between fertile isolates of these three species are possible and, if so, how mitochondria are inherited by the progeny. For this purpose, a PCR-RFLP method and a mitochondrial DNA-specific PCR technique were custom-made. These were applied in a novel approach of typing complete ascospore drops collected from the fruiting bodies in each cross to distinguish between self-fertilizations and potential hybridization. These markers showed hybridization between C. fimbriata and C. eucalypticola and between C. fimbriata and C. manginecans, while no hybridization was detected in the crosses involving C. manginecans and C. eucalypticola. In both sets of hybrid progeny, we detected biparental inheritance of mitochondria. This study was the first to successfully produce hybrids from a cross involving self-fertile isolates of Ceratocystis and also provided the first direct evidence of biparental mitochondrial inheritance in the Ceratocystidaceae. This work lays the foundation for further research focused on investigating the role of hybridization in the speciation of Ceratocystis species and if mitochondrial conflict could have influenced the process. Full article

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11 pages, 3813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-Conjugated Quinolone Analogs Displayed Significantly Enhanced Fungicidal Activity Superior to Its Parent Molecule

by Jiayao Wang, Xuelian Liu, Fahong Yin, Yanjun Xu, Bin Fu, Jiaqi Li and Zhaohai Qin

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060685 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 847

Abstract

Although 1-hydroxy-4-quinolone derivatives, such as 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO), aurachin C, and floxacrine, have been reported as effective cytochrome bc₁ complex inhibitors, the bioactivity of these products is not ideal, presumably due to their low bioavailability in tissues, particularly their poor solubility and low [...] Read more.

Although 1-hydroxy-4-quinolone derivatives, such as 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO), aurachin C, and floxacrine, have been reported as effective cytochrome bc₁ complex inhibitors, the bioactivity of these products is not ideal, presumably due to their low bioavailability in tissues, particularly their poor solubility and low mitochondrial accumulation. In order to overcome the drawbacks of these compounds and develop their use as agricultural fungicides acting by cytochrome bc₁ inhibition, in this study, three novel mitochondria-targeting quinolone analogs (mitoQNOs) were designed and synthesized by conjugating triphenylphosphonium (TPP) with quinolone. They exhibited greatly enhanced fungicidal activity compared to the parent molecule, especially mitoQNO₁₁, which showed high antifungal activity against Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with EC₅₀ values of 7.42 and 4.43 μmol/L, respectively. In addition, mitoQNO₁₁ could inhibit the activity of the cytochrome bc₁ complex of P. capsici in a dose-dependent manner and effectively depress its respiration and ATP production. The greatly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and massively generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) strongly suggested that the inhibition of complex III led to the leakage of free electrons, which resulted in the damage of the pathogen cell structure. The results of this study indicated that TPP-conjugated QNOs might be used as agricultural fungicides by conjugating them with TPP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Crop Fungal Diseases)

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16 pages, 2057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Robinia pseudoacacia L. Growing on Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals

by Liuhui Zhao, Tao Yang, Jinxing Zhou and Xiawei Peng

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060684 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1242

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been shown to assist plants in increasing metal tolerance and accumulation in heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soils. Herein, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to assess the interactions of growth substrates (S1, S2, and S3, respectively) with various HM [...] Read more.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been shown to assist plants in increasing metal tolerance and accumulation in heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soils. Herein, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to assess the interactions of growth substrates (S1, S2, and S3, respectively) with various HM contamination and nutrient status sampling from a typical contaminated soil and tailings in Shuikoushan lead/zinc mining in Hunan province, China, and AMF inoculation obtained from plants in uncontaminated areas (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, and uninoculated, respectively) on the biomass and uptake of HMs and phosphorus (P) by the black locust plant (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). The results indicated that the inoculation with AMF significantly enhanced the mycorrhizal colonization of plant roots compared with the uninoculated treatments, and the colonization rates were found to be higher in S1 and S2 compared with S3, which were characterized with a higher nutrient availability and lead concentration. The biomass and heights of R. pseudoacacia were significantly increased by AMF inoculation in S1 and S2. Furthermore, AMF significantly increased the HM concentrations of the roots in S1 and S2 but decreased the HM concentrations in S3. Shoot HM concentrations varied in response to different AMF species and substrate types. Mycorrhizal colonization was found to be highly correlated with plant P concentrations and biomass in S1 and S2, but not in S3. Moreover, plant biomass was also significantly correlated with plant P concentrations in S1 and S2. Overall, these findings demonstrate the interactions of AMF inoculation and growth substrates on the phytoremediation potential of R. pseudoacacia and highlights the need to select optimal AMF isolates for their use in specific substrates for the remediation of HM-contaminated soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)

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12 pages, 1410 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recurrent Scedosporium apiospermum Cutaneous Infection in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Potent Role of IL-6 Signaling Pathway Blockade: A Case-Based Review

by Antigone Pieta, Aliki I. Venetsanopoulou, Christos Kittas, Eirini Christaki and Paraskevi V. Voulgari

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060683 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1148

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients deal with a higher risk of bacterial and fungal infections compared to the general population because of their dysregulated immune system as well as the immunosuppressive therapy they usually receive. Scedosporium spp. is a fungal pathogen responsible for cutaneous, [...] Read more.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients deal with a higher risk of bacterial and fungal infections compared to the general population because of their dysregulated immune system as well as the immunosuppressive therapy they usually receive. Scedosporium spp. is a fungal pathogen responsible for cutaneous, lung, central nervous system, and eye infections, mostly in immunocompromised patients, leading to death in disseminated cases. We report the case of an 81-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis treated with steroids and an IL-6 inhibitor who was diagnosed with scedosporiosis of the upper limb. She was treated with voriconazole for one month, which was discontinued due to adverse events, and when scedosporiosis relapsed, she switched to itraconazole. We also reviewed the current literature on RA patients presenting with Scedosporium infections. Early and accurate diagnosis of scedosporiosis has therapeutic and prognostic implications, as traditionally this fungus is resistant to commonly used antifungals. Clinical alertness regarding uncommon infections, including fungal, in patients with autoimmune diseases on immunomodulatory agents is essential for effective treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges of Human Fungal Infections)

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15 pages, 6198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Lung Inflammatory Response to Aspergillus fumigatus Spores

by Alexandra Bouyssi, Tanguy Déméautis, Alexis Trecourt, Marie Delles, Fany Agostini, Guillaume Monneret, Olivier Glehen, Martine Wallon, Florence Persat, Gilles Devouassoux, Abderrazzak Bentaher and Jean Menotti

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060682 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1349

Abstract

The airway exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus spores (AFsp) is associated with an inflammatory response, potentially leading to allergic and/or chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. The aim of our study is to better understand the host response, first in vitro, then in vivo, following the chronic [...] Read more.

The airway exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus spores (AFsp) is associated with an inflammatory response, potentially leading to allergic and/or chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. The aim of our study is to better understand the host response, first in vitro, then in vivo, following the chronic exposure of mice to AFsp. We investigated the inflammatory response to AFsp in cell mono- and co-culture systems with murine macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. The mice were subjected to two intranasal instillations using 10⁵ AFsp. Their lungs were processed for inflammatory and histopathological analyses. In cell culture, the gene expressions significantly increased for TNF-α, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, IL-1β, IL-1α and GM-CSF in macrophages, with these increases being limited for TNF-α, CXCL-1 and IL-1α in epithelial cells. In co-culture, increases in the TNF-α, CXCL-2 and CXCL-1 gene expressions were observed to be associated with increased protein levels. The in vivo lung histological analyses of mice challenged by AFsp showed cellular infiltrates in the peribronchial and/or alveolar spaces. A Bio-Plex approach on the bronchoalveolar lavage revealed significant increases in the protein secretion of selected mediators of the challenged mice compared to the unchallenged mice. In conclusion, the exposure to AFsp resulted in a marked inflammatory response of macrophages and epithelial cells. These inflammatory findings were confirmed in mouse models associated with lung histologic changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aspergillus Infections—Virulence and Host Response)

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17 pages, 8033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrocolloids from the Mushroom Auricularia heimuer: Composition and Properties

by Liudmila Kalitukha, Roman Bleha, Andriy Synytsya, Janina Kraska and Miriam Sari

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060681 - 16 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1017

Abstract

The ear- to shell-shaped fruiting bodies of the genus Auricularia are widely used as food and in traditional medicinal remedies. This study was primarily focused on the composition, properties and potential use of the gel-forming extract from Auricularia heimuer. The dried extract contained [...] Read more.

The ear- to shell-shaped fruiting bodies of the genus Auricularia are widely used as food and in traditional medicinal remedies. This study was primarily focused on the composition, properties and potential use of the gel-forming extract from Auricularia heimuer. The dried extract contained 50% soluble homo- and heteropolysaccharides, which were mainly composed of mannose and glucose, acetyl residues, glucuronic acid and a small amount of xylose, galactose, glucosamine, fucose, arabinose and rhamnose. The minerals observed in the extract included approximately 70% potassium followed by calcium. Among the fatty and amino acids, 60% unsaturated fatty acids and 35% essential amino acids could be calculated. At both acidic (pH 4) and alkaline (pH 10) conditions, the thickness of the 5 mg/mL extract did not change in a temperature range from −24 °C to room temperature, but decreased statistically significantly after storage at elevated temperature. At neutral pH, the studied extract demonstrated good thermal and storage stability, as well as a moisture retention capacity comparable to the high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate, a well-known moisturizer. Hydrocolloids that can be sustainably produced from Auricularia fruiting bodies offer great application potential in the food and cosmetic industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Research Trends on Medicinal Mushrooms)

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34 pages, 10180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Studies of Saprobic Fungi Associated with Mangifera indica in Yunnan, China

by Er-Fu Yang, Dong-Qin Dai, Jayarama D. Bhat, Turki M. Dawoud, Itthayakorn Promputtha, Nimal Adikaram, Steven L. Stephenson, Samantha C. Karunarathna and Saowaluck Tibpromma

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060680 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1380

Abstract

Fungi are a large and diverse group of microorganisms, and although the estimated number of species ranges between 2 and 11 million, only around 150,000 species have been described thus far. The investigation of plant-associated fungi is beneficial for estimating global fungal diversity, [...] Read more.

Fungi are a large and diverse group of microorganisms, and although the estimated number of species ranges between 2 and 11 million, only around 150,000 species have been described thus far. The investigation of plant-associated fungi is beneficial for estimating global fungal diversity, for ecosystem conservation, and for the continued development of industry and agriculture. Mango, one of the world’s five most economically important fruit crops, is grown in over 100 countries and has been demonstrated to have a great economical value. During surveys of mango-associated saprobic fungi in Yunnan (China), we discovered three new species (Acremoniisimulans hongheensis, Chaenothecopsis hongheensis and Hilberina hongheensis) and five new records. The phylogenetic analyses of multi-gene sequences (LSU, SSU, ITS, rpb2, tef1-α and tub2) coupled with morphological examinations were used to identify all the taxa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi 3.0)

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17 pages, 13502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Re-Valuation of the Taxonomic Status of Species within the Inocybe similis Complex

by Francesco Dovana, Ditte Bandini, Ursula Eberhardt, Ibai Olariaga, Enrico Bizio, Giuliano Ferisin and Fernando Esteve-Raventós

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060679 - 16 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1047

Abstract

The taxonomy of Inocybe similis and closely allied species is addressed using morphological and molecular data (nrITS and nrLSU DNA). The holotypes of I. chondrospora and I. vulpinella and the isotype of I. immigrans were studied and sequenced. Our results suggest the synonymy [...] Read more.

The taxonomy of Inocybe similis and closely allied species is addressed using morphological and molecular data (nrITS and nrLSU DNA). The holotypes of I. chondrospora and I. vulpinella and the isotype of I. immigrans were studied and sequenced. Our results suggest the synonymy between I. similis and I. vulpinella as well as that between I. chondrospora and I. immigrans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Evolution, Biodiversity and Systematics)

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12 pages, 1596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community and Ascoma Production in a Declining Tuber borchii Plantation

by Francesca Ori, Marco Leonardi, Federico Puliga, Enrico Lancellotti, Giovanni Pacioni, Mirco Iotti and Alessandra Zambonelli

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060678 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2080

Abstract

Tuber borchii is an edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom of considerable economic value. Its cultivation has become popular in recent years, but there are few studies on the factors affecting its productivity. In this work, the ascoma production and the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) community of a [...] Read more.

Tuber borchii is an edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom of considerable economic value. Its cultivation has become popular in recent years, but there are few studies on the factors affecting its productivity. In this work, the ascoma production and the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) community of a T. borchii plantation, established in an intensive farming area where this truffle is not naturally present, were studied. Tuber borchii production drastically declined from 2016 to 2021, and ascomata of other Tuber species (T. maculatum and T. rufum) were found from 2017. Molecular characterization of ectomycorrhizae carried out in 2016 identified 21 ECM fungal species, of which T. maculatum (22%) and Tomentella coerulea (19%) were the most abundant. Tuber borchii ectomycorrizae (16%) were almost entirely confined to the fruiting points. The diversity and structure of the ECM community on Pinus pinea were significantly different from those observed on hardwood trees. The obtained results suggest that T. maculatum (a native of the study site) tends to replace T. borchii through a mechanism of competitive exclusion. Although T. borchii cultivation is possible in suboptimal environments, particular care should be taken to limit competition with ECM fungi more suitable for local conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friends of Plants: Mycorrhizal Fungi)

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16 pages, 1332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Reduction of Arsenic Uptake and Alleviation of Leaf Arsenic Toxicity in Maize (Zea mays L.) by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Exogenous Iron through Antioxidant Activity

by Hong-Yin Zhou, Fu-Zhao Nian, Bao-Dong Chen, Yong-Guan Zhu, Xian-Rong Yue, Nai-Ming Zhang and Yun-Sheng Xia

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060677 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1323

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play key roles in enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metals, and iron (Fe) compounds can reduce the bioavailability of arsenic (As) in soil, thereby alleviating As toxicity. However, there have been limited studies of the synergistic antioxidant mechanisms of [...] Read more.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play key roles in enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metals, and iron (Fe) compounds can reduce the bioavailability of arsenic (As) in soil, thereby alleviating As toxicity. However, there have been limited studies of the synergistic antioxidant mechanisms of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) and Fe compounds in the alleviation of As toxicity on leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) with low and moderate As contamination. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted with different concentrations of As (0, 25, 50 mgꞏkg⁻¹) and Fe (0, 50 mgꞏkg⁻¹) and AMF treatments. Results showed that under low and moderate As concentrations (As25 and As50), the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound significantly increased the biomass of maize stems and roots, phosphorus (P) concentration, and P-to-As uptake ratio. Moreover, the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound addition significantly reduced the As concentration in stem and root, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaf, and soluble protein and non-protein thiol (NPT) contents in leaf of maize under As25 and As50 treatments. In addition, co-inoculation with AMF and Fe compound addition significantly increased the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the leaves of maize under As25 treatment. Correlation analysis showed that stem biomass and leaf MDA content were very significantly negatively correlated with stem As content, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound addition can inhibit As uptake and promote P uptake by maize under low and moderate As contamination, thereby mitigating the lipid peroxidation on maize leaves and reducing As toxicity by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes under low As contamination. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of AMF and Fe compounds in the restoration of cropland soil contaminated with low and moderate As. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza under Stress)

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19 pages, 10693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Phylogeny and Morphology Reveal Cryptic Species in the Cordyceps militaris Complex from Vietnam

by Yao Wang, Quan-Ying Dong, Run Luo, Qi Fan, Dong-E Duan, Van-Minh Dao, Yuan-Bing Wang and Hong Yu

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060676 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1668

Abstract

The Cordyceps militaris complex, which is a special group in the genus Cordyceps, is rich in species diversity and is widely distributed in nature. Throughout the investigations of arthropod-pathogenic fungi in the national reserves and in Vietnam parks, collections of C. militaris attacking [...] Read more.

The Cordyceps militaris complex, which is a special group in the genus Cordyceps, is rich in species diversity and is widely distributed in nature. Throughout the investigations of arthropod-pathogenic fungi in the national reserves and in Vietnam parks, collections of C. militaris attacking lepidopteran pupae or larvae were located in the soil and on the leaf litter. The phylogenetic analyses of the combined nrSSU, nrLSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 sequence data indicated that the fungal materials collected in Vietnam belonged to C. militaris and two hidden species in the C. militaris complex. The phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons presented here strongly supported the descriptions of C. polystromata and C. sapaensis as new taxa as well as C. militaris as a known species. The morphological characteristics of 11 species in the C. militaris complex, which included two novel species and nine known taxa, were also compared. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Biodiversity and Ecology, 3rd Edition)

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18 pages, 3652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Locally Isolated Trichoderma harzianum Species Have Broad Spectrum Biocontrol Activities against the Wood Rot Fungal Species through Both Volatile Inhibition and Mycoparasitism

by Mu En Chan, Jhing Yein Tan, Yan Yi Lee, Daryl Lee, Yok King Fong, Marek Mutwil, Jia Yih Wong and Yan Hong

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060675 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1260

Abstract

Pathogenic root/wood rot fungal species infect multiple urban tree species in Singapore. There is a need for sustainable and environmentally friendly mitigation. We report the local Trichoderma strains as potential biocontrol agents (BCAs) for pathogenic wood rot fungal species such as Phellinus noxius [...] Read more.

Pathogenic root/wood rot fungal species infect multiple urban tree species in Singapore. There is a need for sustainable and environmentally friendly mitigation. We report the local Trichoderma strains as potential biocontrol agents (BCAs) for pathogenic wood rot fungal species such as Phellinus noxius, Rigidoporus microporus, and Fulvifomes siamensis. Isolated Trichoderma strains were DNA-barcoded for their molecular identities and assessed for their potential as a BCA by their rate of growth in culture and effectiveness in inhibiting the pathogenic fungi in in vitro dual culture assays. Trichoderma harzianum strain CE92 was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic fungi tested. Preliminary results suggested both volatile organic compound (VOC) production and direct hyphal contact contributed to inhibition. SPME GC-MS identified known fungal inhibitory volatiles. Trichoderma harzianum strain CE92 hyphae were found to coil around Phellinus noxius and Lasiodiplodia theobromae upon contact in vitro and were possibly a part of the mycoparasitism. In summary, the work provides insight into Trichoderma inhibition of pathogenic fungi and identifies local strains with good potential for broad-spectrum BCAs against root/wood rot fungi in Singapore. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fungal Pathogens: Isolation, Characterization and Control Strategies, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Use of Galactomannan Antigen Assays for the Diagnosis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in the Hematological Patient: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Lydia M. P. Bukkems, Laura van Dommelen, Marta Regis, Edwin van den Heuvel and Laurens Nieuwenhuizen

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060674 - 15 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1707

Abstract

The optimal cut-off value of the optical density index of the galactomannan antigen assays (GM) for diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematological patients is a disputed topic. This article conducts a systematic review with a meta-analysis to establish which optical density index (ODI) [...] Read more.

The optimal cut-off value of the optical density index of the galactomannan antigen assays (GM) for diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematological patients is a disputed topic. This article conducts a systematic review with a meta-analysis to establish which optical density index (ODI) cut-off value should be implemented into clinical practice. Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched (N = 27). The pooled data, using a generalized linear mixed model with binomial distribution, resulted in an overall serum sensitivity of 0.76 and a specificity of 0.92. For serum ODI 0.5 there was a pooled sensitivity of 0.92 and a specificity of 0.84. The pooled data of all broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) studies resulted in an overall sensitivity of 0.80 and a specificity of 0.95. For BAL ODI 0.5, there was a pooled sensitivity of 0.75 and a specificity of 0.88. For the BAL ODI 1.0 pooling, the studies resulted in a sensitivity of 0.75 and a specificity of 0.96. Serum ODI of 0.5 and BAL ODI of 1.0 are the most suitable cut-offs for clinical practice. However, our study affirms that the evidence for the use of GM in clinical practice for the hematological malignancy patient is currently insufficient and more research is needed to determine the diagnostic value of GM. Full article

14 pages, 3589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unanticipated Large-Scale Deletion in Fusarium graminearum Genome Using CRISPR/Cas9 and Its Impact on Growth and Virulence

by Adam John Foster, Emily Johnstone, Abbey Saunders, Eva Colic, Nicole Lassel and Janesse Holmes

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060673 - 14 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1631

Abstract

Fusarium graminearum, a filamentous fungus, and causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and other cereals, leads to significant economic losses globally. This study aimed to investigate the roles of specific genes in F. graminearum virulence using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene deletions. [...] Read more.

Fusarium graminearum, a filamentous fungus, and causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and other cereals, leads to significant economic losses globally. This study aimed to investigate the roles of specific genes in F. graminearum virulence using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene deletions. Illumina sequencing was used to characterize the genomic changes due to editing. Unexpectedly, a large-scale deletion of 525,223 base pairs on chromosome 2, comprising over 222 genes, occurred in two isolates. Many of the deleted genes were predicted to be involved in essential molecular functions, such as oxidoreductase activity, transmembrane transporter activity, hydrolase activity, as well as biological processes, such as carbohydrate metabolism and transmembrane transport. Despite the substantial loss of genetic material, the mutant isolate exhibited normal growth rates and virulence on wheat under most conditions. However, growth rates were significantly reduced under high temperatures and on some media. Additionally, wheat inoculation assays using clip dipping, seed inoculation, and head point inoculation methods were performed. No significant differences in virulence were observed, suggesting that these genes were not involved in infection or alternative compensatory pathways, and allow the fungi to maintain pathogenicity despite the extensive genomic deletion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genome Editing Tools in Fungi)

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21 pages, 16110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The COMPASS Complex Regulates Fungal Development and Virulence through Histone Crosstalk in the Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans

by Ruoyan Liu, Xiaoyu Chen, Fujie Zhao, Yixuan Jiang, Zhenguo Lu, Huining Ji, Yuanyuan Feng, Junqiang Li, Heng Zhang, Jianting Zheng, Jing Zhang and Youbao Zhao

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060672 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1493

Abstract

The Complex of Proteins Associated with Set1 (COMPASS) methylates lysine K4 on histone H3 (H3K4) and is conserved from yeast to humans. Its subunits and regulatory roles in the meningitis-causing fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans remain unknown. Here we identified the core subunits of [...] Read more.

The Complex of Proteins Associated with Set1 (COMPASS) methylates lysine K4 on histone H3 (H3K4) and is conserved from yeast to humans. Its subunits and regulatory roles in the meningitis-causing fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans remain unknown. Here we identified the core subunits of the COMPASS complex in C. neoformans and C. deneoformans and confirmed their conserved roles in H3K4 methylation. Through AlphaFold modeling, we found that Set1, Bre2, Swd1, and Swd3 form the catalytic core of the COMPASS complex and regulate the cryptococcal yeast-to-hypha transition, thermal tolerance, and virulence. The COMPASS complex-mediated histone H3K4 methylation requires H2B mono-ubiquitination by Rad6/Bre1 and the Paf1 complex in order to activate the expression of genes specific for the yeast-to-hypha transition in C. deneoformans. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that putative COMPASS subunits function as a unified complex, contributing to cryptococcal development and virulence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis 2.0)

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12 pages, 2043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Point Nail Sampling to Diagnose Onychomycosis Caused by Non-Dermatophyte Molds: Utility of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Histopathology

by Aditya K. Gupta, Elizabeth A. Cooper, Tong Wang, Sara A. Lincoln and Wayne L. Bakotic

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060671 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1353

Abstract

The three most commonly used methods for diagnosing non-dermatophyte mold (NDM) onychomycosis are culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and histopathology. Toenail samples from 512 patients (1 sample/patient) with suspected onychomycosis were examined using all three diagnostic tests. A statistically significant association was found [...] Read more.

The three most commonly used methods for diagnosing non-dermatophyte mold (NDM) onychomycosis are culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and histopathology. Toenail samples from 512 patients (1 sample/patient) with suspected onychomycosis were examined using all three diagnostic tests. A statistically significant association was found between PCR and histopathology results, as well as between fungal culture and histopathology results. All PCR-positive and culture-positive dermatophyte samples were confirmed by histopathology. However, 15/116 (12.9%) of culture-positive NDM samples had negative histopathology results, while all PCR-positive NDM samples were confirmed by histopathology. The overall rate of dermatophyte detection was higher using PCR compared to culture (38.9% vs. 11.7%); the lower rate of NDM detection by PCR (11.7% vs. 38.9%) could be attributed to the restriction of the assay design to seven pre-selected targets. When repeat sampling in the clinic is not possible, a combination of NDM detection by PCR and positive histopathology of hyphae may be a proxy for NDM infection, particularly where the NDM occurs without a concomitant dermatophyte. There was a high degree of correlation between negative PCR and negative histopathology. A negative PCR result with negative histopathology findings may be a reliable proxy for the diagnosis of non-fungal dystrophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Superficial Fungal Infections)

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13 pages, 1487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Light Wavelengths on Zymoseptoria tritici Development and Leaf Colonization in Bread Wheat

by Minely Cerón-Bustamante, Francesco Tini, Giovanni Beccari, Paolo Benincasa and Lorenzo Covarelli

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060670 - 14 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1178

Abstract

The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici can respond to light by modulating its gene expression. Because several virulence-related genes are differentially expressed in response to light, different wavelengths could have a crucial role in the Z. tritici–wheat interaction. To explore this opportunity, the [...] Read more.

The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici can respond to light by modulating its gene expression. Because several virulence-related genes are differentially expressed in response to light, different wavelengths could have a crucial role in the Z. tritici–wheat interaction. To explore this opportunity, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of blue (470 nm), red (627 nm), blue–red, and white light on the in vitro and in planta development of Z. tritici. The morphology (mycelium appearance, color) and phenotypic (mycelium growth) characteristics of a Z. tritici strain were evaluated after 14 days under the different light conditions in two independent experiments. In addition, bread wheat plants were artificially inoculated with Z. tritici and grown for 35 days under the same light treatments. The disease incidence, severity, and fungal DNA were analyzed in a single experiment. Statistical differences were determined by using an ANOVA. The obtained results showed that the different light wavelengths induced specific morphological changes in mycelial growth. The blue light significantly reduced colony growth, while the dark and red light favored fungal development (p < 0.05). The light quality also influenced host colonization, whereby the white and red light had stimulating and repressing effects, respectively (p < 0.05). This precursory study demonstrated the influence of light on Z. tritici colonization in bread wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant and Fungal Interactions, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 2130 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cutaneous Fungal Infections Caused by Dermatophytes and Non-Dermatophytes: An Updated Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Presentations, and Diagnostic Testing

by Pattriya Chanyachailert, Charussri Leeyaphan and Sumanas Bunyaratavej

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060669 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 11440

Abstract

Cutaneous fungal infection of the skin and nails poses a significant global public health challenge. Dermatophyte infection, mainly caused by Trichophyton spp., is the primary pathogenic agent responsible for skin, hair, and nail infections worldwide. The epidemiology of these infections varies depending on [...] Read more.

Cutaneous fungal infection of the skin and nails poses a significant global public health challenge. Dermatophyte infection, mainly caused by Trichophyton spp., is the primary pathogenic agent responsible for skin, hair, and nail infections worldwide. The epidemiology of these infections varies depending on the geographic location and specific population. However, epidemiological pattern changes have occurred over the past decade. The widespread availability of antimicrobials has led to an increased risk of promoting resistant strains through inappropriate treatment. The escalating prevalence of resistant Trichophyton spp. infections in the past decade has raised serious healthcare concerns on a global scale. Non-dermatophyte infections, on the other hand, present even greater challenges in terms of treatment due to the high failure rate of antifungal therapy. These organisms primarily target the nails, feet, and hands. The diagnosis of cutaneous fungal infections relies on clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, and other ancillary tools available in an outpatient care setting. This review aims to present an updated and comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic testing methods for cutaneous fungal infections caused by dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes. An accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and minimizing the risk of antifungal resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Superficial Fungal Infections)

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19 pages, 3061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Influence of Production and Incubation Temperature on the Growth, Virulence, Germination, and Conidial Size of Metarhizium brunneum for Granule Development

by Tanja Seib, Katharina Fischer, Anna Maria Sturm and Dietrich Stephan

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060668 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1617

Abstract

Important for the infection of an insect with an entomopathogenic fungus and its use as a plant protection agent are its growth, conidiation, germination, and virulence, which all depend on the environmental temperature. We investigated not only the effect of environmental temperature but [...] Read more.

Important for the infection of an insect with an entomopathogenic fungus and its use as a plant protection agent are its growth, conidiation, germination, and virulence, which all depend on the environmental temperature. We investigated not only the effect of environmental temperature but also that of production temperature of the fungus. For this purpose, Metarhizium brunneum JKI-BI-1450 was produced and incubated at different temperatures, and the factors mentioned as well as conidial size were determined. The temperature at which the fungus was produced affects its subsequent growth and conidiation on granule formulation, the speed of germination, and the conidial width, but not its final germination or virulence. The growth and conidiation was at its highest when the fungus was produced at 25 °C, whereas when the germination was faster, the warmer the fungus was produced. The incubation temperature optimum of JKI-BI-1450 in relation to growth, speed of germination, and survival time was 25–30 °C and for conidiation 20–25 °C. Conidial length decreased with increasing incubation temperature. Although the fungus could not be adapted to unfavorable conditions by the production temperature, it was found that the quality of a biological control agent based on entomopathogenic fungi can be positively influenced by its production temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Biotechnology and Application 2.0)

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12 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessReview

Invasive Fungal Infections Associated with COVID-19

by Kyaw M. Hlaing, Lea M. Monday, Marcio Nucci, Simone A. Nouér and Sanjay G. Revankar

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060667 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1888

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused >6 million deaths worldwide, often from respiratory failure. Complications frequently occurred in hospitalized patients, particularly in the intensive care unit. Among these, fungal infections were a cause of high morbidity and mortality. Invasive aspergillosis, candidiasis and mucormycosis were the [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused >6 million deaths worldwide, often from respiratory failure. Complications frequently occurred in hospitalized patients, particularly in the intensive care unit. Among these, fungal infections were a cause of high morbidity and mortality. Invasive aspergillosis, candidiasis and mucormycosis were the most serious of these infections. Risk factors included alterations in immune defense mechanisms by COVID-19 itself, as well as immunosuppression due to various therapies utilized in severely ill patients. Diagnosis was often challenging due to lack of sensitivity of current testing. Outcomes were generally poor, due to significant co-morbidities and delayed diagnosis, with mortality rates >50% in some studies. High index of clinical suspicion is needed to facilitate early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Pulmonary Fungal Infections)

15 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Intensive Care Unit Patients from Poland

by Magdalena Skóra, Mateusz Gajda, Magdalena Namysł, Jerzy Wordliczek, Joanna Zorska, Piotr Piekiełko, Barbara Żółtowska, Paweł Krzyściak, Piotr B. Heczko and Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060666 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1581

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been shown to be a favoring factor for aspergillosis, especially in a severe course requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of the study was to assess the morbidity of CAPA among ICU patients in [...] Read more.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been shown to be a favoring factor for aspergillosis, especially in a severe course requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of the study was to assess the morbidity of CAPA among ICU patients in Poland and to analyze applied diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Medical documentation of patients hospitalized at the temporary COVID-19 dedicated ICU of the University Hospital in Krakow, Poland, from May 2021 to January 2022 was analyzed. In the analyzed period, 17 cases of CAPA were reported with an incidence density rate of 9 per 10 000 patient days and an incidence rate of 1%. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger were isolated from lower respiratory samples. Antifungal therapy was administered to 9 patients (52.9%). Seven patients (77.8%) received voriconazole. The CAPA fatality case rate was 76.5%. The results of the study indicate the need to increase the awareness of medical staff about the possibility of fungal co-infections in ICU patients with COVID-19 and to use the available diagnostic and therapeutic tools more effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Investigator in Fungal Infections, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Community of Black Meristematic Fungi Inhabiting the External White Marble of the Florence Cathedral

by Letizia Berti, Massimiliano Marvasi and Brunella Perito

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060665 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1100

Abstract

Meristematic black fungi are a highly damaging group of microorganisms responsible for the deterioration of outdoor exposed monuments. Their resilience to various stresses poses significant challenges for removal efforts. This study focuses on the community of meristematic fungi inhabiting the external white marble [...] Read more.

Meristematic black fungi are a highly damaging group of microorganisms responsible for the deterioration of outdoor exposed monuments. Their resilience to various stresses poses significant challenges for removal efforts. This study focuses on the community of meristematic fungi inhabiting the external white marble of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, where they contribute to its darkening. Twenty-four strains were isolated from two differently exposed sites of the Cathedral, and their characterization was conducted. Phylogenetic analysis using ITS and LSU rDNA regions revealed a wide diversity of rock-inhabiting fungal strains within the sampled areas. Eight strains, belonging to different genera, were also tested for thermal preferences, salt tolerance, and acid production to investigate their tolerance to environmental stressors and their interaction with stone. All tested strains were able to grow in the range of 5–30 °C, in the presence 5% NaCl, and seven out of eight strains were positive for the production of acid. Their sensitivities to essential oils of thyme and oregano and to the commercial biocide Biotin T were also tested. The essential oils were found to be the most effective against black fungi growth, indicating the possibility of developing a treatment with a low environmental impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Biodeterioration)

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15 pages, 8997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Luteodorsum huanglongense (Gomphaceae, Gomphales), a New Genus and Species of Gomphoid Fungus from the Loess Plateau, Northwest China

by Zijia Peng, Yiming Wu, Zeyu Luo, Chaowei Xiong, Xiaoyong Liu, Bin Wang, Baoyou Ma, Jianxian Wei and Zhongdong Yu

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060664 - 13 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1220

Abstract

During an investigation of the macrofungal flora in the Huanglong Mountains of the Loess Plateau, northwest China, a unique gomphoid fungus was discovered and collected. After morphological identification and molecular phylogenetic analyses, a new genus named Luteodorsum and its type species, L. huanglongense [...] Read more.

During an investigation of the macrofungal flora in the Huanglong Mountains of the Loess Plateau, northwest China, a unique gomphoid fungus was discovered and collected. After morphological identification and molecular phylogenetic analyses, a new genus named Luteodorsum and its type species, L. huanglongense, were proposed. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using datasets of nuclear ribosomal DNA 28S large subunit (LSU), mitochondrial (mt) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 (atp6), and mt small-subunit rDNA (mtSSU). The results confirmed that L. huanglongense forms an independent clade within Gomphales, with full maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS), maximum parsimony bootstrap support (MPBS), and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP). L. huanglongense is characterized by its sandy-brown, orange-brown, or coffee-brown color; clavate to infundibuliform shape; wrinkled and ridged hymenophore; ellipsoid to obovoid warted basidiospores; cylindrical to clavate flexuous pleurocystidia; and crystal basal mycelium. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the diversity and evolution of Gomphales and provides valuable insights into the unique fungal flora found in the Huanglong Mountains. Full article

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20 pages, 1548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clorgyline Analogs Synergize with Azoles against Drug Efflux in Candida auris

by Stephanie Toepfer, Michaela Lackner, Mikhail V. Keniya, Lisa-Maria Zenz, Marianne Friemert, Franz Bracher and Brian C. Monk

J. Fungi 2023, 9(6), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060663 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2087

Abstract

Concern about the global emergence of multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens led us to explore the use of combination therapy to combat azole resistance in Candida auris. Clorgyline had previously been shown to be a multi-target inhibitor of Cdr1 and Mdr1 efflux pumps of [...] Read more.

Concern about the global emergence of multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens led us to explore the use of combination therapy to combat azole resistance in Candida auris. Clorgyline had previously been shown to be a multi-target inhibitor of Cdr1 and Mdr1 efflux pumps of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. A screen for antifungal sensitizers among synthetic analogs of Clorgyline detected interactions with the C. auris efflux pump azole substrates Posaconazole and Voriconazole. Of six Clorgyline analogs, M19 and M25 were identified as potential sensitizers of azole resistance. M19 and M25 were found to act synergistically with azoles against resistant C. auris clade I isolates and recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains overexpressing C. auris efflux pumps. Nile Red assays with the recombinant strains showed M19 and M25 inhibited the activity of Cdr1 and Mdr1 efflux pumps that are known to play key roles in azole resistance in C. auris clades I, III, and IV. While Clorgyline, M19 and M25 uncoupled the Oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity of Cdr1 from C. albicans and C. auris, their mode of action is yet to be fully elucidated. The experimental combinations described herein provides a starting point to combat azole resistance dominated by overexpression of CauCdr1 in C. auris clades I and IV and CauMdr1 in C. auris clade III. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antifungal Drug Discovery: Novel Therapies and Approaches)

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