Veterinary Sciences

12 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Outbreak of Newcastle Disease Virus in the Moscow Region in the Summer of 2022

by Artyom Rtishchev, Anastasia Treshchalina, Elena Shustova, Elizaveta Boravleva and Alexandra Gambaryan

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060404 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1523

Abstract

In August 2022 on a backyard farm in the Moscow region of Russia, mortality was observed among chickens, and all 45 birds of a particular farm died or were slaughtered after the onset of symptoms within a few days. Paramyxovirus was isolated from [...] Read more.

In August 2022 on a backyard farm in the Moscow region of Russia, mortality was observed among chickens, and all 45 birds of a particular farm died or were slaughtered after the onset of symptoms within a few days. Paramyxovirus was isolated from the diseased birds. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the F and NP gene fragments, it was determined that the virus belonged to subgenotype VII.1 AAvV-1 class II. The cleavage site of the F gene ₁₀₉SGGRRQKRFIG₁₁₉ and T in 546 and 555 position of the NP gene were typical for the velogenic type. The genetically closest NDV isolates were found in Iran. The mean time of death of 10-day-old chicken embryos upon infection with the minimal infectious dose was 52 h, which is typical for the velogenic pathotype. The virus caused 100% death of six-week-old chickens during oral infection as well as 100% mortality of all contact chickens, including those located in remote cages, which proves the ability of the virus to spread not only by the fecal–oral route but also by the aerosol route. That demonstrates a high level of pathogenicity and contagiousness of the isolated strain for chicken. However, mice intranasally infected with high doses of the virus did not die. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Detection and Analysis of Domestic Animal Viruses)

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16 pages, 2492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intra- and Intertumoral Microglia/Macrophage Infiltration and Their Associated Molecular Signature Is Highly Variable in Canine Oligodendroglioma: A Preliminary Evaluation

by Ryan G. Toedebusch, Ning-Wei Wei, Kulani T. Simafranca, Jennie A. Furth-Jacobus, Ingrid Brust-Mascher, Susan L. Stewart, Peter J. Dickinson, Kevin D. Woolard, Chai-Fei Li, Karen M. Vernau, Frederick J. Meyers and Christine M. Toedebusch

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060403 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1797

Abstract

The goal of this study was to define the glioma-associated microglia/macrophage (GAM) response and associated molecular landscape in canine oligodendrogliomas. Here, we quantified the intratumoral GAM density of low- and high-grade oligodendrogliomas compared to that of a normal brain, as well as the [...] Read more.

The goal of this study was to define the glioma-associated microglia/macrophage (GAM) response and associated molecular landscape in canine oligodendrogliomas. Here, we quantified the intratumoral GAM density of low- and high-grade oligodendrogliomas compared to that of a normal brain, as well as the intratumoral concentration of several known GAM-derived pro-tumorigenic molecules in high-grade oligodendrogliomas compared to that in a normal brain. Our analysis demonstrated marked intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity of GAM infiltration. Correspondingly, we observed significant variability in the intratumoral concentrations of several GAM-associated molecules, unlike what we previously observed in high-grade astrocytomas. However, high-grade oligodendroglioma tumor homogenates (n = 6) exhibited an increase in the pro-tumorigenic molecules hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as we observed in high-grade astrocytomas. Moreover, neoplastic oligodendrocytes displayed robust expression of GAL-3, a chimeric galectin implicated in driving immunosuppression in human glioblastoma. While this work identifies shared putative therapeutic targets across canine glioma subtypes (HGFR, GAL-3), it highlights several key differences in the immune landscape. Therefore, a continued effort to develop a comprehensive understanding of the immune microenvironment within each subtype is necessary to inform therapeutic strategies going forward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapeutic)

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14 pages, 4486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Multiplex Quantitative PCR for Detecting Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus, and Porcine Deltacoronavirus Simultaneously in China

by Jianpeng Chen, Rongchao Liu, Huaicheng Liu, Jing Chen, Xiaohan Li, Jianfeng Zhang and Bin Zhou

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060402 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1555

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) belong to the category of swine enteric coronavirus that cause acute diarrhea in piglets, which has resulted in massive losses to the pig husbandry. Therefore, a sensitive and rapid detection [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) belong to the category of swine enteric coronavirus that cause acute diarrhea in piglets, which has resulted in massive losses to the pig husbandry. Therefore, a sensitive and rapid detection method which can differentially detect these viruses that lead to mixed infections in clinical cases, is urgently needed. According to the conserved regions of the PEDV M gene, TGEV S gene, and PDCoV N gene, and the reference gene of porcine (β-Actin), we designed new specific primers and probes for the multiplex qPCR assay capable of simultaneously detecting three RNA viruses. This method, with a great specificity, did not cross-react with the common porcine virus. Moreover, the limit of detection of the method we developed could reach 10 copies/μL ,and the intra- and inter-group coefficients of variation of it below 3%. Applying this assay to detect 462 clinical samples which were collected in 2022–2023, indicated that the discrete positive rates of PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV were 19.70%, 0.87%, and 10.17%, respectively. The mixed infection rates of PEDV/TGEV, PEDV/PDCoV, TGEV/PDCoV, and PEDV/TGEV/PDCoV were 3.25%, 23.16%, 0.22%, and 11.90%, respectively. All in all, the multiplex qPCR assay we developed as a tool for differential and rapid diagnosing can be put on the active prevention and control of PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV, , which can create great value in the diagnosis of swine diarrhea diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advanced Research in Porcine Viruses)

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12 pages, 1331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Temperature on the Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Residues, and Withdrawal Times of Doxycycline in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following Oral Administration

by Orhan Corum, Kamil Uney, Ertugrul Terzi, Duygu Durna Corum, Devran Coskun, Feray Altan and Muammer Elmas

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060401 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1367

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics, tissue residues, and withdrawal times of doxycycline after oral administration in rainbow trout reared at 10 and 17 °C. Fish received a 20 mg/kg oral dose of doxycycline after a single or 5-day [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics, tissue residues, and withdrawal times of doxycycline after oral administration in rainbow trout reared at 10 and 17 °C. Fish received a 20 mg/kg oral dose of doxycycline after a single or 5-day administration. Six rainbow trout were used at each sampling time point for plasma and tissue samples, including liver, kidney, and muscle and skin. The doxycycline concentration in the samples was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. The pharmacokinetic data were evaluated by non-compartmental kinetic analysis. The WT 1.4 software program was used to estimate the withdrawal times. The increase of temperature from 10 to 17 °C shortened the elimination half-life from 41.72 to 28.87 h, increased the area under the concentration–time curve from 173.23 to 240.96 h * μg/mL, and increased the peak plasma concentration from 3.48 to 5.50 μg/mL. At 10 and 17 °C, the doxycycline concentration was obtained in liver > kidney > plasma > muscle and skin. According to the MRL values stated for muscle and skin in Europe and China (100 μg/kg) and in Japan (50 μg/kg), the withdrawal times of doxycycline at 10 and 17 °C were 35 and 31 days, respectively, for Europe and China and 43 and 35 days, respectively, for Japan. Since temperature significantly affected pharmacokinetic behavior and withdrawal times of doxycycline in rainbow trout, temperature-dependent dosing regimens and withdrawal times of doxycycline might be necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials in Aquatic Animals)

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12 pages, 9632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness Evaluation of Viti’s vinifera Leaf Extract on the Viability of Echinococcus Eggs and Protoscolices In Vitro

by Mohammed M. Mares, Saleh Al-Quraishy and Mutee Murshed

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060400 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1835

Abstract

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the genus Echinococcus. Globally, it is one of the most central helminthic diseases. Surgery remains the method of choice to remove cystic Echinococcus. Various sporicidal agents have been used to invalidate the substances in hydatid cysts. [...] Read more.

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the genus Echinococcus. Globally, it is one of the most central helminthic diseases. Surgery remains the method of choice to remove cystic Echinococcus. Various sporicidal agents have been used to invalidate the substances in hydatid cysts. Nevertheless, many sporicidal agents cause inflammation and can cause side complications, so their use should be limited. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Vitis vinifera leaf methanolic extract as a sporicidal agent for Echinococcus eggs and protoscolices and determines the best concentration. The mortality and viability of protoscolices were measured in samples exposed to four concentrations of V. vinifera leaf extract (VVLE) (5, 10, 30, and 50 mg/mL) for 5, 10, 20, and 30 min and in eggs exposed to three concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. An infrared spectroscopy chemical test was conducted to assess the presence of numerous expected active components in the extract. The viability of eggs and protoscolices was confirmed using 0.1% eosin staining. Vinifera leaf extract exhibited the decisive sporicidal effect at 100%, 91%, 60%, and 41% after 30 min at concentrations of 50, 30, 10, and 5 mg/mL, and in eggs at 11% and 19% after 24 and 48 h at a concentration of 200 mg/mL, respectively. Increased incubation times and higher dosages often increase mortality. The results exhibited that V. vinifera is effective. This study confirmed that grape leaf extract has high sporicidal activity in vitro. However, more studies are required to determine the exact active chemical and its action mechanism and perform in vivo utilization to confirm these results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Microbiota on Animal Health)

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12 pages, 2661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Pharmacokinetic and Absolute Bioavailability of Cyclosporine (Atopica for Cats^®) in Cats

by Jingyuan Kong, Yuxin Yang, Yu Liu, Yuying Cao, Jicheng Qiu, Pan Sun and Xingyuan Cao

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060399 - 18 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2228

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the absolute bioavailability of cyclosporine in cats by investigating the pharmacokinetic profile after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Twenty-four clinically healthy cats were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into four groups, namely the intravenous group (3 [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the absolute bioavailability of cyclosporine in cats by investigating the pharmacokinetic profile after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Twenty-four clinically healthy cats were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into four groups, namely the intravenous group (3 mg/kg), low oral group (3.5 mg/kg), medium oral group (7 mg/kg), and high oral group (14 mg/kg). Whole blood was obtained at the scheduled time points after a single dose administration and cyclosporine was determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technology (UPLC-MS/MS). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the WinNonlin 8.3.4 software via compartmental and non-compartmental models. As a result, the bioavailability values for the low, medium, and high oral groups were 14.64%, 36.98%, and 13.53%, respectively. The nonlinear pharmacokinetic profile was observed in the range from 3.5 mg/kg to 14 mg/kg in cats following oral administration. Whole blood concentrations taken 4 h after oral administration were better correlated with the area under the blood concentration–time curve AUC_0–24 with a high regression coefficient (R² = 0.896). This concentration would be a greater predictor in the following therapeutic drug monitoring. No adverse effect was observed in the whole study process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment)

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8 pages, 3718 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Suppurative Meningoencephalitis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Direct Extension of Chronic Otitis in a Gir Cow

by Antonio Carlos Lopes Câmara, Davi Emanuel Ribeiro de Sousa, Isabel Luana de Mâcedo, Karoline Lacerda Soares, José Renato Junqueira Borges, Carlos Frederico Martins, Adriano Queiroz de Mesquita, Valéria Dutra and Márcio Botelho de Castro

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060398 - 16 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1337

Abstract

This paper aims to report clinical, laboratory and pathological features in a case of suppurative meningoencephalitis by P. aeruginosa from the direct extension of chronic otitis in a Gir cow. The cow was recumbent during physical examination, and neurological examination revealed depression, absence [...] Read more.

This paper aims to report clinical, laboratory and pathological features in a case of suppurative meningoencephalitis by P. aeruginosa from the direct extension of chronic otitis in a Gir cow. The cow was recumbent during physical examination, and neurological examination revealed depression, absence of left eyelid and auricular motor reflex, and hypotonic tongue. Hematology revealed hemoconcentration, leukocytosis by neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Cerebrospinal fluid was slightly turbid, and presented polymorphonuclear pleocytosis, and hyperproteinorrachia. Grossly, the skull floor showed a purulent green–yellow exudate that drained from the left inner ear to the cisterna magna. There was diffuse congestion of the telencephalon, and meninges showed severe hyperemia, moderate thickening, and opacity with the deposition of fibrinosuppurative material ventrally, extending to the cerebellum and brainstem. The left cerebellar hemisphere showed an approximately 1.5 cm in diameter liquefaction area surrounded by a hemorrhagic halo. Histologically, cerebellar, mesencephalic, thalamic, and brain base meninges were intensely thickened and showed severe suppurative inflammation and fibrin deposition. Small multifocal suppurative areas were observed in the cerebellum and brainstem, characterized by a necrotic core, a number of neutrophils, and Gram-negative intralesional bacillary myriads. Pure cultures of P. aeruginosa were obtained and identified in the suppurative CNS lesions, meninges, and inner ear samples. This report highlights an uncommon clinical evolution of secondary P. aeruginosa suppurative meningoencephalitis, probably triggered by recurrent parasitic otitis in an adult Gir cow. Veterinarians, practitioners, and farmers must be aware of the risk of CNS infections after unresolved media and inner otitis, especially in cattle breeds more prone to developing parasitic otitis, such as the Gir and Indubrasil breeds. Full article

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18 pages, 326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Use of Olive, Winery and Cheese Waste By-Products as Novel Ingredients in Weaned Pigs Nutrition

by Georgios Magklaras, Ioannis Skoufos, Eleftherios Bonos, Anastasios Tsinas, Christos Zacharis, Ioannis Giavasis, Kostas Petrotos, Konstantina Fotou, Konstantina Nikolaou, Konstantina Vasilopoulou, Ιlias Giannenas and Athina Tzora

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060397 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1307

Abstract

New sustainable sources of feeds, which can enhance the health and welfare of farm animals, lower feeding costs, and lead to safer products, are of high priority in modern animal production systems. In the present study, a novel silage created from Greek olive, [...] Read more.

New sustainable sources of feeds, which can enhance the health and welfare of farm animals, lower feeding costs, and lead to safer products, are of high priority in modern animal production systems. In the present study, a novel silage created from Greek olive, winery, and feta cheese waste by-products, was evaluated as a feed ingredient at different inclusion rates (0%, 5% or 10%) in 34-day-old weaned pigs. The potential beneficial effects on performance, health and intestinal digesta microflora balance of the pigs were evaluated. Additionally, chemical, microbiological and quality analysis of the meat was carried out. Results showed no detrimental effects (p > 0.05) on the pigs’ performance and no significant changes (p > 0.05) in meat pH, color and chemical analysis. Ileum and cecum microflora populations (total anaerobes, Lactobacillaceae) were positively affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the dietary usage of the silage. The microbial populations (Clostridium spp.) of belly meat cuts were positively modified (p ≤ 0.01). The concentration of total phenols in the meat cuts were increased (p ≤ 0.05) and their resistance to oxidation was improved (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, the fatty acid profile of the meat lipids (polyunsaturated and n-3 fatty acids) was positively modified (p ≤ 0.001). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pig Diet and Growth Performance)

14 pages, 1884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Different ELISA Methods for the Serodiagnosis of Przhevalskiana silenus Infestation in Goats

by Sadia Liaqat, Mazhar Qayyum, Figen Celik, Sami Simsek, Faheem Ahmad, Xiaocheng Zhang, Haroon Ahmed and Jianping Cao

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060396 - 16 Jun 2023

Viewed by 998

Abstract

Przhevalskiana silenus (warble fly) grubs cause myiasis in goats, in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas and different regions in Pakistan, and cause substantial losses to livestock. The palpation method for detecting warble flies generally neglects the infestation intensity; therefore, the development of a reliable [...] Read more.

Przhevalskiana silenus (warble fly) grubs cause myiasis in goats, in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas and different regions in Pakistan, and cause substantial losses to livestock. The palpation method for detecting warble flies generally neglects the infestation intensity; therefore, the development of a reliable and efficient diagnostic technique is extremely necessary. This study compared three indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods for detecting anti-P. silenus antibodies using the hypodermin C (HyC) purified from Hypoderma spp. Larvae collected in cattle (local isolate, Microbiology Laboratory, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi), the crude antigen from the first instar stage of P. silenus, and a commercial Bovine Hypodermosis Antibody ELISA kit (IDEXX Laboratory), for accurately estimating the seroprevalence of goat warble fly infestation (GWFI) in the Pothwar plateau, Punjab, Pakistan. The ELISA with the crude antigen of P. silenus proved very sensitive and specific, 91% and 93%, respectively. The optical density exhibited a monthly variation, and the antibody titer began increasing from June, continually increased from July to December, and gradually decreased thereafter until March. The study confirmed the endemic status of GWFI in the Pothwar region and identified that ELISA based on the crude antigen of P. silenus was a more sensitive and specific immunodiagnostic method for determining seroprevalence, and could be employed for initiating nationwide eradication campaigns. Full article

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10 pages, 945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcomes in Dogs Undergoing Cholecystectomy via a Transverse Incision: A Meta−Analysis of 121 Animals Treated between 2011 and 2021

by Hyung-Kyu Chae, Ju-Yeon Jeong, Se-Yoon Lee, Hyun-Min Hwang, Kyoung-In Shin, Jung-Hoon Park, Seo-Yeoun Ji and Yeon-Jung Hong

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060395 - 15 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2967

Abstract

Although many studies have been conducted on the use of median and transverse incisions in various surgeries in the field of human medicine, related studies in veterinary medicine are lacking. This study aimed to present treatment options for dogs requiring cholecystectomy by reporting [...] Read more.

Although many studies have been conducted on the use of median and transverse incisions in various surgeries in the field of human medicine, related studies in veterinary medicine are lacking. This study aimed to present treatment options for dogs requiring cholecystectomy by reporting the pros and cons of 121 cholecystectomies performed via transverse incision at our hospital over 10 years. In most included cases, nonelective cholecystectomy was performed in an unstable emergency situation. The perioperative mortality rate was 23.14%, which was not significantly different from that of cholecystectomy performed via the conventional midline approach. However, the overall operation time (46.24 ± 6.13 min; range 35–65 min) was shortened by securing an adequate surgical field of view. The transverse incision approach facilitates fast and accurate surgery without increasing the fatality rate in small-breed dogs, in whom securing an adequate surgical field of view is difficult. Thus, transverse incision should be actively considered in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy due to emergency conditions, such as bile leakage or biliary tract obstruction, since prolonged anesthesia can be burdensome. This study may improve cholecystectomy outcomes in small-breed dogs with difficult-to-secure surgical fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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13 pages, 1483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Flowers’ Antioxidant Properties and Antibacterial Activities against Different Staphylococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis

by Gülten Ökmen, Daniela Giannetto, Francesco Fazio and Kutbettin Arslan

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060394 - 11 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2369

Abstract

Mastitis is one of the most considerable and costly diseases for dairy herds, and Staphylococcus spp. is known to be the main causative agent. Although antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of mastitis, this can cause both antibiotic residues in milk and [...] Read more.

Mastitis is one of the most considerable and costly diseases for dairy herds, and Staphylococcus spp. is known to be the main causative agent. Although antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of mastitis, this can cause both antibiotic residues in milk and the risk of antibiotic resistance occurrence in bacteria. Thus, in recent years, researchers have focused on alternative treatments for this disease and plants extracts are investigated for this purpose. Pomegranate is widely used as a dye, ornament, and medicinal plants in the industry, and the species has a particularly high economic value in Turkey. This study aims to investigate in vitro the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the pomegranate flower’s extracts against different Staphylococcus species associated with bovine mastitis. To this aim, pomegranate flowers were collected from different regions in Turkey and extracts were prepared with three different solvents (methanol, ethanol, and water). The retention factor values of the ethanol extract were determined by thin-layer chromatography. The antibacterial activity tests were carried out via the disk diffusion method. In addition, the extracts were tested against the stable DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free radicals for antioxidant activity. Four retention factors (0.79, 0.67, 0.58, and 0.33 points) were found for the ethanol extract. The methanol extract showed the highest inhibition zones against coagulase-negative Staphylococcus-37 (CNS-37) and S. aureus-18. The lowest MIC was 6500 μg/mL. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in methanol extracts. As a result, the extracts of pomegranate flowers showed a high antioxidant and antibacterial potential against the examined mastitis pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Oxidant and Antioxidant Status in Livestock)

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18 pages, 349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Reared with Different Substrates as Feed Ingredients in Growing Pigs

by Christos Zacharis, Eleftherios Bonos, Ilias Giannenas, Ioannis Skoufos, Athina Tzora, Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou, Anastasios Tsinas, Konstantina Fotou, Georgios Papadopoulos, Chrysanthi Mitsagga, Christos Athanassiou, Efthimia Antonopoulou and Katerina Grigoriadou

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060393 - 09 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1439

Abstract

The procurement of adequate feed resources is one of the most important challenges for the animal industry worldwide. While the need for feeds rich in protein is constantly increasing, their production cannot readily keep up. Consequently, to overcome this challenge in a sustainable [...] Read more.

The procurement of adequate feed resources is one of the most important challenges for the animal industry worldwide. While the need for feeds rich in protein is constantly increasing, their production cannot readily keep up. Consequently, to overcome this challenge in a sustainable way, it is necessary to identify and develop new feeding strategies and feed ingredients, such as insect meals. In the present study, Tenebrio molitor larvae that were reared on two different substrates (standard and enriched with medicinal aromatic plant material) were used as feed ingredients for growing pigs. A total of 36 weaned pigs (34 days old) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups and fed either the control diet (A) or diets supplemented at 10% with one of the two insect meals (B and C). At the end of the trial (42 days), blood, feces, and meat samples were collected for analysis. The insect meal supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) overall performance but significantly modified (p < 0.001) the fecal microflora balance and the blood cholesterol (p < 0.001), while the rest of the blood parameters tested were not affected. Moreover, this dietary supplementation significantly affected some microbial populations (p < 0.001), improved the total phenolic content (p < 0.05), and the fatty acid profile (p < 0.001) of the meat cuts, but did not affect (p > 0.05) meat color or proximate composition. Further research is needed to evaluate the different types and levels of inclusion of insect meals in pig nutrition. Full article

9 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Normal Range for the Schirmer Tear Test and Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Latvian Darkhead Lambs and Ewes

by Liga Kovalcuka, Nelli Alexandra Margarethe König, Pia Valentina Helen Petersen, Aija Sneidere and Aija Malniece

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060392 - 08 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1255

Abstract

A complete ophthalmological examination, including basic diagnostic tests such as the Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement performed by tonometry in particular species and breeds, is essential for obtaining a clear diagnostic result and avoiding diagnostic misinterpretations. STT and IOP [...] Read more.

A complete ophthalmological examination, including basic diagnostic tests such as the Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement performed by tonometry in particular species and breeds, is essential for obtaining a clear diagnostic result and avoiding diagnostic misinterpretations. STT and IOP values have been poorly described for sheep. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the normal range for STT and tonometry values in clinically normal Latvian Darkhead lambs and ewes. Both eyes of 100 sheep (200 eyes)—50 lambs (1–3 months old) and 50 ewes (1–8 years old)—underwent complete ophthalmic examinations, including STT and IOP evaluation. The mean ± standard deviation of STT values for both eyes in lambs and ewes were 13.12 ± 3.91 mm/min and 13.68 ± 4.09 mm/min, respectively. The IOP in lambs and ewes was 14.04 ± 3.68 mmHg and 19.16 ± 3.24 mmHg, respectively. Furthermore, the suggested reference range for the STT was 12.00–14.23 mm/min in lambs and 12.52–14.84 mm/min in ewes, while the reference IOP range was determined to be 13.00–15.08 mmHg in lambs and 18.24–20.08 mmHg in ewes. No statistically significant differences in STT and IOP values were observed for both eyes. However, the IOP value for both eyes was statistically significantly higher in ewes compared to lambs (p < 0.01). This study provides reference values for the STT and IOP in healthy Latvian Darkhead lambs and ewes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology, Nutrition, and Host-Microbiome Interaction in Ruminants)

16 pages, 1081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma and Urine Pharmacokinetics of Oral Fosfomycin Tromethamine in Dogs

by Nattha Jariyapamornkoon, Koranis Patthanachai and Nipattra Suanpairintr

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060391 - 08 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2360

Abstract

Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum, bactericidal antibiotic with low toxicity. It has been used in human medicine and is a promising candidate for treating infections in veterinary medicine. Different Fosfomycin salts exhibit various degrees of bioavailability. Tromethamine salt is the most commonly used oral [...] Read more.

Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum, bactericidal antibiotic with low toxicity. It has been used in human medicine and is a promising candidate for treating infections in veterinary medicine. Different Fosfomycin salts exhibit various degrees of bioavailability. Tromethamine salt is the most commonly used oral form due to its improved bioavailability. However, information regarding its use with dogs is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of oral Fosfomycin tromethamine in canine plasma and urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Six healthy male beagles underwent a three-period three-treatment study: treatment 1 and 2 with single oral Fosfomycin tromethamine at 40 and 80 mg/kg (the total doses with tromethamine salt were 75 and 150 mg/kg, respectively), and treatment 3 with intravenously Fosfomycin disodium at 57 mg/kg (the total dose with disodium salt was 75 mg/kg). Dogs receiving oral Fosfomycin tromethamine at 75 and 150 mg/kg, maximal drug concentration (Cmax) in plasma produced results of 34.46 ± 12.52 and 66.40 ± 12.64 µg/mL, oral bioavailability (F) was approximately 38 and 45%, while urine Cmax was 4463.07 ± 2208.88 and 8784.93 ± 2303.46 µg/mL, respectively. No serious adverse effects were reported, except loose stool in some dogs. The tremendously high urine Fosfomycin concentrations indicate that oral Fosfomycin tromethamine is suitable as an alternative treatment for bacterial cystitis in dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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7 pages, 1073 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

A Study of 41 Canine Orthologues of Human Genes Involved in Monogenic Obesity Reveals Marker in the ADCY3 for Body Weight in Labrador Retrievers

by Mateusz Sypniewski and Maciej Szydlowski

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060390 - 08 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1615

Abstract

Obesity and overweight are common conditions in dogs, but individual susceptibility varies with numerous risk factors, including diet, age, sterilization, and gender. In addition to environmental and biological factors, genetic and epigenetic risk factors can influence predisposition to canine obesity, however, they remain [...] Read more.

Obesity and overweight are common conditions in dogs, but individual susceptibility varies with numerous risk factors, including diet, age, sterilization, and gender. In addition to environmental and biological factors, genetic and epigenetic risk factors can influence predisposition to canine obesity, however, they remain unknown. Labrador Retrievers are one of the breeds that are prone to obesity. The purpose of this study was to analyse 41 canine orthologues of human genes linked to monogenic obesity in humans to identify genes associated with body weight in Labrador Retriever dogs. We analysed 11,520 variants from 50 dogs using a linear mixed model with sex, age, and sterilization as covariates and population structure as a random effect. Estimates obtained from the model were subjected to a maxT permutation procedure to adjust p-values for FWER < 0.05. Only the ADCY3 gene showed statistically significant association: TA>T deletion located at 17:19,222,459 in 1/20 intron (per allele effect of 5.56 kg, SE 0.018, p-value = 5.83 × 10⁻⁵, TA/TA: 11 dogs; TA/T: 32 dogs; T/T: 7 dogs). Mutations in the ADCY3 gene have already been associated with obesity in mice and humans, making it a promising marker for canine obesity research. Our results provide further evidence that the genetic makeup of obesity in Labrador Retriever dogs contains genes with large effect sizes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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12 pages, 1787 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sphingomyelin-Rich Lipid Extract Collar for Canine Atopic Dermatitis

by Sergi Segarra, David Sanmiguel, Eliseo Zuriaga, Sophie Leclerc, Jesús Cabañas, Estelle Seigneuric, Aurélie Miquel, Ana Vázquez and Lluís Ferrer

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060389 - 07 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2218

Abstract

The management of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is complex, and it needs to be multimodal, combining topical and systemic therapies. Given that the currently available options are not always totally effective and might have some associated adverse effects, novel alternatives are needed. For [...] Read more.

The management of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is complex, and it needs to be multimodal, combining topical and systemic therapies. Given that the currently available options are not always totally effective and might have some associated adverse effects, novel alternatives are needed. For this reason, a new collar for CAD was developed with 2.5% of a sphingomyelin-rich lipid extract (LE) with proven benefits for skin health. The release of the active ingredient when incorporated into the collar was tested in vitro, showing an adequate kinetic profile. Then, the efficacy and safety of the collar were assessed in 12 client-owned dogs with CAD in a pilot study. After eight weeks, the dogs experienced significant clinical improvements on the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)-4, Pruritus Index for Canine Atopic Dermatitis (PCAD) and Pruritus Visual Analogue Scale (PVAS) scores, without any adverse effects. Additionally, further in vitro studies were performed, indicating that this LE collar should be compatible with antiparasitic collars (with deltamethrin or imidacloprid/flumethrin) if worn simultaneously. Given the observed benefits of this LE collar, combining it with other CAD therapies could potentially allow for drug sparing, reduction in adverse effects, enhanced owner compliance, and reduced treatment costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Dermatology: Challenges and Advances)

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8 pages, 2271 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Treatment of a Large Defect Induced by Atrophic Nonunion of Femoral Fracture in a Dog with Autogenous Coccygeal Bone Grafting

by Kyuman Cho, Kilsang Lee, Kyungsik Kang and Minkyung Kim

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060388 - 07 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1652

Abstract

An 11-month-old castrated male Pomeranian presented with nonunion following a femoral fracture that occurred after femoral head and neck osteotomy. Radiography and computed tomography revealed severe atrophy of the proximal bone fragment and retardation of the ipsilateral distal fragment and tibia. An autogenous [...] Read more.

An 11-month-old castrated male Pomeranian presented with nonunion following a femoral fracture that occurred after femoral head and neck osteotomy. Radiography and computed tomography revealed severe atrophy of the proximal bone fragment and retardation of the ipsilateral distal fragment and tibia. An autogenous bone graft using coccygeal bone was performed, in which three and a half coccyges were placed in succession and fixed using an orthogonal locking plate. To promote bone healing and facilitate proper weight bearing and ambulation, bone morphogenetic proteins, biphasic calcium phosphate, platelet-rich plasma, passive-range-of-motion exercises, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and low-level laser therapy were applied. During the four-year follow-up, it was observed that the previously engrafted bone healed well and maintained stability over a prolonged period, resulting in the patient being able to walk comfortably with good outcomes. However, some degree of lameness was noted in the dog when running owing to limb shortening and joint contracture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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17 pages, 2910 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Profile of Canine Hemangiosarcoma and Potential Novel Therapeutic Targets

by Pedro Antônio Bronhara Pimentel, Antonio Giuliano, Paweł Marek Bęczkowski and Rodrigo Dos Santos Horta

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060387 - 05 Jun 2023

Viewed by 5872

Abstract

Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a relatively common neoplasia, occurring mainly in the skin, spleen, liver and right atrium. Despite the numerous studies investigating the treatment of canine HSA, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved in the last 20 years. Advancements in [...] Read more.

Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a relatively common neoplasia, occurring mainly in the skin, spleen, liver and right atrium. Despite the numerous studies investigating the treatment of canine HSA, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved in the last 20 years. Advancements in genetic and molecular profiling presented molecular similarities between canine HSA and human angiosarcoma. It could therefore serve as a valuable model for investigating new and more effective treatments in people and dogs. The most common genetic abnormalities in canine HSA have been found in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) and neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) pathways. Mutations are also found in tumor protein p53 (TP53), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A). Known abnormal protein expression could be exploited to trial new target treatments that could be beneficial for both canine and human patients. Despite the high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR), no correlation with overall survival time has ever been found. In this review, we explore the most recent developments in molecular profiling in canine HSA and discuss their possible applications in the prognosis and treatment of this fatal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soft-Tissue Sarcomas in Dogs)

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15 pages, 1138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biofilm-Producing Ability of Staphylococcus aureus Obtained from Surfaces and Milk of Mastitic Cows

by Mária Vargová, František Zigo, Jana Výrostková, Zuzana Farkašová and Ibrahim F. Rehan

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060386 - 02 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1548

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of mastitis in 153 dairy cows and to evaluate the kinetics of adhesion of isolates obtained from surfaces and milk in comparison with the reference strain (RS), CCM 4223. The surfaces of the floor, teat [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of mastitis in 153 dairy cows and to evaluate the kinetics of adhesion of isolates obtained from surfaces and milk in comparison with the reference strain (RS), CCM 4223. The surfaces of the floor, teat cup, and cow restraints were aseptically swabbed in three replicates (n = 27). Of the total number of infected cows (n = 43), 11 samples were found to be positive for Staphylococcus aureus, 12 samples tested positive for non-aureus staphylococci, 6 samples tested positive for Streptococcus spp., and 11 samples tested positive for other bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp.) or a mixed infection. The most represented pathogen in milk (11/43) and on surfaces (14/27) was S. aureus. The kinetics of adhesion of the reference strain and isolates of S. aureus on stainless steel surfaces were determined after 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h, and 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days of incubation. All strains reached counts higher than 5 Log₁₀ CFU/cm² needed for biofilm formation, except RS (4.40 Log₁₀ CFU/cm²). The isolates of S. aureus revealed a higher capability to form biofilm in comparison with RS during the first 3 h (p < 0.001). Thus, there is a significant difference between the occurrence of S. aureus on monitored surfaces—floor, teat cup, and cow restraints—and the frequency with which mastitis is caused by S. aureus (p < 0.05). This finding raises the possibility that if various surfaces are contaminated by S. aureus, it can result in the formation of biofilm, which is a significant virulence factor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Advances of Bovine Mastitis and Udder Health)

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8 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Suspected Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome with Cervical Spinal Lesion in a Domestic Shorthair Cat

by Minkun Kim, Woo-Jin Song, Jongjin Park, Saeyoung Lee, Sangkyung Choen, Myung-Chul Kim and Youngmin Yun

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060385 - 01 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1593

Abstract

A 12-year-old spayed female domestic short cat was presented with tetraplegia. The cat also showed signs of hyponatremia and dehydration, which were rapidly corrected by intravenous fluid infusion. Based on thorough physical and neurological examinations, the patient was suspected of having an intracranial [...] Read more.

A 12-year-old spayed female domestic short cat was presented with tetraplegia. The cat also showed signs of hyponatremia and dehydration, which were rapidly corrected by intravenous fluid infusion. Based on thorough physical and neurological examinations, the patient was suspected of having an intracranial disease. MRI revealed a high-signal T2 image of the bilateral parietal cerebral cortical gray matter junction, which is associated with fast electrolyte calibration, and a high-signal T2 image of the C2 spinal cord ventral area, which is associated with ischemic myelopathy. The cat reappeared three days later due to anorexia. Laboratory examinations revealed that the cat was clinically dehydrated and exhibited hyponatremia. Other causes of hyponatremia were excluded through history-taking, laboratory examination, imaging, and therapeutic response to fluid therapy, except for cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS). The cat was discharged 3 days after the start of fludrocortisone therapy with electrolytes within the normal range. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed again 1 month after hospitalization, and the cerebral lesion disappeared, but the spinal cord lesion worsened compared to the previous image. The patient was euthanized due to the progression of the spinal lesion, with a poor prognosis and poor quality of life. This is the first case of suspected CSWS with a cervical spinal lesion in a cat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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8 pages, 2138 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Unusual Case of Biliary Peritonitis in a Dog Secondary to a Gastric Perforation

by Giovanni Pavone, Barbara Castellucci, Silvia Pavone, Valentina Stefanetti, Chiara Vitolo and Sara Mangiaterra

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060384 - 01 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2159

Abstract

Biliary peritonitis is a pathological condition representing a medical emergency with a high risk of mortality. This condition is reported in both human and veterinary medicine following biliary tract rupture, extrahepatic biliary obstructions, gallbladder rupture, trauma, or duodenal perforation. In this report, the [...] Read more.

Biliary peritonitis is a pathological condition representing a medical emergency with a high risk of mortality. This condition is reported in both human and veterinary medicine following biliary tract rupture, extrahepatic biliary obstructions, gallbladder rupture, trauma, or duodenal perforation. In this report, the first-ever case of biliary peritonitis due to gastric perforation in a Bobtail purebred dog is described, which was probably induced by the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). After an elective splenectomy and castration, the dog was referred to our hospital for medical management for inappetence, mental depression, and multiple episodes of gastric vomits with traces of blood. Clinical diagnostic tests showed the presence of biliary peritonitis. Due to worsening clinical conditions, the patient was subjected to euthanasia. Macroscopic examination showed a free brownish abdominal effusion and the presence of perforating ulcer of the stomach pylorus region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digestive Diseases of Dogs and Cats)

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14 pages, 21187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Universal Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate against Streptococcus suis Infections Using Immunoinformatics Approaches

by Yumin Zhang, Guoqing Zhao, Yangjing Xiong, Feiyu Li, Yifan Chen, Yuqiang Cheng, Jingjiao Ma, Henan Wang, Yaxian Yan, Zhaofei Wang and Jianhe Sun

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060383 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1721

Abstract

Streptococcus suis is a significant zoonotic pathogen that is a great threat not only to the swine industry but also to human health, causing arthritis, meningitis, and even streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. Owing to its many serotypes and high geographic variability, an efficacious [...] Read more.

Streptococcus suis is a significant zoonotic pathogen that is a great threat not only to the swine industry but also to human health, causing arthritis, meningitis, and even streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. Owing to its many serotypes and high geographic variability, an efficacious cross-protective S. suis vaccine is not readily available. Therefore, this study aimed to design a universal multi-epitope vaccine (MVHP6) that involved three highly immunogenic proteins of S. suis, namely, the surface antigen containing a glycosaminoglycan binding domain (HP0197), endopeptidase (PepO), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD). Forecasted T-cell and B-cell epitopes with high antigenic properties and a suitable adjuvant were linked to construct a multi-epitope vaccine. In silico analysis showed that the selected epitopes were conserved in highly susceptible serotypes for humans. Thereafter, we evaluated the different parameters of MVHP6 and showed that MVHP6 was highly antigenic, non-toxic, and non-allergenic. To verify whether the vaccine could display appropriate epitopes and maintain high stability, the MVHP6 tertiary structure was modeled, refined, and validated. Molecular docking studies revealed a strong binding interaction between the vaccine and the toll-like receptor (TLR4), whereas molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the vaccine’s compatibility, binding stability, and structural compactness. Moreover, the in silico analysis showed that MVHP6 could evoke strong immune responses and enable worldwide population coverage. Moreover, MVHP6 was cloned into the pET28a (+) vector in silico to ensure the credibility, validation, and proper expression of the vaccine construct. The findings suggested that the proposed multi-epitope vaccine can provide cross-protection against S. suis infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Streptococcus in Veterinary Medicine)

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11 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance between 2020 and 2021 of All Mammalian Species in Two Flemish Zoos (Antwerp Zoo and Planckendael Zoo)

by Léa Joffrin, Tine Cooreman, Erik Verheyen, Francis Vercammen, Joachim Mariën, Herwig Leirs and Sophie Gryseels

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060382 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1336

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to millions of human infections and deaths worldwide. Several other mammal species are also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, and multiple instances of transmission from humans to pets, farmed mink, wildlife and zoo animals have been recorded. We conducted a [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to millions of human infections and deaths worldwide. Several other mammal species are also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, and multiple instances of transmission from humans to pets, farmed mink, wildlife and zoo animals have been recorded. We conducted a systematic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in all mammal species in two zoos in Belgium between September and December 2020 and July 2021, in four sessions, and a targeted surveillance of selected mammal enclosures following SARS-CoV-2 infection in hippopotamuses in December 2021. A total of 1523 faecal samples from 103 mammal species were tested for SARS-CoV-2 via real-time PCR. None of the samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Additional surrogate virus neutralisation tests conducted on 50 routinely collected serum samples from 26 mammal species were all negative. This study is the first to our knowledge to conduct active SARS-CoV-2 surveillance for several months in all mammal species of a zoo. We conclude that at the time of our investigation, none of the screened animals were excreting SARS-CoV-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Model Research of SARS-CoV-2 and the Value of Imaging)

10 pages, 1100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Porcine Endogenous Reference Gene (Internal Sample Control) in a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus RT-qPCR

by Berenice Munguía-Ramírez, Betsy Armenta-Leyva, Alexandra Henao-Díaz, Fangshu Ye, David H. Baum, Luis G. Giménez-Lirola and Jeffrey J. Zimmerman

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060381 - 31 May 2023

Viewed by 1423

Abstract

Endogenous reference genes are used in gene-expression studies to “normalize” the results and, increasingly, as internal sample controls (ISC) in diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Three studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of a porcine-specific ISC in a commercial porcine reproductive [...] Read more.

Endogenous reference genes are used in gene-expression studies to “normalize” the results and, increasingly, as internal sample controls (ISC) in diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Three studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of a porcine-specific ISC in a commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) reverse transcription-qPCR. Study 1 evaluated the species specificity of the ISC by testing serum from seven non-porcine domestic species (n = 34). In Study 2, the constancy of ISC detection over time (≥42 days) was assessed in oral fluid (n = 130), serum (n = 215), and feces (n = 132) collected from individual pigs of known PRRSV status. In Study 3, serum (n = 150), oral fluid (n = 150), and fecal samples (n = 75 feces, 75 fecal swabs) from commercial herds were used to establish ISC reference limits. Study 1 showed that the ISC was porcine-specific, i.e., all samples from non-porcine species were ISC negative (n = 34). In Study 2, the ISC was detected in all oral fluid, serum, and fecal samples, but differed in concentration between specimens (p < 0.05; mixed-effects regression model). The results of Study 3 were used to establish ISC reference limits for the 5th, 2.5th and 1.25th percentiles. Overall, the ISC response was consistent to the point that failure in detection is sufficient justification for re-testing and/or re-sampling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advanced Research in Porcine Viruses)

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15 pages, 1609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rottlerin-Liposome Inhibits the Endocytosis of Feline Coronavirus Infection

by Jong-Chul Choi, Sung-Won Jung, In-Yeong Choi, Yeong-Lim Kang, Dong-Hun Lee, Sang-Won Lee, Seung-Yong Park, Chang-Seon Song, In-Soo Choi, Joong-Bok Lee and Changin Oh

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060380 - 30 May 2023

Viewed by 1431

Abstract

Rottlerin (R) is a natural extract from Mallotus philippensis with antiviral properties. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) that is characterized by systemic granulomatous inflammation and high mortality. We investigated the antiviral effect of liposome-loaded R, [...] Read more.

Rottlerin (R) is a natural extract from Mallotus philippensis with antiviral properties. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) that is characterized by systemic granulomatous inflammation and high mortality. We investigated the antiviral effect of liposome-loaded R, i.e., rottlerin-liposome (RL), against FCoV. We demonstrated that RL inhibited FCoV replication in a dose-dependent manner, not only in the early endocytosis stage but also in the late stage of replication. RL resolved the low solubility issue of rottlerin and improved its inhibition efficacy at the cellular level. Based on these findings, we suggest that RL is worth further investigation as a potential treatment for FCoV. Full article

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29 pages, 14027 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mammary Glands of Women, Female Dogs and Female Rats: Similarities and Differences to Be Considered in Breast Cancer Research

by Tiago Ferreira, Adelina Gama, Fernanda Seixas, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Carlos Lopes, Vítor M. Gaspar, João F. Mano, Rui Medeiros and Paula A. Oliveira

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060379 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6828

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most common and well-known types of cancer among women worldwide and is the most frequent neoplasm in intact female dogs. Female dogs are considered attractive models or studying spontaneous breast cancer, whereas female rats are currently the [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is one of the most common and well-known types of cancer among women worldwide and is the most frequent neoplasm in intact female dogs. Female dogs are considered attractive models or studying spontaneous breast cancer, whereas female rats are currently the most widely used animal models for breast cancer research in the laboratory context. Both female dogs and female rats have contributed to the advancement of scientific knowledge in this field, and, in a “One Health” approach, they have allowed broad understanding of specific biopathological pathways, influence of environmental factors and screening/discovery of candidate therapies. This review aims to clearly showcase the similarities and differences among woman, female dog and female rat concerning to anatomical, physiological and histological features of the mammary gland and breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, in order to better portray breast tumorigenesis, and to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of results among species. We also discuss the major aspects that stand out in these species. The mammary glands of female dogs and women share structural similarities, especially with respect to the lactiferous ducts and lymphatic drainage. In contrast, female rats have only one lactiferous duct per nipple. A comprehensive comparison between humans and dogs is given a special focus, as these species share several aspects in terms of breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, such as age of onset, hormonal etiology, risk factors, and the clinical course of the disease. Holistically, it is clear that each species has advantages and limitations that researchers must consider during the development of experimental designs and data analysis. Full article

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6 pages, 404 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Benzimidazole Resistance in Cattle: The First Report of the Presence of F200Y Mutation in Cooperia in Ecuador

by Pamela Vinueza, Marlon Calispa, Luis Condolo, Paula Toalombo and Peter Geldhof

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060378 - 28 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1416

Abstract

Anthelmintic resistance among GINs in cattle is a worldwide issue. Identifying the early signs of anthelmintic resistance (AR) is necessary to sustainably manage bovine parasitic infections. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance status of bovine parasitic nematodes against FBZ on a farm [...] Read more.

Anthelmintic resistance among GINs in cattle is a worldwide issue. Identifying the early signs of anthelmintic resistance (AR) is necessary to sustainably manage bovine parasitic infections. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance status of bovine parasitic nematodes against FBZ on a farm with a known history of broad-spectrum anthelmintic usage in Ecuador. FBZ efficacy was analyzed using a fecal egg count reduction test (FECR test) and β-tubulin 1 mutation identification in Cooperia spp., the dominant nematode parasite identified before and after treatment. According to the FECR test, the nematode population was susceptible to FBZ. After amplifying and cloning the β-tubulin 1 of Cooperia spp., an F200Y mutation was found in 43% of the pooled larva coproculture after treatment. This study reports, for the first time, the presence of F200Y resistance-conferring mutation in Cooperia spp. in Ecuador. Although the nematode population was phenotypically susceptible to FBZ, the presence of F200Y suggests the existence of resistance in the early stages. Our findings highlight the need to implement alternative control strategies for parasitic infections besides broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

13 pages, 1400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outcomes in Dogs with Multiple Sites of Cervical Intervertebral Disc Disease Treated with Single Ventral Slot Decompression

by Ya-Pei Chang, Wei-Hsiang Huang, Wan-Zhen Lua, Wenyi Wong, I-Hsuan Liu and Chen-Hsuan Liu

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060377 - 28 May 2023

Viewed by 2345

Abstract

In dogs with acute myelopathy but showing multiple sites of spinal compression from intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) on imaging, one approach is surgical decompression of the single acute disc extrusion while ignoring other previously extruded or protruded discs. However, little is known regarding [...] Read more.

In dogs with acute myelopathy but showing multiple sites of spinal compression from intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) on imaging, one approach is surgical decompression of the single acute disc extrusion while ignoring other previously extruded or protruded discs. However, little is known regarding the outcomes of this approach. This study described the outcomes and investigated prognostic factors in 40 dogs with multiple sites of cervical disc extrusion or protrusion on MRI who underwent ventral slot decompression for the single acute disc. The overall recovery rate was 97.5%. The median recovery time was seven days. The number of affected discs (including disc extrusion and protrusion) and the presence and number of the affected discs causing severe spinal compression did not influence the 30-day outcome. Compared with 23 dogs with single disc extrusion treated surgically, the recovery time and outcomes were similar between the two groups. The total number of affected discs was not associated with recovery time or outcomes. In conclusion, if an acute disc could be identified, ventral slot decompression targeting the single acute disc is a viable management approach for dogs with an acute presentation but diagnosed with multiple sites of spinal cord compression from IVDD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurology and Neurosurgery in Small Animals)

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10 pages, 2447 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Thoracic Tumor Associated with a Unilateral Empyema in a Beef Cow: A Case Report

by Rodolphe Robcis, Charly De Campos, Bénédicte Garapin, Marie-Noëlle Lucas, Agnès Poujade, Nicolas Gaide, Maxence Delverdier and Renaud Maillard

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060376 - 27 May 2023

Viewed by 1300

Abstract

Tumors in cows are not frequently reported in the literature. They often represent unusual findings in live animals and are incidental at slaughter with rare positive therapeutic outcomes for farmers. A 9-year-old beef cow was referred to the hospital of ruminants of the [...] Read more.

Tumors in cows are not frequently reported in the literature. They often represent unusual findings in live animals and are incidental at slaughter with rare positive therapeutic outcomes for farmers. A 9-year-old beef cow was referred to the hospital of ruminants of the National Veterinary School of Toulouse, France. The cow started to become sick 10 days prior, and major symptoms were anorexia, arched back, tachycardia, and tachypnea associated with significantly attenuated cardiac and pulmonary sounds upon right-sided auscultation. After specific investigations, a thoracic sarcoma associated with unilateral empyema was diagnosed. The empyema was treated, and supportive treatment was only performed for the tumor. Although the sarcoma remained, clinical improvement was significant, and the cow went back to her farm of origin. After the end of the withdrawal period, the cow recovered clinically but was culled by the owners for economic reasons. The present case report offers a continuum from the initial clinical signs motivating specific investigations to interesting laboratory findings, which were confirmed post-mortem. Full article

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12 pages, 718 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Biomolecular Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus Strains in Two Domestic Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)

by Annalisa Guercio, Francesco Mira, Santina Di Bella, Francesca Gucciardi, Antonio Lastra, Giuseppa Purpari, Calogero Castronovo, Melissa Pennisi, Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti, Maria Rizzo and Elisabetta Giudice

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060375 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1372

Abstract

Canine distemper is a contagious and severe systemic viral disease that affects domestic and wild carnivores worldwide. In this study, two adult female ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were evaluated for cutaneous lesions. Scab, fur, and swab samples from the external auditory [...] Read more.

Canine distemper is a contagious and severe systemic viral disease that affects domestic and wild carnivores worldwide. In this study, two adult female ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were evaluated for cutaneous lesions. Scab, fur, and swab samples from the external auditory canal, cutaneous lesions, and scrapings were analyzed. Canine distemper virus (CDV)-positive samples underwent RT-PCR/RFLP with the restriction enzyme PsiI, and the hemagglutinin gene sequence was obtained. According to the restriction enzyme and sequence analyses, the viral strains were typed as CDV field strains that are included within the Europe lineage and distinct from those including vaccinal CDV strains. The sequence analysis showed the highest nucleotide identity rates in older Europe lineage CDV strains collected from dogs and a fox in Europe. This study is the first to report on CDV infection in ferrets in southern Italy and contributes to the current knowledge about natural CDV infection in this species. In conclusion, vaccination remains crucial for preventing the disease and counteracting cross-species infection. Molecular biology techniques can enable the monitoring of susceptible wild animals by ensuring the active surveillance of CDV spread. Full article

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Vet. Sci., Volume 10, Issue 6 (June 2023) – 37 articles

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