Extracellular Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Promising Tool
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Extracellular Vesicles
2.1. Classification and Biogenesis of EVs
2.1.1. Classification of EVs
2.1.2. Production of EVs
2.2. Isolation of EVs
2.3. Composition of EVs
3. Pathophysiology of SCD
3.1. Physiological Hemostasis and Inflammation
3.1.1. Normal Hemostasis
3.1.2. Normal Inflammation
3.2. Dysregulated Mechanisms in SCD
3.2.1. Pro-Coagulant State
3.2.2. Decreased Nitric Oxide Bioavailability
3.2.3. Pro-Inflammatory State
3.3. EVs as Novel Biomarkers in SCD
Reference (Number of Included Patients) | Method | EV Type | EV Cell Type-of-Origin | EVs Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dembélé et al. [136] (232 SCA patients) | Flow cytometry | MPs | RBCs, platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells, progenitor cells | RBC-MPs/mL: 6678 (SCA), 1533 (Controls); PLT-MPs/µL: 3320 (SCA), 2627 (Controls) |
Kasar et al. [138] (45 SCD patients) | Flow cytometry | MPs | RBCs, platelets, endothelial cells, monocytes | RBC-MPs (events/µL): 7.59 (SCD), 0.10 (Controls); PLT-MPs (events/µL): 12.58 (SCD), 1.59 (Controls) |
Shet et al. [137] (16 SCD patients) | Flow cytometry | MPs | RBCs, platelets, monocytes | RBC-MPs/µL: ~650 (SCD), ~30 (Controls); PLT-MPs/µL: ~50 (SCD), ~50 (Controls) |
Gerotziafas et al. [142] (92 SCA patients) | Flow cytometry | MPs | RBCs, platelets | RBC-MPs/µL: 1370 (SCA), 69 (Controls); PLT-MPs/µL: 1897 (SCA), 752 (Controls) |
Garnier et al. [143] (33 SCD patients) | Flow cytometry | MPs | RBCs, platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells, leukocytes | RBC-MPs/µL: 631 (SCA), 260 (HbSC); PLT-MPs/µL: 6485 (SCA), 4014 (HbSC) |
Lappin-carr et al. [144] (33 SCD patients) | Imaging flow cytometry | Exosomes | RBCs, endothelial cells, hematopoietic progenitors, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets | RBC-Exo/µL: 31,338 (SCD), 9661 (Controls); PLT-Exo/µL: 2702 (SCD), 1116 (Controls) |
Khalyfa et al. [145] (32 SCA patients) | Imaging flow cytometry, electron microscopy | Exosomes | Endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, monocytes, platelets, RBCs | RBC-Exo/µL: 2,760,753 (SCA), 1,768,125 (Controls); PLT-Exo/µL: 5653 (SCA), 5435 (Controls) |
3.4. Effects of EVs in SCD
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Exosome | Microparticle | Apoptotic Bodies | |
---|---|---|---|
Size (nm) | 30–150 | 100–1000 | 1000–5000 |
Density (g/cm3) | 1.13–1.19 | 1.04–1.07 | 1.16–1.28 |
Origin | Multivesicular body | Plasma membrane | Plasma membrane |
Formation mechanism | Exocytosis of MVB | Budding from PM | Budding from PM |
Production pathway | ESCRT-dependent * | Ca2+-dependent | Apoptosis-related pathways |
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Lamarre, Y.; Nader, E.; Connes, P.; Romana, M.; Garnier, Y. Extracellular Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Promising Tool. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090439
Lamarre Y, Nader E, Connes P, Romana M, Garnier Y. Extracellular Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Promising Tool. Bioengineering. 2022; 9(9):439. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090439
Chicago/Turabian StyleLamarre, Yann, Elie Nader, Philippe Connes, Marc Romana, and Yohann Garnier. 2022. "Extracellular Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Promising Tool" Bioengineering 9, no. 9: 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090439