Bioengineering

15 pages, 24886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modular Bioreactor Design for Directed Tendon/Ligament Tissue Engineering

by Axel J. Delakowski, Jared D. Posselt and Christopher T. Wagner

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030127 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2908

Functional tissue-engineered tendons and ligaments remain to be prepared in a reproducible and scalable manner. This study evaluates an acellular 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold for tendon/ligament tissue engineering and their ability to support strain-induced gene regulation associated with the tenogenesis of cultured [...] Read more.

Functional tissue-engineered tendons and ligaments remain to be prepared in a reproducible and scalable manner. This study evaluates an acellular 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold for tendon/ligament tissue engineering and their ability to support strain-induced gene regulation associated with the tenogenesis of cultured mesenchymal stromal cells. Preliminary data demonstrate unique gene regulation patterns compared to other scaffold forms, in particular in Wnt signaling. However, the need for a robust bioreactor system that minimizes process variation was also evident. A design control process was used to design and verify the functionality of a novel bioreactor. The system accommodates 3D scaffolds with clinically-relevant sizes, is capable of long-term culture with customizable mechanical strain regimens, incorporates in-line load measurement for continuous monitoring and feedback control, and allows a variety of scaffold configurations through a unique modular grip system. All critical functional specifications were met, including verification of physiological strain levels from 1–10%, frequency levels from 0.2–0.5 Hz, and accurate load measurement up to 50 N, which can be expanded on the basis of load cell capability. The design process serves as a model for establishing statistical functionality and reliability of investigative systems. This work sets the stage for detailed analyses of ECM scaffolds to identify critical differentiation signaling responses and essential matrix composition and cell–matrix interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Approaches in 3D in vitro Systems)

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13 pages, 7984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vascularized Co-Culture Clusteroids of Primary Endothelial and Hep-G2 Cells Based on Aqueous Two-Phase Pickering Emulsions

by Anheng Wang, Leigh A. Madden and Vesselin N. Paunov

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030126 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3161

Abstract

Three-dimensional cell culture has been extensively involved in biomedical applications due to its high availability and relatively mature biochemical properties. However, single 3D cell culture models based on hydrogel or various scaffolds do not meet the more in-depth requirements of in vitro models. [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional cell culture has been extensively involved in biomedical applications due to its high availability and relatively mature biochemical properties. However, single 3D cell culture models based on hydrogel or various scaffolds do not meet the more in-depth requirements of in vitro models. The necrotic core formation inhibits the utilization of the 3D cell culture ex vivo as oxygen permeation is impaired in the absence of blood vessels. We report a simple method to facilitate the formation of angiogenic HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) and Hep-G2 (hepatocyte carcinoma model) co-culture 3D clusteroids in a water-in-water (w/w) Pickering emulsions template which can overcome this limitation. This method enabled us to manipulate the cells proportion in order to achieve the optimal condition for stimulating the production of various angiogenic protein markers in the co-cultured clusteroids. The HUVEC cells respond to the presence of Hep-G2 cells and their byproducts by forming endothelial cell sprouts in Matrigel without the exogenous addition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or other angiogenesis inducers. This culture method can be easily replicated to produce other types of cell co-culture spheroids. The w/w Pickering emulsion template can facilitate the fabrication of 3D co-culture models to a great extent and be further utilized in drug testing and tissue engineering applications. Full article

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26 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling Mixed Microbial Culture Polyhydroxyalkanoate Accumulation Bioprocess towards Novel Methods for Polymer Production Using Dilute Volatile Fatty Acid Rich Feedstocks

by Alan Werker, Laura Lorini, Marianna Villano, Francesco Valentino and Mauro Majone

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030125 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2561

Abstract

Volatile fatty acid (VFA) rich streams from fermentation of organic residuals and wastewater are suitable feedstocks for mixed microbial culture (MMC) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. However, many such streams have low total VFA concentration (1–10 gCOD/L). PHA accumulation requires a flow-through bioprocess if the [...] Read more.

Volatile fatty acid (VFA) rich streams from fermentation of organic residuals and wastewater are suitable feedstocks for mixed microbial culture (MMC) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. However, many such streams have low total VFA concentration (1–10 gCOD/L). PHA accumulation requires a flow-through bioprocess if the VFAs are not concentrated. A flow through bioprocess must balance goals of productivity (highest possible influent flow rates) with goals of substrate utilization efficiency (lowest possible effluent VFA concentration). Towards these goals, dynamics of upshift and downshift respiration kinetics for laboratory and pilot scale MMCs were evaluated. Monod kinetics described a hysteresis between the upshift and downshift responses. Substrate concentrations necessary to stimulate a given substrate uptake rate were significantly higher than the concentrations necessary to sustain the attained substrate uptake rate. A benefit of this hysteresis was explored in Monte Carlo based PHA accumulation bioprocess numerical simulations. Simulations illustrated for a potential to establish continuous flow-through PHA production bioprocesses even at a low (1 gCOD/L) influent total VFA concentration. Process biomass recirculation into an engineered higher substrate concentration mixing zone, due to the constant influent substrate flow, enabled to drive the process to maximal possible PHA production rates without sacrificing substrate utilization efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production, Volume 3)

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14 pages, 2386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LASSO Regression Modeling on Prediction of Medical Terms among Seafarers’ Health Documents Using Tidy Text Mining

by Nalini Chintalapudi, Ulrico Angeloni, Gopi Battineni, Marzio di Canio, Claudia Marotta, Giovanni Rezza, Getu Gamo Sagaro, Andrea Silenzi and Francesco Amenta

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030124 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3522

Abstract

Generally, seafarers face a higher risk of illnesses and accidents than land workers. In most cases, there are no medical professionals on board seagoing vessels, which makes disease diagnosis even more difficult. When this occurs, onshore doctors may be able to provide medical [...] Read more.

Generally, seafarers face a higher risk of illnesses and accidents than land workers. In most cases, there are no medical professionals on board seagoing vessels, which makes disease diagnosis even more difficult. When this occurs, onshore doctors may be able to provide medical advice through telemedicine by receiving better symptomatic and clinical details in the health abstracts of seafarers. The adoption of text mining techniques can assist in extracting diagnostic information from clinical texts. We applied lexicon sentimental analysis to explore the automatic labeling of positive and negative healthcare terms to seafarers’ text healthcare documents. This was due to the lack of experimental evaluations using computational techniques. In order to classify diseases and their associated symptoms, the LASSO regression algorithm is applied to analyze these text documents. A visualization of symptomatic data frequency for each disease can be achieved by analyzing TF-IDF values. The proposed approach allows for the classification of text documents with 93.8% accuracy by using a machine learning model called LASSO regression. It is possible to classify text documents effectively with tidy text mining libraries. In addition to delivering health assistance, this method can be used to classify diseases and establish health observatories. Knowledge developed in the present work will be applied to establish an Epidemiological Observatory of Seafarers’ Pathologies and Injuries. This Observatory will be a collaborative initiative of the Italian Ministry of Health, University of Camerino, and International Radio Medical Centre (C.I.R.M.), the Italian TMAS. Full article

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15 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessReview

Disinfection Procedures and Their Effect on the Microorganism Colonization of Dental Impression Materials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Studies

by Louis Hardan, Rim Bourgi, Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez, Monika Lukomska-Szymanska, Elizabeth Cornejo-Ríos, Vincenzo Tosco, Riccardo Monterubbianesi, Sara Mancino, Ammar Eid, Davide Mancino, Naji Kharouf and Youssef Haikel

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030123 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4314

Abstract

Dental impressions are contaminated with potentially pathogenic microorganisms when they come into contact with patient blood, saliva, and plaque. Numerous disinfectants are used; however, no sole disinfectant can be designated as universal for all the impression materials. Thus, the aim of this study [...] Read more.

Dental impressions are contaminated with potentially pathogenic microorganisms when they come into contact with patient blood, saliva, and plaque. Numerous disinfectants are used; however, no sole disinfectant can be designated as universal for all the impression materials. Thus, the aim of this study is to systemically review the literature to evaluate the effect of the existing disinfection procedures on the bacterial colonization of dental impression materials. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and SciELO databases were screened up to April 2021. Eligibility criteria included in vitro studies reporting the antibacterial activity of disinfectant solutions in dental impression materials. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager (version 5.3.5). A global comparison was performed with the standardized mean difference based on random-effect models at a significance level of α = 0.05. A total of seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. The included studies described the effect of disinfection processes with chlorhexidine gluconate, alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide in alginate, polyvinyl siloxane, and polyether impression materials. The meta-analyses showed that the use of chlorhexidine, alcohol, glutaraldehyde, and sodium hypochlorite reduced the colony-forming units by a milliliter (CFU/mL) in alginate (p < 0.001). On the other hand, glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, and alcohol reduced the CFU/mL in polyvinyl siloxane (p < 0.001). Finally, alcohol and glutaraldehyde reduced the CFU/mL in polyether material (p < 0.001). High heterogenicity was observed for the alginate and polyvinyl siloxane materials (I² = 74%; I² = 90%). Based on these in vitro studies, the disinfection of impression materials with several disinfection agents reduces the CFU/mL count. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomaterials and Dental Disease)

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11 pages, 1569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cell Retention as a Viable Strategy for PHA Production from Diluted VFAs with Bacillus megaterium

by Milos Kacanski, Lukas Pucher, Carlota Peral, Thomas Dietrich and Markus Neureiter

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030122 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3007

Abstract

The production of biodegradable and biocompatible materials such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from waste-derived volatile fatty acids (VFAs) is a promising approach towards implementing a circular bioeconomy. However, VFA solutions obtained via acidification of organic wastes are usually too diluted for direct use in [...] Read more.

The production of biodegradable and biocompatible materials such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from waste-derived volatile fatty acids (VFAs) is a promising approach towards implementing a circular bioeconomy. However, VFA solutions obtained via acidification of organic wastes are usually too diluted for direct use in standard batch or fed-batch processes. To overcome these constraints, this study introduces a cell recycle fed-batch system using Bacillus megaterium uyuni S29 for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) production from acetic acid. The concentrations of dry cell weight (DCW), P3HB, acetate, as well as nitrogen as the limiting substrate component, were monitored during the process. The produced polymer was characterized in terms of molecular weight and thermal properties after extraction with hypochlorite. The results show that an indirect pH-stat feeding regime successfully kept the strain fed without prompting inhibition, resulting in a dry cell weight concentration of up to 19.05 g/L containing 70.21% PHA. After appropriate adaptations the presented process could contribute to an efficient and sustainable production of biopolymers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production, Volume 3)

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25 pages, 1635 KiB

Open AccessReview

Present Application and Perspectives of Organoid Imaging Technology

by Keyi Fei, Jinze Zhang, Jin Yuan and Peng Xiao

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030121 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5762

Abstract

An organoid is a miniaturized and simplified in vitro model with a similar structure and function to a real organ. In recent years, the use of organoids has increased explosively in the field of growth and development, disease simulation, drug screening, cell therapy, [...] Read more.

An organoid is a miniaturized and simplified in vitro model with a similar structure and function to a real organ. In recent years, the use of organoids has increased explosively in the field of growth and development, disease simulation, drug screening, cell therapy, etc. In order to obtain necessary information, such as morphological structure, cell function and dynamic signals, it is necessary and important to directly monitor the culture process of organoids. Among different detection technologies, imaging technology is a simple and convenient choice and can realize direct observation and quantitative research. In this review, the principle, advantages and disadvantages of imaging technologies that have been applied in organoids research are introduced. We also offer an overview of prospective technologies for organoid imaging. This review aims to help biologists find appropriate imaging techniques for different areas of organoid research, and also contribute to the development of organoid imaging systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Organoid Research and Developmental Engineering)

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11 pages, 1324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Lower Limb Asymmetries in Parkinson’s Disease during Gait Assessed through Kinematic-Derived Parameters

by Federico Arippa, Bruno Leban, Marco Monticone, Giovanni Cossu, Carlo Casula and Massimiliano Pau

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030120 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2707

Abstract

Unilaterality of motor symptoms is a distinctive feature of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and represents an important co-factor involved in motor deficits and limitations of functional abilities including postural instability and asymmetrical gait. In recent times, an increasing number of studies focused on the [...] Read more.

Unilaterality of motor symptoms is a distinctive feature of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and represents an important co-factor involved in motor deficits and limitations of functional abilities including postural instability and asymmetrical gait. In recent times, an increasing number of studies focused on the characterization of such alterations, which have been associated with increased metabolic cost and risk of falls and may severely compromise their quality of life. Although a large number of studies investigated the gait alterations in people with PD (pwPD), few focused on kinematic parameters and even less investigated interlimb asymmetry under a kinematic point of view. This retrospective study aimed to characterize such aspects in a cohort of 61 pwPD (aged 68.9 ± 9.3 years) and 47 unaffected individuals age- and sex-matched (66.0 ± 8.3 years), by means of computerized 3D gait analysis performed using an optical motion-capture system. The angular trends at hip, knee and ankle joints of pwPD during the gait cycle were extracted and compared with those of unaffected individuals on a point-by-point basis. Interlimb asymmetry was assessed using angle–angle diagrams (cyclograms); in particular, we analyzed area, orientation, trend symmetry and range offset. The results showed that pwPD are characterized by a modified gait pattern particularly at the terminal stance/early swing phase of the gait cycle. Significant alterations of interlimb coordination were detected at the ankle joint (cyclogram orientation and trend symmetry) and at the hip joint (range offset). Such findings might be useful in clinical routine to characterize asymmetry during gait and thus support physicians in the early diagnosis and in the evaluation of the disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Convergence of Science and Engineering: A Promising Window toward Improving the Public Health)

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7 pages, 3202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Serum Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 in Patients with Essential Hypertension

by Krasimir Kostov and Alexander Blazhev

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030119 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1846

Abstract

Hypertension (HTN) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are thought to be actively involved in the remodeling of the CV extracellular matrix (ECM) during hypertensive damage. Therefore, in this study, we aimed [...] Read more.

Hypertension (HTN) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are thought to be actively involved in the remodeling of the CV extracellular matrix (ECM) during hypertensive damage. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate serum levels of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in patients with essential HTN and compare them with those of normotensive individuals. We measured serum concentrations of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in 60 patients with HTN and 20 healthy controls using an ELISA. The obtained results showed that in patients with HTN, the mean levels of MMP-1 (1.82 ± 0.9 ng/mL) were significantly higher (p = 0.03) than the mean levels in the control group (1.19 ± 0.7 ng/mL). The levels of TIMP-1 in patients with essential HTN (0.44 ± 0.1 ng/mL) were also significantly higher (p = 0.005) than those in the control group (0.33 ± 0.1 ng/mL). In HTN, elevated serum MMP-1 levels may be associated with increased collagen degradation in the CV ECM, whereas elevated TIMP-1 levels may favor its accumulation and the development of pathological remodeling and fibrosis of the heart and arterial vessels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Matrix Metalloproteinases in Tissue Remodeling in Normal and Pathological Conditions)

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15 pages, 1861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Benchmark Dataset for Evaluating Practical Performance of Model Quality Assessment of Homology Models

by Yuma Takei and Takashi Ishida

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030118 - 15 Mar 2022

Viewed by 2272

Abstract

Protein structure prediction is an important issue in structural bioinformatics. In this process, model quality assessment (MQA), which estimates the accuracy of the predicted structure, is also practically important. Currently, the most commonly used dataset to evaluate the performance of MQA is the [...] Read more.

Protein structure prediction is an important issue in structural bioinformatics. In this process, model quality assessment (MQA), which estimates the accuracy of the predicted structure, is also practically important. Currently, the most commonly used dataset to evaluate the performance of MQA is the critical assessment of the protein structure prediction (CASP) dataset. However, the CASP dataset does not contain enough targets with high-quality models, and thus cannot sufficiently evaluate the MQA performance in practical use. Additionally, most application studies employ homology modeling because of its reliability. However, the CASP dataset includes models generated by de novo methods, which may lead to the mis-estimation of MQA performance. In this study, we created new benchmark datasets, named a homology models dataset for model quality assessment (HMDM), that contain targets with high-quality models derived using homology modeling. We then benchmarked the performance of the MQA methods using the new datasets and compared their performance to that of the classical selection based on the sequence identity of the template proteins. The results showed that model selection by the latest MQA methods using deep learning is better than selection by template sequence identity and classical statistical potentials. Using HMDM, it is possible to verify the MQA performance for high-accuracy homology models. Full article

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12 pages, 1469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meniscus Matrix Structural and Biomechanical Evaluation: Age-Dependent Properties in a Swine Model

by Lucia Aidos, Silvia Clotilde Modina, Valentina Rafaela Herrera Millar, Giuseppe Maria Peretti, Laura Mangiavini, Marco Ferroni, Federica Boschetti and Alessia Di Giancamillo

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030117 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2003

Abstract

The analysis of the morphological, structural, biochemical, and mechanical changes of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM), which occur during meniscus development, represents the goal of the present study. Medial fully developed menisci (FD, 9-month-old pigs), partially developed menisci (PD, 1-month-old piglets), and not developed [...] Read more.

The analysis of the morphological, structural, biochemical, and mechanical changes of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM), which occur during meniscus development, represents the goal of the present study. Medial fully developed menisci (FD, 9-month-old pigs), partially developed menisci (PD, 1-month-old piglets), and not developed menisci (ND, from stillbirths) were collected. Cellularity and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) deposition were evaluated by ELISA, while Collagen 1 and aggrecan were investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses in order to be compared to the biomechanical properties of traction and compression tensile forces, respectively. Cellularity decreased from ND to FD and GAGs showed the opposite trend (p < 0.01 both). Collagen 1 decreased from ND to FD, as well as the ability to resist to tensile traction forces (p < 0.01), while aggrecan showed the opposite trend, in accordance with the biomechanics: compression test showed that FD meniscus greatly resists to deformation (p < 0.01). This study demonstrated that in swine meniscus, clear morphological and biomechanical changes follow the meniscal maturation and specialization during growth, starting with an immature pattern (ND) to the mature organized meniscus of the FD, and they could be useful to understand the behavior of this structure in the light of its tissue bioengineering. Full article

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12 pages, 2922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cascaded Deep Learning Frameworks in Contribution to the Detection of Parkinson’s Disease

by Nalini Chintalapudi, Gopi Battineni, Mohmmad Amran Hossain and Francesco Amenta

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030116 - 12 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2374

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor impairment, as well as tremors, stiffness, and rigidity. Besides the typical motor symptomatology, some Parkinsonians experience non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, constipation, urinary dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, memory loss, depression, pain, and sleep [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor impairment, as well as tremors, stiffness, and rigidity. Besides the typical motor symptomatology, some Parkinsonians experience non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, constipation, urinary dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, memory loss, depression, pain, and sleep disturbances. The correct diagnosis of PD cannot be easy since there is no standard objective approach to it. After the incorporation of machine learning (ML) algorithms in medical diagnoses, the accuracy of disease predictions has improved. In this work, we have used three deep-learning-type cascaded neural network models based on the audial voice features of PD patients, called Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Multilayer Perception (MLP), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), to estimate the accuracy of PD diagnosis. A performance comparison between the three models was performed on a sample of the subjects’ voice biomarkers. Experimental outcomes suggested that the LSTM model outperforms others with 99% accuracy. This study has also presented loss function curves on the relevance of good-fitting models to the detection of neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Full article

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15 pages, 26032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Enzymatic Saccharification and Ethanol Production from Rice Straw Using Recycled Ionic Liquid: The Effect of Anti-Solvent Mixture

by Santi Chuetor, Elizabeth Jayex Panakkal, Thanagorn Ruensodsai, Kraipat Cheenkachorn, Suchata Kirdponpattara, Yu-Shen Cheng and Malinee Sriariyanun

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030115 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2718

Abstract

One of the major concerns for utilizing ionic liquid on an industrial scale is the cost involved in the production. Despite its proven pretreatment efficiency, expenses involved in its usage hinder its utilization. A better way to tackle this limitation could be overcome [...] Read more.

One of the major concerns for utilizing ionic liquid on an industrial scale is the cost involved in the production. Despite its proven pretreatment efficiency, expenses involved in its usage hinder its utilization. A better way to tackle this limitation could be overcome by studying the recyclability of ionic liquid. The current study has applied the Box–Behnken design (BBD) to optimize the pretreatment condition of rice straw through the usage of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM-Ac) as an ionic liquid. The model predicted the operation condition with 5% solid loading at 128.4 °C for 71.83 min as an optimum pretreatment condition. Under the optimized pretreatment condition, the necessity of the best anti-solvent was evaluated among water, acetone methanol, and their combinations. The study revealed that pure methanol is the suitable choice of anti-solvent, enhancing the highest sugar yield. Recyclability of EMIM-Ac coupled with anti-solvent was conducted up to five recycles following the predicted pretreatment condition. Fermentation studies evaluated the efficacy of recycled EMIM-Ac for ethanol production with 89% more ethanol production than the untreated rice straw even after five recycles. This study demonstrates the potential of recycled ionic liquid in ethanol production, thereby reducing the production cost at the industrial level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Formulations in Agri-Food-Pharma: Source and Applications, Volume II)

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13 pages, 1562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of Psychophysiological Measures for Caffeine Oral Films Characterization by Machine Learning Approaches

by Patrícia Batista, Pedro Miguel Rodrigues, Miguel Ferreira, Ana Moreno, Gabriel Silva, Marco Alves, Manuela Pintado and Patrícia Oliveira-Silva

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030114 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2528

Abstract

(1) Background: The oral films are a new delivery system that can carry several molecules, such as neuromodulator molecules, including caffeine. These delivery systems have been developed and characterized by pharmacokinetics assays. However, new methodologies, such as psychophysiological measures, can complement their characterization. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The oral films are a new delivery system that can carry several molecules, such as neuromodulator molecules, including caffeine. These delivery systems have been developed and characterized by pharmacokinetics assays. However, new methodologies, such as psychophysiological measures, can complement their characterization. This study presents a new protocol with psychophysiological parameters to characterize the oral film delivery systems based on a caffeine model. (2) Methods: Thirteen volunteers (61.5% females and 38.5% males) consumed caffeine oral films and placebo oral films (in different moments and without knowing the product). Electrocardiogram (ECG), electrodermal (EDA), and respiratory frequency (RF) data were monitored for 45 min. For the data analysis, the MATLAB environment was used to develop the analysis program. The ECG, EDA, and RF signals were digitally filtered and processed, using a windowing process, for feature extraction and an energy mean value for 5 min segments. Then, the data were computed and presented to the entries of a set of Machine Learning algorithms. Finally, a data statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS. (3) Results: Compared with placebo, caffeine oral films led to a significant increase in power energy in the signal spectrum of heart rate, skin conductance, and respiratory activity. In addition, the ECG time-series power energy activity revealed a better capacity to detect caffeine activity over time than the other physiological modalities. There was no significant change for the female or male gender. (4) Conclusions: The protocol developed, and the psychophysiological methodology used to characterize the delivery system profile were efficient to characterize the drug delivery profile of the caffeine. This is a non-invasive, cheap, and easy method to apply, can be used to determine the neuromodulator drugs delivery profile, and can be implemented in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Signal and Image Processing in Biomedical Applications using Machine Learning)

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9 pages, 1009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosafety Analysis of Metabolites of Streptomyces tauricus Strain 19/97 M, Promising for the Production of Biological Products

by Irina I. Gaidasheva, Tatiana L. Shashkova, Irina A. Orlovskaya and Tatyana I. Gromovykh

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030113 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1897

Abstract

A biosafety study was carried out concerning the metabolites of Streptomyces tauricus strain 19/97 M. This strain is a promising producer of biological preparations and shows antagonistic properties against Fusarium fungi, which cause Fusarium wilt disease. The strain has a pronounced biological activity [...] Read more.

A biosafety study was carried out concerning the metabolites of Streptomyces tauricus strain 19/97 M. This strain is a promising producer of biological preparations and shows antagonistic properties against Fusarium fungi, which cause Fusarium wilt disease. The strain has a pronounced biological activity against conifers, cereals and legumes. The treatment of planting material reduces infections, increases germination and furthers plant productivity. Using metabolites, we understood the culture liquid separated by filtration after the cultivation of the strain. Animals of different taxonomic affiliations were used as test objects: (CBA × C57BI/6) F1 hybrid mice (Mus musculus) (warm-blooded organisms), Daphnia magna Straus (planktonic crustaceans) and the unicellular alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. In the study, we were guided by the test standards for acute oral toxicity and irritation to the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and inhalation toxicity. The research results showed that the metabolites of the strain are not acutely toxic to organisms of different taxonomic levels. The metabolites of the strain do not have an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Based on the studies carried out, metabolites can be used for creating a fungicidal biological preparation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemical Engineering)

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17 pages, 3202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Component of Peptide-Based DNA Delivery System for Suicide Gene Therapy of Uterine Leiomyoma

by Sofia Shtykalova, Anna Egorova, Marianna Maretina, Vladislav Baranov and Anton Kiselev

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030112 - 08 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2194

Abstract

Suicidegene therapy is considered a promising approach for the treatment of uterine leiomyoma (UL), a benign tumor in women characterized by precise localization. In this study, we investigate the efficiency of αvβ3 integrin-targeted arginine-rich peptide carrier R6p-cRGD electrostatically bound to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) [...] Read more.

Suicidegene therapy is considered a promising approach for the treatment of uterine leiomyoma (UL), a benign tumor in women characterized by precise localization. In this study, we investigate the efficiency of αvβ3 integrin-targeted arginine-rich peptide carrier R6p-cRGD electrostatically bound to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for targeted DNA delivery into the UL cells. The physico–chemical and cytotoxic properties, transfection efficiency, and specificity of R6p-cRGD/DNA/MNPs polyplexes were evaluated. The addition of MNPs resulted in a decrease in the time needed for successful transfection with simultaneous increase in efficiency. We revealed a therapeutic effect on primary UL cells after delivery of plasmid encoding the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase gene. Treatment with ganciclovir resulted in 20% efficiency of suicide gene therapy in UL cells transfected with the pPTK-1 plasmid. Based on these results, we conclude that the use of cationic peptide carriers with MNPs can be promising for the development of modular non-viral carriers for suicide gene delivery to UL cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Expansions and Trends in Gene Diagnostics and Gene Therapy)

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11 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evolution of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy as an Advanced Therapeutic Medicinal Product (ATMP)—An Indian Perspective

by Sathish Muthu, Madhan Jeyaraman, Moinuddin Basha Kotner, Naveen Jeyaraman, Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran, Shilpa Sharma, Manish Khanna, Sree Naga Sowndary Rajendran, Ji Min Oh, Prakash Gangadaran and Byeong-Cheol Ahn

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030111 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3216

Abstract

Stem cells can be defined as the cells that have the capacity to both self-renew and give rise to differentiated cells. Under the right conditions and signals, depending on their origin and bio-plasticity, stem cells can differentiate into multiple cell lineages and develop [...] Read more.

Stem cells can be defined as the cells that have the capacity to both self-renew and give rise to differentiated cells. Under the right conditions and signals, depending on their origin and bio-plasticity, stem cells can differentiate into multiple cell lineages and develop into various mature cells. Stem cell therapy is a fast-developing branch of medicine that includes the most innovative regenerative therapies for the restoration of cell and tissue function in individuals with severe diseases. Stem cell research has resulted in the emergence of cell-based therapies for disorders that are resistant to conventional drugs and therapies, and they are considered under the category of an Advanced Therapeutic Medicinal Product (ATMP). The FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) devised a new strategy in 2017 with the aim of unifying the standards for development of ATMPs such that it is easy to exchange information at the international level. In this review, we discuss the evolution of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy as an ATMP in the global and Indian scenarios, along with the guidelines governing their usage and clinical application of these therapeutics. Full article

17 pages, 2010 KiB

Open AccessReview

Design by Nature: Emerging Applications of Native Liver Extracellular Matrix for Cholangiocyte Organoid-Based Regenerative Medicine

by Jorke Willemse, Luc J. W. van der Laan, Jeroen de Jonge and Monique M. A. Verstegen

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030110 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4186

Abstract

Organoid technology holds great promise for regenerative medicine. Recent studies show feasibility for bile duct tissue repair in humans by successfully transplanting cholangiocyte organoids in liver grafts during perfusion. Large-scale expansion of cholangiocytes is essential for extending these regenerative medicine applications. Human cholangiocyte [...] Read more.

Organoid technology holds great promise for regenerative medicine. Recent studies show feasibility for bile duct tissue repair in humans by successfully transplanting cholangiocyte organoids in liver grafts during perfusion. Large-scale expansion of cholangiocytes is essential for extending these regenerative medicine applications. Human cholangiocyte organoids have a high and stable proliferation capacity, making them an attractive source of cholangiocytes. Commercially available basement membrane extract (BME) is used to expand the organoids. BME allows the cells to self-organize into 3D structures and stimulates cell proliferation. However, the use of BME is limiting the clinical applications of the organoids. There is a need for alternative tissue-specific and clinically relevant culture substrates capable of supporting organoid proliferation. Hydrogels prepared from decellularized and solubilized native livers are an attractive alternative for BME. These hydrogels can be used for the culture and expansion of cholangiocyte organoids in a clinically relevant manner. Moreover, the liver-derived hydrogels retain tissue-specific aspects of the extracellular microenvironment. They are composed of a complex mixture of bioactive and biodegradable extracellular matrix (ECM) components and can support the growth of various hepatobiliary cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical potential of native liver ECM-based hydrogels for applications with human cholangiocyte organoids. We discuss the current limitations of BME for the clinical applications of organoids and how native ECM hydrogels can potentially overcome these problems in an effort to unlock the full regenerative clinical potential of the organoids. Full article

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17 pages, 2882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Bioprinting of Novel κ-Carrageenan Bioinks: An Algae-Derived Polysaccharide

by Diana M. C. Marques, João C. Silva, Ana Paula Serro, Joaquim M. S. Cabral, Paola Sanjuan-Alberte and Frederico C. Ferreira

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030109 - 06 Mar 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4717

Abstract

Novel green materials not sourced from animals and with low environmental impact are becoming increasingly appealing for biomedical and cellular agriculture applications. Marine biomaterials are a rich source of structurally diverse compounds with various biological activities. Kappa-carrageenan (κ-c) is a potential candidate for [...] Read more.

Novel green materials not sourced from animals and with low environmental impact are becoming increasingly appealing for biomedical and cellular agriculture applications. Marine biomaterials are a rich source of structurally diverse compounds with various biological activities. Kappa-carrageenan (κ-c) is a potential candidate for tissue engineering applications due to its gelation properties, mechanical strength, and similar structural composition of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), possessing several advantages when compared to other algae-based materials typically used in bioprinting such as alginate. For those reasons, this material was selected as the main polysaccharide component of the bioinks developed herein. In this work, pristine κ-carrageenan bioinks were successfully formulated for the first time and used to fabricate 3D scaffolds by bioprinting. Ink formulation and printing parameters were optimized, allowing for the manufacturing of complex 3D structures. Mechanical compression tests and dry weight determination revealed young’s modulus between 24.26 and 99.90 kPa and water contents above 97%. Biocompatibility assays, using a mouse fibroblast cell line, showed high cell viability and attachment. The bioprinted cells were spread throughout the scaffolds with cells exhibiting a typical fibroblast-like morphology similar to controls. The 3D bio-/printed structures remained stable under cell culture conditions for up to 11 days, preserving high cell viability values. Overall, we established a strategy to manufacture 3D bio-/printed scaffolds through the formulation of novel bioinks with potential applications in tissue engineering and cellular agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioprinting of Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds: Design Strategies & Printability of Smart Biomaterials)

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11 pages, 2879 KiB

Open AccessReview

Spinal Implant Osseointegration and the Role of 3D Printing: An Analysis and Review of the Literature

by Cameron Kia, Christopher L. Antonacci, Ian Wellington, Heeren S. Makanji and Sean M. Esmende

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030108 - 06 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5201

Abstract

The use of interbody implants for spinal fusion has been steadily increasing to avoid the risks of complications and donor site morbidity when using autologous bone. Understanding the pros and cons of various implant designs can assist the surgeon in choosing the ideal [...] Read more.

The use of interbody implants for spinal fusion has been steadily increasing to avoid the risks of complications and donor site morbidity when using autologous bone. Understanding the pros and cons of various implant designs can assist the surgeon in choosing the ideal interbody for each individual patient. The goal of these interbody cages is to promote a surface area for bony ingrowth while having the biomechanical properties to support the axial skeleton. Currently, the majority of interbody implants consists of metal or polyether ether ketone (PEEK) cages with bone graft incorporated inside. Titanium alloy implants have been commonly used, however, the large difference in modulus of elasticity from bone has inherent issues. PEEK implants have a desirable surface area with the benefit of a modulus of elasticity closer to that of bone. Unfortunately, clinically, these devices have had increased risk of subsidence. More recently, 3D printed implants have come into the market, providing mechanical stability with increased surface design for bony ingrowth. While clinical outcomes studies are limited, early results have demonstrated more reliable and quicker fusion rates using 3D custom interbody devices. In this review, we discuss the biology of osseointegration, the use of surface coated implants, as well as the potential benefits of using 3D printed interbodies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineered Systems: Implants and Devices for Orthopaedic Applications)

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20 pages, 2321 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biodegradable Magnesium Biomaterials—Road to the Clinic

by Shukufe Amukarimi and Masoud Mozafari

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030107 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4609

Abstract

In recent decades, we have witnessed radical changes in the use of permanent biomaterials. The intrinsic ability of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys to degrade without releasing toxic degradation products has led to a vast range of applications in the biomedical field, including [...] Read more.

In recent decades, we have witnessed radical changes in the use of permanent biomaterials. The intrinsic ability of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys to degrade without releasing toxic degradation products has led to a vast range of applications in the biomedical field, including cardiovascular stents, musculoskeletal, and orthopedic applications. With the use of biodegradable Mg biomaterials, patients would not suffer second surgery and surgical pain anymore. Be that as it may, the main drawbacks of these biomaterials are the high corrosion rate and unexpected degradation in physiological environments. Since biodegradable Mg-based implants are expected to show controllable degradation and match the requirements of specific applications, various techniques, such as designing a magnesium alloy and modifying the surface characteristics, are employed to tailor the degradation rate. In this paper, some fundamentals and particular aspects of magnesium degradation in physiological environments are summarized, and approaches to control the degradation behavior of Mg-based biomaterials are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Scaffolds for Musculoskeletal Regeneration)

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6 pages, 1057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness and Safety of Treatment with Neodymium:YAG Laser 1064 nm in Patients with Classic and Epidemic Kaposi Sarcoma

by Martina Silvestri, Alessandra Latini, Ilaria Lesnoni La Parola, Claudia Messina, Steven Paul Nisticò and Norma Cameli

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030106 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2560

Abstract

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8), which can affect the skin, mucous membranes and viscera. There is currently no standard treatment for KS; this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser 1064 nm treatment in [...] Read more.

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8), which can affect the skin, mucous membranes and viscera. There is currently no standard treatment for KS; this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser 1064 nm treatment in patients with classic and HIV-associated KS. 15 patients with classic KS (group A) and 15 with epidemic KS (group B), with exclusively cutaneous localization, were treated with Nd:YAG laser 1064 nm. Four treatment sessions were performed at 4 weeks intervals. 24/30 (80%) of treated patients underwent clinical improvement. Better results have been obtained in HIV-positive patients, especially in terms of reduced lesion size and the flattening of elevated lesions. The 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser is effective and safe in the treatment of classic and epidemic KS, especially in patients with symptomatic, slow-progressing local disease, where other treatment options may be inappropriate. Full article

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27 pages, 2151 KiB

Open AccessReview

Extracellular Vesicles in Type 1 Diabetes: A Versatile Tool

by Caitlin N. Suire and Mangesh D. Hade

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030105 - 04 Mar 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4214

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting nearly 35 million people. This disease develops as T-cells continually attack the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which leads to β-cell death, and steadily decreasing secretion of insulin. Lowered levels [...] Read more.

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting nearly 35 million people. This disease develops as T-cells continually attack the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which leads to β-cell death, and steadily decreasing secretion of insulin. Lowered levels of insulin minimize the uptake of glucose into cells, thus putting the body in a hyperglycemic state. Despite significant progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease, there is a need for novel developments in the diagnostics and management of type 1 diabetes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound nanoparticles that contain diverse content from their cell of origin and can be used as a biomarker for both the onset of diabetes and transplantation rejection. Furthermore, vesicles can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and delivered in conjunction with a transplant to increase cell survival and long-term outcomes. Crucially, several studies have linked EVs and their cargos to the progression of type 1 diabetes. As a result, gaining a better understanding of EVs would help researchers better comprehend the utility of EVs in regulating and understanding type 1 diabetes. EVs are a composition of biologically active components such as nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids that can be transported to particular cells/tissues through the blood system. Through their varied content, EVs can serve as a flexible aid in the diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes. In this review, we provide an overview of existing knowledge about EVs. We also cover the role of EVs in the pathogenesis, detection, and treatment of type 1 diabetes and the function of EVs in pancreas and islet β-cell transplantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Vesicles: Applications in Regenerative Medicine)

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8 pages, 3084 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

The Combined Use of 5-ALA and Chlorin e6 Photosensitizers for Fluorescence-Guided Resection and Photodynamic Therapy under Neurophysiological Control for Recurrent Glioblastoma in the Functional Motor Area after Ineffective Use of 5-ALA: Preliminary Results

by Elizaveta I. Kozlikina, Igor S. Trifonov, Mikhail V. Sinkin, Vladimir V. Krylov and Victor B. Loschenov

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030104 - 03 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2595

Abstract

The treatment of glial brain tumors is an unresolved problem in neurooncology, and all existing methods (tumor resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, radiosurgery, fluorescence diagnostics, photodynamic therapy, etc.) are directed toward increasing progression-free survival for patients. Fluorescence diagnostics and photodynamic therapy are promising methods for [...] Read more.

The treatment of glial brain tumors is an unresolved problem in neurooncology, and all existing methods (tumor resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, radiosurgery, fluorescence diagnostics, photodynamic therapy, etc.) are directed toward increasing progression-free survival for patients. Fluorescence diagnostics and photodynamic therapy are promising methods for achieving gross total resection and additional treatment of residual parts of the tumor. However, sometimes the use of one photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy does not help, and the time until tumor relapse barely increases. This translational case report describes the preliminary results of the first combined use of 5-ALA and chlorin e6 photosensitizers for fluorescence-guided resection and photodynamic therapy of glioblastoma, which allowed us to perform total resection of tumor tissue according to magnetic resonance and computed tomography images, remove additional tissue with increased fluorescence intensity without neurophysiological consequences, and perform additional therapy. Two months after surgery, no recurrent tumor and no contrast uptake in the tumor bed were detected. Additionally, the patient had ischemic changes in the access zone and along the periphery and cystic-glial changes in the left parietal lobe. Full article

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9 pages, 3233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Qualitative Evaluation of Root-End Preparation Performed by Piezoelectric Instruments

by Calogero Bugea, Federico Berton, Antonio Rapani, Roberto Di Lenarda, Giuseppe Perinetti, Eugenio Pedullà, Antonio Scarano and Claudio Stacchi

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030103 - 02 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2436

Abstract

Although the application of ultrasounds in endodontic surgery allows for effective debridement of the root canal, incorrect device setting or inefficient tips seem to generate cracks during root-end retropreparation. The primary aim of this in vitro study was to establish the presence, or [...] Read more.

Although the application of ultrasounds in endodontic surgery allows for effective debridement of the root canal, incorrect device setting or inefficient tips seem to generate cracks during root-end retropreparation. The primary aim of this in vitro study was to establish the presence, or absence, of a correlation between ultrasonic root-end preparation and the formation of cracks. The present study was conducted on human teeth, extracted for periodontal reasons. After root canal treatment, roots were resected 3 mm from the anatomical apex by using a high-speed handpiece and carbide burs. The resected teeth were retroprepared by using an ultrasonic tip (R1D, Piezomed, W&H, Bürmoos, Austria), setting the piezoelectric device at maximum power available for the tip. Time required for the retropreparation was recorded. Before and after retropreparation, all roots were photographed under a stereomicroscope and analyzed by two different operators to evaluate: (a) the presence and extension of dentinal cracks and (b) the morphology of root-end preparation. Finally, piezoelectric tips were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate morphologic changes after use. A total of 43 single roots (33 with one root canal, 10 with two root canals) were treated. Average preparation time was 1 minute and 54 seconds. None of the roots without initial cracks developed new cracks after retropreparation. Quality of the preparation margins was fairly equal among the prepared specimens. None of the piezoelectric tips broke during instrumentation, and SEM analysis showed minimal surface wear of the tips after performing 11 retropreparations. Within the limits of the present study, the tested piezoelectric system does not seem to represent a major cause for root crack formation. Pre-existing cracks may expand after ultrasound root-end preparation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomaterials and Dental Disease)

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11 pages, 1642 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Assessment of the Mandibular Condylar Volume in Different Skeletal Patterns: A Retrospective Study in Adult Patients

by Chiara Ceratti, Cinzia Maspero, Dario Consonni, Alberto Caprioglio, Stephen Thaddeus Connelly, Francesco Inchingolo and Gianluca Martino Tartaglia

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030102 - 02 Mar 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3425

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the condylar volume in adult patients with different skeletal classes and vertical patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT scans of 146 condyles from 73 patients (mean age 30 ± 12 years old; 49 female, [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to assess the condylar volume in adult patients with different skeletal classes and vertical patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT scans of 146 condyles from 73 patients (mean age 30 ± 12 years old; 49 female, 24 male) were selected from the archive of the Department of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery of Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Milan, Italy, and retrospectively analyzed. The following inclusion criteria were used: adult patients; CBCT performed with the same protocol (0.4 mm slice thickness, 16 × 22 cm field of view, 20 s scan time); no systemic diseases; and no previous orthodontic treatments. Three-dimensional cephalometric tracings were performed for each patient, the mandibular condyles were segmented and the relevant volumes calculated using Mimics Materialize 20.0^® software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). Right and left variables were analyzed together using random-intercept linear regression models. No significant association between condylar volumes and skeletal class was found. On the other hand, in relation to vertical patterns, the mean values of the mandibular condyle volumes in hyperdivergent subjects (688 mm³) with a post-rotation growth pattern (625 mm³) were smaller than in hypodivergent patients (812 mm³) with a horizontal growth pattern (900 mm³). Patients with an increased divergence angle had smaller condylar volumes than subjects with normal or decreased mandibular plane divergence. This relationship may help the clinician when planning orthodontic treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Drug Delivery and Oral Health: The Impact of Technology and Digital Advances as a New Frontier)

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22 pages, 2861 KiB

Open AccessReview

Smartphone-Based Biosensor Devices for Healthcare: Technologies, Trends, and Adoption by End-Users

by Rossana E. Madrid, Fernando Ashur Ramallo, Daniela E. Barraza and Roberto E. Chaile

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030101 - 01 Mar 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4082

Abstract

Smart biosensors are becoming an important support for modern healthcare, even more so in the current context. Numerous smartphone-based biosensor developments were published in recent years, some highly effective and sensitive. However, when patents and patent applications related to smart biosensors for healthcare [...] Read more.

Smart biosensors are becoming an important support for modern healthcare, even more so in the current context. Numerous smartphone-based biosensor developments were published in recent years, some highly effective and sensitive. However, when patents and patent applications related to smart biosensors for healthcare applications are analyzed, it is surprising to note that, after significant growth in the first half of the decade, the number of applications filed has decreased considerably in recent years. There can be many causes of this effect. In this review, we present the state of the art of different types of smartphone-based biosensors, considering their stages of development. In the second part, a critical analysis of the possible reasons why many technologies do not reach the market is presented. Both technical and end-user adoption limitations were addressed. It was observed that smart biosensors on the commercial stage are still scarce despite the great evolution that these technologies have experienced, which shows the need to strengthen the stages of transfer, application, and adoption of technologies by end-users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in Biomedical Applications)

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15 pages, 3237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Processability and Antioxidant Behavior of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Presence of Ferulic Acid-Based Additives

by Lionel F. Longé, Laurent Michely, Antoine Gallos, Agustin Rios De Anda, Henri Vahabi, Estelle Renard, Michel Latroche, Florent Allais and Valérie Langlois

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030100 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2683

Abstract

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, has gathered a lot of attention for its promising properties—in particular its biobased nature and high biodegradability. Although PHB is prime candidate for the packaging industry, the applications are still limited by a narrow processing window and thermal degradation during melt [...] Read more.

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, has gathered a lot of attention for its promising properties—in particular its biobased nature and high biodegradability. Although PHB is prime candidate for the packaging industry, the applications are still limited by a narrow processing window and thermal degradation during melt processing. In this work, three novel additives based on ferulic acid esterified with butanediol, pentanediol, and glycerol (BDF, PDF, and GTF, respectively) were used as plasticizers and antioxidative additives to improve mechanical properties of PHB. Elongation at break up to 270% was obtained in presence of BDF and the processing window was improved nearly 10-fold. The Pawley method was used to identify the monoclinic space group P2 of the BDF. The estimated crystallite size (71 nm) agrees with a crystalline additive. With PHB₇₀BDF₃₀ blends, even higher elongations at break were obtained though dwindled with time. However, these properties could be recovered after thermal treatment. The high thermal stability of this additive leads to an increase in the fire retardancy property of the material, and the phenolic structure induced antioxidant properties to the samples as demonstrated by radical scavenging tests, further highlighting the possibilities of the PHB/additive blends for packaging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production, Volume 3)

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25 pages, 2299 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exosomes in the Pathogenesis, Progression, and Treatment of Osteoarthritis

by Yishu Fan, Zhong Li and Yuchen He

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030099 - 27 Feb 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6421

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and debilitating age-related joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, synovial membrane inflammation, osteophyte formation, as well as subchondral bone sclerosis. OA drugs at present are mainly palliative and do not halt or reverse disease progression. Currently, no [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and debilitating age-related joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, synovial membrane inflammation, osteophyte formation, as well as subchondral bone sclerosis. OA drugs at present are mainly palliative and do not halt or reverse disease progression. Currently, no disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) are available and total joint arthroplasty remains a last resort. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of efficacious treatments for OA management. Among all novel pharmaco-therapeutical options, exosome-based therapeutic strategies are highly promising. Exosome cargoes, which include proteins, lipids, cytokines, and various RNA subtypes, are potentially capable of regulating intercellular communications and gene expression in target cells and tissues involved in OA development. With extensive research in recent years, exosomes in OA studies are no longer limited to classic, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived vesicles. New origins, structures, and functions of exosomes are constantly being discovered and investigated. This review systematically summarizes the non-classic origins, biosynthesis, and extraction of exosomes, describes modification and delivery techniques, explores their role in OA pathogenesis and progression, and discusses their therapeutic potential and hurdles to overcome in OA treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stem/Progenitor Cells for Musculoskeletal Disease Modeling and Tissue Repair)

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27 pages, 7642 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Biological Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Wastes

by Ya-Hue Valerie Soong, Margaret J. Sobkowicz and Dongming Xie

Bioengineering 2022, 9(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030098 - 27 Feb 2022

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 13884

Abstract

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most commonly used polyester plastics worldwide but is extremely difficult to be hydrolyzed in a natural environment. PET plastic is an inexpensive, lightweight, and durable material, which can readily be molded into an assortment of products [...] Read more.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most commonly used polyester plastics worldwide but is extremely difficult to be hydrolyzed in a natural environment. PET plastic is an inexpensive, lightweight, and durable material, which can readily be molded into an assortment of products that are used in a broad range of applications. Most PET is used for single-use packaging materials, such as disposable consumer items and packaging. Although PET plastics are a valuable resource in many aspects, the proliferation of plastic products in the last several decades have resulted in a negative environmental footprint. The long-term risk of released PET waste in the environment poses a serious threat to ecosystems, food safety, and even human health in modern society. Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts. Current clean-up strategies have attempted to alleviate the adverse impacts of PET pollution but are unable to compete with the increasing quantities of PET waste exposed to the environment. In this review paper, current PET recycling methods to improve life cycle and waste management are discussed, which can be further implemented to reduce plastics pollution and its impacts on health and environment. Compared with conventional mechanical and chemical recycling processes, the biotechnological recycling of PET involves enzymatic degradation of the waste PET and the followed bioconversion of degraded PET monomers into value-added chemicals. This approach creates a circular PET economy by recycling waste PET or upcycling it into more valuable products with minimal environmental footprint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology Advances to Address Plastic Pollution)

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