Author Contributions
Conceptualization, B.Y. and C.L.; methodology, B.Y. and H.X.; software, H.X.; validation, H.X.; formal analysis, H.X. and B.Y.; investigation, C.L.; resources, H.G. and C.L.; data curation, H.X.; writing—original draft preparation, H.X.; writing—review and editing, H.X. and B.Y. and Y.W.; visualization, H.X.; supervision, B.Y. and Y.W. and H.G.; project administration, B.Y.; funding acquisition, H.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Blast furnace burden surface measured diagram: (a) coke burden surface shape; (b) ore burden surface shape.
Figure 1.
Blast furnace burden surface measured diagram: (a) coke burden surface shape; (b) ore burden surface shape.
Figure 2.
Phenomenon of the charge being blown up by the gas flow at the center of the furnace throat.
Figure 2.
Phenomenon of the charge being blown up by the gas flow at the center of the furnace throat.
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of the parallel-hopper bell-less top.
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of the parallel-hopper bell-less top.
Figure 4.
Process of particles from generation to falling to the burden surface: (a) burden generation model; (b) charging system.
Figure 4.
Process of particles from generation to falling to the burden surface: (a) burden generation model; (b) charging system.
Figure 5.
Coke burden surface and ore burden surface under base conditions: (a) coke simulated burden surface; (b) coke measured burden surface; (c) ore simulated burden surface; (d) ore measured burden surface.
Figure 5.
Coke burden surface and ore burden surface under base conditions: (a) coke simulated burden surface; (b) coke measured burden surface; (c) ore simulated burden surface; (d) ore measured burden surface.
Figure 6.
The sampling area diagram of data analysis.
Figure 6.
The sampling area diagram of data analysis.
Figure 7.
Shape of the burden surface of the ore-free zone at different burden line depths.
Figure 7.
Shape of the burden surface of the ore-free zone at different burden line depths.
Figure 8.
Distribution of burden in sampling area under different burden line depths.
Figure 8.
Distribution of burden in sampling area under different burden line depths.
Figure 9.
Schematic diagram of the delineated sampling area.
Figure 9.
Schematic diagram of the delineated sampling area.
Figure 10.
Effect of different burden line depths on the ore-to-coke ratio within the ore-free zone.
Figure 10.
Effect of different burden line depths on the ore-to-coke ratio within the ore-free zone.
Figure 11.
Shape of the ore-free zone with different ore batch weights.
Figure 11.
Shape of the ore-free zone with different ore batch weights.
Figure 12.
Burden distribution in the sampling area under different ore batch weights.
Figure 12.
Burden distribution in the sampling area under different ore batch weights.
Figure 13.
Shape of the ore-free zone with different coke and ore batch weights.
Figure 13.
Shape of the ore-free zone with different coke and ore batch weights.
Figure 14.
Burden distribution in the sampling area under different ore and coke batch weights.
Figure 14.
Burden distribution in the sampling area under different ore and coke batch weights.
Figure 15.
Effect of the charge batch weight on the ore–coke ratio within the ore-free zone: (a) change in ore batch weight only; (b) change in coke and ore batch weight at the same time.
Figure 15.
Effect of the charge batch weight on the ore–coke ratio within the ore-free zone: (a) change in ore batch weight only; (b) change in coke and ore batch weight at the same time.
Figure 16.
Effect of changing only the angle of the ore in the matrix on the shape of the ore-free zone.
Figure 16.
Effect of changing only the angle of the ore in the matrix on the shape of the ore-free zone.
Figure 17.
Distribution of charge within the sampling zone in different fabric matrices under the condition that only the angle of the ore in the matrix is changed.
Figure 17.
Distribution of charge within the sampling zone in different fabric matrices under the condition that only the angle of the ore in the matrix is changed.
Figure 18.
Effect of simultaneously changing the coke and ore angles in the matrix on the shape of the ore-free zone.
Figure 18.
Effect of simultaneously changing the coke and ore angles in the matrix on the shape of the ore-free zone.
Figure 19.
Distribution of charge in the sampling area under different burden matrices with simultaneous changes in coke and ore angles in the matrix.
Figure 19.
Distribution of charge in the sampling area under different burden matrices with simultaneous changes in coke and ore angles in the matrix.
Figure 20.
Segregation phenomenon under different cloth matrix by changing the angle of coke and ore in the matrix: (a) movement of the charge in the chute with different burden matrices; (b) contours of the edge of the ore-free zone with different burden matrices.
Figure 20.
Segregation phenomenon under different cloth matrix by changing the angle of coke and ore in the matrix: (a) movement of the charge in the chute with different burden matrices; (b) contours of the edge of the ore-free zone with different burden matrices.
Figure 21.
Effect of the distribution angle on the ore-to-coke ratio within the ore-free zone: (a) only changing the ore angle; (b) changing both the coke and ore angles.
Figure 21.
Effect of the distribution angle on the ore-to-coke ratio within the ore-free zone: (a) only changing the ore angle; (b) changing both the coke and ore angles.
Table 1.
The particle size proportion of sinter.
Table 1.
The particle size proportion of sinter.
Particle Size (mm) | Percentage (%) |
---|
>40 | 4 |
40~25 | 17 |
25~10 | 57 |
10~5 | 20 |
<5 | 2 |
Table 2.
The particle size proportion of pellets.
Table 2.
The particle size proportion of pellets.
Particle Size (mm) | Percentage (%) |
---|
>20 | 0.8 |
20~10 | 98.8 |
<10 | 0.4 |
Table 3.
The particle size proportion of coke.
Table 3.
The particle size proportion of coke.
Particle Size (mm) | Percentage (%) |
---|
>80 | 2 |
80~60 | 24.2 |
60~40 | 42 |
40~25 | 27.8 |
<25 | 4 |
Table 4.
Material properties of blast furnace materials.
Table 4.
Material properties of blast furnace materials.
Parameters | Symbols | Coke | Ore | Steel | Unit |
---|
Poisson’s ratio | υ | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.25 | - |
Density | ρ | 1000 | 3200 | 7850 | kg·m–3 |
Shear modulus | G | 1 × 108 | 1 × 108 | 1 × 108 | Pa |
Table 5.
The value range of relationship parameters between the contact systems in the charging system.
Table 5.
The value range of relationship parameters between the contact systems in the charging system.
Interaction | Restitution Coefficient | Static Friction | Rolling Friction |
---|
Coke and coke | 0.15–0.45 | 0.1–0.25 | 0.1–0.2 |
Coke and ore | 0.2–0.35 | 0.2–0.5 | 0.05–0.3 |
Ore and ore | 0.3–0.6 | 0.2–0.5 | 0.02–0.15 |
Coke and chute | 0.3–0.5 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.1–0.2 |
Ore and chute | 0.3–0.5 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.05–0.1 |
Table 6.
Geometric model parameters of charging equipment.
Table 6.
Geometric model parameters of charging equipment.
Parameters | Value | Unit |
---|
Radius of furnace throat | 3450 | mm |
Chute length | 3500 | mm |
Internal radius of chute | 420 | mm |
Tilting distance of chute | 850 | mm |
Radius of central throat plate | 375 | mm |
Rotation speed of chute | 48 | deg·s−1 |
Tilting speed of chute | 10 | deg·s−1 |
Falling speed of material surface | 2 | mm·s−1 |
Table 7.
Contact parameters between different materials.
Table 7.
Contact parameters between different materials.
Interaction | Restitution Coefficient | Static Friction | Rolling Friction |
---|
Coke1–Coke1 | 0.2 | 0.13 | 0.07 |
Coke1–Coke2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Coke2–Coke2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Coke1–Ore1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Coke2–Ore1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Ore1–Ore1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
Coke1–Ore2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Coke2–Ore2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Coke1–Steel | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.12 |
Coke2–Steel | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.12 |
Ore1–Steel | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.06 |
Table 8.
Width and thickness of the ore-free zone at different burden line depths.
Table 8.
Width and thickness of the ore-free zone at different burden line depths.
Burden Line (m) | Width (m) | Thickness (m) |
---|
1.2 | 1.79 | 0.63 |
1.5 | 1.93 | 0.52 |
1.8 | 2.06 | 0.43 |
Table 9.
Width and thickness of the ore-free zone under different ore batch weights.
Table 9.
Width and thickness of the ore-free zone under different ore batch weights.
Batch Weight (t) | Width (m) | Thickness (m) |
---|
C:9.345; O:42 | 2.23 | 0.39 |
C:9.345; O:48 | 1.93 | 0.52 |
C:9.345; O:54 | 1.71 | 0.62 |
Table 10.
Width and thickness of the ore-free zone under different coke and ore batch weights.
Table 10.
Width and thickness of the ore-free zone under different coke and ore batch weights.
Batch Weight (t) | Width (m) | Thickness (m) |
---|
C:8.176; O:42 | 1.87 | 0.37 |
C:9.345; O:48 | 1.93 | 0.52 |
C:10.513; O:54 | 1.89 | 0.66 |
Table 11.
Burden matrix design scheme.
Table 11.
Burden matrix design scheme.
Type | Number | burden | Charging Angle |
---|
Fundamental experiment | Matrix 1 | C | 38.5 | 36.5 | 34.5 | 32.5 | 30.5 | 22.5 |
O | 38.5 | 36.5 | 34.5 | 32.5 | 30.5 | - |
First group of experiments | Matrix 2 | C | 38.5 | 36.5 | 34.5 | 32.5 | 30.5 | 22.5 |
O | 36.5 | 34.5 | 32.5 | 30.5 | 28.5 | - |
Matrix 3 | C | 38.5 | 36.5 | 34.5 | 32.5 | 30.5 | 22.5 |
O | 40.5 | 38.5 | 36.5 | 34.5 | 32.5 | - |
Second group of experiments | Matrix 4 | C | 36.5 | 34.5 | 32.5 | 30.5 | 22.5 | 20.5 |
O | 36.5 | 34.5 | 32.5 | 30.5 | 28.5 | - |
Matrix 5 | C | 40.5 | 38.5 | 36.5 | 34.5 | 32.5 | 24.5 |
O | 40.5 | 38.5 | 36.5 | 34.5 | 32.5 | - |
Table 12.
Width and thickness of the ore-free zone when changing only the angle of the ore in the matrix.
Table 12.
Width and thickness of the ore-free zone when changing only the angle of the ore in the matrix.
Matrix | Width (m) | Thickness (m) |
---|
Matrix 2 | 1.64 | 0.71 |
Matrix 1 | 1.93 | 0.52 |
Matrix 3 | 2.24 | 0.44 |
Table 13.
Width and thickness of the ore-free zone under the condition of simultaneously varying the coke and ore angle in the matrix.
Table 13.
Width and thickness of the ore-free zone under the condition of simultaneously varying the coke and ore angle in the matrix.
Matrix | Width (m) | Thickness (m) |
---|
Matrix 4 | 2.17 | 0.47 |
Matrix 1 | 1.93 | 0.52 |
Matrix 5 | 1.87 | 0.55 |