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Volume 10
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Processes, Volume 10, Issue 9 (September 2022) – 230 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Microbial adsorbents are biomass-based sorbents that have extensively demonstrated excellent heavy metal removal capacity, even at low concentrations. However, most of the research on their application in wastewater treatment has been performed in discontinuous systems. The use of microorganisms in continuous systems could be an important step for the upscaling of remediation processes since it facilitates a faster remediation of higher quantities of wastewaters loaded with heavy metals. Thus, the current research aims to analyze the available studies, focusing on the removal of metal ions from wastewaters using microorganisms, in continuous systems, with a focus on obtained performances, optimized experimental conditions, and process sustainability. View this paper
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12 pages, 1094 KiB  
Article
Priority Wise Electric Vehicle Charging for Grid Load Minimization
by Sayali Ashok Jawale, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Pushpendra Singh and Mohan Lal Kolhe
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091898 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2297
Abstract
The number of Electric vehicle (EV) users is expected to increase in the future. The driving profile of EV users is unpredictable, necessitating the design of charging scheduling protocols for EV charging stations servicing multiple EVs. A large EV charging load affects the [...] Read more.
The number of Electric vehicle (EV) users is expected to increase in the future. The driving profile of EV users is unpredictable, necessitating the design of charging scheduling protocols for EV charging stations servicing multiple EVs. A large EV charging load affects the grid in terms of peak load demand. Electric vehicle charging stations with solar panels can help to reduce the grid impact of EV charging events. With reference to the increasing number of EVs, new technology needs to be developed for charging station and management to create a stable system for users, and electric utilities. The load of a total EV charge can affect the grid, degrading quality and system stability. In this paper, a charging station scheduling strategy is proposed based on the game theoretic approach. In the proposed strategy, with respect to the grid load demand minimization, charging stations have scheduled EV charging times to prevent sudden peak load on the grid the proposed game theory strategy is sudden peak load on the grid. The proposed game theory strategy is defined on the basis of priority so that both grid operators and EV users can maximize their profit by setting priorities for charging and discharging. This work provides a strategy for grid peak load minimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sustainable Electrical Energy Technologies)
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19 pages, 4352 KiB  
Article
Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids for Efficient Extraction of Oil from Produced Water
by Shehzad Liaqat, Amir Sada Khan, Noor Akbar, Taleb H. Ibrahim, Mustafa I. Khamis, Paul Nancarrow, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Naveed Ahmed Khan and Mohamed Yehia Abouleish
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091897 - 19 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1535
Abstract
Produced water contaminated with oil has adverse effects on human health and aquatic life. Providing an efficient method for the removal of oil from produced water is a challenging task. In this study, the effects of carbon chain length and the cation nature [...] Read more.
Produced water contaminated with oil has adverse effects on human health and aquatic life. Providing an efficient method for the removal of oil from produced water is a challenging task. In this study, the effects of carbon chain length and the cation nature of ionic liquids (ILs) on the removal efficiency of oil from produced water were investigated. For this purpose, seven ILs containing the bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (NTf2) anion, and various cations such as imidazolium, pyridinium, phosphonium, and ammonium, were employed for the removal of oil from produced water via liquid–liquid extraction. The effects of process parameters such as the initial concentration of oil in produced water, contact time, pH, salinity, phase ratio, and temperature on the removal efficiency of oil were studied and optimized. 1-Decyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C10mim][NTf2]) (IL4) was found to give the highest oil extraction efficiency of 92.8% under optimum conditions. The extraction efficiency was found to increase with increasing cation alkyl chain length from C2 to C10. The extraction efficiency of ILs based on cations follows the order imidazolium > ammonium > phosphonium > anpyridinium. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to explore the ILs interaction with oil using [C10mim][NTf2] as a model. In addition, 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded to obtain a better understanding of the molecular structure of IL and to investigate the peak shifts in H and C atoms. Moreover, the cell viability of the most efficient IL, [C10mim][NTf2], in human cells was investigated. It has been concluded that this IL exhibited minimal cytotoxic effects at lower concentrations against human cell lines and is effective for the extraction of oil from aqueous media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)
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14 pages, 2649 KiB  
Article
Potential Use of Grape Stems and Pomaces from Two Red Grapevine Cultivars as Source of Oligosaccharides
by Roberta Mangione, Rita Simões, Helena Pereira, Sofia Catarino, Jorge Ricardo-da-Silva, Isabel Miranda and Suzana Ferreira-Dias
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091896 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1654
Abstract
Grape pomace (grape skin and seeds) and stems are major by-products of winemaking, of lignocellulosic nature. The aim of this study was to value grape pomace and stems to produce prebiotic oligosaccharides (OS). Grapes from Touriga Nacional and Marselan cultivars (Vitis vinifera [...] Read more.
Grape pomace (grape skin and seeds) and stems are major by-products of winemaking, of lignocellulosic nature. The aim of this study was to value grape pomace and stems to produce prebiotic oligosaccharides (OS). Grapes from Touriga Nacional and Marselan cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) were used for conventional red winemaking. The total of extractives, obtained by sequential extraction with dichloromethane, ethanol, and water, was approx. 64.0% (d.w.) for both pomaces, and 46.2% and 59.5% for Marselan and Touriga Nacional stems, respectively. Lignin contents in Marselan stems (26.4%) and pomace (20.4%) were higher than in Touriga Nacional pomace (19.3%) or stems (17.3%). Polysaccharides (hemicelluloses and cellulose) represented 9 and 8.2% of Marselan and Touriga pomaces, and 22.3 and 18.7% of respective stems. After extractives removal, the pomaces and stems were submitted to a hydrothermal treatment (autohydrolysis) to release oligosaccharides from the hemicellulose fraction. Autohydrolysis was carried out following a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) as a function of temperature (142–198 °C) and time (48–132 min). For all materials of both varieties, the production of sugars by autohydrolysis could be described by second-order models. Highest sugar productions were: 81.2 g/kg (d.w.) extracted Marselan pomace; 76.3 g/kg (d.w.) extracted Touriga Nacional pomace; 116.3 g/kg (d.w.) extracted Marselan stems; and 168.4 g/kg (d.w.) extracted Touriga Nacional stems. Yields of 99% OS were obtained by autohydrolysis at 170 °C/90 min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Food Processing)
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6 pages, 1711 KiB  
Communication
Characteristics of Ecological Energy Carriers Used in Agricultural Technology
by Ľubomír Hujo, Romana Janoušková, Mirko Simikić, Marcin Zastempowski, Matej Michalides and Monika Hajdáková
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091895 - 19 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1262
Abstract
This article focuses on the properties of ecological energy carriers, which are used in agricultural and forestry technology. The aim of the article is to describe the degradation of the working fluid from the point of view of the atomic emission spectrometer, which [...] Read more.
This article focuses on the properties of ecological energy carriers, which are used in agricultural and forestry technology. The aim of the article is to describe the degradation of the working fluid from the point of view of the atomic emission spectrometer, which is used for the purpose of monitoring contaminants and additive elements. The working fluid examined was Shell Naturelle HF-E 46, a universal ecological transmission–hydraulic fluid, which was tested on laboratory test equipment. The laboratory measurement was performed for 200 h, during which the gear hydraulic pump with external gearing was cyclically loaded according to the Vickers standard. The analysis of the transmission–hydraulic fluid was performed after every 50 working hours, where the analysis of the working fluid showed that there were no significant changes in the properties of the working fluid and fluid is suitable for work in agricultural and forestry machines operating in environmentally sensitive environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 8th International Conference on Trends in Agricultural Engineering (TAE 2022))
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17 pages, 3603 KiB  
Article
A PDCA Framework towards a Multi-Response Optimization of Process Parameters Based on Taguchi-Fuzzy Model
by Moayad Tanash, Raed Al Athamneh, Dania Bani Hani, Mumen Rababah and Zaid Albataineh
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091894 - 18 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1757
Abstract
Multi-response optimization problems investigation is a crucial element in initiatives designed to enhance quality and overall productivity for manufacturing processes. Since no particular algorithm can be employed for all multi-response problems, defining the method that is utilized as a problem-solving technique is a [...] Read more.
Multi-response optimization problems investigation is a crucial element in initiatives designed to enhance quality and overall productivity for manufacturing processes. Since no particular algorithm can be employed for all multi-response problems, defining the method that is utilized as a problem-solving technique is a vital step in the process factors optimization. Identifying a formal procedure of implementing the improvement approach in a multi-criteria decision-making problem is a critical need to ensure the consistency and sustainability of the enhancement methods. In this study, a Plan–Do–Check–Act (PDCA) framework is implemented for a case study in the food industry under which a multi-response optimization problem is investigated. The design of experiment (DOE) is used to examine the effect of process parameters on the quality responses by using the Taguchi method to find the optimal setting for each parameter. An orthogonal array (OA) and signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio is employed to investigate the performance characteristics. Each performance characteristic is then converted into a signal-to-noise ratio, and all the ratios are then fed into a fuzzy model to produce a single comprehensive output measure (COM). The average COM values for various factor levels are calculated, and the level that maximizes the COM value for each factor is identified as the optimal level. Results indicated the effectiveness of the applied method to find the optimal factor levels for the multi-response optimization problem under study. The global optimal factor levels that are driven from the fuzzy logic for the studied parameters are 1250, 40, 7.5, and 1:2, for the speed, frying time, cooking time, and the coating ratio, respectively. Means of all the studied quality characteristics were closer to the target values when compared with the initial factors’ settings. Full article
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15 pages, 798 KiB  
Article
Biological Profiling of Essential Oils and Hydrolates of Ocimum basilicum var. Genovese and var. Minimum Originated from Serbia
by Olja Šovljanski, Anja Saveljić, Milica Aćimović, Vanja Šeregelj, Lato Pezo, Ana Tomić, Gordana Ćetković and Vele Tešević
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091893 - 18 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1615
Abstract
The genus Ocimum has many species that are used to treat diverse kinds of illnesses and sicknesses from ancient times. One of them, Ocimum basilicum L., commonly known as basil, has a vital role due to its various medicinal goods. It is best [...] Read more.
The genus Ocimum has many species that are used to treat diverse kinds of illnesses and sicknesses from ancient times. One of them, Ocimum basilicum L., commonly known as basil, has a vital role due to its various medicinal goods. It is best known as a plant with pharmacological activities, but also as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and larvicidal agent. Although it has been traditionally used in Serbia in traditional medicine for centuries as an insecticidal, antibacterial, and antifungal plant as well as a traditional culinary plant, none of the O. basilicum varieties have been commercialised until today. There are significant numbers of information across the world that oils and by-products are part of the global market, but no references to the essential oil composition of Serbian plants were found. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of essential oil and hydrolate of two different varieties: O. basilicum var. genovese and Ocimum. basilicum var. minimum originating from Serbia for further industrial production of antimicrobial- and/or antioxidant-valued products. The results of this study confirm that essential oils of O. basilicum var. genovese and var. minimum represent a significant source of bioactive compounds, especially linalool, with a high rate of biological activities. Similar behaviour is observed for hydrolates, which are the by-product of the essential oil distillation process and can be utilised as bioactive-rich waste in further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Natural Bioactive Compound Valorization)
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20 pages, 10002 KiB  
Article
Study on Transient Flow and Dynamic Characteristics of Dual Disc Check Valve Mounted in Pipeline System during Opening and Closing
by Zhengbai Chang and Jin Jiang
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091892 - 18 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1642
Abstract
Check valves are used extensively in industrial piping systems. Based on dynamic mesh technology, this study uses the RNG k-ε turbulence model to numerically calculate the dual disc check valve’s three-dimensional transient flow. The dynamic characteristics of the check valve in the pipeline [...] Read more.
Check valves are used extensively in industrial piping systems. Based on dynamic mesh technology, this study uses the RNG k-ε turbulence model to numerically calculate the dual disc check valve’s three-dimensional transient flow. The dynamic characteristics of the check valve in the pipeline system are also experimentally studied. To this end, the two discs are opened synchronously during the valve-opening process, including four stages: opening discs at a constant angular velocity, opening slowing down discs, slowly returning discs to the balance point, and discs maintaining oscillation. However, the movements of the two discs are asynchronous in the valve-closing process. As the downstream pressure increases, the valve disc begins to close, and the flow gradually stops; reverse flow takes shape, and the reverse flow stops until the discs are fully closed, and slamming of the check valve occurs. The non-dimensional dynamic characteristic curve of this type of dual disc check valve has a slope of about 1.624, which mirrors the response of the check valve closing to the occurrence of the water hammer in the system. Knowing the dynamic behavior can be convenient in designing and selecting a check valve and regulating piping system working conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
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19 pages, 6227 KiB  
Article
Research on Open Circuit Fault Modeling and Fault Tolerant Control Strategy of Five-Phase Induction Motor
by Hao Xu, Jinghong Zhao, Lv Yang, Hansi Chen, Xiangyu Luo and Shuheng Zhang
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091891 - 18 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1358
Abstract
Five-phase induction motors have the advantages of high reliability and strong fault-tolerant performance, so it’s open circuit fault model and fault-tolerant control strategy are widely studied. Based on the normal operation of the five-phase induction motor, the mathematical model of the five-phase induction [...] Read more.
Five-phase induction motors have the advantages of high reliability and strong fault-tolerant performance, so it’s open circuit fault model and fault-tolerant control strategy are widely studied. Based on the normal operation of the five-phase induction motor, the mathematical model of the five-phase induction motor under the conditions of single-phase open circuits, adjacent two-phase open circuits, and non-adjacent two-phase open circuits are established by using the reduced order decoupling transformation. Based on the principle of constant magnetic potential, the relationship between magnetic potential and each phase current is analyzed by using the symmetrical component method (MSC). The fault-tolerant control strategy of a five-phase induction motor with the above three open-circuit faults is designed. Through simulation and prototype experiments, the phase current and speed conversion under three open-circuit faults are analyzed. The results show that after the open-circuit fault of a five-phase motor, the residual phase current is no longer balanced, the motor speed is decreased, and the vibration is increased significantly. After fault-tolerant control, the residual phase current is balanced, the rated speed can be reached, and the vibration of the motor is reduced. Thus, the validity and correctness of the fault-tolerant control strategy for a five-phase induction motor are verified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Concepts and Applications of Electric Machines)
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18 pages, 13830 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Mineralized Plasmatic Matrix and Chitosan on the Healing of Critical-Sized Mandibular Bone Defects in a Rabbit Model
by Ahmed Hendawy, Ayman Atiba, Walied Abdo, Amira Osman, Abdelfattah Sadakah, Ashraf Abou ElReash, Gamal Elsayad and Xiaoli Xie
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1890; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091890 - 18 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1430
Abstract
Background: In maxillofacial surgery, critical size mandibular defects remain a challenging issue. There have been numerous attempts to improve mandibular defect healing. Recently, bone tissue engineering has provided many benefits in improving bone healing. Herein, we tried to investigate the effect of Mineralized [...] Read more.
Background: In maxillofacial surgery, critical size mandibular defects remain a challenging issue. There have been numerous attempts to improve mandibular defect healing. Recently, bone tissue engineering has provided many benefits in improving bone healing. Herein, we tried to investigate the effect of Mineralized plasmatic matrix (MPM) and Chitosan to enhance tissue healing and regeneration in mandibular bone defect. Methods: A mandibular bone defect of critical size was created in 45 New Zealand rabbits. There were three groups of rabbits: the MPM group, the Chitosan group, and the control group. Radiographical, histological, and immune histochemical evaluations were performed at 4, 8, and 12 post-operative weeks. Results: The MPM group demonstrated the highest degree of bone formation with uniform radio-opacity nearly like that of adjacent healthy parent tissue. While in the chitosan group, most of the defect area was filled with radio-opaque bone with persistent small radiolucent areas. The control group showed less bone formation than the MPM and chitosan group, with more radiolucent areas. Sections stained with (H&E) demonstrated an increase in osseous tissue formation in both the MPM and chitosan groups. Staining with Masson’s trichrome revealed an increase in fibrous connective tissue proliferation in both the MPM and chitosan groups. In both the MPM and chitosan groups, nuclear factor kappa p65 was downregulated, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 was upregulated. Conclusion: According to the current study, MPM and Chitosan may have beneficial effects on the healing of critical-sized mandibular bone defects. Full article
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21 pages, 4418 KiB  
Article
Reverse Osmosis Modeling Study of Lead and Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water in Tarija and La Paz, Bolivia
by Esteban Manuel Villena-Martínez, Paola Andrea Alvizuri-Tintaya, Jaime Lora-García, Juan Ignacio Torregrosa-López and Vanesa Gladys Lo-Iacono-Ferreira
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091889 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2386
Abstract
An investigation of primary water sources in two Bolivian basins identified the presence of heavy metals toxic to health that exceeded the permissible limits for drinking water. Lead deposited in the San Jacinto and Huacata–Tarija reservoirs within the Guadalquivir basin and arsenic in [...] Read more.
An investigation of primary water sources in two Bolivian basins identified the presence of heavy metals toxic to health that exceeded the permissible limits for drinking water. Lead deposited in the San Jacinto and Huacata–Tarija reservoirs within the Guadalquivir basin and arsenic in the Milluni–La Paz basin were identified. The work studies reverse osmosis (RO) to remove Pb and As. The main contribution of this research is the development and construction of a mathematical model based on the Spiegler–Kedem concentration polarization model using different concentrations of Pb and As. The model makes it possible to design high conversion facilities (>80%) and optimize the process from the point of view of energy efficiency in future works. The model was developed to also include an Arrhenius temperature adjustment factor that allows for an accurate prediction of the process performance. The experimentation was carried out in two RO pilot plants using polyamide membranes. The model fits correctly with a maximum relative error between the experimental and theoretical flows of 5.4% and 4.4%. Among the benefits of the study, it guarantees the rejection of metals greater than 99%, even at low pressures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring of Organic Contaminants)
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12 pages, 4654 KiB  
Article
On the Moving of Neutral Point for Mn Subject to Submerged Arc Welding under Various Heat Inputs: Case Study into CaF2-SiO2-Na2O-MnO Agglomerated Fluxes
by Dan Zhang, Guoyou Shao, Jin Zhang and Zhongqiu Liu
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091888 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1158
Abstract
Neutral Point indicates the flux formula where no transfer of alloying element between the flux and weld metal occurs. For the submerged arc welding process, Neutral Point is an essential definition for flux design and specification since it helps to identify the flux [...] Read more.
Neutral Point indicates the flux formula where no transfer of alloying element between the flux and weld metal occurs. For the submerged arc welding process, Neutral Point is an essential definition for flux design and specification since it helps to identify the flux microalloying ability. The scientific hypothesis that the Neutral Point is only a function of the flux formula is considered as the basis of the Mitra kinetic model. Within this framework, by performing submerged arc welding with CaF2-SiO2-Na2O-MnO agglomerated fluxes under various heat inputs, the moving of Neutral Point has been captured, indicating the scientific hypothesis proposed in Mitra kinetic model may be revised under high heat input welding. Additionally, although some studies have incorporated the consideration of the gas-slag-metal equilibrium, only the effective equilibrium temperature of 2000 or 2100 °C is utilized, which may be insufficient to constrain Mn content in the weld metal. In this study, we have incorporated all possible effective equilibrium temperatures that may be attained in the submerged arc welding process to simulate the transfer behavior of Mn. Then, a novel thermodynamic approach is proposed to detect the moving direction of Neutral Point for Mn from both slag-metal and gas-slag-metal equilibrium considerations, which may pave a vital way for the flux design and the setting of welding parameters. The factors responsible for the deviation between real and predicted data are discussed. The mechanism responsible for the moving of Neutral Point regarding the Mn element is evaluated from the perspective of both slag-metal and gas-slag-metal equilibrium considerations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)
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16 pages, 2344 KiB  
Article
Cost Analysis of Synchronous Condenser Transformed from Thermal Unit Based on LCC Theory
by Chenghao Li, Mingyang Liu, Yi Guo, Hanqing Ma, Hua Wang and Xiaoling Yuan
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091887 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2155
Abstract
With the development of large-scale renewable energy consumption and multi-infeed high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems, the demand of a system for the synchronous condensers with a strong dynamic reactive power support capacity and a strong short-time overload capacity is increasing. Meanwhile, with [...] Read more.
With the development of large-scale renewable energy consumption and multi-infeed high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems, the demand of a system for the synchronous condensers with a strong dynamic reactive power support capacity and a strong short-time overload capacity is increasing. Meanwhile, with the reuse of a large number of retired thermal units, the most practical and economic way is to transform thermal units into synchronous condensers. The cost difference in the life-cycle of the synchronous condenser transformed from a thermal unit (SCTTU) and the newly established synchronous condenser (NESC) is a key factor that affects the decision-making and construction of the transformation from thermal unit to synchronous condenser. However, the life-cycle cost (LCC) of the synchronous condenser transformed from a thermal unit and the newly established synchronous condenser contains many uncertain factors, which affect the accuracy of the LCC estimation value. In order to quantify the impact of the blind information on the cost of the synchronous condenser station, blind number theory is introduced to establish the blind number model of the LCC of the synchronous condenser transformed from a thermal unit and the newly established synchronous condenser. Additionally, the LCC of the NESC and SCTTU with a different life-cycle under the capacity of 2 × 300 MVar are estimated. The results show that the cost of the SCTTU with a long service life of more than 15 years is significantly lower than that of the NESC and, thus, the SCTTU has better economic performance. The economic performance of the SCTTU with a life-cycle of less than 15 years is not better than that of the NESC. Compared with the traditional calculation method of a single cost value, the blind number model can obtain the possible distribution interval of LCC and the reliability of the corresponding interval, which makes the estimation results more valuable for practical engineering reference. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Analysis and Control Processes of New Energy Power Systems)
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17 pages, 6416 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on Ignition of Hyperburner Based on Gliding Arc Plasma Igniter Driven by Pressure Difference
by Xinyao Cheng, Huimin Song, Jiulun Sun, Wei Cui, Zhibo Zhang, Min Jia, Di Jin and Yifei Zhu
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091886 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1324
Abstract
The hyperburner is a key component of a TBCC engine, and its reliable ignition and stable operation are critical. The gliding arc plasma igniter driven by differential pressure has the technical advantages of low energy consumption and high jet temperature. In this paper, [...] Read more.
The hyperburner is a key component of a TBCC engine, and its reliable ignition and stable operation are critical. The gliding arc plasma igniter driven by differential pressure has the technical advantages of low energy consumption and high jet temperature. In this paper, the electrical and flow characteristics of the gliding arc plasma igniter are studied, and the basic ignition experiment in the hyperburner is carried out. Electrical characteristic experiments show that the discharge duration, the evolution of the gliding arc and the fracture frequency are affected by the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the igniter (Δp). With the increase in Δp, the frequency of the trapezoidal envelope in the voltage and current waveforms increases, and the frequency of the evolution and fracture of the gliding arc increases. The continuous discharge time of the gliding arc decreases when Δp = 550 Torr. The flow characteristic experiments show that the velocity of the swirl sheath is increased and the protective effect on the gliding arc is enhanced with the increase in Δp. In the range of 20–550 Torr, the jet length first increases and then decreases with the increase in Δp. The jet length reaches a maximum of 31 mm at Δp = 50 Torr. Basic ignition experiments show that proper Δp can widen the lean ignition limit and shorten the ignition delay time. In the working conditions of this paper, the ignition effect is the best when Δp = 350 Torr, which can widen the lean ignition limit by 37.5% and shorten the ignition delay time by 17%. After increasing the oil–gas ratios, the combustion is more complete and the ignition delay time can be shortened by 93.1% at most. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Latest Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Energy)
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9 pages, 5068 KiB  
Perspective
On Macroscopic Quantum Coherence with Synchronized Atoms and Molecules: Superradiance
by Gombojav O. Ariunbold
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091885 - 17 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1860
Abstract
The collective behavior of quantum particles is one of the most intriguing phenomena in quantum optics. In particular, superradiance refers to spontaneous collective emissions from a group of quantum particles behaving collectively as a whole due to the buildup of macroscopic quantum coherence. [...] Read more.
The collective behavior of quantum particles is one of the most intriguing phenomena in quantum optics. In particular, superradiance refers to spontaneous collective emissions from a group of quantum particles behaving collectively as a whole due to the buildup of macroscopic quantum coherence. An important question is whether macroscopic quantum coherence is constructed by means of a quantum synchronization (i.e., a quantum analog of classical synchronization) or not. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to this question from the author’s perspective. A few selected studies relevant to synchronized atoms and molecules are discussed. The author concludes that collective behaviors of quantum particles may be formulated as quantum synchronizations, but extensive studies are still needed to confirm this hypothesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport and Energy Conversion at the Nanoscale and Molecular Scale)
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17 pages, 3360 KiB  
Article
Productivity Improvement Using Simulated Value Stream Mapping: A Case Study of the Truck Manufacturing Industry
by Fikile Poswa, Olukorede Tijani Adenuga and Khumbulani Mpofu
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091884 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5052
Abstract
The accumulation of process waste in the production line causes fluctuations, bottlenecks, and increased inventory in workstations disrupting process flow. In this paper, the optimal process flow that will improve productivity using simulated value stream mapping (SVSM) for decision-making to provide consistency, minimise [...] Read more.
The accumulation of process waste in the production line causes fluctuations, bottlenecks, and increased inventory in workstations disrupting process flow. In this paper, the optimal process flow that will improve productivity using simulated value stream mapping (SVSM) for decision-making to provide consistency, minimise errors and non-value adding times in the implementation phase of VSM in the truck manufacturing industry. The proposed methodology applied a discrete event simulation for production process operations improvement to eliminate non-value adding times and provide good quality products at the lowest cost and highest efficiency. The results are the analysis of the current state of the production system in a South African truck manufacturing industry as a potential solution for the production system’s future state. The identified non-value adding times in the six most critical workstations were eliminated by SVSM resulting in a productivity improvement of 4%, most importantly bringing the productivity to 95% and total cycle time improvement to 451 for small units and 466 for large units. The results proposed combined VSM and simulation techniques based on empirical data from the observation during time measurement. The Yamazumi confirms the issues observed and the NVA recorded by showing how close the process cycle times are to the TAKT time, which enhance the LEAN application by DES to increase productivity and performance improvement to remain competitive in the global economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Measurement and Optimization for Sustainable Production Process Improvement—Volume II)
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12 pages, 3320 KiB  
Article
Acid System and Stimulation Efficiency of Multistage Acid Fracturing in Porous Carbonate Reservoirs
by Dawei Zhu, Yunjin Wang, Mingyue Cui, Fujian Zhou, Yaocong Wang, Chong Liang, Honglan Zou and Fei Yao
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091883 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1595
Abstract
With little to no natural fracture development and the high calcite content in porous carbonate reservoirs, for multistage acid fracturing, different fluids are used to form a viscous fingering in the fracture, thus enhancing the degree of nonuniform etching. However, existing studies on [...] Read more.
With little to no natural fracture development and the high calcite content in porous carbonate reservoirs, for multistage acid fracturing, different fluids are used to form a viscous fingering in the fracture, thus enhancing the degree of nonuniform etching. However, existing studies on multistage acid fracturing mainly focused on the combination of fracturing fluid and acid, which is less specific for porous carbonate rocks. Here, the rheological properties of five fluids, including guar-based fluid, cross-linked guar, gelled acid, cross-linked acid, and diverting acid, were studied at each temperature condition, and the viscosity relationship between each fluid was clarified. Based on the rheological properties, the differences between the seven liquid combinations on the etched morphology of the fracture walls were studied and analyzed. The conductivity of the seven acid-etched fractures under different closure stress was simulated. The experimental results showed that the viscosity relationships between the fluids at different temperatures were cross-linked guar > cross-linked acid > diverting acid (spent acid) > gelled acid > guar-based liquid > diverting acid (fresh acid). Because cross-linked acid has higher viscosity than gelled acid, it can form more obvious viscous fingering with a variety of liquids, which is more suitable for acid fracturing stimulation of porous carbonate reservoirs. In addition, the combination of cross-linked and diverting acids was screened out. The multistage alternate injection of this fluid combination could form tortuous and complex etching channels, and its acid-etching fracture conductivity was significantly higher than that of other fluid combinations at different closure stress. In this study, we optimized the fluid combination of porous carbonates and clarified the effect and mechanism of nonuniform etching to provide guidance for the fluid combination selection of multistage alternate acid fracturing process for porous carbonate reservoirs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Reservoir Stimulation and EOR Technology in Unconventional Reservoirs)
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34 pages, 7821 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review Regarding Condensation of Low-GWP Refrigerants for Some Major Alternatives of R-134a
by Abhishek Kumar, Miao-Ru Chen, Kuo-Shu Hung, Chung-Che Liu and Chi-Chuan Wang
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091882 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2308
Abstract
In this review, the condensation HTCs (heat transfer coefficients) and pressure drop characteristics of some major low-global-warming-potential (GWP) refrigerants alternative to R-134a such as R-1234ze(E), R-1234ze(Z), R-1234yf, R-513A, and R-450A are reviewed. The thermofluids’ characteristics inside/outside a tube, minichannel, microfin tube, and plate [...] Read more.
In this review, the condensation HTCs (heat transfer coefficients) and pressure drop characteristics of some major low-global-warming-potential (GWP) refrigerants alternative to R-134a such as R-1234ze(E), R-1234ze(Z), R-1234yf, R-513A, and R-450A are reviewed. The thermofluids’ characteristics inside/outside a tube, minichannel, microfin tube, and plate heat exchanger are examined. In addition, several other refrigerants attributed to low GWP are also included in the present review. The experimental/numerical/simulation results’ analysis reveals that condensation HTCs and pressure drop characteristics depend on several parameters such as thermodynamics and transport properties of the working fluid, mass flux of the refrigerants, heat flux, saturation temperature, vapor quality, flow patterns, flow conditions, orientation of the condensing geometry, and condensation geometry (shape, size, and smooth/enhanced). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) Systems (Second Volume))
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15 pages, 3904 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Relative Permittivity and Loss Factor of 3D Printing Materials for Use in RF Electronic Applications
by Tomas Picha, Stanislava Papezova and Stepan Picha
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091881 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3084
Abstract
3D printing is more and more often used for the development and manufacturing of electronic devices and components. These applications require knowledge about the dielectric properties of the used materials—in particular minimal and stable values of relative permittivity and dielectric losses. The paper [...] Read more.
3D printing is more and more often used for the development and manufacturing of electronic devices and components. These applications require knowledge about the dielectric properties of the used materials—in particular minimal and stable values of relative permittivity and dielectric losses. The paper deals with the testing of the relative permittivity and loss factor of materials as follows: PLA (in three dye modifications), PET-G, and ABS and ASA in the frequency range 1–100 MHz. It was found that relative permittivity varied between 2.88–3.48 and the loss factor was in the range 0.03–4.31%. In terms of relative permittivity, all tested materials manifested a slight decline with increasing frequency. Concerning loss factor PLA (colorless) and ABS were proven to be more suitable for electrotechnical application due to the lower values and frequency dependences of the loss factor. Different results were observed in PLA-Silver and PLA-Metallic green. These materials showed a higher frequency dependency of loss factor with increasing frequency. The reasonable influence of added dyes was found. A study of the internal structure of the tested materials has not proven any significant defects (air gaps) that could affect the material’s dielectric properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Digital and Other Processes)
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17 pages, 4187 KiB  
Article
Protective Effect of Ultrasound-Processed Amazonian Sapota-do-Solimões (Quararibea cordata) Juice on Artemia salina Nauplii
by Rhonyele Maciel da Silva, Thaiz Batista Azevedo Rangel Miguel, Emilio de Castro Miguel, Pedro Henrique Campelo, Fabiano A. N. Fernandes and Sueli Rodrigues
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091880 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1603
Abstract
Juice processing by non-thermal technology has been extensively studied, aiming at microbial inactivation and quality improvement. However, the knowledge about the possible toxic effects that those technologies can produce in foodstuffs due to the production of reactive oxygen species is still unknown. In [...] Read more.
Juice processing by non-thermal technology has been extensively studied, aiming at microbial inactivation and quality improvement. However, the knowledge about the possible toxic effects that those technologies can produce in foodstuffs due to the production of reactive oxygen species is still unknown. In this study, sapota-do-Solimões juice processed by ultrasound (2, 6, and 10 min) was evaluated by a toxicity test and protective effect through stress biomarkers (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and lipid peroxidation) using Artemia salina nauplii. The non-thermal processed juice was nontoxic to A. salina. However, the juice fibers imparted some damage to the animal’s body. The ultrasound-processed juice (2 and 6 min) decreased the A. salina mortality to 30% compared to the control assay with H2O2 where mortality was 80% after 48 h of exposure. However, after 72 h of exposure, the A. salina was entirely degraded by H2O2-induced toxicity. Furthermore, the catalase and superoxide dismutase presented the highest activity after A. salina was exposed to the unprocessed juice. Thus, sapota-do-Solimões juice processed by the ultrasound could promote a protective effect on A. salina, revealing this technology’s potential to enhance juice features without toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Food and Food Byproducts Processing)
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21 pages, 3432 KiB  
Article
Pinch Analysis for Heat Integration of Pulverized Coke Chemical Looping Gasification Coupled with Coke-Oven Gas to Methanol and Ammonia
by Yaxian Zhao, Yingjie Zhao, Yi Huang, Jiancheng Wang, Weiren Bao, Liping Chang, Lijuan Shi and Qun Yi
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091879 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1797
Abstract
Methanol and ammonia are important chemical materials in the chemical industry. During the production of methanol and ammonia, a large amount of waste heat is released. The waste heat can be used to save energy and reduce CO2 emissions. In this study, [...] Read more.
Methanol and ammonia are important chemical materials in the chemical industry. During the production of methanol and ammonia, a large amount of waste heat is released. The waste heat can be used to save energy and reduce CO2 emissions. In this study, pinch analysis is used to design the heat exchanger network (HEN) of pulverized coke (PC) chemical looping gasification coupled with coke-oven gas (COG) to methanol and ammonia (PCCLHG-CGTMA). The heat integration process is accomplished in two ways, as mentioned below. (1) The HENs in each of the three heat exchange units are designed individually; (2) the HENs of the three heat exchange units are treated as a whole and designed simultaneously. Compared to the HEN designed individually, when the HENs are designed as a whole, a total of 112.12 MW of hot and cold utilities are saved. In the HENs designed as a whole, the reduction in operating cost is sufficient to offset the increase in capital cost; the total annual cost (TAC) is reduced by 10.9%. These results reveal that the HENs designed as a whole have more scope for energy saving, which can be a reference for new HEN design and modification to realize more heat recovery and lower investment. Full article
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13 pages, 2012 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Potential of Poly(o-anisidine)/BaSO4 Nanocomposites with Enhanced Electrical Conductivity
by Mirza Nadeem Ahmad, Sohail Nadeem, Raya Soltane, Mohsin Javed, Shahid Iqbal, Zunaira Kanwal, Muhammad Fayyaz Farid, Sameh Rabea, Eslam B. Elkaeed, Samar O. Aljazzar, Hamad Alrbyawi and Walid F. Elkhatib
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091878 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1636
Abstract
The poly(o-anisidine)/BaSO4 nanocomposites were prepared by oxidative polymerization of o-anisidine monomer with BaSO4 filler for the potential antibacterial properties of the composite materials. To achieve the optimal and tunable properties of the nanocomposites, the ratio of BaSO4 filler was [...] Read more.
The poly(o-anisidine)/BaSO4 nanocomposites were prepared by oxidative polymerization of o-anisidine monomer with BaSO4 filler for the potential antibacterial properties of the composite materials. To achieve the optimal and tunable properties of the nanocomposites, the ratio of BaSO4 filler was changed at the rates of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% with respect to matrix. Different analytical techniques, i.e., FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy, were employed for functional identification and optical absorption of the poly(o-anisidine)/BaSO4 nanocomposites. The FTIR data revealed the significant interaction between POA and BaSO4, as well as the good absorption behavior of the UV-visible spectra. The conducting properties were controllable by varying the load percentage of the BaSO4 filler. Furthermore, different bacterial strains, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the POA/BaSO4 nanocomposites. The largest zones of inhibition 0.8 and 0.9 mm were reached using 7% and 10% for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Application and Biological Evaluation of Chemical Organic Compounds)
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14 pages, 7362 KiB  
Article
Optimization Design and Internal Flow Analysis of Prefabricated Barrel in Centrifugal Prefabricated Pumping Station with Double Pumps
by Chuanliu Xie, Tao Zhang, Zhenyang Yuan, Andong Feng and Liming Wu
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091877 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1216
Abstract
In order to improve the hydraulic performance of the centrifugal prefabricated pumping station and improve its internal flow pattern, this paper optimizes the geometric model of the centrifugal prefabricated pumping station based on the orthogonal optimization method. Through the subjective analysis method and [...] Read more.
In order to improve the hydraulic performance of the centrifugal prefabricated pumping station and improve its internal flow pattern, this paper optimizes the geometric model of the centrifugal prefabricated pumping station based on the orthogonal optimization method. Through the subjective analysis method and range analysis method, it is concluded that the primary and secondary order affecting the hydraulic performance of the prefabricated pumping station is: center distance Y, pump spacing S, inlet radius R, suspension height Z, inlet height H, and the optimal parameter combination is pump spacing 550 mm (5.5 d), The suspension height is 300 mm (3.0 d), the center distance is 100 mm (1.0 d), the inlet height is 700 mm (7.0 d), and the inlet radius is 75 mm (0.75 d). The orthogonal optimization results show that under the design condition (Qd = 33.93 m3/h), the efficiency of the centrifugal prefabricated pumping station is 64.69%, which is increased by 0.70%, compared with the initial scheme. The head is 8.76 m, which is increased by 0.10 m, compared with the initial scheme. After optimization, the recirculation vortex at the water inlet of the prefabricated pumping station is smaller than that before optimization, the flow velocity uniformity in the prefabricated barrel is improved, and the flow field is more stable. The research results of this paper can provide theoretical guidance and engineering reference value for the same type of prefabricated pumping stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Latest Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Energy)
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19 pages, 15703 KiB  
Article
Construction of Edge Computing Platform Using 3D LiDAR and Camera Heterogeneous Sensing Fusion for Front Obstacle Recognition and Distance Measurement System
by Pi-Yun Chen, Hsu-Yung Lin, Neng-Sheng Pai and Jing-Bin Huang
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091876 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1803
Abstract
This research aims to utilise heterogeneous sensor fusion using 3D Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and cameras, combined with an object recognition system and a ranging system, to construct an edge computing platform such that a vehicle equipped with the platform can perform [...] Read more.
This research aims to utilise heterogeneous sensor fusion using 3D Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and cameras, combined with an object recognition system and a ranging system, to construct an edge computing platform such that a vehicle equipped with the platform can perform computations offline in real time. This work comprises two main sections: the first is heterogeneous fusion, and the second is obstacle recognition and ranging detection. To achieve heterogeneous sensor fusion, 3D–3D point matching was used to find rigid body transformation between two sensors and finally project the LiDAR 3D point cloud image onto the 2D image. For object recognition, YOLOv4-Tiny was used as the detection network. A lightweight network architecture and high computational speed could be effectively used on edge computing hardware with limited performance. Further, by drawing the bounding box, we could detect the point cloud within the bounding box to estimate the distance to the obstacle. For detecting distance, we conducted experiments in two ways: ‘minimum point in box’ and ‘median point in box’ and compared the results. With heterogeneous sensor fusion, object recognition and the ranging system, detecting the category and distance of obstacles ahead of the vehicle was possible in real time. Furthermore, integrating the edge computing platform architecture enabled moving the entire system offline, making it an independent system that returns results in real time. Finally, a dynamic test was conducted on a road. The experiment showed that the detection speed of YOLOv4-Tiny in the dynamic test was higher than 60 FPS, and the accuracy rate surpassed 70%. Furthermore, the distance detection error of the 3D LiDAR was less than 3 cm, which is sufficiently accurate to be applied to complex environments on roads. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Automation Control Systems)
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20 pages, 4191 KiB  
Article
The Role of Non-Covalent Bonds in the Deformation Process of Coal: An Experimental Study on Bituminous Coal
by Hewu Liu and Chenliang Hou
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091875 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1145
Abstract
The chemical structures of tectonically deformed coal are significantly altered by stress. However, the stress response of non-covalent bonds in deformation experiments and the role of non-covalent bonds in the deformation process of coal have not been studied yet. In this work, coals [...] Read more.
The chemical structures of tectonically deformed coal are significantly altered by stress. However, the stress response of non-covalent bonds in deformation experiments and the role of non-covalent bonds in the deformation process of coal have not been studied yet. In this work, coals before and after simulative deformation experiments were systematically investigated to uncover the coal’s deformation mechanism and the variation of non-covalent bonds. The results indicate that differential stress and temperature can promote ductile deformation while confine pressure hinders the deformation process. Differential stress and temperature in the ranges of 100–150 MPa and 100–200 °C, respectively, are key transition conditions from brittle to ductile deformation for the selected bituminous coal. Furthermore, hydrogen bonds and π–π bonds crosslinking coal molecular networks determine the mechanical properties of the coal. The simulative deformation experiments indicate that, with an increase in the coal’s deformation intensity, hydrogen bonds and π–π bonds are inclined to be disrupted in the relaxation stage, which enhances the motion ability of the liberated molecular structures and reduces the brittleness of the coal. In the rearrangement stage, tighter and more ordered configurations are formed, accompanied by the formation of π–π bonds. Coals in the deformation experiments are inclined to undergo ductile deformation once sufficient non-covalent bonds are cleaved in the relaxation stage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Chemical Structure Evolution, Coal Molecule and Methane Adsorption)
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11 pages, 2075 KiB  
Article
Spatial Nonlinear Simulation Analysis on the Temperature Shrinkage Effect of a Super-Long Frame Structure Considering the Construction Process
by Yigang Jia, Liangjian Lu, Guangyu Wu, Ying Liu and Xuan Mo
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091874 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 963
Abstract
The temperature shrinkage effect is a very important factor causing the cracking of super-long frame structures. Current design codes and recommendations for reinforced concrete (RC) structures consider the influence of the construction process on the temperature shrinkage effect by adopting a uniform reduction [...] Read more.
The temperature shrinkage effect is a very important factor causing the cracking of super-long frame structures. Current design codes and recommendations for reinforced concrete (RC) structures consider the influence of the construction process on the temperature shrinkage effect by adopting a uniform reduction coefficient and neglect the influence of the construction method. However, different construction processes can vary the temperature stress of the structure. In this paper, under cooling action, the temperature stress of a one-layer, super-long frame structure with different quantities and indwelling times of post-cast strips is calculated with a spatial nonlinear simulation analysis program by adopting the degenerated spatial solid virtual laminated element method. With this approach, the internal force state of each construction stage during the construction process is accounted for in a nonlinear mechanical model of the structure. The results show that the quantity and the indwelling time of post-cast strips can effectively vary the temperature stress of the structure. Meanwhile, the quantity of the post-cast strips can have a more obvious effect than the indwelling time. Therefore, the construction process is an important factor affecting the temperature shrinkage effect of the structures. The research results can provide a valid reference for the design and construction of super-long frame structures. Full article
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11 pages, 2258 KiB  
Article
Efficient Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol from Corncob in a Deep Eutectic Solvent System
by Lizhen Qin, Junhua Di and Yucai He
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091873 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1441
Abstract
As a versatile and valuable intermediate, furfuryl alcohol (FOL) has been widely used in manufacturing resins, vitamin C, perfumes, lubricants, plasticizers, fuel additives, biofuels, and other furan-based chemicals. This work developed an efficient hybrid strategy for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to FOL. [...] Read more.
As a versatile and valuable intermediate, furfuryl alcohol (FOL) has been widely used in manufacturing resins, vitamin C, perfumes, lubricants, plasticizers, fuel additives, biofuels, and other furan-based chemicals. This work developed an efficient hybrid strategy for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to FOL. Corncob (75 g/L) was catalyzed with heterogenous catalyst Sn-SSXR (2 wt%) to generate FAL (65.4% yield) in a deep eutectic solvent ChCl:LA–water system (30:70, v/v; 180 °C) after 15 min. Subsequently, the obtained FAL liquor containing FAL and formate could be biologically reduced to FOL by recombinant E. coli CF containing aldehyde reductase and formate dehydrogenase at pH 6.5 and 35 °C, achieving the FOL productivity of 0.66 g FOL/(g xylan in corncob). The formed formate could be used as a cosubstrate for the bioreduction of FAL into FOL. In addition, other biomasses (e.g., sugarcane bagasse and rice straw) could be converted into FOL at a high yield. Overall, this hybrid strategy that combines chemocatalysis and biocatalysis can be utilized to efficiently valorize lignocellulosic materials into valuable biofurans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Processes)
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12 pages, 2260 KiB  
Article
Inhibition of Cholinesterases by Benzothiazolone Derivatives
by Mehmet Abdullah Alagöz, Seong-Min Kim, Jong Min Oh, Gülnur Arslan, Zeynep Özdemir, Suat Sari, Azime Berna Özçelik, Tijen Önkol, Daniela Trisciuzzi, Orazio Nicolotti, Hoon Kim and Bijo Mathew
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091872 - 16 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1672
Abstract
Thirteen benzothiazolone derivatives (M1–M13) were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cholinesterases (ChEs) and monoamine oxidases (MAOs). All the compounds inhibited ChEs more effectively than MAOs. In addition, most of the compounds showed higher inhibitory activities against [...] Read more.
Thirteen benzothiazolone derivatives (M1–M13) were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cholinesterases (ChEs) and monoamine oxidases (MAOs). All the compounds inhibited ChEs more effectively than MAOs. In addition, most of the compounds showed higher inhibitory activities against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) than acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Compound M13 most potently inhibited BChE with an IC50 value of 1.21 μM, followed by M2 (IC50 = 1.38 μM). Compound M2 had a higher selectivity index (SI) value for BChE over AChE (28.99) than M13 (4.16). The 6-methoxy indole group of M13 was expected to have a greater effect on BChE inhibitory activity than the other groups. Kinetics and reversibility tests showed that M13 was a reversible noncompetitive BChE inhibitor with a Ki value of 1.14 ± 0.21 μM. In a docking simulation, M13 is predicted to form a hydrogen bond with the backbone carbonyl group of Ser287 of BChE through its methoxy indole moiety and π−π interactions between its benzothiazolone group and the side chain of Trp82 with the five-membered pyrrole ring and with the six-membered benzene ring. From these results, it is suggested that M13 is a BChE inhibitor and a potential candidate agent for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Processes)
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14 pages, 1401 KiB  
Article
Extrusion Modification: Effect of Extrusion on the Functional Properties and Structure of Rice Protein
by Yuxuan Gao, Yi Sun, Yu Zhang, Yuankuo Sun and Tie Jin
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091871 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2650
Abstract
Modification of rice protein by extrusion technology can broaden the range of processing and applications for food and feed raw materials. In this study, rice protein was extruded at different screw speeds (100–250 rpm), extrusion temperatures (90–150 °C), and moisture contents (25–40%). Compared [...] Read more.
Modification of rice protein by extrusion technology can broaden the range of processing and applications for food and feed raw materials. In this study, rice protein was extruded at different screw speeds (100–250 rpm), extrusion temperatures (90–150 °C), and moisture contents (25–40%). Compared with an unextruded protein, the functional properties and structural properties of textured rice protein were evaluated. The results showed that, after extrusion, the solubility of protein was improved, by up to 19.76%, which was 45.23% higher than pre-extrusion; the water holding capacity of extruded rice protein was highest at 200 rpm, 130 °C, and 25%, which could be enhanced by 37.74%; the emulsion stability was enhanced by 152.82% at 200 rpm, 130 °C, and 35%. Under extrusion, the content of sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds of rice protein decreased significantly; the hydrogen bond content increased, and the ionic bond content decreased; the hydrophobic effect decrease, except at 200 rpm, 130 °C, and 40%. The microstructure changed significantly after extrusion, producing protein aggregates with a tight structure. No new characteristic peaks appeared after extrusion, but transformation occurred between the components of the secondary structure: β-sheet and β-turn angles to an α-helix structure toward the transformation, but β-sheet was still the main component. As a safe and efficient modification method, extrusion cooking can effectively improve the functional properties of rice protein to enrich the application of rice protein resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Processing Technologies Applied to Cereals, Legumes, Oilseeds, Alternative Food Raw Materials and Their Derivatives)
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18 pages, 3138 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of the Operating Conditions for the Reduction of Iron Ore Powder in a Fluidized Bed Based on the CPFD Method
by Zi-wei Wan, Jin-yu Huang, Guo-min Zhu and Qi-yan Xu
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1870; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091870 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1324
Abstract
In this work, the computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) method is used to simulate the high-pressure visual fluidized bed experimental equipment independently designed and developed by the experimentation of the fluidized reduction process of iron ore powder. A numerical model for reducing iron [...] Read more.
In this work, the computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) method is used to simulate the high-pressure visual fluidized bed experimental equipment independently designed and developed by the experimentation of the fluidized reduction process of iron ore powder. A numerical model for reducing iron ore fines in a three-dimensional fluidized bed is established, and the model is verified by combining numerical simulation and experimental testing. Moreover, the influences of different reducing factors on the reduction effect in the process of the fluidized reduction of iron ore fines are simulated in detail. Via the CPFD simulation of the fluidized reduction of iron ore fines, the optimal reduction pressure is found to be 0.2 MPa, and the optimal reducing gas is found to be H2. Moreover, the optimal gas velocity is 0.6 m/s, and the optimal reduction temperature is 923 K. This conclusion is consistent with the experimental measurements, so the simulation results can be used to verify the reliability of the optimal operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Separation Processes)
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19 pages, 5290 KiB  
Article
Study on Health Indicator Construction and Health Status Evaluation of Hydraulic Pumps Based on LSTM–VAE
by Zhenbao Li, Wanlu Jiang, Xiang Wu, Shuqing Zhang and Dongning Chen
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091869 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1539
Abstract
This paper addresses the difficulty of evaluating operating status in widely used gear pumps. A method for constructing hydraulic pump health indicators and evaluating health status is proposed based on LSTM–VAE. In this study, the vibration signal data source of gear pumps was [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the difficulty of evaluating operating status in widely used gear pumps. A method for constructing hydraulic pump health indicators and evaluating health status is proposed based on LSTM–VAE. In this study, the vibration signal data source of gear pumps was assessed in the accelerated life test. Firstly, the normalized feature vectors of the whole-life operation data of gear pumps were extracted by wavelet packet decomposition and amplitude feature extraction. Combining an LSTM algorithm with a VAE algorithm, a method for constructing hydraulic pump health indicators based on LSTM–VAE is proposed. By learning the feature vectors of gear pumps in varying health conditions, a one-dimensional HI curve of the gear pumps was obtained. Then, LSTM was used to predict the HI curve of gear pumps. According to the volume efficiency of the gear pumps, the health status of gear pumps is divided into four states: health, sub-health, deterioration, and failure. The health status of the hydraulic pump is accurately evaluated by the health indicator. Finally, the proposed method is compared with the traditional method based on feature selection and PCA dimensionality reduction. The health indicator constructed by the method proposed in this paper is superior to the traditional method in terms of tendency, robustness, and monotonicity, which proves the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)
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