Processes

15 pages, 2011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Combining Tumbling and Sous-Vide Cooking Processes on the Tenderness, Cooking Losses and Colour of Bovine Meat

by Konan Charles Aimeric N’Gatta, Alain Kondjoyan, Raphael Favier, Jason Sicard, Jacques Rouel, Dominique Gruffat and Pierre-Sylvain Mirade

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061229 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2156

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of combining tumbling and sous-vide cooking processes on the tenderness, cooking losses and colour of bovine Semitendinosus (ST) muscles sampled from Charolais-breed cows. Half of the ST muscles were tumbled for 12 h with a compression rate of [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effect of combining tumbling and sous-vide cooking processes on the tenderness, cooking losses and colour of bovine Semitendinosus (ST) muscles sampled from Charolais-breed cows. Half of the ST muscles were tumbled for 12 h with a compression rate of 40%. All muscle samples, whether tumbled or not, were then sous-vide cooked at 50 °C, 60 °C or 80 °C for 1 h or 4 h. After cooking, we measured the shear forces (SF), cooking losses, total water content and the main colour characteristics of pre-tumbled and non-tumbled meat pieces. Pre-tumbled meat pieces had 20% lower SF values than non-tumbled meat pieces, regardless of the cooking conditions applied. All meat pieces cooked at 50 °C had significantly higher (p < 0.05) SF values and lower (p < 0.05) cooking losses than meat pieces cooked at 60 °C or 80 °C. Pre-tumbled meat pieces showed significantly lower cooking losses (p < 0.001) than non-tumbled meat pieces. Applying the tumbling process before cooking led to an increase in meat colour lightness values (p < 0.001), and the colour parameters were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by temperature, cooking time, and temperature × cooking time interaction. Combining a 12-h tumbling process with cooking at 60 °C appears to provide the best compromise between increasing meat tenderness and limiting cooking losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies for the Processing and Assessment of the Quality of Food Products)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 4430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Effect of Mo Addition on Metastable Phase Equilibria and Diffusion Path of Fe in NiAl Laser-Clad Coatings Using First-Principle Calculations and CALPHAD Simulations

by Chun-Ming Lin

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061228 - 20 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1504

Abstract

This study used first-principle calculations and CALPHAD simulations to investigate the effects of adding Mo to NiAl laser-clad coatings in terms of metastable phase equilibria and Fe diffusion path with a focus on thermodynamic phase stability and element diffusion behavior. First-principle calculations were [...] Read more.

This study used first-principle calculations and CALPHAD simulations to investigate the effects of adding Mo to NiAl laser-clad coatings in terms of metastable phase equilibria and Fe diffusion path with a focus on thermodynamic phase stability and element diffusion behavior. First-principle calculations were performed using 3 × 3 × 3 supercells to determine the formation energies of NiAl and Mo-rich phases within a Mo-doped NiAl cladding layer. The findings of this analysis are consistent with the d-orbital energy and bond order results obtained using DV-Xa molecular orbital calculations and phase diagrams obtained using Thermo-Calc simulations. The results also revealed that the substitution of Ni and Al atoms for Fe and Mo in the NiAl matrix decreased the stability of the B₂ structure, thereby reducing phase formation energy. DICTRA simulations were also performed to characterize the diffusion behavior of Fe from the substrate to the surface of the coating. This analysis revealed that the rate of Fe diffusion was slower in the Mo phase than in the NiAl phase. Furthermore, the rate of Fe diffusion in molten material was inversely proportional to the Mo content. These results are consistent with the substitution mechanism used to describe diffusion, wherein diffusivity is inversely proportional to Mo content, due to its high melting point and the fact that un-paired electrons in the outer shell of Mo atoms increase the bonding strength, thereby hindering the diffusion of Fe. Due to the high cooling rates involved in the laser-cladding process, DICTRA simulations tend to overestimate the Fe diffusion distance. Nonetheless, the theoretical results obtained in this study were in good agreement with experiment observations (EPMA line scans). These results confirm the feasibility of using quantum modeling techniques and first-principle calculations to predict the effects of Mo addition on phase formation and element diffusion behavior in the NiAl laser-cladding process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

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11 pages, 2902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Activated Diatomite Modified Asphalt Pavement in Deep Loess Area

by Ting Du, Peng Song and Liping Liu

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061227 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1344

Abstract

In order to effectively prevent and control the rutting problem of asphalt pavement in the deep loess area of Eastern Gansu and reduce road diseases, diatomite was added into the asphalt mixture for laboratory tests. Through Marshall test and rutting test, the optimum [...] Read more.

In order to effectively prevent and control the rutting problem of asphalt pavement in the deep loess area of Eastern Gansu and reduce road diseases, diatomite was added into the asphalt mixture for laboratory tests. Through Marshall test and rutting test, the optimum mix proportion of the diatomite asphalt mixture, and the optimal mix amount of the diatomite in this area were determined. The pavement performance of activated diatomite asphalt pavement and SBS asphalt pavement in this area is compared and analyzed through laboratory tests and on-site road paving. The test results show that under the same ambient temperature, the activated diatomite asphalt pavement has the advantages of lower surface temperature, high stability, and low-water permeability coefficient than SBS modified asphalt pavement. In addition, by fitting the fatigue test data of these two asphalt pavements, it is found that the fatigue life of diatomite asphalt mixture is more sensitive to the change in stress level and has better fatigue resistance. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of diatomite modified asphalt pavement in the loess area can improve the temperature stability of the pavement, prolong the service life, and reduce the cost of construction, which can be popularized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Processing, Analysis, Modelling and Mechanics of Materials and Structures)

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23 pages, 3190 KiB

Open AccessReview

Novel Approaches Concerning the Numerical Modeling of Particle and Cell Separation in Microchannels: A Review

by Ioannis H. Karampelas and Jenifer Gómez-Pastora

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061226 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2217

Abstract

The demand for precise separation of particles, cells, and other biological matter has significantly increased in recent years, leading to heightened scientific interest in this topic. More recently, due to advances in computational techniques and hardware, numerical simulations have been used to guide [...] Read more.

The demand for precise separation of particles, cells, and other biological matter has significantly increased in recent years, leading to heightened scientific interest in this topic. More recently, due to advances in computational techniques and hardware, numerical simulations have been used to guide the design of separation devices. In this article, we establish the theoretical basis governing fluid flow and particle separation and then summarize the computational work performed in the field of particle and cell separation in the last five years with an emphasis on magnetic, dielectric, and acoustic methods. Nearly 70 articles are being reviewed and categorized depending on the type of material separated, fluid medium, software used, and experimental validation, with a brief description of some of the most notable results. Finally, further conclusions, future guidelines, and suggestions for potential improvement are highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Processes and Systems)

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17 pages, 9337 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Immobilization of an Industrial β-Glucosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus and Its Use for Cellobiose Hydrolysis

by Clara Yepes, Juliana Estévez, Miguel Arroyo and Miguel Ladero

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061225 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1743

Abstract

In this study, several covalent methods of immobilization based on acrylic supports, Schiff bases and epoxides have been applied to a commercial cocktail with a high β-glucosidase activity secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus. This cocktail was preliminary compared to a commercial secretome of [...] Read more.

In this study, several covalent methods of immobilization based on acrylic supports, Schiff bases and epoxides have been applied to a commercial cocktail with a high β-glucosidase activity secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus. This cocktail was preliminary compared to a commercial secretome of Aspergillus niger, which was also subjected to the aforementioned immobilization methods. Due to its higher activity, the cocktail from A. fumigatus immobilized on ReliZyme™ HA403 activated with glutaraldehyde was employed for pNPG and cellobiose hydrolysis in diverse operational conditions and at diverse enzyme loadings, showing a very high activity at high enzyme load. A kinetic model based on the Michaelis–Menten hypothesis, in which double inhibition occurs due to glucose, has been selected upon fitting it to all experimentally retrieved data with the lowest-activity immobilized enzyme. This model was compared to the one previously established for the free form of the enzyme, observing that cellobiose acompetitive inhibition does not exist with the immobilized enzyme acting as the biocatalyst. In addition, stability studies indicated that the immobilized enzyme intrinsically behaves as the free enzyme, as expected for a one-bond low-interaction protein-support immobilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochemical Processes for Sustainability)

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17 pages, 870 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bioremediation of Soil from Petroleum Contamination

by Anna Yurievna Stepanova, Evgeny Aleksandrovich Gladkov, Ekaterina Sergeevna Osipova, Olga Victorovna Gladkova and Dmitry Viktorovich Tereshonok

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061224 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7378

Abstract

Petroleum is the most common global fossil fuel. It is a complex multi-component system mainly composed of various hydrocarbons such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, mono-, bi- and polyaromatic compounds, resins and asphaltenes. In spite of humanity’s need for petroleum, it negatively affects the environment [...] Read more.

Petroleum is the most common global fossil fuel. It is a complex multi-component system mainly composed of various hydrocarbons such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, mono-, bi- and polyaromatic compounds, resins and asphaltenes. In spite of humanity’s need for petroleum, it negatively affects the environment due to its toxicity. The ecological problem is especially serious at petroleum mining sites or during petroleum transportation. Since it is not possible to replace petroleum with less toxic fuel, ways to reduce the toxic impact of petroleum hydrocarbons on the environment need to be developed. This review addresses bioremediation, a biological approach to petroleum degradation, which is mainly performed by microbes. The pathways of degradation of alkanes, alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons are presented in detail. The effects of temperature, aeration and the presence of biogenic elements on microbial degradation of petroleum are discussed. Plant–microbe interactions involved with the bioremediation of petroleum-polluted soils are specifically addressed. The data presented in this review point to the great potential of bioremediation practices for cleaning soils of petroleum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biotechnology for Environmental Remediation and Restoration)

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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 5238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Identification of a Steam Boiler Burner via Acoustic Analysis

by Kayra Kurşun, Levent Özdemir and Hakan Ersoy

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061223 - 20 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1517

Abstract

Almost all systems generate acoustic signals when operating or when a process is being performed. These signals contain certain data related to the operating performance of systems. In this study, acoustic data were used to study the performance and to identify the optimum [...] Read more.

Almost all systems generate acoustic signals when operating or when a process is being performed. These signals contain certain data related to the operating performance of systems. In this study, acoustic data were used to study the performance and to identify the optimum operating points of natural gas burners that are used in steam boilers. The sound recordings of burners obtained under different operating conditions were examined with acoustic analysis methods. The impact of various operating parameters on acoustic values was determined using time series analysis, frequency spectrum data and then power spectral density values. When the excess air coefficient and emission and efficiency values of boilers were compared with the acoustic data, it was determined that the Yule–Walker algorithm contained distinct and explanatory values. The steam boiler and the natural gas burner within were considered a system for the analysis. Measurement results showed that operating parameters and acoustic analysis results were correlated. Moreover, the results were confirmed with the emission measurement results. Finally, it was deduced that the acoustic values can be used for obtaining the optimum operating points in similar systems where inlet and outlet parameters cannot be measured, and the related principles were revealed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Efficiency, Environment and Health)

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31 pages, 2059 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Foods to Chemotherapeutics: The Antioxidant Potential of Dietary Phytochemicals

by Michelle A. Briggs

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061222 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2717

Abstract

Food plants have been recognized for their medicinal properties for millennia, a concept supported by epidemiological studies indicating long-term health benefits for people consuming greater amounts of fruits and vegetables. As our technology and instrumentation advance, researchers have the ability to identify promising [...] Read more.

Food plants have been recognized for their medicinal properties for millennia, a concept supported by epidemiological studies indicating long-term health benefits for people consuming greater amounts of fruits and vegetables. As our technology and instrumentation advance, researchers have the ability to identify promising phytochemicals, and examine their potential benefits, or detriments, to human health. While results from trials investigating single chemical supplementation have sometimes produced negative health results, studies investigating the synergistic action of phytochemicals—either within our diet or as an adjuvant to radiation or chemotherapy—appear promising. Utilizing phytochemicals as synergistic agents may lower the chemotherapeutic doses needed to incur physiological results, while also using chemicals with fewer toxic effects. This review investigates a variety of plant-produced chemicals humans typically ingest, their impacts on overall health patterns, molecular mechanisms associated with their health impacts, and the potential of their synergistic use for therapeutic purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation of Medicinal Plants)

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25 pages, 13796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MHD Williamson Nanofluid Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Past a Non-Linear Stretching Sheet Implanted in a Porous Medium: Effects of Heat Generation and Viscous Dissipation

by Amir Abbas, Mdi Begum Jeelani, Abeer S. Alnahdi and Asifa Ilyas

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061221 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 2641

Abstract

The present study is carried out to examine the behavior of magnetohydrodynamic Williamson nanofluid flow and heat transfer over a non-linear stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium. In the current work, the influence of heat generation and viscous dissipation has been taken [...] Read more.

The present study is carried out to examine the behavior of magnetohydrodynamic Williamson nanofluid flow and heat transfer over a non-linear stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium. In the current work, the influence of heat generation and viscous dissipation has been taken into account. The considered phenomenon in the form of partial differential equations is transformed into ordinary differential equations by utilizing an appropriate similarity transformation. The reduced form is solved by using rigorous MATLAB built-in solver bvp4c. The numerical solutions for the velocity field, temperature field, and mass concentration along with the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are computed. The obtained solutions are shown in graphs and are discussed with physical reasoning. It is noted that by increasing Williamson fluid parameter W, the velocity decreases and concentration profile increases. It is deduced that increasing Eckert number Ec leads to a rise in temperature and mass concentration. It has been viewed that with the increment in heat generation parameter Q, the temperature field increases and concentration decreases. The results show that an increasing magnetic field parameter M leaves a decreasing trend in the velocity field and an increasing trend in the temperature field and concentration profile. The present results are compared with the existing solution which shows good agreement and endorses the validation of current solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in CFD Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer)

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16 pages, 397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EOQ Models for Imperfect Items under Time Varying Demand Rate

by Yi Wen Lok, Siti Suzlin Supadi and Kok Bin Wong

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061220 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1755

Abstract

In the classical Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model, the common unrealistic assumptions are that all the purchased items are of perfect quality and the demand is constant. However, in a real-world environment, a portion of the purchased items might be damaged due to [...] Read more.

In the classical Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model, the common unrealistic assumptions are that all the purchased items are of perfect quality and the demand is constant. However, in a real-world environment, a portion of the purchased items might be damaged due to mishandling or an accident during the shipment process, and the demand rate may increase or decrease over time. Many companies are torn between repairing or replacing the imperfect items with new ones. The right decision on that options is crucial in order to guarantee that there is no shortage of stocks while at the same time not jeopardising the items’ quality and maximising the company’s profit. This paper investigates two EOQ models for imperfect quality items by assuming the demand rate varies with time. Under Policy 1, imperfect items are sent for repairs at an additional cost to the makeup margin; under Policy 2, imperfect items are replaced with equivalent quality items from a local supplier at a higher price. Two mathematical models are developed, and numerical examples along with sensitivity analyses are provided to illustrate these models. Our results reveal that Policy 1 is preferable to Policy 2 most of the time. However, Policy 2 outperforms Policy 1 if there is no minimum threshold on the purchased stock quantity. This research allows a company to discover solutions to previously identified inventory problems and make the inventory-patching process more controlled. Full article

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13 pages, 4613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exergy Analysis of Reactive Distillation Coupled with High-Pressure Column for the Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate

by Mathkar A. Alharthi

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1219; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061219 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1772

Abstract

In this article, the Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) synthesis process was investigated thermodynamically based on a well-optimized DMC system for a developed configuration, according to a real industrial plant, presented by Huang et al. Exergy analysis was performed using ProSimPlus software as an efficient [...] Read more.

In this article, the Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) synthesis process was investigated thermodynamically based on a well-optimized DMC system for a developed configuration, according to a real industrial plant, presented by Huang et al. Exergy analysis was performed using ProSimPlus software as an efficient process modeling and simulation environment that is uniquely capable of exergy balance computations. The key operational variables such as the reflux ratio (

R_{r}

), feed temperatures, and feed tray location were varied to explore their impact on the total irreversibilities, global intrinsic efficiency, and DMC purity. The influence of the high pressure (HP) column reflux ratio was the most effective parameter on the exergy destruction and DMC purity, which also significantly increased the duties of the HP column reboiler and condenser. The steady state results are reported in comparison with those found in the literature, and an excellent match is shown between them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Separation Processes)

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17 pages, 8448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Piezomagnetic Effect of Iron Cobalt Alloy and Force Sensor

by Ruichuan Li, Jilu Liu, Jikang Xu, Xinkai Ding, Yi Cheng and Qi Liu

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061218 - 18 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1625

Abstract

Based on the nonlinear piezomagnetic equation, the piezomagnetic effect of prismatic iron-cobalt alloy is analyzed by using the ANSYS finite element simulation platform. The variation of the dynamic piezomagnetic coefficient of the iron-cobalt alloy under different bias magnetic fields and different stress was [...] Read more.

Based on the nonlinear piezomagnetic equation, the piezomagnetic effect of prismatic iron-cobalt alloy is analyzed by using the ANSYS finite element simulation platform. The variation of the dynamic piezomagnetic coefficient of the iron-cobalt alloy under different bias magnetic fields and different stress was studied through simulation. Referring to the working condition of the tractor force sensor and according to the principle of magnetic circuit superposition, a piezomagnetic force sensor was designed and manufactured using iron-cobalt alloy. According to the electromagnetic theory and piezomagnetic effect, the three-dimensional model and magnetic circuit mathematical model of the sensor are established, and the system simulation model of the piezomagnetic sensor was established based on the MATLAB/Simulink module. The experimental platform of the magnetostrictive force sensor was built to verify the correctness of the simulation model, and the effects of bias magnetic field and force on the output characteristics are studied. The simulation and experimental results show that the maximum piezomagnetic coefficient was 9.2 T/GPA when the bias magnetic field intensity was 14.74 kA/m. The force measuring range of the sensor is 0–120 kN, and the sensor has high sensitivity within 0–80 kN. The sensor has a simple structure, is suitable for the force measurement and control of an electro-hydraulic lifter under heavy load, and can better adapt to the harsh working environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Processing, Analysis, Modelling and Mechanics of Materials and Structures)

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15 pages, 919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Speciation Distribution and Influencing Factors of Heavy Metals in Rhizosphere Soil of Miscanthus Floridulus in the Tailing Reservoir Area of Dabaoshan Iron Polymetallic Mine in Northern Guangdong

by Jianqiao Qin, Huarong Zhao, Ming Dai, Peng Zhao, Xi Chen, Hao Liu and Baizhou Lu

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061217 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5524

Abstract

Through field investigation and experimental analysis, the forms, contents and distribution of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of Miscanthus floridulus growing everywhere in Tielongwei mine pond (sample plot 1), Caoduikeng tailings pond (sample plot 2), [...] Read more.

Through field investigation and experimental analysis, the forms, contents and distribution of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr) in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of Miscanthus floridulus growing everywhere in Tielongwei mine pond (sample plot 1), Caoduikeng tailings pond (sample plot 2), Donghua tailings pond (sample plot 3) and Small tailings pond (sample plot 4) in Dabaoshan, Guangdong Province were studied. The results showed that the main forms and distributions of heavy metals in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils are basically the same, which shows that the mineral content accounts for most of the total amount of heavy metals, while the exchange content is low. Compared with non-rhizosphere soil, the proportion of exchangeable and organic heavy metals in rhizosphere soil increased significantly, in which the proportion of organic-bound Cu increased by 53.25%, the proportion of organic-bound Cd and Pb increased by more than 17%, and the proportion of Zn increased by 5.67%. At the same time, the contents of carbonate-bound and iron manganese oxide-bound decreased. Statistical analyses showed that the morphological distribution of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni and Cr in rhizosphere soil was closely related to soil pH value, organic matter content, plant growth and other factors. The results of this study provided a basis for the restoration of heavy metal-contaminated sites by Miscanthus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remediation of Contaminated Sites: Volume I)

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29 pages, 11754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solving the Formation and Containment Control Problem of Nonlinear Multi-Boiler Systems Based on Interval Type-2 Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Models

by Yann-Horng Lin, Wen-Jer Chang and Cheung-Chieh Ku

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061216 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1756

Abstract

An interval type-2 (IT-2) fuzzy control design method is developed to solve the formation and containment problem of nonlinear multi-boiler systems. In most practical industrial systems such as airplanes, vessels, and power plants, the boiler system often exists as more than one piece [...] Read more.

An interval type-2 (IT-2) fuzzy control design method is developed to solve the formation and containment problem of nonlinear multi-boiler systems. In most practical industrial systems such as airplanes, vessels, and power plants, the boiler system often exists as more than one piece of equipment. An efficient control theory based on the leader-following multi-agent system is applied to achieve the control purpose of multiple boiler systems simultaneously. Moreover, a faithful mathematical model of the nonlinear boiler system is extended to construct the multi-boiler system so that the dynamic behaviors can be accurately presented. For the control of practical multi-agent systems, the uncertainties problem, which will deteriorate the performance of the whole system greatly, must be considered. Because of this, the IT-2 Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model is developed to represent the nonlinear multi-boiler system with uncertainties more completely. Based on the fuzzy model, the IT-2 fuzzy formation and containment controllers are designed with the imperfect premise matching scheme. Thus, the IT-2 fuzzy control method design can be more flexible for the nonlinear multi-boiler system. Solving the formation problem, a control method without the communication between leaders differs from the previous research. Since leaders achieve the formation objective, the followers can be forced into the specific range formed by leaders. Via the IT-2 fuzzy control method in this paper, not only can the more flexible process of the controller design method be developed to solve the uncertainties problem magnificently, but a more cost-effective control purpose can also be achieved via applying the lower rules of fuzzy controllers. Finally, the simulation results of controlling a nonlinear multi-boiler system with four agents are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed IT-2 fuzzy formation and containment control method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Fuzzy Control in Computational Intelligence)

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17 pages, 1734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Development for Cyclotron Production of ²²⁵Ac from ²²⁶Ra—The Challenges in a Country Lacking Natural Resources for Medical Applications

by Tatsuya Higashi, Kotaro Nagatsu, Atsushi B Tsuji and Ming-Rong Zhang

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061215 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4773

Abstract

The high therapeutic effect of targeted radioisotope/radionuclide therapy (TRT) using α-emitters, especially ²²⁵Ac, is attracting attention worldwide. However, the only ²²⁵Ac production method that has been put into practical use is extraction from a ²²⁹Th generator derived from the nuclear [...] Read more.

The high therapeutic effect of targeted radioisotope/radionuclide therapy (TRT) using α-emitters, especially ²²⁵Ac, is attracting attention worldwide. However, the only ²²⁵Ac production method that has been put into practical use is extraction from a ²²⁹Th generator derived from the nuclear fuel ²³³U, and it is unlikely that this method alone is able to meet future global medical demand. Development towards new ²²⁵Ac production methods is in progress. These new ²²⁵Ac production methods require the irradiation of ²³²Th or ²²⁶Ra using an accelerator or a nuclear reactor. Global competition has already begun in the race to secure a reliable supply of ²³²Th and ²²⁶Ra, as well as ²²⁹Th for the conventional production method. Japan is a “resource-poor country” that depends on foreign countries for most of its needs. As such, it is difficult for Japan to secure raw materials such as ²³²Th and ²²⁶Ra for medical application. In this paper, we look back on our research at the National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST) in the fields of ²²⁵Ac production and ²²⁵Ac-labeled pharmaceutical development. We present the history and details of our research from 2011, as well as the development of a collaboration between QST and Nihon Medi-Physics that focuses on research into ²²⁵Ac production via ²²⁶Ra(p,2n)²²⁵Ac reaction using an accelerator. Furthermore, we review the valuable discussion at the 2018 Joint IAEA-JRC Workshop—“Supply of Actinium-225”, an international conference that we participated in. Overall, the statuses of external ²²⁵Ac supply, domestic production, and distribution are discussed, as are the latest developments in ²²⁵Ac production methods, ²²⁵Ac pharmaceuticals, and future prospects for the domestic production of ²²⁵Ac in Japan, a country lacking natural resources for medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Processes)

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27 pages, 1095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Demand-Side Management Using Flat Pricing Scheme in Smart Grid

by Fahad R. Albogamy, Yasir Ashfaq, Ghulam Hafeez, Sadia Murawwat, Sheraz Khan, Faheem Ali, Farrukh Aslam Khan and Khalid Rehman

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061214 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2240

Abstract

This work proposes a framework to solve demand-side management (DSM) problem by systematically scheduling energy consumption using flat pricing scheme (FPS) in smart grid (SG). The framework includes microgrid with renewable energy sources (solar and wind), energy storage systems, electric vehicles (EVs), and [...] Read more.

This work proposes a framework to solve demand-side management (DSM) problem by systematically scheduling energy consumption using flat pricing scheme (FPS) in smart grid (SG). The framework includes microgrid with renewable energy sources (solar and wind), energy storage systems, electric vehicles (EVs), and building appliances like time flexible, power flexible, and base/critical appliances. For the proposed framework, we develop an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm, which efficiently schedules smart appliances, and EVs batteries charging/discharging with microgrid and without (W/O) microgrid under FPS to minimize energy cost, carbon emission, and peak to average ratio (PAR). An integrated technique of enhanced differential evolution (EDE) algorithm and artificial neural network (ANN) is devised to predict solar irradiance and wind speed for accurate microgrid energy estimation. To endorse the applicability of the proposed framework, simulations are conducted. Moreover, the proposed framework based on the ACO algorithm is compared to mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) and W/O scheduling energy management frameworks in terms of energy cost, carbon emission, and PAR. The developed ACO algorithm reduces energy cost, PAR, and carbon emission by 23.69%, 26.20%, and 15.35% in scenario I, and 25.09%, 31.45%, and 18.50% in scenario II, respectively, as compared to W/O scheduling case. The results affirm the applicability of the proposed framework in aspects of the desired objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Electric and Power Systems)

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20 pages, 7340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Picking Path Planning Method of Dual Rollers Type Safflower Picking Robot Based on Improved Ant Colony Algorithm

by He Zhang, Yun Ge, Chao Sun, Haifeng Zeng and Na Liu

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061213 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2196

Abstract

Aiming at the problem of automatic path planning for the whole safflower bulbs during the operation of safflower picking robots, an improved ant colony algorithm (ACA) was proposed to plan the three-dimensional path of the safflower picking points. The shortest time and distance [...] Read more.

Aiming at the problem of automatic path planning for the whole safflower bulbs during the operation of safflower picking robots, an improved ant colony algorithm (ACA) was proposed to plan the three-dimensional path of the safflower picking points. The shortest time and distance were taken as the overall goal of path planning to comprehensively improve the working efficiency of safflower picking robots. First, in order to shorten time, the angle induction factor was introduced to reduce the angle rotation of the end-effector. Second, in order to shorten the length of the picking path, the picking track was optimized. Finally, the design of the secondary path optimization reduced the number of picking points, which not only shortened the length of the picking path, but also shortened the picking time. The simulation results show that the path planned by the improved ACA was reduced by three picking points, shortening the total length by 74.32%, and reducing the picking time by 0.957 s. The simulation results verify the feasibility of the improved ACA for safflower picking path planning, which provides theoretical reference and technical support for the picking path planning of dual roller safflower picking robots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Artificial Intelligence in Smart Industrial Diagnostics and Manufacturing)

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20 pages, 6311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Penetration Evaluation Method in Collisions between a Supply Ship and a Semi-Submersible Platform

by Yuan Xiao, Zhi Yao and Xu Zhang

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061212 - 17 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1570

Abstract

Collisions between ships and offshore platforms frequently occur, with severe consequences. Predicting the collision depth under different conditions is very important to evaluate the severity of the consequences. Considering the time-consuming numerical simulation problem and the accuracy problems of existing approximation algorithms, this [...] Read more.

Collisions between ships and offshore platforms frequently occur, with severe consequences. Predicting the collision depth under different conditions is very important to evaluate the severity of the consequences. Considering the time-consuming numerical simulation problem and the accuracy problems of existing approximation algorithms, this paper proposes a comprehensive approach to estimating penetration depths by obtaining two collision coefficients for specific collision structures based on the partial results of numerical simulations and simplified theoretical analysis. In this study, the collision process between a supply ship with a transverse framing stern and an offshore semi-platform was first numerically simulated based on the explicit dynamic method. The changes in ship velocity, impact force, and energy conversion before and after the collision processes were obtained through numerical simulations of the collisions with different speeds and angles. Then, by combining the external dynamics and numerical results, the analytical results of dissipated energy under other collision conditions were obtained using a simulated restitution coefficient. For the following internal dynamics analysis, according to the failure modes of specific structural components in different regions, an appropriate structural energy absorption formula was combined to obtain the relationship between the penetrations and energy absorption in a particular collision area. According to the friction energy ratio derived by the simulation, the penetration depths in the offshore platform were calculated. The results showed that the deviations between the proposed method and direct simulation results were less than 15% in the cases of a medium- to high-energy collision. It can be concluded that the restitution coefficient and friction energy ratio in different collision conditions can be approximately determined for a specific collision system by typical numerical simulations, thus quickly calculating the penetration depths of other conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Processing, Analysis, Modelling and Mechanics of Materials and Structures)

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14 pages, 3411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Verification of Reservoirs with Different Wettability Using an Oil–Water Relative Permeability Model

by Jianya Pei, Yunfeng Zhang, Jin Hu, Jian Zhang, Xiaomeng Zhu, Qiang Wang and Hua Gong

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061211 - 17 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1426

Abstract

Oil–water relative permeability is an important parameter that affects fluid flow in porous media. It is usually obtained in a laboratory. Since rock resistivity and relative permeability are both effects of water saturation, they should theoretically have a relationship. Based on the parallel [...] Read more.

Oil–water relative permeability is an important parameter that affects fluid flow in porous media. It is usually obtained in a laboratory. Since rock resistivity and relative permeability are both effects of water saturation, they should theoretically have a relationship. Based on the parallel conduction principle of fluid and skeleton in porous media, the pore structure and fluid distribution can be simplified using the Kozeny–Carman permeability correction equation and the Archie formula, and the relative permeability model of the water phase can be deduced under different wetting conditions. In this study, the resistivity and relative permeability experimental data of 20 rock samples from four inspection wells were compared and verified. The results show that the proposed oil–water relative permeability model agrees well with a reservoir having a porosity range of 17.6–30.7% and an air permeability of 0.16–973 × 10⁻³ μm, and it may explain why the relative permeability of the water phase decreases as water saturation increases. This model could provide a new technique to construct the relative permeability curves of sandstone reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Flow Assurance in Porous Media and Production Operations)

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12 pages, 2106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Value-Added Utilization Method of Sugar Production By-Products from Rice Straw: Extraction of Lignin and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity

by Shengming Zhang, Liangfei Ma, Shushan Gao, Chonghao Zhu, Yehong Yan, Xiaohan Liu, Longhai Li and Haitao Chen

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061210 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1892

Abstract

To value-added utilization of the rice straw, two types of lignin were extracted from the by-products of sugar production. The ether-extracted lignin with a purity of 98.7% was extracted from the pretreatment filtrate with two times the concentrated filtrate volume of ether, where [...] Read more.

To value-added utilization of the rice straw, two types of lignin were extracted from the by-products of sugar production. The ether-extracted lignin with a purity of 98.7% was extracted from the pretreatment filtrate with two times the concentrated filtrate volume of ether, where the lignin yield was 6.62 mg/g of the rice straw. The ball-milled lignin with a purity of 99.6% was extracted from the milled enzymatic hydrolysis residue with a 1,4-dioxane solution, where the revolution speed and grinding time were 300 rpm and 12 h, respectively. The yield of ball-milled lignin was 34.52 mg/g of the rice straw, which was 421.5% higher than that extracted from extract-free rice straw. In the process of rice straw pretreatment and lignin extraction, 76.43% by mass of phosphotungstic acid catalyst and approximately 98% by volume of 1,4-dioxane solution could be recycled and reused. Compared with the soda lignin extracted from papermaking black liquor, the scavenging rates of DPPH radical and ABTS⁺ radical of ether-extracted lignin increased by 36.26% and 41.18%, respectively, while the above scavenging rates of ball-milled lignin increased by 30.22% and 37.75%, respectively. Moreover, the reducing power of the two extracted lignins was also stronger than that of soda lignin. The ether-extracted lignin and ball-milled lignin have the potential to be developed as natural macromolecular antioxidants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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11 pages, 1884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blockchain Development Services Provider Assessment Model for a Logistics Organizations

by Nguyen Van Thanh

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061209 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2381

Abstract

As the global market develops along with technological advances, especially the opening of markets in developing and underdeveloped countries, the logistics industry is considered by managers to be a useful tool to link different functions of corporate strategy. Logistics is the process of [...] Read more.

As the global market develops along with technological advances, especially the opening of markets in developing and underdeveloped countries, the logistics industry is considered by managers to be a useful tool to link different functions of corporate strategy. Logistics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the movement of goods or information that are related to raw materials (inputs) and final products (outputs) from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customer requirements. The logistics industry brings about many positive effects, not only for the national economy but also for creating equal business opportunities for businesses of all economic sectors. However, large companies in the logistics industry still depend on EDI or APIS to exchange secure authentication data, which increase the security of operations within the industry, but this is the cause of a lot of confusion with serious consequences on the supply chain when it is too dependent on these systems. To minimize the risks and optimize the problems mentioned above, blockchain technology could help the logistics industry to operate optimally. In an era when everything is digitized, from personal information to financial transactions, choosing a system with high reliability and security becomes extremely important. Currently, there are many blockchain development services providers and it is essential to choose the investment in this technology that suits the characteristics and purposes of the logistics organization in question. This study aimed to propose a two-stage fuzzy multicriteria decision-making model for the assessment of blockchain development services providers for logistics organizations. The hybrid MCDM model was evaluated through a real-world case study at a logistics organization. The contribution of this work is the provision of useful guidelines for the evaluation and selection of blockchain technology services providers for logistics companies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Process Control and Monitoring)

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16 pages, 2092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Biorefinery Approach to Biodiesel Production from Castor Plants

by Fabiola Sandoval-Salas, Carlos Méndez-Carreto, Graciela Ortega-Avila, Christell Barrales-Fernández, León Raúl Hernández-Ochoa and Nestor Sanchez

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061208 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2737

Abstract

The high consumption of fossil fuels has significant environmental implications. An alternative to reduce the use of fossil fuels and develop ecological and economic processes is the bio-refinery approach. In the present study, the authors present the production of biodiesel from castor plants [...] Read more.

The high consumption of fossil fuels has significant environmental implications. An alternative to reduce the use of fossil fuels and develop ecological and economic processes is the bio-refinery approach. In the present study, the authors present the production of biodiesel from castor plants through a biorefinery approach. The process includes sub-processes associated with the integral use of castor plants, such as biodiesel production, oil extraction, fertilizer, and solid biomass production. Economic analyses show that producing only biodiesel is not feasible, but economic indicators (NPV, IRR, and profitability index) show it is much more feasible to establish businesses for the valorization of products and subproducts of castor plants, such as biomass densification. The internal rate return for the second scenario (E2) was 568%, whereas, for the first scenario (E1), it was not possible to obtain a return on investment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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15 pages, 4047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical and Mechanical Characterization of a Functionalized Cotton Fabric with Nanocomposite Based on Silver Nanoparticles and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Using Green Chemistry

by Linda Gabriela Quispe-Quispe, Patricia Limpe-Ramos, Carlos Alberto Arenas-Chávez, Monica Marcela Gomez, Christian R. Mejia, Aldo Alvarez-Risco, Shyla Del-Aguila-Arcentales, Jaime A. Yáñez and Corina Vera-Gonzales

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061207 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2464

Abstract

Cotton is the most widely used natural fiber for textiles but its innate capacity to absorb moisture, retain oxygen, and high specific surface area make it more prone to microbial contamination, becoming an appropriate medium for the growth of bacteria and fungi. In [...] Read more.

Cotton is the most widely used natural fiber for textiles but its innate capacity to absorb moisture, retain oxygen, and high specific surface area make it more prone to microbial contamination, becoming an appropriate medium for the growth of bacteria and fungi. In recent years, the incorporation of silver nanoparticles in textile products has been widely used due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and low toxicity towards mammalian cells. The aim of the current study is to synthesize and characterize a nanocomposite based on silver nanoparticles and carboxymethyl chitosan (AgNPs-CMC), which was utilized to provide a functional finish to cotton fabric. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) to produce a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) image showed that the nanocomposite presents AgNPs with a 5–20 nm size. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles. The concentration of silver in the functionalized fabric was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), which reported an average concentration of 13.5 mg of silver per kg of functionalized fabric. SEM showed that silver nanoparticles present a uniform distribution on the surface of the functionalized cotton fabric fibers. On the other hand, by infrared spectroscopy, it was observed that the functionalized fabric variation (compared to control) had a displaced peak of intensity at 1594.32 cm⁻¹, corresponding to carboxylate anions. Similarly, Raman spectroscopy showed an intense peak at 1592.84 cm⁻¹, which corresponds to the primary amino group of carboxymethyl chitosan, and a peak at 1371.5 cm⁻¹ corresponding to the carboxylic anions. Finally, the physical and mechanical tests of tensile strength and color index of the functional fabric reported that it was no different (p ˃ 0.05) than the control fabric. Our results demonstrate that we have obtained an improved functionalized cotton fabric using green chemistry that does not alter intrinsic properties of the fabric and has the potential to be utilized in the manufacturing of hospital garments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Processes)

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25 pages, 6848 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Design and Optimization of γ-Shaped Settlement Training Wall Based on Numerical Simulation and CCD-Response Surface Method

by Bo Xu, Jianfeng Liu, Weigang Lu, Lei Xu and Renyi Xu

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061201 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1467

Abstract

To ameliorate the inflow state of the joint hub of a pump station and sluice, a γ-shaped settlement training wall was designed with its state adjusted automatically in line with the actual working condition of the project. The central composite design (CCD) of [...] Read more.

To ameliorate the inflow state of the joint hub of a pump station and sluice, a γ-shaped settlement training wall was designed with its state adjusted automatically in line with the actual working condition of the project. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface method was adopted to optimize the geometrical size of the training wall in the operational states of pumping and free-draining separately. The results showed that the alteration of different size factors of the γ-shaped settlement training wall had different degrees of influence on its rectification effect; the intake flow state of the joint hub of the sluice and pumping station with the γ-shaped settlement training wall can be significantly improved with the flow velocity uniformity in the inlet channel next to the junction of the sluice chamber, reaching 80.42%, and the flow velocity uniformity ahead of the sluice, reaching 84.78%, in the operational state of free-draining. By combining the results of numerical simulation, the feasibility of the response surface method was further verified and the optimal combination of geometric parameters of the γ-shaped settlement training wall were also obtained, which can be adopted in the design of the actual joint hub of the pump station and sluice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization Method of Pumps)

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13 pages, 4222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of the Microstructure and Transport Properties of La₂CuO_4−δ Electrodes via Halogenation Routes

by Lucía dos Santos-Gómez, Javier Zamudio-García, José M. Porras-Vázquez, Enrique R. Losilla and David Marrero-López

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061206 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1737

Abstract

Ruddlesden–Popper type electrodes with composition La₂CuO_4−δ are alternative cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs); however, the undoped compound exhibits low electrical conductivity for potential applications, which is usually increased by alkaline-earth doping. A promising alternative to alkaline-earth doping [...] Read more.

Ruddlesden–Popper type electrodes with composition La₂CuO_4−δ are alternative cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs); however, the undoped compound exhibits low electrical conductivity for potential applications, which is usually increased by alkaline-earth doping. A promising alternative to alkaline-earth doping is the modification of the anionic framework by halogen doping. In this study, La₂CuO_4−0.5xA_x (A = F, Cl, Br; x = 0–0.3) compounds are prepared by a freeze-drying precursor method, using an anion doping strategy. The composition, structure, morphology and electrical properties are studied to evaluate their potential use in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The halogen-doped materials show higher electrical conductivity and improved electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reactions when compared to the pristine material, with polarization resistance values 2.5 times lower, i.e., 0.20, 0.11 and 0.08 Ω cm² for undoped, F- and Cl-doped samples, respectively, at 800 °C. Moreover, halogen doping prevents superficial copper segregation in La₂CuO_4−δ, making it an attractive strategy for the development of highly efficient electrodes for SOFCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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21 pages, 1308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making Model for New Product Development: The Case of Taiwan Organic Light-Emitting Diode Industry

by Wen-Chin Chen, Pao-Wen Lin and Wei-Jaw Deng

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061205 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1696

Abstract

Due to the strong demand for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display products and the highly competitive global market, OLED enterprises need to proactively make product innovations for presuming business competitive advantage, high sales, high profits, high customer consuming value, and the sustainability of [...] Read more.

Due to the strong demand for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display products and the highly competitive global market, OLED enterprises need to proactively make product innovations for presuming business competitive advantage, high sales, high profits, high customer consuming value, and the sustainability of the enterprise. A suitable multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model for OLED new product development (NPD) can help OLED enterprises’ R&D team to minimize risks and maximize the success rate of NPD. However, the literature reviews of the MCDM model for OLED NPD are very rare. This study aims to propose the approaches for establishing an integrated MCDM model for OLED NPD that apply three methodologies which include the literature review and expert panel, Interpretive structural modeling (ISM), and Fuzzy analytic network process (FANP). Meanwhile, after the implication of the proposed approaches in the case study of Taiwan OLED NPD, this study proposes an integrated MCDM model for OLED NPD in Taiwan. The research results reveal fifteen evaluation criteria of OLED NPD and their relative weight. Furthermore, the research results reveal the top three important criteria are return on investment, expert research and industry evaluation, and R&D funding preparation. The proposed approaches can be applied in other industries for establishing an integrated MCDM model for their own NPD. The proposed integrated MCDM model for OLED NPD in Taiwan can help enterprises in the Taiwan OLED industry to develop new OLED products in an efficient way and to boost sales, profits, and competitive advantages. Besides, this study enriches the research references of MCDM model for NPD and OLED field. Full article

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13 pages, 8775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Studies of the Processes of Stepped Torque Loads Parrying by Asynchronous Electric Drives and Interpretation of Experimental Results by Nonlinear Transfer Functions of Drives

by Vladimir L. Kodkin and Alexander A. Baldenkov

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061204 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1217

Abstract

This article presents the results of experimental studies of asynchronous motors with a short-circuited rotor (induction motors—IM) with the most common frequency control methods: scalar; vector control; vector with speed control circuit; scalar control with dynamic compensation. The purpose of the experiments was [...] Read more.

This article presents the results of experimental studies of asynchronous motors with a short-circuited rotor (induction motors—IM) with the most common frequency control methods: scalar; vector control; vector with speed control circuit; scalar control with dynamic compensation. The purpose of the experiments was to identify and show the features of the reaction of these control methods to the stepped sketches of the load on the asynchronous electric drive, as in a nonlinear electromechanical system. When selecting the parameters and settings of the “Schneider electric” frequency converter settings, standard instructions and techniques have been used, so the settings of the regulators were not optimal. The aim was not to determine the most effective structures and show fundamentally new solutions. Asynchronous electric motors are substantially nonlinear structures. In the formation of vector control theory, a number of simplifications and assumptions were used, the cost of which was not very clear and theoretically difficult to assess. This work is a step towards estimating the cost of these simplifications. This paper provides the results of experiments in which step-loading modes are presented by the maximum possible registered signals and the amplitude of the stator voltage, formed by various algorithms, the frequency and amplitude of the rotor current and the actual sliding and rotation speed of the engine rotor. This made it possible to maximally objectively assess the effectiveness of the interpretation of asynchronous electric drives and the methods of their regulation. The authors have conducted research in this area for about 15 years. In numerous articles on this subject over the past 25–30 years, the authors did not find such results. The vast majority of work devoted to the study of asynchronous electric drives with frequency control uses the notion of not too significant errors in the linearization of Park’s vector equations. In particular, the concepts of the sinusoidality of currents and voltages in AC motors and the accuracy of vector equations are almost always used, which are valid only at a constant frequency of the stator voltage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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42 pages, 16502 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Preparation, Machining Performance, and Application of Fe-Based Amorphous Alloys

by Zexuan Huo, Guoqing Zhang, Junhong Han, Jianpeng Wang, Shuai Ma and Haitao Wang

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061203 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3634

Abstract

Amorphous alloy is an emerging metal material, and its unique atomic arrangement brings it the excellent properties of high strength and high hardness, and, therefore, have attracted extensive attention in the fields of electronic information and cutting-edge products. Their applications involve machining and [...] Read more.

Amorphous alloy is an emerging metal material, and its unique atomic arrangement brings it the excellent properties of high strength and high hardness, and, therefore, have attracted extensive attention in the fields of electronic information and cutting-edge products. Their applications involve machining and forming, make the machining performance of amorphous alloys being a research hotspot. However, the present research on amorphous alloys and their machining performance is widely focused, especially for Fe-based amorphous alloys, and there lacks a systematic review. Therefore, in the present research, based on the properties of amorphous alloys and Fe-based amorphous alloys, the fundamental reason and improvement method of the difficult-to-machine properties of Fe-based amorphous alloys are reviewed and analyzed. Firstly, the properties of amorphous alloys are summarized, and it is found that crystallization and high temperature in machining are the main reasons for difficult-to-machine properties. Then, the unique properties, preparation and application of Fe-based amorphous alloys are reviewed. The review found that the machining of Fe-based amorphous alloys is also deteriorated by extremely high hardness and chemical tool wear. Tool-assisted machining, low-temperature lubrication assisted machining, and magnetic field-assisted machining can effectively improve the machining performance of Fe-based amorphous alloys. The combination of assisted machining methods is the development trend in machining Fe-based amorphous alloys, and even amorphous alloys in the future. The present research provides a systematic summary for the machining of Fe-based amorphous alloys, which would serve as a reference for relevant research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Optimization and Design Method of Metal Manufacturing Processes)

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25 pages, 394 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Potential for Biomethanisation of CO₂ from Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Wastes in the United Kingdom

by Angela Bywater, Sonia Heaven, Yue Zhang and Charles J. Banks

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061202 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3108

Abstract

The United Kingdom (UK) has a decarbonisation strategy that includes energy from both hydrogen and biomethane. The latter comes from the growing anaerobic digestion (AD) market, which in 2020 produced 23.3 TWh of energy in the form of biogas. According to the strategy, [...] Read more.

The United Kingdom (UK) has a decarbonisation strategy that includes energy from both hydrogen and biomethane. The latter comes from the growing anaerobic digestion (AD) market, which in 2020 produced 23.3 TWh of energy in the form of biogas. According to the strategy, this must be upgraded to biomethane by removal of carbon dioxide (CO₂): a goal that could also be fulfilled through CO₂ biomethanisation, alleviating the need for carbon capture and storage. Results are presented from a survey of publicly available datasets coupled with modelling to identify potential scale and knowledge gaps. Literature data were used to estimate maximum biomethane concentrations by feedstock type: these ranged from 79% for food wastes to 93% for livestock manures. Data from various government sources were used to estimate the overall potential for CO₂ biomethanisation with current AD infrastructure. Values for the uplift in biomethane production ranged from 57% to 61%, but the need for more consistent data collection methodologies was highlighted. On average, however, if CO₂ biomethanisation was applied in all currently operating UK AD plants an energy production uplift of 12,954 GWh could be achieved based on 2020 figures. This is sufficient to justify the inclusion of CO₂ biomethanisation in decarbonisation strategies, in the UK and worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Processes)

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17 pages, 1990 KiB

Open AccessReview

Personalized Medicine for the Critically Ill Patient: A Narrative Review

by Alexandra Elena Lazar and Leonard Azamfirei

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061200 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3580

Abstract

Personalized Medicine (PM) is rapidly advancing in everyday medical practice. Technological advances allow researchers to reach patients more than ever with their discoveries. The critically ill patient is probably the most complex of all, and personalized medicine must make serious efforts to fulfill [...] Read more.

Personalized Medicine (PM) is rapidly advancing in everyday medical practice. Technological advances allow researchers to reach patients more than ever with their discoveries. The critically ill patient is probably the most complex of all, and personalized medicine must make serious efforts to fulfill the desire to “treat the individual, not the disease”. The complexity of critically ill pathologies arises from the severe state these patients and from the deranged pathways of their diseases. PM constitutes the integration of basic research into clinical practice; however, to make this possible complex and voluminous data require processing through even more complex mathematical models. The result of processing biodata is a digitized individual, from which fragments of information can be extracted for specific purposes. With this review, we aim to describe the current state of PM technologies and methods and explore its application in critically ill patients, as well as some of the challenges associated with PM in intensive care from the perspective of economic, approval, and ethical issues. This review can help in understanding the complexity of, P.M.; the complex processes needed for its application in critically ill patients, the benefits that make the effort of implementation worthwhile, and the current challenges of PM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Materials and Procedures for Precision Medicine)

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