Long-Term Efficacy of the Combination of Active Vision Therapy and Occlusion in Children with Strabismic and Anisometropic Amblyopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Examination Protocol
2.3. Active Vision Therapy
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Size Calculations
3.2. Strabismic Amblyopia
3.3. Anisometropic Amblyopia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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α | δ | σ | n | SP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strabismic amblyopia | |||||
Distance BCVA | 0.05 | −0.21 | 0.16 | 14 | 99.2% |
BF | 0.05 | −1.27 | 1.20 | 14 | 95.2% |
Anisometropic amblyopia | |||||
Distance BCVA | 0.05 | −0.26 | 0.16 | 13 | 99.8% |
BF | 0.05 | −0.67 | 0.56 | 13 | 97.3% |
Median [IQ] | Previous | 15 Days | 1 Month | 2 Months | 3 Months | 1 Year Post Avt | 2 Years Post Avt | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | ||||||||||||||||
(Range) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | p (0) | p (1) |
Distance BCVA | 0.00 [0.03] | 0.19 [0.30] | 0.00 [0.02] | 0.11 [0.19] | 0.00 [0.01] | 0.07 [0.09] | 0.00 [0.02] | 0.03 [0.06] | 0.00 [0.01] | 0.02 [0.08] | 0.00 [0.02] | 0.02 [0.03] | 0.00 [0.02] | 0.02 [0.05] | 0.73 | <0.001 |
(logMAR) | 0.03 ± 0.06 | 0.25 ± 0.17 | −0.01 ± 0.09 | 0.17 ± 0.15 | −0.00 ± 0.11 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.05 | ||
(0.00–0.15) | (0.05–0.52) | (−0.30–0.10) | (0.00–0.52) | (−0.30–0.22) | (0.00–0.19) | (0.00–0.05) | (0.00–0.15) | (−0.08–0.15) | (0.00–0.22) | (0.00–0.07) | (0.00–0.10) | (−0.08–0.05) | (0.00–0.19) | |||
Near BCVA | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.20 [0.23] | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.15 [0.20] | 0.00 [0.02] | 0.10 [0.20] | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.10 [0.12] | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.00 [0.12] | 0.00 [0.02] | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.00 [0.00] | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.11 | <0.001 |
(logMAR) | 0.03 ± 0.11 | 0.26 ± 0.20 | 0.03 ± 0.09 | 0.16 ± 0.13 | 0.01 ± 0.08 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.01 ± 0.06 | 0.08 ± 0.10 | −0.01 ± 0.06 | 0.03 ± 0.10 | −0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.06 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.08 | ||
(0.30–0.40) | (0.00–0.70) | (−0.10–0.20) | (−0.10–0.30) | (−0.10–0.20) | (0.00–0.30) | (−0.10–0.10) | (−0.10–0.30) | (−0.10–0.10) | (−0.10–0.20) | (−0.10–0.10) | (−0.10–0.10) | (0.00–0.10) | (0.00–0.30) | |||
Cycloplegic refraction (D) | 3.00 [2.25] | 4.94 [2.88] | 3.00 [2.25] | 4.94 [2.88] | 3.00 [2.25] | 4.94 [2.88] | 3.00 [2.25] | 4.94 [2.63] | 2.94 [2.67] | 4.75 [3.00] | 2.94 [3.19] | 5.13 [3.28] | 2.88 [4.00] | 5.00 [2.88] | 0.74 | 0.93 |
3.23 ± 1.83 | 4.12 ± 2.63 | 3.23 ± 1.83 | 4.12 ± 2.63 | 3.25 ± 1.86 | 4.08 ± 2.71 | 3.21 ± 1.87 | 4.10 ± 2.68 | 3.26 ± 1.90 | 4.11 ± 2.70 | 3.18 ± 1.94 | 4.13 ± 2.73 | 3.23 ± 2.18 | 4.11 ± 3.05 | |||
(0.50–6.63) | (−2.38–7.38) | (0.50–6.63) | (−2.38–7.38) | (0.25–6.63) | (−2.38–7.38) | (0.25–6.63) | (−2.25–7.38) | (0.50–6.63) | (−2.25–7.38) | (0.50–6.88) | (−2.25–7.63) | (0.38–6.75) | (−3.38–7.50) | |||
Subjective refraction | 2.37 [3.06] | 4.31 [3.38] | 2.86 [3.06] | 4.31 [3.72] | 2.75 [3.06] | 4.25 [3.06] | 2.75 [2.78] | 4.31 [3.16] | 2.50 [3.44] | 4.38 [3.41] | 2.63 [3.44] | 4.63 [3.38] | 2.50 [3.75] | 4.50 [3.19] | 0.02 | 0.93 |
(D) | 2.64 ± 2.13 | 3.55 ± 2.96 | 2.71 ± 2.13 | 3.60 ± 3.00 | 2.80 ± 2.04 | 3.55 ± 2.81 | 2.72 ± 1.97 | 3.61 ± 2.66 | 3.02 ± 2.00 | 3.72 ± 2.68 | 3.04 ± 2.04 | 3.82 ± 2.69 | 3.13 ± 2.38 | 3.74 ± 3.06 | ||
(−0.38–6.63) | (−3.00–7.50) | (−0.38–6.63) | (−3.00–7.50) | (0.00–6.63) | (−3.00–7.50) | (−0.13–6.63) | (−2.63–7.00) | (0.00–6.63) | (−2.38–7.00) | (0.00–6.50) | (−2.38–7.25) | (−0.50–6.75) | (−3.25–7.25) | |||
Distance Cover Test | 3.00 [10] | 3.00 [10] | 2.25 [10] | 3.75 [11] | 2.25 [8] | 0.00 [6] | 0.00 [7] | <0.001 | ||||||||
(prism diopters) | 5.14 ± 10.21 | 5.14 ± 10.21 | 3.89 ± 8.40 | 4.00 ± 10.13 | 2.18 ± 7.49 | 1.29 ± 7.09 | 2.64 ± 4.92 | |||||||||
(−17–25) | (−17–25) | (−17–16) | (−25–16) | (−20–10) | (−20–10) | (−8–10) | ||||||||||
Near Cover Test | 7.75 [10] | 7.75 [11] | 7.50 [11] | 6.50 [8] | 4.75 [9] | 4.25 [9] | 6.75 [10] | 0.45 | ||||||||
(prism diopters) | 7.50 ± 11.47 | 8.50 ± 11.67 | 6.32 ± 10.27 | 5.75 ± 9.94 | 3.99 ± 7.88 | 4.07 ± 8.46 | 6.89 ± 6.82 | |||||||||
(−25–25) | (−25–25) | (−25–16) | (−25–16) | (−19–15) | (−19–19) | (−8–18) | ||||||||||
BF | 4.00 [2.47] | 4.00 [2.73] | 4.00 [2.50] | 2.60 [1.70] | 2.60 [0.68] | 2.30 [0.75] | 2.30 [0.33] | 0.002 | ||||||||
3.79 ± 1.30 | 3.76 ± 1.33 | 3.62 ± 1.29 | 2.96 ± 1.09 | 2.29 ± 1.08 | 2.54 ± 0.75 | 2.52 ± 0.77 | ||||||||||
(1.60–5.00) | (1.60–5.00) | (1.60–5.00) | (1.60–5.00) | (1.51–5.00) | (1.80–5.00) | (1.70–5.00) |
Median [IQ] | Previous | 15 Days | 1 Month | 2 Months | 3 Months | 1 Year Post Avt | 2 Years Post Avt | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | ||||||||||||||||
(Range) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | p (0) | p (1) |
Distance BCVA | 0.00 [0.02] | 0.22 [0.32] | 0.00 [0.00] | 0.07 [0.13] | 0.00 [0.00] | 0.02 [0.05] | 0.00 [0.00] | 0.02 [0.01] | 0.00 [0.00] | 0.01 [0.02] | 0.00 [0.00] | 0.01 [0.02] | 0.00 [0.04] | 0.00 [0.01] | 0.2 | <0.001 |
(logMAR) | 0.01 ± 0.06 | 0.26 ± 0.17 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.10 | −0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | −0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.08 | −0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.06 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | −0.02 ± 0.04 | −0.00 ± 0.02 | ||
(−0.08–0.15) | (0.10–0.60) | (0.00–0.10) | (0.00–0.35) | (−0.08–0.02) | (0.02–0.10) | (−0.08–0.00) | (0.00–0.30) | (−0.08–0.00) | (0.00–0.22) | (0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.07) | (−0.08–0.02) | (−0.08–0.02) | |||
Near BCVA | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.20 [0.20] | 0.00 [0.05] | 0.10 [0.25] | 0.00 [0.00] | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.00 [0.05] | 0.00 [0.15] | −0.10 [0.10] | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.00 [0.10] | −0.10 [0.10] | 0.00 [0.10] | 0.01 | <0.001 |
(logMAR) | −0.01 ± 0.08 | 0.16 ± 0.18 | −0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.12 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.06 | −0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.09 | −0.05 ± 0.05 | −0.04 ± 0.06 | −0.04 ± 0.05 | −0.03 ± 0.05 | −0.05 ± 0.05 | −0.05 ± 0.05 | ||
(−0.10–0.20) | (−0.10–0.60) | (−0.10–0.10) | (−0.10–0.20) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.20) | (−0.10–0.00) | (−0.10–0.20) | (−0.10–0.00) | (−0.10–0.10) | (−0.10–0.00) | (−0.10–0.00) | (−0.10–0.00) | (−0.10–0.00) | |||
Cyploplegic refraction | 1.88 [1.56] | 4.38 [7.00] | 2.00 [1.56] | 4.38 [6.81] | 1.88 [1.56] | 4.38 [6.81] | 1.88 [1.94] | 4.38 [7.00] | 2.00 [2.13] | 3.25 [6.75] | 2.00 [2.31] | 3.63 [7.75] | 2.00 [2.75] | 3.38 [8.88] | 0.59 | 0.31 |
(D) | 2.21 ± 1.60 | 2.71 ± 4.10 | 2.22 ± 1.60 | 2.74 ± 4.06 | 2.19 ± 1.56 | 2.70 ± 4.00 | 2.31 ± 1.71 | 2.75 ± 4.02 | 2.27 ± 1.73 | 2.50 ± 3.92 | 2.11 ± 1.70 | 2.32 ± 4.53 | 1.89 ± 1.88 | 2.13 ± 4.58 | ||
(−0.50–6.25) | (−4.25–8.00) | (−0.50–6.25) | (−4.25–8.00) | (0.00–6.25 | (−4.25–7.88) | (0.00–6.25) | (−4.25–7.88) | (0.00–6.25) | (−4.25–7.88) | (−0.50–5.50) | (−5.75–7.63) | (5.50–6.50) | (−6.00–7.13) | |||
Subjective refraction | 1.25 [1.13] | 3.50 [6.25] | 1.00 [1.00] | 2.50 [6.38] | 1.13 [1.00] | 4.00 [6.38] | 1.13 [1.25] | 3.00 [6.25] | 1.25 [1.50] | 3.75 [6.19] | 1.50 [2.00] | 2.63 [6.81] | 1.38 [2.00] | 2.38 [7.31] | 0.9 | <0.001 |
(D) | 1.44 ± 1.48 | 2.29 ± 3.86 | 1.45 ± 1.47 | 2.13 ± 3.89 | 1.45 ± 1.44 | 2.22 ± 3.94 | 1.55 ± 1.49 | 2.06 ± 3.94 | 1.54 ± 1.51 | 2.11 ± 3.99 | 1.62 ± 1.49 | 1.90 ± 4.11 | 1.51 ± 1.61 | 1.49 ± 4.17 | ||
(−0.25–5.50) | (−4.38–7.50) | (−0.25–5.50) | (−4.50–7.50) | (−0.25–5.50) | (−4.50–7.38) | (−0.25–5.50) | (−5.00–7.38) | (−0.25–5.50) | (−5.13–7.38) | (−0.25–5.25) | (−5.38–7.25) | (−1.00–5.00) | (−5.50–7.00) | |||
Distance Cover Test | 0.00 [0] | 0.00 [0] | 0.00 [0] | 0.00 [0] | 0.00 [0] | 0.00 [0] | 0.00 [0] | 0.04 | ||||||||
(prism diopters) | −0.69 ± 1.80 | −0.62 ± 1.56 | −0.86 ± 0.83 | 0.23 ± 0.83 | −0.38 ± 1.39 | −0.38 ± 1.39 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |||||||||
(−6–0) | (−5–0) | (0–3) | (0–3) | (−5–0) | (−5–0) | (0–0) | ||||||||||
Near Cover Test | 0.00 [2.8] | 0.00 [3.3] | 0.00 [0] | 0.00 [0] | 0.00 [5] | −4.00 [4] | 0.00 [2] | 0.04 | ||||||||
(prism diopters) | 0.15 ± 3.78 | 0.23 ± 3.85 | −0.62 ± 3.50 | −0.62 ± 3.50 | −1.69 ± 3.64 | −2.62 ± 2.76 | −1.23 ± 2.52 | |||||||||
(−10–4.5) | (−10–4.5) | (−10–6) | (−10–6) | (−8–4) | (−8–0) | (−8–0) | ||||||||||
BF | 2.30 [0.50] | 2.10 [0.66] | 2.00 [0.69] | 2.00 [0.44] | 2.08 [0.59] | 1.80 [0.14] | 1.80 [0.00] | <0.001 | ||||||||
2.52 ± 0.69 | 2.43 ± 0.75 | 2.19 ± 0.64 | 2.01 ± 0.34 | 2.06 ± 0.33 | 1.89 ± 0.33 | 1.85 ± 0.26 | ||||||||||
(1.80–4.00) | (1.70–4.00) | (1.60–4.00) | (1.40–2.70) | (1.60–2.70) | (1.51–2.70) | (1.70–2.70) |
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Milla, M.; Molina-Martín, A.; Piñero, D.P. Long-Term Efficacy of the Combination of Active Vision Therapy and Occlusion in Children with Strabismic and Anisometropic Amblyopia. Children 2022, 9, 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071012
Milla M, Molina-Martín A, Piñero DP. Long-Term Efficacy of the Combination of Active Vision Therapy and Occlusion in Children with Strabismic and Anisometropic Amblyopia. Children. 2022; 9(7):1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071012
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilla, Myriam, Ainhoa Molina-Martín, and David P. Piñero. 2022. "Long-Term Efficacy of the Combination of Active Vision Therapy and Occlusion in Children with Strabismic and Anisometropic Amblyopia" Children 9, no. 7: 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9071012