Altered Extracellular Matrix as an Alternative Risk Factor for Epileptogenicity in Brain Tumors
Abstract
:1. Epileptogenicity of Brain Tumors
2. Known Risk Factors for Tumor Epileptogenesis
3. Changes in Extracellular Matrix in Tumors and Epilepsy
3.1. The Extracellular Matrix
3.1.1. Changes in ECM Proteins in Brain Tumors
3.1.2. Changes in ECM Proteins in Epilepsy
3.1.3. How CAN ECM Changes Contribute to Epileptogenesis?
3.2. Matrix Metalloproteinases
3.2.1. Changes in Matrix Metalloproteinases in Brain Tumors
3.2.2. Changes in Matrix Metalloproteinases in Epilepsy
3.2.3. How Can Changes in Matrix Metalloproteinases Lead to Epilepsy in Brain Tumors?
3.3. Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
3.3.1. Changes in Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator in Brain Tumors
3.3.2. Changes in Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator in Epilepsy
3.3.3. How Can Changes in Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Lead to Epilepsy in Brain Tumors?
3.4. Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated 1
3.4.1. Changes in Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated 1 in Brain Tumors
3.4.2. Changes in Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivator 1 in Epilepsy
3.4.3. How Can Changes in Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivator 1 Lead to Epilepsy in Brain Tumors?
3.5. Glypicans
3.5.1. Changes in Glypicans in Brain Tumors
3.5.2. Changes in Glypicans Epilepsy
3.5.3. How Can Changes in Glypicans Lead to Epilepsy in Brain Tumors?
4. Targeting the Extracellular Matrix as Novel Therapeutic Approach
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tumor Type | Most Frequent Tumor Location | Seizure Frequency | Age of Seizure Onset | Drug Resistance | Duration of Epilepsy # | WHO-Grade |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNET [3,4,9,11,13] | Temporal | 100% | 15 years | Yes | Long-term | Grade 1 |
GG [3,4,9,13,19] | Temporal | 80–90% | 16–19 years | Yes | Long-term | Grade 1 |
PGNT [3,4,9,13,20] | Temporal/frontal | 34–50% | 26 years | Yes | Short-term | Grade 1 |
PA [3,4,21] | Temporal, cerebellum | Unknown | 14 years | Yes | Long-term | Grade 1 |
PXA [3,4,22] | Temporal | 75% | 10–30 years | Yes | Long-term | Grade 2,3 |
Diffuse astrocytoma [3,4,23] | Temporal/frontal | 60–85% | 20–40 years | Yes | Long-term | Grade 1 |
Oligodendro-glioma [3,4,24] | Frontal, temporal | 70–90% | 40–60 years | Yes | Short-term | Grade 2,3 |
Cohort of astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas [3,13,25] | Temporal | 80% | 20–40 years | Yes | Long-term | Grade 1–2 |
cohort of anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma or glioblastoma [3,13,26] | Frontal/fronto-temporal | 25–60% | 60 years | No | Short-term | Grade 3–4 |
Meningioma [3,27] | Supratentorial meninges | 25–40% | 40–60 years | No | Short-term | Grade 1–3 |
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de Jong, J.M.; Broekaart, D.W.M.; Bongaarts, A.; Mühlebner, A.; Mills, J.D.; van Vliet, E.A.; Aronica, E. Altered Extracellular Matrix as an Alternative Risk Factor for Epileptogenicity in Brain Tumors. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102475
de Jong JM, Broekaart DWM, Bongaarts A, Mühlebner A, Mills JD, van Vliet EA, Aronica E. Altered Extracellular Matrix as an Alternative Risk Factor for Epileptogenicity in Brain Tumors. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(10):2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102475
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Jong, Jody M., Diede W. M. Broekaart, Anika Bongaarts, Angelika Mühlebner, James D. Mills, Erwin A. van Vliet, and Eleonora Aronica. 2022. "Altered Extracellular Matrix as an Alternative Risk Factor for Epileptogenicity in Brain Tumors" Biomedicines 10, no. 10: 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102475