Next Article in Journal
A Note on NIEP for Leslie and Doubly Leslie Matrices
Next Article in Special Issue
Existence of Solutions for Some Coupled Systems of Fractional Differential Inclusions
Previous Article in Journal
Numerical Inverse Transformation Methods for Z-Transform
Previous Article in Special Issue
On a Fractional Operator Combining Proportional and Classical Differintegrals
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

An Efficient Numerical Method for Fractional SIR Epidemic Model of Infectious Disease by Using Bernstein Wavelets

1
Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, Jharkhand, India
2
Institute of Industry Revolution 4.0, National University of Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Department of Mathematics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, Rajasthan, India
4
Department of Mathematics, JECRC University, Jaipur 303905, Rajasthan, India
5
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Cankaya University, Eskisehir Yolu 29. Km, Yukarıyurtcu Mahallesi Mimar Sinan Caddesi No: 4, 06790 Etimesgut, Turkey
6
Institute of Space Sciences, 077125 Magurele-Bucharest, Romania
7
Center for Dynamics and Institute for Analysis, Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mathematics 2020, 8(4), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/math8040558
Submission received: 14 March 2020 / Revised: 5 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 April 2020 / Published: 10 April 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Qualitative Theory of Fractional-Order Systems)

Abstract

:
In this paper, the operational matrix based on Bernstein wavelets is presented for solving fractional SIR model with unknown parameters. The SIR model is a system of differential equations that arises in medical science to study epidemiology and medical care for the injured. Operational matrices merged with the collocation method are used to convert fractional-order problems into algebraic equations. The Adams–Bashforth–Moulton predictor correcter scheme is also discussed for solving the same. We have compared the solutions with the Adams–Bashforth predictor correcter scheme for the accuracy and applicability of the Bernstein wavelet method. The convergence analysis of the Bernstein wavelet has been also discussed for the validity of the method.

1. Introduction

The construction of mathematical models for real-world phenomena and development of efficacious techniques to define them is one of the most critical issues in applied mathematics biology, engineering, physics and other fields of science. In the 19th century, SIR epidemiological was first introduced by Kermack et al. [1]. In an SIR epidemic model, the population has three components, those susceptible ( S ) , those infected ( I ) and those recovered ( R ) from the disease [1]. Presently childhood diseases are most significant infectious diseases. Rubella, measles, poliomyelitis, and hepatitis B have serious concerns among them [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Recently, coronavirus diseases have been discussed in [8]. Mathematical models play a key role in analyzing the mechanism of transmission of disease and provide different approaches to control the propagation of disease. In the current article, we examine the subsequent mathematical model of arbitrary order:
D τ σ 0   C S ( τ ) = p 1 S ( τ ) I ( τ ) , D τ σ 0   C I ( τ ) = p 1 S ( τ ) I ( τ ) p 2 I ( τ ) , D τ σ 0   C R ( τ ) = p 2 I ( τ ) .
The associated initial conditions (ICs) are given as S ( 0 ) = S 0 , I ( 0 ) = I 0 and R ( 0 ) = R 0 .
Bernstein polynomials (BP) were suggested by Sergei Natanovich Bernstein in 1912 which is a polynomial in the Bernstein form that is a linear combination of Bernstein basis polynomials. There are several research articles on Bernstein polynomial for solving fractional differential equations [9,10,11].
Wavelet theory is a relatively incipient and dominating area in research and innovation. Wavelets have been used in numerous fields such as image compression, signal processing, time frequency analysis, data compression and fast algorithm for easy implementation [12,13]. Wavelet sanctions the precise depiction of a variety of functions and operators [14,15]. Recently, many research papers are published on different types of wavelets, the aim of these research papers to provide the numerical solutions to differential equations of integer order as well as fractional order with the aid of wavelets [16,17,18,19,20,21]. Recently, Boonrod and Razzaghi discussed a numerical approach based on Legendre wavelets for examining fractional differential equations (FDEs) by the exact formula for Riemann–Liouville (RL) [22]. Rahimkhani and Ordokhani discussed a numerical scheme for solving FDEs by Bernoulli wavelets [23]. Recently several other analytical and numerical schemes have been used to examine fractional order models [24,25,26].
The key aim of present investigation is to a discuss an efficient computational approach for solving Equation (1). The suggested computational approach is based upon Bernstein wavelets approximation. An exact formula for the RL fractional integral operator for the Bernstein wavelets is computed. Moreover, the derived formula is then employed to convert the linear or non-linear fractional differential equations into the system of algebraic equations. Next, Adams–Bashforth predictor correcter scheme is also discussed for solving the same [27,28]. We have compared the solutions with Adams–Bashforth predictor correcter scheme for the accuracy and applicability of the Bernstein wavelets technique.
The rest of paper is presented as follows: Some results, basic definitions and fractional calculus (FC) are provided in Section 2 which are used in the proposed work. The basic idea of normalized Bernstein wavelets and its properties are presented in Section 3 which is base of proposed work. In Section 4, a Bernstein wavelet operational matrix using Riemann−Liouville integral operator is discussed and presented. In Section 5, we presented convergence and error analysis theorem on Bernstein wavelets. In Section 6, we have implemented Bernstein wavelets and Adam’s-Bashforth-Moulton methods. Numerical results and discussions for the fractional SIR epidemic model are completely discussed in Section 7 which is main part of the proposed work.

2. Fractional Calculus

This part presents some preliminaries and notations of FC. There are numerous definitions of derivative and integration are available in litrature [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. It is well known by the several published research papers that the Caputo and RL definitions are most popular definition of fractional calculus.
Definition 1.
The (left sided) RL fractional integral of order σ > 0 of a function Υ ( τ ) C σ , σ 1 is expressed as,
I τ σ Υ ( τ ) = 1 Γ ( σ ) 0 τ ( τ ξ ) σ 1 Υ ( ξ ) d ξ , σ > 0 , τ > 0 .
In the above equation Γ ( . ) is indicating the famous Gamma function.
Definition 2.
The following two Eqs. presents the RL and Caputo fractional derivatives of order a, respectively,
D τ σ 0     R L Υ ( τ ) = d m d τ m I τ m σ Υ ( τ ) = d m Υ ( τ ) d τ m , α = m N , 1 Γ ( m σ ) d m d τ m 0 τ Υ ( ξ ) ( τ ξ ) σ m + 1 d ξ , 0 m 1 < σ < m ,
and,
D τ σ 0   C Υ ( τ ) = I τ m σ d m d τ m Υ ( τ ) = d m Υ ( τ ) d τ m , α = m N , 1 Γ ( m σ ) 0 τ Υ m ( ξ ) ( τ ξ ) σ m + 1 d ξ , 0 m 1 < σ < m ,
where τ > 0 and m is an integer. It has the following two basic properties for m 1 < α m and Υ L 1 [ a , b ] ,
( D τ σ 0   C I τ σ Υ ) ( τ ) = Υ ( τ ) , ( I τ σ D σ 0   C Υ ) ( τ ) = Υ ( τ ) k = 0 m 1 Υ k ( 0 + ) ( τ a ) k k ! .

3. The Normalized Bernstein Wavelets and Its Properties

In the present section, we construct Bernstein wavelet using the orthonormal Bernstein polynomial. Some important properties of Bernstein wavelets are considered in this section.
A family of wavelet functions build up from dilation and translation of a single function ψ are constituted wavelets. if the dilation parameter ρ and the translation parameter δ are continuous, the family of continuous wavelets is presented as
ψ ρ δ ( τ ) = ρ 1 2 ψ τ δ ρ , ρ , δ R , ρ 0 .
If it is restricted that the parameters a and b take discrete values as ρ = ρ 0 k , δ = n b 0 ρ 0 k , ρ 0 > 1 , δ 0 > 0 , then we get the subsequent family of discrete wavelets,
ψ k n ( τ ) = ρ k 2 ψ ( ρ 0 k n δ 0 ) , k , n Z ,
where the sequence ψ k n form a wavelet basis for L 2 ( R ) , and if ρ 0 = 2 and δ 0 = 1 then we have an orthonormal basis.
The aforesaid Bernstein wavelet ψ n m ( τ ) = ψ ( k , n , m , τ ) have four parameters, defined over [ 0 , 1 ] by,
ψ n m ( τ ) = 2 k / 2 B m , M ( 2 k τ n ) , i f , n 2 k τ < n + 1 2 k , 0 , o t h e r w i s e ,
where n = 0 , 1 , , 2 k 1 , m = 0 , 1 , , M , τ is the normalized time and m is the degree of the orthonormal Bernstein polynomial. Furthermore,
B m , M ( τ ) = ( 2 ( M m ) + 1 ) ( 1 τ ) M m i = 0 m ( 1 ) i 2 M + 1 i m i m i τ m i .
or,
B m , M ( τ ) = ( 2 ( M m ) + 1 ) i = 0 m ( 1 ) i 2 M + 1 i m i m i M m i B m i , M ( τ ) .
Here B m , M are Bernstein polynomials of degree m defined on the interval [ 0 , 1 ] as follows,
B m , M ( τ ) = M m τ m ( 1 τ ) M m , m = 0 , 1 , 2 , , M .
B m , M ( τ ) = j = m M ( 1 ) j m M m M m j m τ j , m = 0 , 1 , 2 , , M .
or,
B m , M ( 1 τ ) = M m ( 1 τ ) m τ ( M m ) .
Furthermore, we replace m by M m , we get
B M m , M ( 1 τ ) = M M m ( 1 τ ) M m τ m = M m ( 1 τ ) M m τ m = B m , M ( τ ) .
Let us assume that the value of symbol Δ M , m is Δ M , m = M m , where M m = M ! m ! ( M m ) ! .
Any function Υ ( τ ) defined over [ 0 , 1 ) may be expressed in terms of Bernstein wavelet as
Υ ( τ ) = n = 0 m Z Λ n m ψ n m ( τ ) ,
where Λ n m = < Υ , ψ n m > = 0 1 ψ n m ( τ ) Υ ( τ ) d τ , with < . , . > as the inner product defined on L 2 [ 0 , 1 ] . If the infinite series is truncated, then the above Eq. is presented as
Υ ( τ ) n = 0 2 k 1 m = 0 M Λ n m ψ n m ( τ ) = C T Ψ ( τ ) ,
where T denotes the transposition and, C and Ψ ( τ ) are the m ^ = 2 k ( M + 1 ) column vectors. C = [ Λ 00 , Λ 01 , , Λ 0 , M , Λ 1 , 0 , , Λ 1 M , Λ ( 2 k 1 ) 0 , , Λ ( 2 k 1 ) M ] T and Ψ ( τ ) = [ ψ 00 , ψ 01 , , ψ 0 , M , ψ 1 , 0 , , ψ 1 M , ψ ( 2 k 1 ) 0 , , ψ ( 2 k 1 ) M ] T . Here, we define Bernstein wavelet matrix Φ m ^ × m ^ as
Φ m ^ × m ^ = [ Ψ ( 2 i 1 2 m ^ ) ] , i = 1 , 2 , , 2 k ( M + 1 ) .
Φ 12 × 12 = 3.1056 1.1180 0.1242 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.1056 1.1180 0.1242 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.1056 1.1180 0.1242 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.1056 1.1180 0.1242 0.4811 2.5981 1.8283 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4811 2.5981 1.8283 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4811 2.5981 1.8283 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4811 2.5981 1.8283 0.1111 1.0000 2.5556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1111 1.0000 2.5556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1111 1.0000 2.5556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1111 1.0000 2.5556 .
The above matrix Φ m ^ × m ^ is Bernstein matrix at given collocation points 2 i 1 2 m ^ , where k = 2 and M = 2 .

4. Bernstein Wavelet Operational Matrix Using Riemann–Liouville Integral Operator

The principal target of this part is to derive the operational matrix for Bernstein wavelet without using block pulse functions. For this, we operate I τ α operator directly into Ψ ( τ ) as follows
I τ σ Ψ ( τ ) = Q ( τ , σ ) ,
where
Q ( τ , σ ) = [ I τ σ ψ 00 , I τ σ ψ 01 , , I τ σ ψ 0 , M , I τ σ ψ 1 , 0 , , I τ σ ψ 1 M , I τ σ ψ ( 2 k 1 ) 0 , , I τ σ ψ ( 2 k 1 ) M ] T .
ψ n m ( τ ) = μ n 2 k ( τ ) 2 k / 2 B m , M ( 2 k τ n ) μ n + 1 2 k ( τ ) 2 k / 2 B m , M ( 2 k τ n ) ,
where μ a ( τ ) is the unit step function given as
μ a ( τ ) = 1 , τ a , 0 , τ < a .
Here, operating the Laplace transform to calculate I τ σ ψ n m ( τ ) using Equation (11) for m = 0 , 1 , , M , n = 0 , 1 , , 2 k 1 , we have
L [ ψ n m ( τ ) ] = L [ μ n 2 k ( τ ) 2 k / 2 B m , M ( 2 k τ n ) μ n + 1 2 k ( τ ) 2 k / 2 B m , M ( 2 k τ n ) ] , = L [ μ n 2 k ( τ ) 2 k / 2 2 ( M m ) + 1 i = 0 m ( 1 ) i Δ 2 M + 1 i , m i Δ m , i Δ M i , m i × B m i , M ( 2 k ( τ n 2 k ) ) μ n + 1 2 k ( τ ) 2 k / 2 2 ( M m ) + 1 × i = 0 m ( 1 ) i Δ 2 M + 1 i , m i Δ m , i Δ M i , m i B M m , M i ( 2 k ( τ n + 1 2 k ) ) ] ,
L [ ψ n m ( τ ) ] = e n 2 k s ( τ ) 2 k / 2 2 ( M m ) + 1 i = 0 m ( 1 ) i Δ 2 M + 1 i , m i Δ m , i Δ M i , m i × L [ B m i , M ( 2 k τ ) ] e n + 1 2 k s 2 k / 2 2 ( M m ) + 1 × i = 0 m ( 1 ) i Δ 2 M + 1 i , m i Δ m , i Δ M i , m i L [ B M m , M i ( 2 k τ ) ] ,
where
L [ B m i , M ( 2 k τ ) ] = L [ j = m i M i ( 1 ) j m + i Δ M i , m i Δ M m , j m + i 2 k j τ j ] , Δ M m , j m + i 2 k j Γ ( j + 1 ) s j + 1 , L [ B M m , M i ( 2 k τ ) ] = L [ j = M m M i ( 1 ) 2 j M + m Δ M i , M m Ω m i , j M + m 2 k j τ j ] , = j = M m M i ( 1 ) 2 j M + m Δ M i , M m Δ m i , j M + m 2 k j Γ ( j + 1 ) s j + 1 ,
L [ I τ σ ψ n m ( τ ) ] = L [ 1 Γ ( σ ) τ 1 σ * ψ n m ( τ ) ] = L [ 1 Γ ( σ ) τ 1 σ ] L [ ψ n m ( τ ) ] .
Furthermore, operating the inverse Laplace transform into Equation (16), we get
I τ σ ψ n m ( τ ) = 0 , i f , 0 τ < n 2 k , 2 k / 2 ξ ( m , M ) ( τ n 2 k ) σ , i f n 2 k τ < n + 1 2 k , 2 k / 2 ξ ( m , M ) ( τ n 2 k ) σ 2 k / 2 ξ ¯ ( m , M ) ( τ n + 1 2 k ) σ , i f n + 1 2 k τ < 1 ,
ξ ( m , M ) = ( 2 ( M m ) + 1 ) i = 0 m ( 1 ) i Δ 2 M + 1 i , m i Δ m , i Δ M i , m i j = m i M ( 1 ) j m + i × Δ M i , m i Δ M m , j m + i 2 j k ( τ n 2 k ) j Γ ( j + 1 ) Γ ( σ + j + 1 ) ξ ¯ ( m , M ) = ( 2 ( M m ) + 1 ) i = 0 m ( 1 ) i Δ 2 M + 1 i , m i Δ m , i Δ M i , m i j = M m M ( 1 ) 2 j M + m × Δ M i , M m Δ m i , j M + m 2 j k ( τ n + 1 2 k ) j Γ ( j + 1 ) Γ ( σ + j + 1 ) .
If, we consider the fixed value as k = 2 , M = 2 , σ = 0.5 and the collocation points 2 i 1 2 m ^ . However, we get the operational matrix given below
Q 0.5 = 0.8164 0.8326 0.5972 0.4490 0.3802 0.3363 0.3050 0.2812 0.2622 0.2467 0.2336 0.2224 0 0 0 0.8164 0.8326 0.5972 0.4490 0.3802 0.3363 0.3050 0.2812 0.2622 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8164 0.8326 0.5972 0.4490 0.3802 0.3363 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8164 0.8326 0.5972 0.3251 0.4607 0.8590 0.4919 0.3703 0.3099 0.2719 0.2451 0.2249 0.2089 0.1960 0.1852 0 0 0 0.3251 0.4607 0.8590 0.4919 0.3703 0.3099 0.2719 0.2451 0.2249 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3251 0.4607 0.8590 0.4919 0.3703 0.3099 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3251 0.4607 0.8590 0.1194 0.2660 0.2671 0.4183 0.2608 0.2045 0.1735 0.1532 0.1387 0.1277 0.1189 0.1117 0 0 0 0.1194 0.2660 0.2671 0.4183 0.2608 0.2045 0.1735 0.1532 0.1387 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1194 0.2660 0.2671 0.4183 0.2608 0.2045 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1194 0.2660 0.2671 .
The above square matrix Q 0.5 is operational matrix based on Bernstein wavelet at σ = 0.5 . However, we can also find Bernstein operational wavelet matrix for arbitrary 0 < σ 1 .

5. Convergence and Error Analysis

Theorem 1.
The solution obtained by Bernstein wavelets method is converges.
Proof. 
Since Bernstein wavelets in Equation (4) forms an orthonormal basis.
Let Υ ( τ ) = i = 0 M 1 Λ n i ψ n i ( τ ) for fixed value of n N , where Λ n i = < u ( τ ) , ψ n i ( τ ) > . Let sequence of partial sums of { Λ n i ψ n i } n = 0 M 1 be P n and P m defined as P n = i = 0 n Λ n i ψ n i ( τ ) and P m = i = 0 m Λ n i ψ n i ( τ ) . Now
< Υ ( τ ) , P n > = Υ ( τ ) , i = 0 n Λ n i ψ n i ( τ ) = i = 0 n Λ n i ¯ Υ ( τ ) , ψ n i ( τ ) = i = 0 n Λ n i ¯ Λ n i = i = 0 n | Λ n i | 2 .
Consequently,
P n P m 2 = i = 0 n Λ n i ψ n i ( τ ) i = 0 m Λ n i ψ n i ( τ ) 2 = i = m + 1 n Λ n i ψ n i ( τ ) 2 = i = m + 1 n Λ n i ψ n i ( τ ) , i = m + 1 n Λ n i ψ n i ( τ ) = i = m + 1 n | Λ n i | 2 .
When n , i = 0 | Λ n i | 2 is convergent by Bessel’s inequality. Hence, P n is Cauchy’s sequence converges to P (say). Therefore,
< P Υ ( τ ) , ψ n i ( τ ) > = < P , ψ n i ( τ ) > < Υ ( τ ) , ψ n i ( τ ) > = < P , ψ n i ( τ ) > < l i m n P n , ψ n i ( τ ) > = 0 .
Thus, series solution of the Bernstein wavelets is convergent. □
Theorem 2.
Let Υ ( τ ) C M + 1 [ 0 , 1 ] and P M 2 k 1 Υ ( τ ) , where P M 2 k 1 Υ ( τ ) = n = 0 2 k 1 m = 0 M c n , m ψ n , m ( τ ) is the approximate solution using the Bernstein wavelets then error bound would be given as
ϵ ( τ ) ρ ( M + 1 ) ! 2 ( M + 1 ) ( K + 1 ) 1 ,
where ϵ ( τ ) = | Υ ( τ ) n = 0 2 k 1 m = 0 M c n , m ψ n , m ( τ ) | and ρ = M a x τ [ 0 , 1 ) | Υ M + 1 ( τ ) | .
Proof. 
In view of the concept of norm in inner product space, we have
ϵ ( τ ) 2 = 0 1 | Υ ( τ ) P M 2 k 1 Υ ( τ ) | 2 d τ .
Now, dividing into the 2 k sub-intervals I n = n 2 k , n + 1 2 k , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , , 2 k 1 .
ϵ ( τ ) 2 = n = 0 2 k 1 n 2 k n + 1 2 k | Υ ( τ ) P M M 2 k 1 Υ ( τ ) | 2 d τ , ϵ ( τ ) 2 = n = 0 2 k 1 n 2 k n + 1 2 k | Υ ( τ ) p M + 1 ( τ ) | 2 d τ ,
where p M + 1 ( τ ) is the interpolating polynomial of M + 1 degree which approximate Υ ( τ ) on the interval I n . With the aid of the maximum error estimate for the polynomial on I n , we obtain
ϵ ( τ ) 2 n = 0 2 k 1 n 2 k n + 1 2 k | M a x τ L 2 [ 0 , 1 ) | Υ M + 1 ( τ ) ( M + 1 ) ! 2 ( M + 1 ) ( K + 1 ) 1 | 2 d τ , ϵ ( τ ) 2 n = 0 2 k 1 n 2 k n + 1 2 k | ρ ( M + 1 ) ! 2 ( M + 1 ) ( K + 1 ) 1 | 2 d τ , ϵ ( τ ) 2 0 1 | ρ ( M + 1 ) ! 2 ( M + 1 ) ( K + 1 ) 1 | 2 d τ .
Hence,
ϵ ( τ ) ρ ( M + 1 ) ! 2 ( M + 1 ) ( K + 1 ) 1 .
 □

6. Proposed Methods for Fractional SIR Epidemic Model

6.1. Bernstein Wavelets for the Numerical Solution of SIR Epidemic Model

Consider the SIR epidemic model (1), we assume higher fractional derivatives in terms of the Bernstein wavelets as
D τ σ 0   C S ( τ ) = A 1 T Ψ ( τ ) , D τ σ 0   C I ( τ ) = A 2 T Ψ ( τ ) , D τ σ 0   C R ( τ ) = A 3 T Ψ ( τ ) .
where A r T = [ Λ 00 r , Λ 01 r , , Λ 0 , M r , Λ 1 , 0 r , , Λ 1 M r , Λ ( 2 k 1 ) 0 r , , Λ ( 2 k 1 ) M r ] are the unknowns and r = 1 , 2 , 3 .
Now, we operate fractional integral operator into Equation (18) in the sense of Riemann–Liouville, we obtain
( I τ σ D τ σ 0   C ) ( S ( τ ) ) = A 1 T Q ( τ , σ ) , ( I τ σ D τ σ 0   C ) ( I ( τ ) ) = A 2 T Q ( τ , σ ) , ( I τ σ D τ σ 0   C ) ( R ( τ ) ) = A 3 T Q ( τ , σ ) .
also,
( I τ σ D τ σ 0   C ) ( S ( τ ) ) = S ( τ ) S ( 0 ) = A 1 T Q ( τ , σ ) , ( I τ σ D τ σ 0   C ) ( I ( τ ) ) = I ( τ ) I ( 0 ) = A 2 T Q ( τ , σ ) , ( I τ σ D τ σ 0   C ) ( R ( τ ) ) = R ( τ ) R ( 0 ) = A 3 T Q ( τ , σ ) .
Then
S ( τ ) = S ( 0 ) + A 1 T Q ( τ , σ ) , I ( τ ) = I ( 0 ) + A 2 T Q ( τ , σ ) , R ( τ ) = R ( 0 ) + A 3 T Q ( τ , σ ) ,
where only A r T are unknowns. Putting these values of S, I and R into the main Equation (1) and using the collocation points 2 i 1 2 m ^ , where i = 1 , 2 , , 2 k ( M + 1 ) , we can get the system of non-linear algebraic equations with 3 m ^ number unknowns. By solving these equations with the avail of the Newton iteration method by MATLAB software, we can ascertain the unknown Bernstein coefficients. By superseding unknown coefficients into Equation (21), we may obtain the desired solutions.

6.2. Adams–Bashforth–Moulton (ABM) Predictor Corrector Scheme for the Numerical Solution of SIR Epidemic Model

On applying Adam’s-Bashforth-Moulton method on Equation (1) we obtained the predictor values and the corresponding corrector values as follows. To change it into discrete form, let h = 1 0 m ^ , τ n = n h , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , , m ^ 1 ,
S n + 1 = S ( 0 ) + h σ Γ ( σ + 2 ) ( p 1 S n + 1 p I n + 1 p ) + h σ Γ ( σ + 2 ) j = 0 n α j , n + 1 ( p 1 S j I j ) , I n + 1 = I ( 0 ) + h σ Γ ( σ + 2 ) ( p 1 S n + 1 p I n + 1 p p 2 I n + 1 p ) + h σ Γ ( σ + 2 ) j = 0 n α j , n + 1 ( p 1 S j I j p 2 I j ) , R n + 1 = R ( 0 ) + h σ Γ ( σ + 2 ) ( p 2 I n + 1 p ) + h σ Γ ( σ + 2 ) j = 0 n α j , n + 1 ( p 2 I j ) , S n + 1 p = S ( 0 ) + 1 Γ ( σ ) j = 0 n β j , n + 1 ( p 1 S j I j ) , I n + 1 p = I ( 0 ) + 1 Γ ( σ ) j = 0 n β j , n + 1 ( p 1 S j I j p 2 I j ) , R n + 1 p = R ( 0 ) + 1 Γ ( σ ) j = 0 n β j , n + 1 ( p 2 I j ) ,
where
α j , n + 1 = n σ + 1 ( n σ ) ( n + 1 ) σ , i f j = 0 , ( n j + 2 ) σ + 1 + ( n j ) σ + 1 2 ( n j + 1 ) σ + 1 , i f 0 j n , 1 , i f j = 1 ,
β j , n + 1 = h σ α ( ( n + 1 j ) σ ( n j ) σ ) , 0 j n .

7. Numerical Results and Discussion

Here, we obtain the numerical results for fractional SIR epidemic model 1 to verify the applicability and efficiency of the Bernstein wavelets.
D τ σ 0   C S ( τ ) = 0.001 S ( τ ) I ( τ ) , D τ σ 0   C I ( τ ) = 0.001 S ( τ ) I ( τ ) 0.072 I ( τ ) , D τ σ 0   C R ( τ ) = 0.072 I ( τ ) ,
with initial conditions S ( 0 ) = 620 , I ( 0 ) = 10 and R ( 0 ) = 70 . Furthermore, we use aforesaid operational matrix to convert system of non-linear FDEs into the system of algebraic equations. To show the validity of the Bernstein wavelets, we compared the obtained solutions with the solutions obtained by Adam’s-Bashforth-Moulton methods (ABM). When M = 2 and k = 5 , it is obvious from Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 that the obtained solutions by the Bernstein wavelet scheme has an excellent agreement with the ABM. Moreover, we have obtained relative error and absolute error between solutions obtained by both methods, where relative error and absolute error is defined as
R e l ( τ i ) = | A B M ( τ i ) B W M ( τ i ) A B M ( τ i ) | .
and
A b s ( τ i ) = | A B M ( τ i ) B W M ( τ i ) | .
Relative error and absolute error are depicted through Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9. Consequently, we have shown the effect of fractional derivative on the SIR model. From Figure 10, Figure 11 and Figure 12, it is clear that the fractional derivative gives more freedom compare to integer order derivative, by the proposed method we are able to find the solutions for arbitrary order of derivative. From Figure 13, Figure 14 and Figure 15 we have shown the 3D plot of the susceptible, infected and recovered people. In Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3, we have compared the obtained solutions with RK4 and RPS numerical methods, we found that our solutions are convergent. If we increase the values of M and k we can obtain more appropriate results compare to another numerical methods.

8. Conclusions

In this study, to get the numerical solutions of the non-linear fractional SIR epidemic model, a pattern of Bernstein wavelet method was discussed. In addition, an error estimation and convergence analysis of the function approximation based on aforesaid wavelets was discussed. Furthermore, an exact approximation for arbitrary order Riemann–Liouville integral operator was also discussed. The operational matrix together with collocation points was used to diminish the non-linear FDEs into several algebraic equations. Another numerical method known as Adams–Bashforth–Moulton was additionally discussed to show the precision and applicability of the suggested method. Convergence and error analysis assert the validity of proposed method.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.K. and D.K.; methodology, R.K. and J.S.; software, R.K. and D.K.; validation, J.S., D.B. and M.S.; formal analysis, R.K. and D.K.; investigation, R.K. and A.A.; resources, S.K. and J.S.; data curation, S.K. and R.K.; writing—original draft preparation, S.K., R.K. and J.S.; writing—review and editing, A.A. and M.S.; visualization, D.B.; supervision, S.K. and D.B.; project administration, S.K. and D.B.; funding acquisition, S.K. and M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by SERB, Government of India, grant number EEQ/2017/000385.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Kermack, W.O.; McKendrick, A.G. A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Contain. Pap. Math. Phys. Character 1927, 115, 700–721. [Google Scholar]
  2. Ullah, S.; Khan, M.A.; Farooq, M. A new fractional model for the dynamics of the hepatitis B virus using the Caputo-Fabrizio derivative. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2018, 133, 237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Cardoso, L.; Santos, F.D.; Camargo, R. Analysis of fractional-order models for hepatitis B. Comput. Appl. Math. 2018, 37, 4570–4586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Arafa, A.; Rida, S.; Khalil, M. Solutions of fractional order model of childhood diseases with constant vaccination strategy. Math. Sci. Lett. 2012, 1, 17–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Shah, S.A.A.; Khan, M.A.; Farooq, M.; Ullah, S.; Alzahrani, E.O. A fractional order model for Hepatitis B virus with treatment via Atangana–Baleanu derivative. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl. 2020, 538, 122636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Singh, H.; Dhar, J.; Bhatti, H.S.; Chandok, S. An epidemic model of childhood disease dynamics with maturation delay and latent period of infection. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 2016, 2, 79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Koca, I. Analysis of rubella disease model with non-local and non-singular fractional derivatives. Int. J. Optim. Control Theor. Appl. (IJOCTA) 2017, 8, 17–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Rabi, F.A.; Al Zoubi, M.S.; Kasasbeh, G.A.; Salameh, D.M.; Al-Nasser, A.D. SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far. Pathogens 2020, 9, 231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Asgari, M.; Ezzati, R. Using operational matrix of two-dimensional Bernstein polynomials for solving two-dimensional integral equations of fractional order. Appl. Math. Comput. 2017, 307, 290–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Mirzaee, F.; Samadyar, N. Numerical solution based on two-dimensional orthonormal Bernstein polynomials for solving some classes of two-dimensional nonlinear integral equations of fractional order. Appl. Math. Comput. 2019, 344, 191–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Chen, Y.; Liu, L.; Li, B.; Sun, Y. Numerical solution for the variable order linear cable equation with Bernstein polynomials. Appl. Math. Comput. 2014, 238, 329–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Razzaghi, M.; Yousefi, S. The Legendre wavelets operational matrix of integration. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 2001, 32, 495–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Shamsi, M.; Razzaghi, M. Solution of Hallen’s integral equation using multiwavelets. Comput. Phys. Commun. 2005, 168, 187–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Lakestani, M.; Razzaghi, M.; Dehghan, M. Semi-orthogonal spline wavelets approximation for Fredholm integro-differential equations. Math. Probl. Eng. 2006, 2006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Beylkin, G.; Coifman, R.; Rokhlin, V. Fast wavelet transforms and numerical algorithms i. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 1991, 44, 141–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Iqbal, M.A.; Saeed, U.; Mohyud-Din, S.T. Modified Laguerre wavelets method for delay differential equations of fractional-order. Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2015, 2, 50–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Shiralashetti, S.; Kumbinarasaiah, S. Laguerre wavelets collocation method for the numerical solution of the Benjamina–Bona–Mohany equations. J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 2019, 13, 9–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Gümgüm, S. Laguerre wavelet method for solving Troesch equation. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2019, 21, 494–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Shiralashetti, S.; Angadi, L.; Kumbinarasaiah, S. Laguerre wavelet-Galerkin method for the numerical solution of one dimensional partial differential equations. Int. J. Math. Appl. 2018, 6, 939–949. [Google Scholar]
  20. Shiralashetti, S.; Kumbinarasaiah, S. Theoretical study on continuous polynomial wavelet bases through wavelet series collocation method for nonlinear Lane–Emden type equations. Appl. Math. Comput. 2017, 315, 591–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Wang, J.; Xu, T.-Z.; Wei, Y.-Q.; Xie, J.-Q. Numerical simulation for coupled systems of nonlinear fractional order integro-differential equations via wavelets method. Appl. Math. Comput. 2018, 324, 36–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Yuttanan, B.; Razzaghi, M. Legendre wavelets approach for numerical solutions of distributed order fractional differential equations. Appl. Math. Model. 2019, 70, 350–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Rahimkhani, P.; Ordokhani, Y. A numerical scheme based on Bernoulli wavelets and collocation method for solving fractional partial differential equations with dirichlet boundary conditions. Numer. Methods Partial Differ. Equ. 2019, 35, 34–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Kumar, D.; Singh, J.; Qurashi, M.; Baleanu, D. A new fractional SIRS-SI malaria disease model with application of vaccines, anti-malarial drugs, and spraying. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2019, 2019, 278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Kumar, D.; Singh, J.; Baleanu, D. On the analysis of fractional diabetes model with exponential law. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2018, 2018, 231. [Google Scholar]
  26. Goswami, A.; Singh, J.; Kumar, D. An efficient analytical approach for fractional equal width equations describing hydro-magnetic waves in cold plasma. Physica A 2019, 2019, 563–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Srivastava, M.; Agrawal, S.; Das, S. Synchronization of chaotic fractional order Lotka–Volterra system. Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. 2012, 13, 482–494. [Google Scholar]
  28. Diethelm, K.; Ford, N.J.; Freed, A.D. Detailed error analysis for a fractional Adams method. Numer. Algorithms 2004, 36, 31–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Ghanbari, B.; Kumar, S.; Kumar, R. A study of behaviour for immune and tumor cells in immunogenetic tumour model with non-singular fractional derivative. Chaos Soliton Fractals 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Kumar, S.; Nisar, K.; Kumar, R.; Cattani, C.; Samet, B. A new rabotnov fractional-exponential function based fractional derivative for diffusion equation under external force. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Kumar, S.; Kumar, R.; Singh, J.; Nisar, K.; Kumar, D. An efficient numerical scheme for fractional model of HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T-Cells with the effect of antiviral drug therapy. Alex. Eng. J. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Jleli, M.; Kumar, S.; Kumar, R.; Samet, B. Analytical approach for time fractional wave equations in the sense of Yang-Abdel-Aty-Cattani via the homotopy perturbation transform method. Alex. Eng. J. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Goufo, E.F.D.; Kumar, S.; Mugisha, S. Similarities in a fifth-order evolution equation with and with no singular kernel. Chaos Solitons Fractals 2020, 130, 109467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. El-Ajou, A.; Oqielat, M.N.; Al-Zhour, Z.; Kumar, S.; Momani, S. Solitary solutions for time-fractional nonlinear dispersive PDEs in the sense of conformable fractional derivative. Chaos Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci. 2019, 29, 093102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Kumar, S.; Kumar, A.; Momani, S.; Aldhaifallah, M.; Nisar, K.S. Numerical solutions of nonlinear fractional model arising in the appearance of the stripe patterns in two-dimensional systems. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2019, 2019, 413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Sharma, B.; Kumar, S.; Cattani, C.; Baleanu, D. Nonlinear dynamics of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for third-grade power-law fluid. J. Comput. Nonlinear Dyn. 2020, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Kudu, M. A parameter uniform difference scheme for the parameterized singularly perturbed problem with integral boundary condition. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2018, 2018, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Veeresha, P.; Prakasha, D.; Kumar, D. An efficient technique for nonlinear time-fractional Klein–Fock–Gordon equation. Appl. Math. Comput. 2020, 364, 124637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Bhatter, S.; Mathur, A.; Kumar, D.; Singh, J. A new analysis of fractional Drinfeld–Sokolov–Wilson model with exponential memory. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl. 2020, 537, 122578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Choudhary, A.; Kumar, D.; Singh, J. Numerical simulation of a fractional model of temperature distribution and heat flux in the semi infinite solid. Alex. Eng. J. 2016, 55, 87–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Ghanbari, B.; Kumar, D. Numerical solution of predator-prey model with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response and fractional derivatives with Mittag-Leffler kernel. Chaos Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci. 2019, 29, 063103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Hasan, S.; Al-Zoubi, A.; Freihet, A.; Al-Smadi, M.; Momani, S. Solution of fractional SIR epidemic model using residual power series method. Appl. Math. 2019, 13, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1. Plot of susceptible people w.r.t time at σ = 1 by Bernstein wavelets method.
Figure 1. Plot of susceptible people w.r.t time at σ = 1 by Bernstein wavelets method.
Mathematics 08 00558 g001
Figure 2. Plot of infected people w.r.t time at σ = 1 by Bernstein wavelets method.
Figure 2. Plot of infected people w.r.t time at σ = 1 by Bernstein wavelets method.
Mathematics 08 00558 g002
Figure 3. Plot of recovered people w.r.t time at σ = 1 by Bernstein wavelets method.
Figure 3. Plot of recovered people w.r.t time at σ = 1 by Bernstein wavelets method.
Mathematics 08 00558 g003
Figure 4. Relative error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Figure 4. Relative error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Mathematics 08 00558 g004
Figure 5. Absolute error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Figure 5. Absolute error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Mathematics 08 00558 g005
Figure 6. Relative error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Figure 6. Relative error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Mathematics 08 00558 g006
Figure 7. Absolute error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Figure 7. Absolute error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Mathematics 08 00558 g007
Figure 8. Relative error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Figure 8. Relative error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Mathematics 08 00558 g008
Figure 9. Absolute error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Figure 9. Absolute error between obtained solutions by BWM and ABM.
Mathematics 08 00558 g009
Figure 10. Behavior of Susceptible people w.r.t time for different values of σ .
Figure 10. Behavior of Susceptible people w.r.t time for different values of σ .
Mathematics 08 00558 g010
Figure 11. Behavior of Infected people w.r.t time for different values of σ .
Figure 11. Behavior of Infected people w.r.t time for different values of σ .
Mathematics 08 00558 g011
Figure 12. Behavior of Recovered people w.r.t time for different values of σ .
Figure 12. Behavior of Recovered people w.r.t time for different values of σ .
Mathematics 08 00558 g012
Figure 13. Behavior of Susceptible people w.r.t time and 0 < σ < 1 .
Figure 13. Behavior of Susceptible people w.r.t time and 0 < σ < 1 .
Mathematics 08 00558 g013
Figure 14. Behavior of Infected people w.r.t time and 0 < σ < 1 .
Figure 14. Behavior of Infected people w.r.t time and 0 < σ < 1 .
Mathematics 08 00558 g014
Figure 15. Behavior of Recovered people w.r.t time and 0 < σ < 1 .
Figure 15. Behavior of Recovered people w.r.t time and 0 < σ < 1 .
Mathematics 08 00558 g015
Table 1. Comparison of solutions among proposed methods and other numerical methods for Susceptible people at σ = 1 .
Table 1. Comparison of solutions among proposed methods and other numerical methods for Susceptible people at σ = 1 .
τ S BWM S ABM RK 4 [42] RPS [42]
0.1619.3630274221619.3545091202619.3630315796619.3630315791
0.2618.6909310646618.6819439088618.6909370609618.6909370597
0.3617.9818627742617.9723821904617.9818692109617.9818692025
0.4617.2338887502617.2238890180617.2338939798617.2338939757
0.5616.4449797181616.4344339299616.4449876950616.4449876822
0.6615.6130280833615.6019081178615.6130341588615.6130341421
0.7614.7358134999614.7240899754614.7358219653614.7358219528
0.8613.8110328171613.7986750681613.8110418712613.8110418536
0.9612.8362767043612.8232527460612.8362842538612.8362842258
Table 2. Comparison of solutions among proposed methods and other numerical methods for Infected people at σ = 1 .
Table 2. Comparison of solutions among proposed methods and other numerical methods for Infected people at σ = 1 .
τ I BWM I ABM RK 4 [42] RPS [42]
0.110.562963535510.570491597910.562959870510.5629598709
0.211.156887297911.164828575811.156882013311.1568820144
0.311.783390622411.791766640111.783384951311.7833849586
0.412.444166706212.452999975712.444162099412.4441621031
0.513.140991056413.150305110813.140984032313.1409840435
0.613.875706159713.885525573613.875700810813.8757008253
0.714.650251543014.660601969814.650244093114.6502441041
0.815.466637135015.477545324215.466629169815.4666291853
0.916.326963531216.338457354616.326956891116.3269569155
Table 3. Comparison of solutions among proposed methods and other numerical methods for Recovered people at σ = 1 .
Table 3. Comparison of solutions among proposed methods and other numerical methods for Recovered people at σ = 1 .
τ R BWM R ABM RK 4 [42] RPS [42]
0.170.074009042370.074999281870.074008549770.0740085498
0.270.152181637470.153227515270.152180925670.1521809257
0.370.234746603270.235851169470.234745837670.2347458387
0.470.321944543470.323111006270.321943920670.3219439211
0.570.414029225470.415260959170.414028272570.4140282742
0.670.511265756970.512566308570.512566308570.5112650324
0.770.613934957070.615308054670.61393394170.6139339429
0.870.722330047770.723779607670.722328958870.7223289610
0.970.836759764370.838289899370.836758855070.8367588586

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kumar, S.; Ahmadian, A.; Kumar, R.; Kumar, D.; Singh, J.; Baleanu, D.; Salimi, M. An Efficient Numerical Method for Fractional SIR Epidemic Model of Infectious Disease by Using Bernstein Wavelets. Mathematics 2020, 8, 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8040558

AMA Style

Kumar S, Ahmadian A, Kumar R, Kumar D, Singh J, Baleanu D, Salimi M. An Efficient Numerical Method for Fractional SIR Epidemic Model of Infectious Disease by Using Bernstein Wavelets. Mathematics. 2020; 8(4):558. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8040558

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kumar, Sunil, Ali Ahmadian, Ranbir Kumar, Devendra Kumar, Jagdev Singh, Dumitru Baleanu, and Mehdi Salimi. 2020. "An Efficient Numerical Method for Fractional SIR Epidemic Model of Infectious Disease by Using Bernstein Wavelets" Mathematics 8, no. 4: 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8040558

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop