Plants

21 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of QTLs for Plant Height Architecture Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Association Mapping and the RSTEP-LRT Method

by Hélder Manuel Sitoe, Yuanqing Zhang, Siqi Chen, Yulong Li, Mehtab Ali, Ognigamal Sowadan, Benjamin Karikari, Erbao Liu, Xiaojing Dang, Hujun Qian and Delin Hong

Plants 2022, 11(7), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070999 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1912

Abstract

Plant height (PH) and its component traits are critical determinants of lodging resistance and strongly influence yield in rice. The genetic architecture of PH and its component traits were mined in two mapping populations. In the natural population composed of 504 accessions, a [...] Read more.

Plant height (PH) and its component traits are critical determinants of lodging resistance and strongly influence yield in rice. The genetic architecture of PH and its component traits were mined in two mapping populations. In the natural population composed of 504 accessions, a total of forty simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with PH and its component traits were detected across two environments via association mapping. Allele RM305-210 bp on chromosome 5 for PH had the largest phenotypic effect value (PEV) (−51.42 cm) with a reducing effect. Allele RM3533-220 bp on chromosome 9 for panicle length and allele RM264-120 bp on chromosome 8 for the length of upper first elongated internode (1IN) showed the highest positive PEV. Among the elongated internodes with negative effects being desirable, the allele RM348-130 bp showed the largest PEV (−7.48 cm) for the length of upper second elongated internode. In the chromosome segment substitution line population consisting of 53 lines, a total of nine QTLs were detected across two environments, with the phenotypic variance explained (PVE) ranging 10.07–28.42%. Among the detected QTLs, q1IN-7 explained the largest PVE (28.42%) for the 1IN, with an additive of 5.31 cm. The favorable allele RM257-125 bp on chromosome 9 for the 1IN increasing was detected in both populations. The favorable alleles provided here could be used to shape PH architecture against lodging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics)

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11 pages, 2763 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Systematic Analysis of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cold and Hot Properties of Herbal Medicines

by Sang-Min Park, Su-Jin Baek, Hyo-Jeong Ban, Hee-Jeong Jin and Seongwon Cha

Plants 2022, 11(7), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070997 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2174

Abstract

Effective treatments for patients experiencing temperature-related symptoms are limited. The hot and cold effects of traditional herbal medicines have been utilized to treat and manage these symptoms, but their molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Previous studies with arbitrarily selected herbs and ingredients [...] Read more.

Effective treatments for patients experiencing temperature-related symptoms are limited. The hot and cold effects of traditional herbal medicines have been utilized to treat and manage these symptoms, but their molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Previous studies with arbitrarily selected herbs and ingredients may have produced biased results. Here, we aim to systematically elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the hot and cold properties of herbal medicines through an unbiased large-scale investigation of herbal ingredients, their target genes, and the transcriptome signatures induced by them. Using data regarding 243 herbs retrieved from two herbal medicine databases, we statistically identify (R)-Linalool, (-)-alpha-pinene, peruviol, (L)-alpha-terpineol, and cymol as five new hot-specific ingredients that share a common target, a norepinephrine transporter. However, no significant ingredients are cold-specific. We also statistically identify 14 hot- and 8 cold-specific new target genes. Pathway enrichment analysis of hot-specific target genes reveals the associated pathways including neurotransmitter reuptake, cold-induced thermogenesis, blood pressure regulation, adrenergic receptor signaling, and cation symporter activity. Cold-specific target genes are associated with the steroid pathway. Transcriptome analysis also shows that hot herbs are more strongly associated with coagulation and synaptic transmission than cold herbs. Our results, obtained from novel connections between herbal ingredients, target genes, and pathways, may contribute to the development of pharmacological treatment strategies for temperature-related pain using medicinal plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacological and Toxicological Study of Medicinal Plants)

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15 pages, 4512 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Less Virulent Leptosphaeria biglobosa Immunizes the Canola Plant to Resist Highly Virulent L. maculans, the Blackleg Pathogen

by Kaluhannadige Rasanie Eranka Padmathilake and Wannakuwattewaduge Gerard Dilantha Fernando

Plants 2022, 11(7), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070996 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1749

Abstract

Leptosphaeria biglobosa is a less virulent Leptosphaeria spp. that causes blackleg disease in canola. Previous studies from our lab have shown that inoculation with the less virulent L. biglobosa can boost the resistance of canola plants against the highly virulent L. maculans. [...] Read more.

Leptosphaeria biglobosa is a less virulent Leptosphaeria spp. that causes blackleg disease in canola. Previous studies from our lab have shown that inoculation with the less virulent L. biglobosa can boost the resistance of canola plants against the highly virulent L. maculans. The objective of this study was to confirm the effectiveness of L. biglobosa as a biocontrol agent against L. maculans utilizing morphology, fluorescence microscopy, gene quantification, and transcriptomic analysis. The in planta development of two Leptosphaeria species inoculated at different time points was assessed using fluorescent protein-tagged isolates which are GFP-tagged L. maculans and DsRed-tagged L. biglobosa. The growth inhibition of L. maculans by pre-and co-inoculated L. biglobosa was supported by no lesion development on cotyledons and no or weak fluorescence protein-tagged mycelia under the confocal microscope. The host defense-related genes, WRKY33, PR1, APX6, and CHI, were upregulated in L. biglobosa inoculated Westar cotyledons compared to L. maculans inoculated cotyledons. The quantification of each pathogen through qPCR assay and gene expressions analysis on host defense-related genes by RT-qPCR confirmed the potential of L. biglobosa “brassicae’ in the management of the blackleg disease pathogen, L. maculans ‘brassicae’, in canola. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases)

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12 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring New Sources of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Western Balkan Mountains

by Erna Karalija, Sabina Dahija, Arnela Demir, Renata Bešta-Gajević, Sanja Ćavar Zeljković and Petr Tarkowski

Plants 2022, 11(7), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11071002 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1473

Abstract

This study presents the first report on phenolic composition and bioactivity of ethanolic extracts of three plant species that grow in the western Balkan mountains and are used in traditional folk medicine: Valeriana montana, Salix retusa, and Campanula hercegovina. Phenolics [...] Read more.

This study presents the first report on phenolic composition and bioactivity of ethanolic extracts of three plant species that grow in the western Balkan mountains and are used in traditional folk medicine: Valeriana montana, Salix retusa, and Campanula hercegovina. Phenolics were extracted from different aerial plant parts using 80% ethanol to assess the possibility of sustainable use of these plants as a source of bioactive compounds without disruption to the roots (for V. montana) or destruction of whole habitats (for S. retusa and C. hercegovina). The ethanolic extract of V. montana flower contained noticeable levels of apigenin and quercetin. The branches and bark of S. retusa were significantly rich in catechin, while rutin was the major phenolic found in the leaf extract of C. hercegovina. Furthermore, the flower extract of V. montana revealed the best antioxidant activity, which was comparable to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and quercetin. Considering antimicrobial activity, the leaf extracts of V. montana and C. hercegovina demonstrated potent activity against all microbes tested, while the extracts of S. retusa were moderately effective. The presented results emphasize the potential of these plants as novel sources of bioactive compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Polyphenols - from Plants to Human Health Volume II)

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17 pages, 3783 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Plastid Genome of Equisetum xylochaetum from the Atacama Desert, Chile and the Relationships of Equisetum Based on Frequently Used Plastid Genes and Network Analysis

by Anchittha Satjarak, Linda E. Graham, Marie T. Trest and Patricia Arancibia-Avila

Plants 2022, 11(7), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11071001 - 06 Apr 2022

Viewed by 2021

Abstract

The modern pteridophyte genus Equisetum is the only survivor of Sphenopsida, an ancient clade known from the Devonian. This genus, of nearly worldwide distribution, comprises approximately 15 extant species. However, genomic information is limited. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast genome [...] Read more.

The modern pteridophyte genus Equisetum is the only survivor of Sphenopsida, an ancient clade known from the Devonian. This genus, of nearly worldwide distribution, comprises approximately 15 extant species. However, genomic information is limited. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast genome of the giant species Equisetum xylochaetum from a metagenomic sequence and compared the plastid genome structure and protein-coding regions with information available for two other Equisetum species using network analysis. Equisetum chloroplast genomes showed conserved traits of quadripartite structure, gene content, and gene order. Phylogenetic analysis based on plastome protein-coding regions corroborated previous reports that Equisetum is monophyletic, and that E. xylochaetum is more closely related to E. hyemale than to E. arvense. Single-gene phylogenetic estimation and haplotype analysis showed that E. xylochaetum belonged to the subgenus Hippochaete. Single-gene haplotype analysis revealed that E. arvense, E. hyemale, E. myriochaetum, and E. variegatum resolved more than one haplotype per species, suggesting the presence of a high diversity or a high mutation rate of the corresponding nucleotide sequence. Sequences from E. bogotense appeared as a distinct group of haplotypes representing the subgenus Paramochaete that diverged from Hippochaete and Equisetum. In addition, the taxa that were frequently located at the joint region of the map were E. scirpoides and E. pratense, suggesting the presence of some plastome characters among the Equiseum subgenera. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Genomics III)

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11 pages, 516 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Rising Carbon Dioxide and Global Nutrition: Evidence and Action Needed

by Lewis H. Ziska

Plants 2022, 11(7), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11071000 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3551

Abstract

While the role of CO₂ as a greenhouse gas in the context of global warming is widely acknowledged, additional data from multiple sources is demonstrating that rising CO₂ of and by itself will have a tremendous effect on plant biology. This [...] Read more.

While the role of CO₂ as a greenhouse gas in the context of global warming is widely acknowledged, additional data from multiple sources is demonstrating that rising CO₂ of and by itself will have a tremendous effect on plant biology. This effect is widely recognized for its role in stimulating photosynthesis and growth for multiple plant species, including crops. However, CO₂ is also likely to alter plant chemistry in ways that will denigrate plant nutrition. That role is also of tremendous importance, not only from a human health viewpoint, but also from a global food–web perspective. Here, the goal is to review the current evidence, propose potential mechanistic explanations, provide an overview of critical unknowns and to elucidate a series of next steps that can address what is, overall, a critical but unappreciated aspect of anthropogenic climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Plant Physiology)

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17 pages, 4514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simple, Fast and Efficient Methods for Analysing the Structural, Ultrastructural and Cellular Components of the Cell Wall

by Renan Falcioni, Thaise Moriwaki, Renato Herrig Furlanetto, Marcos Rafael Nanni and Werner Camargos Antunes

Plants 2022, 11(7), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070995 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6701

Abstract

Plant cell walls are a fundamental component of plant biology and play an essential role in plant growth and development. The metabolic components of the cell wall can be investigated in a fast, simple, and highly efficient manner using various and distinct microscopy [...] Read more.

Plant cell walls are a fundamental component of plant biology and play an essential role in plant growth and development. The metabolic components of the cell wall can be investigated in a fast, simple, and highly efficient manner using various and distinct microscopy techniques. Here, we report implementing a flowchart to analyse tobacco plants’ structural, ultrastructural, and metabolic components supplemented with far-red light. In addition, biochemical components, such as lignin, cellulose, phenolic compounds, and reducing sugars, present in the plant cell walls were quantified using light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Our data were generated from samples prepared via tissue fixation, incorporation in resins, and slicing using microtomes. Moreover, we have used routine staining and contrast techniques to characterise plant cell walls. Here, we describe several protocols that use classic and modern techniques as well as qualitative and quantitative analytical methods to study cell walls, enabling the plant research community to understand and select the most suitable methods for the microscopic analysis of metabolic components. Finally, we discuss specific ideas aimed at new students of plant anatomy and microscopy. This research not only described the structural, ultrastructural, and metabolic components of the plant cell wall, but also explained the strategies for understanding cellular development. Full article

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14 pages, 724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Phytochemical Profile and Anticancer Activity of Anthemis tinctoria and Angelica sylvestris Used in Estonian Ethnomedicine

by Ain Raal, Marel Jaama, Meeme Utt, Tõnu Püssa, Vaidotas Žvikas, Valdas Jakštas, Oleh Koshovyi, Khan Viet Nguyen and Hoai Thi Nguyen

Plants 2022, 11(7), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070994 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2383

Abstract

The aerial parts of Anthemis tinctoria L. and Angelica sylvestris L. and the roots of A. sylvestris have been used as traditional anticancer remedies in Estonian ethnomedicine. The aim of this study was to investigate content of essential oils (by gas chromatography) and [...] Read more.

The aerial parts of Anthemis tinctoria L. and Angelica sylvestris L. and the roots of A. sylvestris have been used as traditional anticancer remedies in Estonian ethnomedicine. The aim of this study was to investigate content of essential oils (by gas chromatography) and polyphenolic compounds (using two different methods of high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS)) of both plant species, as well as the in vitro anti-cancer effects of their essential oils and methanolic extracts. The average (n = 5 samples) yield of essential oils was 0.15%, 0.13%, and 0.17%, respectively. The principal compounds of the essential oil from the aerial parts of A. tinctoria were palmitic acid (15.3%), p-cymene (12.6%), and α-muurolene (12.5%), and α-pinene (45.4%), p-cymene (15.5%), and β-myrcene (13.3%) in aerial parts of A. sylvestris, while isocaryophyllene oxide (31.9%), α-bisabolol (17.5%), and α-pinene (12.4%) were the main constituents in the roots. The most abundant phenolic compounds in aerial parts were the derivatives of caffeic acid, quinic acid, and quercetin; the main compounds in roots of A. sylvestris were chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, and naringenin. The strongest anticancer effects were observed in essential oils of A. sylvestris roots and aerial parts on human carcinoma in the mouth cells (KB, IC₅₀ 19.73 μg/mL and 19.84 μg/mL, respectively). The essential oil of A. tinctoria showed a strong effect on KB and LNCaP cells (27.75–29.96 μg/mL). The methanolic extracts of both plants had no effect on the cancer cells studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Natural Compounds in Plants)

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12 pages, 1358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Balance between Different ROS on Tobacco Stigma during Flowering and Its Role in Pollen Germination

by Maria Breygina, Olga Schekaleva, Ekaterina Klimenko and Oksana Luneva

Plants 2022, 11(7), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070993 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2630

Abstract

The concept of ROS as an important factor controlling pollen germination and tube growth has become generally accepted in the last decade. However, the relationship between various ROS and their significance for the success of in vivo germination and fertilization remained unexplored. For [...] Read more.

The concept of ROS as an important factor controlling pollen germination and tube growth has become generally accepted in the last decade. However, the relationship between various ROS and their significance for the success of in vivo germination and fertilization remained unexplored. For the present study, we collected Nicotiana tabacum stigma exudate on different stages of stigma maturity before and after pollination. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and colorimetric analysis were used to assess levels of O^•₂⁻ and H₂O₂ on stigma. Superoxide dismutase activity in the stigma tissues at each stage was evaluated zymographically. As the pistil matured, the level of both ROS decreased markedly, while the activity of SOD increased, and, starting from the second stage, the enzyme was represented by two isozymes: Fe SOD and Cu/Zn SOD, which was demonstrated by the in-gel inhibitory analysis. Selective suppression of Cu/Zn SOD activity shifted the ROS balance, which was confirmed by EPR. This shift markedly reduced the rate of pollen germination in vivo and the fertilization efficiency, which was estimated by the seed set. This result showed that hydrogen peroxide is a necessary component of stigma exudate, accelerates germination and ensures successful reproduction. A decrease in O^•₂⁻ production due to NADPH oxidase inhibition, although it slowed down germination, did not lead to a noticeable decrease in the seed set. Thus, the role of the superoxide radical can be characterized as less important. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Reproductive Development)

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14 pages, 1642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Study of Eryngium cymosum F. Delaroche and the Inhibitory Capacity of Its Main Compounds on Two Glucose-Producing Pathway Enzymes

by Adriana Romo-Pérez, Sonia Marlen Escandón-Rivera, Luis D. Miranda and Adolfo Andrade-Cetto

Plants 2022, 11(7), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070992 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1978

Abstract

One undescribed acylated flavonol glucoside and five known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Eryngium cymosum F. Delaroche, a plant that is used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat type 2 diabetes. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated [...] Read more.

One undescribed acylated flavonol glucoside and five known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Eryngium cymosum F. Delaroche, a plant that is used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat type 2 diabetes. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using a variety of spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). Chlorogenic acid (1), rosmarinic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), protocatechuic acid (4), kaempferol-3-O-(2,6-di-O-trans-ρ-coumaryl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), and the new acylated flavonol glucoside quercetin-3-O-(2,6-di-O-trans-ρ-coumaryl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (6) were isolated. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of quercetin-3-O-(2,6-di-O-trans-ρ-coumaryl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (6). In addition, according to the HPLC profile obtained for the water extract (WE), chlorogenic acid (1) and rosmarinic acid (2) were identified as the main compounds, while kaempferol-3-O-(2,6-di-O-trans-ρ-coumaryl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (5) were the main compound in the butanolic extract. We demonstrate the important role of compound 5 over the inhibition of G6Pase and FBPase. The isolated compounds may play an important role in the hypoglycemic effect of the extract and may act in a synergic way, but more experiments are needed to corroborate these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Compounds in Plants)

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18 pages, 4941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Anatomy, Impact Behavior and Energy Dissipation of the Peel of Citrus × limon: A Comparison of Citrus × limon and Citrus maxima

by Maximilian Jentzsch, Sarah Becker, Marc Thielen and Thomas Speck

Plants 2022, 11(7), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070991 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5580

Abstract

This study analyzes the impact behavior of lemon peel (Citrus × limon) and investigates its functional morphology compared with the anatomy of pomelo peel (Citrusmaxima). Both fruit peels consist mainly of parenchyma structured by a density gradient. In [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the impact behavior of lemon peel (Citrus × limon) and investigates its functional morphology compared with the anatomy of pomelo peel (Citrusmaxima). Both fruit peels consist mainly of parenchyma structured by a density gradient. In order to characterize the lemon peel, both energy dissipation and transmitted force are determined by conducting drop weight tests at different impact strengths (0.15–0.74 J). Fresh and freeze-dried samples were used to investigate the influence on the mechanics of peel tissue’s water content. The samples of lemon peel dissipate significantly more kinetic energy in the freeze-dried state than in the fresh state. Fresh lemon samples experience a higher impulse than freeze-dried samples at the same momentum. Drop weight tests results show that fresh lemon samples have a significantly longer impact duration and lower transmitted force than freeze-dried samples. With higher impact energy (0.74 J) the impact behavior becomes more plastic, and a greater fraction of the kinetic energy is dissipated. Lemon peel has pronounced energy dissipation properties, even though the peel is relatively thin and lemon fruits are comparably light. The cell arrangement of citrus peel tissue can serve as a model for bio-inspired, functional graded materials in technical foams with high energy dissipation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Plant Anatomy – Structure, Function and Environment)

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16 pages, 3226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dysbiosis in the Rhizosphere Microbiome of Standing Dead Korean Fir (Abies koreana)

by Gil Han, Mohamed Mannaa, Hyoseong Jeon, Hyejung Jung, Jin-Cheol Kim, Ae Ran Park and Young-Su Seo

Plants 2022, 11(7), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070990 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

The Korean fir (Abies koreana), a native coniferous tree species mainly found on Mt. Halla in Jeju, South Korea, is suffering from continuous population decline and has been declared an endangered species. Research efforts have focused on the possible abiotic causes behind this [...] Read more.

The Korean fir (Abies koreana), a native coniferous tree species mainly found on Mt. Halla in Jeju, South Korea, is suffering from continuous population decline and has been declared an endangered species. Research efforts have focused on the possible abiotic causes behind this worrying decline. However, the potential link between tree vitality and the rhizosphere microbiome remains unclear. In this study, a comparative metagenomic 16S rRNA sequence analysis was used to investigate the composition of the rhizosphere microbiota of samples collected from healthy and die-back-affected trees on Mt. Halla. The results indicated a significant reduction in the richness and diversity of microbiota in the rhizosphere of die-back-affected trees. Moreover, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were significantly higher in healthy trees than in standing dead trees. Many bacterial genera were significantly more abundant in the rhizosphere of healthy trees, including those known for promoting plant growth and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g., Bradyrhizobium, Rhizomicrobium, Caulobacter, Nitrosospira, Rhizobacter, Paraburkholderia, Rhizobium, Devosia, Caballeronia, Niveispirillum, Dyella, Herbaspirillum, Frankia, Streptomyces, Actinoallomurus, Lysobacter, Luteibacter, Mucilaginibacter, and Variovorax). To our knowledge, this is the first report on rhizosphere bacterial microbiome dysbiosis in die-back-affected Korean fir trees, suggesting that the influence of rhizosphere microbiota should be considered to save this endangered species by investigating possible intervention strategies in future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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12 pages, 1851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silicon Application Promotes Productivity, Silicon Accumulation and Upregulates Silicon Transporter Gene Expression in Rice

by Nanthana Chaiwong, Tonapha Pusadee, Sansanee Jamjod and Chanakan Prom-u-thai

Plants 2022, 11(7), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070989 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1741

Abstract

Rice has been shown to respond positively to Si fertilizer in terms of growth and productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a series of Si application rates on grain yield, Si concentration, and the expression of the [...] Read more.

Rice has been shown to respond positively to Si fertilizer in terms of growth and productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a series of Si application rates on grain yield, Si concentration, and the expression of the OsLsi6 gene among three Thai rice varieties. The varieties CNT1, PTT1, and KDML105 were grown in a pot experiment under six levels of Si (0, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 kg Si/ha). Grain yield was the highest at 300 kg Si/ha, being increased by 35%, 53%, and 69% in CNT1, PTT1, and KDML105, respectively, compared with the plants grown without added Si. For Si concentrations in rice plants, rising Si fertilizer application up to 150 kg/ha significantly increased the Si concentration in straw, flag leaf, and husk in all varieties. The Si concentration in all tissues was higher under high Si (300 kg Si/ha). Applying Si fertilizer also increased the expression level of OsLsi6 in both CNT1 and PTT1 varieties. The highest expression level of OsLsi6 was associated with 300 kg Si/ha, being increased by 548% in CNT1 and 326% in PTT1 compared with untreated plants. These results indicate that Si application is an effective way to improve rice yield as well as Si concentration, and that the effect is related to the higher expression of the OsLsi6 gene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Nutrition Volume II)

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13 pages, 4219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Tolerance to Lanthanum and Cerium in Helianthus Annuus Plant: Effect on Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Secondary Metabolism

by Nesrine Dridi, Renata Ferreira, Houda Bouslimi, Pedro Brito, Susete Martins-Dias, Isabel Caçador and Noomene Sleimi

Plants 2022, 11(7), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070988 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2103

Abstract

Rare earth elements (REEs) present a group of nonessential metals for the growth and development of plants. At high concentrations, they can induce internal stress and disturb the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in plants. The potential uptake of lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce) [...] Read more.

Rare earth elements (REEs) present a group of nonessential metals for the growth and development of plants. At high concentrations, they can induce internal stress and disturb the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in plants. The potential uptake of lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce) by the horticultural plant Helianthus annuus and the effect of these elements on its growth, its absorption of macroelements, and the contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were assessed. The plants were exposed to 0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 µM of La and Ce for 14 days. The results showed a remarkable accumulation of the two REEs, especially in the roots, which was found to be positively correlated with the total phenolic compound and flavonoid content in the plant shoots and roots. The plant’s growth parameter patterns (such as dry weight and water content); the levels of potassium, calcium, and magnesium; and the tolerance index varied with the concentrations of the two studied elements. According to the tolerance index values, H. annuus had more affinity to La than to Ce. Although these metals were accumulated in H. annuus tissues, this Asteraceae plant cannot be considered as a hyperaccumulator species of these two REEs, since the obtained REE content in the plant’s upper parts was less than 1000 mg·Kg⁻¹ DW. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 4310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deadwood Amount at Disturbance Plots after Sanitary Felling

by Ján Merganič, Katarína Merganičová, Mária Vlčková, Zuzana Dudáková, Michal Ferenčík, Martin Mokroš, Vladimír Juško, Michal Allman and Daniel Tomčík

Plants 2022, 11(7), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070987 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1878

Abstract

Deadwood is an important component of forests that fulfils many ecosystem functions. The occurrence, amount and spatial distribution of deadwood in forest ecosystems depend on tree species composition, historical development and past management. In this presented study, we assessed the total amount of [...] Read more.

Deadwood is an important component of forests that fulfils many ecosystem functions. The occurrence, amount and spatial distribution of deadwood in forest ecosystems depend on tree species composition, historical development and past management. In this presented study, we assessed the total amount of deadwood, including fine and coarse woody debris at five areas of predominantly broadleaved forests within the University Forest Enterprise of the Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia that had been disturbed by windstorm Žofia in 2014. Windthrown wood was salvaged between May 2014 and October 2015. In the year 2018, we performed an inventory of deadwood that remained on-site after salvage logging. The mean volume of deadwood recorded at sample plots fluctuated between 35.96 m³/ha and 176.06 m³/ha and mean deadwood coverage values at individual disturbed areas ranged from 7.27 to 17.91%. In the work, we derived several models for the estimation of deadwood volume based on deadwood coverage and/or diameter, which showed that these characteristics are good proxies of deadwood volume. The tests, involving close-range photogrammetry methods for deadwood quantification, revealed that the number of pieces and the coverage of deadwood recorded in photos was significantly lower than the values derived from field measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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14 pages, 1922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drought-Tolerance QTLs Associated with Grain Yield and Related Traits in Spring Bread Wheat

by Sahar Bennani, Ahmed Birouk, Mohammed Jlibene, Miguel Sanchez-Garcia, Nasserelhaq Nsarellah, Fatima Gaboun and Wuletaw Tadesse

Plants 2022, 11(7), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070986 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2178

Abstract

The present research aims to identify the efficient combination of drought-tolerance selection criteria and associated quantitative trait loci. A panel of 197 bread wheat genotypes was evaluated for yield- and drought-tolerance-related traits in two environments (favorable and semiarid) for 2 years (2015–2016). Grain [...] Read more.

The present research aims to identify the efficient combination of drought-tolerance selection criteria and associated quantitative trait loci. A panel of 197 bread wheat genotypes was evaluated for yield- and drought-tolerance-related traits in two environments (favorable and semiarid) for 2 years (2015–2016). Grain number, biomass, number of fertile spikes per plant and ground cover exhibited a significant correlation with grain yield and constitute potential secondary selection criteria for yield under drought conditions. About 73 significant marker–trait associations were detected along various chromosomal positions. The markers “wsnp_Ex_Rep_c67786_66472676” and “ExcalibuR_c24593_1217” exhibited important genetic gains associated with yield increase under drought (11 and 7%, respectively). The markers “KukRi_c94792_127” and “wsnp_Ex_c298_580660” showed a significant correlation with grain yield, biomass and grain number and were associated with a significant increase in yield performance at the semiarid site (+6 and +7%, respectively). The ground cover was found associated with grain yield and biomass through the markers “wsnp_Ex_Rep_c67786_66472676” (+11%) and “KukRi_c49927_151” (+10%). One marker “TduRuM_contig25432_1377” on chromosome 5B at 20 cM was consistently correlated with the number of fertile spikes across both environments. Further research should be considered to validate the efficiency of these markers to undertake selection for drought tolerance under various environments and genetic backgrounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat Breeding, Genomic Selection, and Phenomics)

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15 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Smart Glass Film Reduced Ascorbic Acid in Red and Orange Capsicum Fruit Cultivars without Impacting Shelf Life

by Xin He, Sachin G. Chavan, Ziad Hamoui, Chelsea Maier, Oula Ghannoum, Zhong-Hua Chen, David T. Tissue and Christopher I. Cazzonelli

Plants 2022, 11(7), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070985 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2287

Abstract

Smart Glass Film (SGF) is a glasshouse covering material designed to permit 80% transmission of photosynthetically active light and block heat-generating solar energy. SGF can reduce crop water and nutrient consumption and improve glasshouse energy use efficiency yet can reduce crop yield. The [...] Read more.

Smart Glass Film (SGF) is a glasshouse covering material designed to permit 80% transmission of photosynthetically active light and block heat-generating solar energy. SGF can reduce crop water and nutrient consumption and improve glasshouse energy use efficiency yet can reduce crop yield. The effect of SGF on the postharvest shelf life of fruits remains unknown. Two capsicum varieties, Red (Gina) and Orange (O06614), were cultivated within a glasshouse covered in SGF to assess fruit quality and shelf life during the winter season. SGF reduced cuticle thickness in the Red cultivar (5%) and decreased ascorbic acid in both cultivars (9–14%) without altering the overall morphology of the mature fruits. The ratio of total soluble solids (TSSs) to titratable acidity (TA) was significantly higher in Red (29%) and Orange (89%) cultivars grown under SGF. The Red fruits had a thicker cuticle that reduced water loss and extended shelf life when compared to the Orange fruits, yet neither water loss nor firmness were impacted by SGF. Reducing the storage temperature to 2 °C and increasing relative humidity to 90% extended the shelf life in both cultivars without evidence of chilling injury. In summary, SGF had minimal impact on fruit development and postharvest traits and did not compromise the shelf life of mature fruits. SGF provides a promising technology to block heat-generating solar radiation energy without affecting fruit ripening and marketable quality of capsicum fruits grown during the winter season. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving the Performance, Resilience and Quality of Horticultural Crops in Controlled Environments)

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14 pages, 2108 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of Cylindrocarpon-like Anamorphs Causing Root and Basal Rot of Almonds

by Nieves Capote, María Ángeles Del Río, Juan Francisco Herencia and Francisco Teodoro Arroyo

Plants 2022, 11(7), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070984 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2365

Abstract

Three almond nurseries were prospected in the South of Spain (Sevilla) to evaluate the sanitary status of the nursery plant material. Samples consisted of main roots, secondary roots and six-month-old basal stems ‘GxN-15’, ‘Nemaguard’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Rootpac-40’ and ‘Rootpac-20’ rootstocks planted in the soil, [...] Read more.

Three almond nurseries were prospected in the South of Spain (Sevilla) to evaluate the sanitary status of the nursery plant material. Samples consisted of main roots, secondary roots and six-month-old basal stems ‘GxN-15’, ‘Nemaguard’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Rootpac-40’ and ‘Rootpac-20’ rootstocks planted in the soil, and twigs of mother plants from ‘Lauranne’, ‘Guara’, ‘Marcona’, ‘Marta’ and ‘Ferragnes’ almond cultivars. Endophytic and potential pathogenic fungi were identified in mother plants and 70 Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph isolates were detected in the root system and basal stems of analyzed rootstocks. Based on partial sequencing of the his3 gene and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated ITS, tub2, his3 and tef1-α partial sequences, seven Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species were identified as Dactylonectria torresensis, D. novozelandica, D. macrodidyma, Ilyonectria liriodendri, Neonectria sp. 1, N. quercicola and Cylindrocladiella variabilis. Pathogenicity was assessed on young healthy detached twigs of ‘Guara’ almond cultivar and one-year-old ‘Lauranne’ potted almonds grafted onto ‘GxN-15’ rootstocks. Among the seven Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species, I. liriodendri, Neonectria sp. 1 and N. quercicola were the most aggressive. Inoculated detached shoots developed necrotic lesions 15 days after inoculation. Inoculated trees showed sectorized necrosis in the main and secondary roots and the basal stem of the rootstock 5 months after inoculation. The most aggressive species were able to cause necrosis also in the grafted cultivar, and I. liriodendri, and N. quercicola also reduced the root biomass. This is the first report of Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species causing root and basal rot of almonds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New and Re-emerging Plant Diseases and Pathogens)

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56 pages, 17526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calypogeia (Calypogeiaceae, Marchantiophyta) in Pacific Asia: Updates from Molecular Revision with Particular Attention to the Genus in North Indochina

by Vadim A. Bakalin, Yulia D. Maltseva, Frank Müller, Ksenia G. Klimova, Van Sinh Nguyen, Seung Se Choi and Aleksey V. Troitsky

Plants 2022, 11(7), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070983 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2492

Abstract

Calypogeia is a genus in Pacific Asia that is difficult to classify taxonomically. These difficulties arise from (1) considering the presence of oil bodies as anatomical characters for taxonomic differentiation, (2) the wide occurrence of sibling, semicryptic and geographical vicariant taxa and (3) [...] Read more.

Calypogeia is a genus in Pacific Asia that is difficult to classify taxonomically. These difficulties arise from (1) considering the presence of oil bodies as anatomical characters for taxonomic differentiation, (2) the wide occurrence of sibling, semicryptic and geographical vicariant taxa and (3) the inevitable need to organize new datasets for molecular genetic revision of the genus. The present study uses an integrative approach, including molecular genetic, morphological, chorological and ecological methods, to understand the taxonomy of the genus in Amphi-Pacific Asia. As a result, a set of new-to-science taxa was revealed, and the suite of morphological features necessary for reliable discrimination of the taxa was revised. These results are based on the study of a large set of ‘fresh’ collections suitable for molecular analysis and morphological comparison and include data on oil bodies. The most basal branch in Calypogeia s.l. is segregated into a new genus, Asperifolia. Descriptions of the new taxa and the key to Calypogeia in Vietnam are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Genosystematics)

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15 pages, 2193 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Grazing on Diversity of Semi-Arid Rangelands in Crete Island in the Context of Climatic Change

by Maria Karatassiou, Zoi M. Parissi, Sampson Panajiotidis and Afroditi Stergiou

Plants 2022, 11(7), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070982 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1961

Abstract

The rangelands of Crete island (Greece) are typical Mediterranean habitats under high risk of degradation due to long-term grazing and harsh climatic conditions. We explored the effect of abiotic (climatic conditions, altitude) and biotic factors (long-term grazing by small ruminants) on the floristic [...] Read more.

The rangelands of Crete island (Greece) are typical Mediterranean habitats under high risk of degradation due to long-term grazing and harsh climatic conditions. We explored the effect of abiotic (climatic conditions, altitude) and biotic factors (long-term grazing by small ruminants) on the floristic composition and diversity of selected lowland (Pyrathi, Faistos) and highland (Vroulidia, Nida) rangelands. In each rangeland, the ground cover was measured, and the floristic composition was calculated in terms of five functional groups: grasses, legumes, forbs, phrygana, and shrubs. The aridity index, species turnover, species richness, Shannon entropy, and Gini–Simpson index (with the latter two converted to the effective number of species) were calculated. Our results reveal that highlands are characterized by the highest aridity index (wetter conditions). Lowland rangelands, compared to highland, exhibited a higher percentage contribution of grasses, legumes, and forbs, while species turnover decreased along the altitudinal gradient. The Shannon entropy index was correlated (a) positively with Gini–Simpson and mean annual temperature and (b) negatively with mean annual precipitation, aridity index, and altitude. Moreover, the Gini–Simpson index correlated positively with mean annual temperature and negatively with altitude. Our results could help to understand the effects of grazing on rangeland dynamics and sustainability in semi-arid regions in the context of climatic change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Plants)

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13 pages, 2271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Consensus Land Cover Data to Model Global Invasive Tree Species Distributions

by Fei-Xue Zhang, Chun-Jing Wang and Ji-Zhong Wan

Plants 2022, 11(7), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070981 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1521

Abstract

Invasive tree species threaten ecosystems, natural resources, and managed land worldwide. Land cover has been widely used as an environmental variable for predicting global invasive tree species distributions. Recent studies have shown that consensus land cover data can be an effective tool for [...] Read more.

Invasive tree species threaten ecosystems, natural resources, and managed land worldwide. Land cover has been widely used as an environmental variable for predicting global invasive tree species distributions. Recent studies have shown that consensus land cover data can be an effective tool for species distribution modelling. In this paper, consensus land cover data were used as prediction variables to predict the distribution of the 11 most aggressive invasive tree species globally. We found that consensus land cover data could indeed contribute to modelling the distribution of invasive tree species. According to the contribution rate of land cover to the distribution of invasive tree species, we inferred that the cover classes of open water and evergreen broadleaf trees have strong explanatory power regarding the distribution of invasive tree species. Under consensus land cover changes, invasive tree species were mainly distributed near equatorial, tropical, and subtropical areas. In order to limit the damage caused by invasive tree species to global biodiversity, human life, safety, and the economy, strong measures must be implemented to prevent the further expansion of invasive tree species. We suggest the use of consensus land cover data to model global invasive tree species distributions, as this approach has strong potential to enhance the performance of species distribution modelling. Our study provides new insights into the risk assessment and management of invasive tree species globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management and Application of Invasive Plant Species)

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4 pages, 199 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Plant Essential Oil with Biological Activity

by Hazem S. Elshafie

Plants 2022, 11(7), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070980 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1872

Abstract

Plant essential oils (PEOs), extracted from many aromatic and medicinal plants, are used in folk medicine and often represent an important part of the traditional pharmacopoeia: they have a long history of use in folk medicine as antimicrobial agents to control several human [...] Read more.

Plant essential oils (PEOs), extracted from many aromatic and medicinal plants, are used in folk medicine and often represent an important part of the traditional pharmacopoeia: they have a long history of use in folk medicine as antimicrobial agents to control several human and phyto-pathogens. Many PEOs have been registered as effective alternatives to chemical and synthetic antimicrobials, and in the last few decades, they have also been effectively used in the food industry as antioxidants and anticarcinogens, thanks to the efforts of many research/medical institutions and pharmaceutical companies. This Special Issue discussed the chemical composition and biological-pharmaceutical activities of some important PEOs and their single constituents. Detailed information has been also covered in this Special Issue regarding the mechanisms, possible modes of action, and factors affecting these activities, such as geographical origins, environmental conditions, nutritional status, and the extraction methods used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Essential Oil with Biological Activity)

18 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessReview

Specific Roles of Lipoxygenases in Development and Responses to Stress in Plants

by Priyanka Singh, Yamshi Arif, Edyta Miszczuk, Andrzej Bajguz and Shamsul Hayat

Plants 2022, 11(7), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070979 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5209

Abstract

Lipoxygenases (LOXs), naturally occurring enzymes, are widely distributed in plants and animals. LOXs can be non-sulfur iron, non-heme iron, or manganese-containing dioxygenase redox enzymes. LOXs catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into fatty acid hydroperoxides. Linolenic acid, a precursor in the jasmonic [...] Read more.

Lipoxygenases (LOXs), naturally occurring enzymes, are widely distributed in plants and animals. LOXs can be non-sulfur iron, non-heme iron, or manganese-containing dioxygenase redox enzymes. LOXs catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into fatty acid hydroperoxides. Linolenic acid, a precursor in the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, is converted to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid through oxygenation with LOX, allene oxide synthase, and allene oxide cyclase. Moreover, JA participates in seed germination, fruit ripening, senescence, and many other physio-biochemical processes. LOXs also play crucial roles in defense responses against biotic stress, i.e., insects, pests, pathogenic attacks, and abiotic stress, such as wounding, UV-rays, extreme temperature, oxidative stress, and drought. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Physiology and Ecophysiology)

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27 pages, 3441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixtures of Macro and Micronutrients Control Grape Powdery Mildew and Alter Berry Metabolites

by Lior Gur, Yigal Cohen, Omer Frenkel, Ron Schweitzer, Meir Shlisel and Moshe Reuveni

Plants 2022, 11(7), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070978 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2772

Abstract

Powdery mildew caused by the fungus Erysiphe necator is a major grape disease worldwide. It attacks foliage and berries and reduces yield and wine quality. Fungicides are mainly used for combating the disease. Fungicide resistance and the global requisite to reduce pesticide deployment [...] Read more.

Powdery mildew caused by the fungus Erysiphe necator is a major grape disease worldwide. It attacks foliage and berries and reduces yield and wine quality. Fungicides are mainly used for combating the disease. Fungicide resistance and the global requisite to reduce pesticide deployment encourage the use of environment-friendly alternatives for disease management. Our field experiments showed that the foliar application of the potassium phosphate fertilizer Top-KP+ (1-50-33 NPK) reduced disease incidence on leaves and clusters by 15–65% and severity by 75–90%, compared to untreated vines. Top-KP+ mixed with Nanovatz (containing the micronutrients boron (B) and zinc (Zn)) or with TruPhos Platinum (a mixture containing N, P₂O₅, K₂O, Zn, B, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, and CO) further reduced disease incidence by 30–90% and disease severity by 85–95%. These fertilizers were as effective as the fungicide tebuconazole. Tank mixtures of fertilizers and tebuconazole further enhanced control efficacy in the vineyards. The modes of action of fertilizers in disease control were elucidated via tests with grape seedlings, microscopy, and berry metabolomics. Fertilizers applied preventively to the foliage of grape seedlings inhibited powdery mildew development. Application onto existing mildew colonies plasmolyzed mycelia and conidia and arrested the development of the disease. Berries treated with fertilizers or with a fungicide showed a significant increase in anti-fungal and antioxidant metabolites. Twenty-two metabolites, including non-protein amino acids and carbohydrates, known for their anti-fungal and bioactive effects, were significantly upregulated in grapes treated with fertilizers as compared to grapes treated with a fungicide, suggesting possible indirect activity against the pathogen. Esters and organic acids that contribute to wine quality were also upregulated. We conclude that integrating macro and micronutrients in spray programs in commercial vineyards shall control powdery mildew, reduce fungicide deployment, delay the buildup of fungicide resistance, and may improve wine quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Protection)

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16 pages, 3295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integration of MicroRNA and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveal Regulatory Roles of miRNAs in Response to Chilling Stress in Wild Rice

by Wenlong Zhao, Weiyu Xiao, Jinliang Sun, Mingxin Chen, Mingqing Ma, Yaqi Cao, Weijian Cen, Rongbai Li and Jijing Luo

Plants 2022, 11(7), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070977 - 03 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2181

Abstract

A chromosome single segment substitution line (CSSL) DC90, which was generated by introgressing CTS-12, a locus derived from common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), into the 9311 (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) background, exhibits a chilling tolerance phenotype under [...] Read more.

A chromosome single segment substitution line (CSSL) DC90, which was generated by introgressing CTS-12, a locus derived from common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), into the 9311 (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) background, exhibits a chilling tolerance phenotype under chilling stress. Here, an integration of microRNA (miRNA) deep sequencing and transcriptomic sequencing analysis was performed to explore the expression profiles of miRNAs and their target genes mediated by CTS-12 under chilling stress, and to reveal the possible regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs that are involved in chilling tolerance. Integration analysis revealed that a number of differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and putative target genes with different expression patterns and levels were identified in 9311 and DC90 under chilling stress. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the target genes that are regulated by chilling-induced miRNAs are involved in the regulation of various biological processes/pathways, including protein biosynthesis, redox process, photosynthetic process, and chloroplast development in two genotypes. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the target genes of the key DEMs in a chilling tolerant rice variety Zhonghua 11 (ZH11) found that LOC_Os11g48020 (OsGL1-11), one of the putative target genes of osa-miR1846a/b-5p and encoding a wax synthesis protein, is correlated with a chilling stress tolerance phenotype, implying osa-miR1846a/b-5p/OsGL1-11 plays an important role in CTS-12-mediated chilling stress tolerance regulatory pathway(s). Therefore, we speculate that the CTS-12 may regulate the key miRNA target genes in response to chilling stress by differential regulation of miRNAs in wild rice, thereby resulting in the variation of chilling tolerance phenotype between 9311 and DC90. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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20 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abiotic Factors from Different Ecuadorian Regions and Their Contribution to Antioxidant, Metabolomic and Organoleptic Quality of Theobroma cacao L. Beans, Variety “Arriba Nacional”

by Raluca A. Mihai, Pablo A. Landazuri Abarca, Bryan A. Tinizaray Romero, Larisa I. Florescu, Rodica Catană and Anush Kosakyan

Plants 2022, 11(7), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070976 - 03 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2763

Abstract

Fine flavor cocoa is a unique category of cocoa that produces almonds with high aromatic potential and several sensory benefits that make it different from the basic or ordinary cocoas. Ecuador is the world’s leader in the production and export of fine flavor [...] Read more.

Fine flavor cocoa is a unique category of cocoa that produces almonds with high aromatic potential and several sensory benefits that make it different from the basic or ordinary cocoas. Ecuador is the world’s leader in the production and export of fine flavor cocoa, responsible for 63% of the world’s total production due to the commercialization of the Arriba Nacional variety, known to possess an intense aroma that is unique in the cocoa world market. Besides its organoleptic specificity, this variety represents a source of important bioactive compounds associated with both sensory and health properties. This study evaluates the influence of an abiotic factor, nutritional soil status, on the phytochemical composition (methylxantines and phenolic compounds), and antioxidant and sensory properties of Arriba variety cocoa beans originating from three different geographical regions of Ecuador. We used the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), Folin–Ciocalteau, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ABTS free-radical-scavenging activity, the α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl free-radical-scavenging method (DPPH), and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) analysis to reveal a significant correlation between Mn ions and total phenolic content, a positive implication of N in methylxanthine composition and antioxidant properties, and the importance of Ca, Mg, and K ions in increasing the flavonoid and anthocyanin content of raw cocoa beans. We showed that these nutritional elements can interfere with the nutraceutical and sensory properties of cocoa beans, as Cu, Mg, and K are correlated with anthocyaninic content, while Fe, Ca, P and Zn influenced the flavonoid content. We underline that the Arriba variety is suitable not only for the production of high-quality chocolate, but also for the increasing worldwide nutraceutical market, generating qualitative and competitive products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity, Distribution and Conservation of Plants and Fungi; Effects of Global Warming and Environmental Stress)

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15 pages, 5131 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Pattern and Sequence Variation Analysis of SnRK Family Genes in Barley

by Jiangyan Xiong, Danyi Chen, Tingting Su, Qiufang Shen, Dezhi Wu and Guoping Zhang

Plants 2022, 11(7), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070975 - 03 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2385

Abstract

Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase (SnRK) is a large family of protein kinases that play a significant role in plant stress responses. Although intensive studies have been conducted on SnRK members in some crops, little is known about the SnRK in barley. [...] Read more.

Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase (SnRK) is a large family of protein kinases that play a significant role in plant stress responses. Although intensive studies have been conducted on SnRK members in some crops, little is known about the SnRK in barley. Using phylogenetic and conserved motif analyses, we discovered 46 SnRK members scattered across barley’s 7 chromosomes and classified them into 3 sub-families. The gene structures of HvSnRKs showed the divergence among three subfamilies. Gene duplication and synteny analyses on the genomes of barley and rice revealed the evolutionary features of HvSnRKs. The promoter regions of HvSnRK family genes contained many ABRE, MBS and LTR elements responding to abiotic stresses, and their expression patterns varied with different plant tissues and abiotic stresses. HvSnRKs could interact with the components of ABA signaling pathway to respond to abiotic stress. Moreover, the haplotypes of HvSnRK2.5 closely associated with drought tolerance were detected in a barley core collection. The current results could be helpful for further exploration of the HvSnRK genes responding to abiotic stress tolerance in barley. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Genetic Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops)

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10 pages, 1318 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Functional Differentiation of Floral Color and Scent in Gall Midge Pollination: A Study of a Schisandraceae Plant

by Shi-Rui Gan, Wei Du and Xiao-Fan Wang

Plants 2022, 11(7), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070974 - 02 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1787

Abstract

Gall midges are among the most host-specific insects. Their interactions with plants likely date back to the Cretaceous period. Plants from at least seven families are involved in gall midge pollination; however, little is known about the pollination signals of gall midges. In [...] Read more.

Gall midges are among the most host-specific insects. Their interactions with plants likely date back to the Cretaceous period. Plants from at least seven families are involved in gall midge pollination; however, little is known about the pollination signals of gall midges. In this study, we used a Resseliella–Schisandra model to investigate the roles of floral scent and color in attracting gall midges. Field observations, behavioral bioassays via Y-tubes, and “flight box” experiments were performed. The results demonstrated that gall midges may be attracted by both floral scent and color and that two flower signals are more effective in promoting insect flower-landing than either alone. In the field, gall midges visited male flowers effectively at night but almost always visited female flowers during the day. Thus, during the Resseliella–Schisandra interactions, female flowers predominantly employed visual cues over scent to attract midges during the day; in contrast, olfactory cues were more functional for male flowers to export pollen in the dark. In this study, we first identified the roles of floral color and the functional differentiation of visual and olfactory cues during gall midge pollination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Evolutionary Ecology)

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14 pages, 3434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Elevated CO₂ on Volatile Emissions, Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Pigment Content in Brassicaceae Plants Species and Varieties

by Andreea Lupitu, Cristian Moisa, Simona Gavrilaş, Mihaela Dochia, Dorina Chambre, Virgiliu Ciutină, Dana Maria Copolovici and Lucian Copolovici

Plants 2022, 11(7), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070973 - 02 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1880

Abstract

Climate change will determine a sharp increase in carbon dioxide in the following years. To study the influence of elevated carbon dioxide on plants, we grew 13 different species and varieties from the Brassicaceae family at three carbon dioxide concentrations: 400, 800, and [...] Read more.

Climate change will determine a sharp increase in carbon dioxide in the following years. To study the influence of elevated carbon dioxide on plants, we grew 13 different species and varieties from the Brassicaceae family at three carbon dioxide concentrations: 400, 800, and 1200 ppmv. The photosynthetic parameters (assimilation rate and stomatal conductance to water vapor) increase for all species. The emission of monoterpenes increases for plants grown at elevated carbon dioxide while the total polyphenols and flavonoids content decrease. The chlorophyll content is affected only for some species (such as Lipidium sativum), while the β-carotene concentrations in the leaves were not affected by carbon dioxide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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28 pages, 6085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Sunflower WRINKLED1 Transcription Factor Regulates Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Genes through an AW Box Binding Sequence with a Particular Base Bias

by Rosario Sánchez, Irene González-Thuillier, Mónica Venegas-Calerón, Rafael Garcés, Joaquín J. Salas and Enrique Martínez-Force

Plants 2022, 11(7), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070972 - 02 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2277

Abstract

Sunflower is an important oilseed crop in which the biochemical pathways leading to seed oil synthesis and accumulation have been widely studied. However, how these pathways are regulated is less well understood. The WRINKLED1 (WRI1) transcription factor is considered a key regulator in [...] Read more.

Sunflower is an important oilseed crop in which the biochemical pathways leading to seed oil synthesis and accumulation have been widely studied. However, how these pathways are regulated is less well understood. The WRINKLED1 (WRI1) transcription factor is considered a key regulator in the control of triacylglycerol biosynthesis, acting through the AW box binding element (CNTNG(N)₇CG). Here, we identified the sunflower WRI1 gene and characterized its activity in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. We studied its role as a co-regulator of sunflower genes involved in plastidial fatty acid synthesis. Sunflower WRI1-targets included genes encoding the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the α-CT and BCCP genes, genes encoding ACPs and the fatty acid synthase complex, together with the FATA1 gene. As such, sunflower WRI1 regulates genes involved in seed plastidial fatty acid biosynthesis in a coordinated manner, establishing a WRI1 push and pull strategy that drives oleic acid synthesis for its export into the cytosol. We also determined the base bias at the N positions in the active sunflower AW box motif. The sunflower AW box is sequence-sensitive at the non-conserved positions, enabling WRI1-binding. Moreover, sunflower WRI1 could bind to a non-canonical AW-box motif, opening the possibility of searching for new target genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Biotechnological Tools to Achieve 21st Century Agriculture and Forestry)

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