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Volume 10
Issue 4
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J. Dev. Biol., Volume 10, Issue 4 (December 2022) – 16 articles

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18 pages, 1071 KiB  
Review
Primary Cilia Dysfunction in Neurodevelopmental Disorders beyond Ciliopathies
by Vasiliki Karalis, Kathleen E. Donovan and Mustafa Sahin
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040054 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3470
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized, microtubule-based structures projecting from the surface of most mammalian cells. These organelles are thought to primarily act as signaling hubs and sensors, receiving and integrating extracellular cues. Several important signaling pathways are regulated through the primary cilium including Sonic [...] Read more.
Primary cilia are specialized, microtubule-based structures projecting from the surface of most mammalian cells. These organelles are thought to primarily act as signaling hubs and sensors, receiving and integrating extracellular cues. Several important signaling pathways are regulated through the primary cilium including Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt signaling. Therefore, it is no surprise that mutated genes encoding defective proteins that affect primary cilia function or structure are responsible for a group of disorders collectively termed ciliopathies. The severe neurologic abnormalities observed in several ciliopathies have prompted examination of primary cilia structure and function in other brain disorders. Recently, neuronal primary cilia defects were observed in monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders that were not traditionally considered ciliopathies. The molecular mechanisms of how these genetic mutations cause primary cilia defects and how these defects contribute to the neurologic manifestations of these disorders remain poorly understood. In this review we will discuss monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders that exhibit cilia deficits and summarize findings from studies exploring the role of primary cilia in the brain to shed light into how these deficits could contribute to neurologic abnormalities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cilia in Development)
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23 pages, 4437 KiB  
Article
The Development of the Chimaeroid Pelvic Skeleton and the Evolution of Chondrichthyan Pelvic Fins
by Jacob B. Pears, Carley Tillett, Rui Tahara, Hans C. E. Larsson, Kate Trinajstic and Catherine A. Boisvert
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040053 - 12 Dec 2022
Viewed by 3737
Abstract
Pelvic girdles, fins and claspers are evolutionary novelties first recorded in jawed vertebrates. Over the course of the evolution of chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish) two trends in the morphology of the pelvic skeleton have been suggested to have occurred. These evolutionary shifts involved both [...] Read more.
Pelvic girdles, fins and claspers are evolutionary novelties first recorded in jawed vertebrates. Over the course of the evolution of chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish) two trends in the morphology of the pelvic skeleton have been suggested to have occurred. These evolutionary shifts involved both an enlargement of the metapterygium (basipterygium) and a transition of fin radial articulation from the pelvic girdle to the metapterygium. To determine how these changes in morphology have occurred it is essential to understand the development of extant taxa as this can indicate potential developmental mechanisms that may have been responsible for these changes. The study of the morphology of the appendicular skeleton across development in chondrichthyans is almost entirely restricted to the historical literature with little contemporary research. Here, we have examined the morphology and development of the pelvic skeleton of a holocephalan chondrichthyan, the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii), through a combination of dissections, histology, and nanoCT imaging and redescribed the pelvic skeleton of Cladoselache kepleri (NHMUK PV P 9269), a stem holocephalan. To put our findings in their evolutionary context we compare them with the fossil record of chondrichthyans and the literature on pelvic development in elasmobranchs from the late 19th century. Our findings demonstrate that the pelvic skeleton of C. milii initially forms as a single mesenchymal condensation, consisting of the pelvic girdle and a series of fin rays, which fuse to form the basipterygium. The girdle and fin skeleton subsequently segment into distinct components whilst chondrifying. This confirms descriptions of the early pelvic development in Scyliorhinid sharks from the historical literature and suggests that chimaeras and elasmobranchs share common developmental patterns in their pelvic anatomy. Alterations in the location and degree of radial fusion during early development may be the mechanism responsible for changes in pelvic fin morphology over the course of the evolution of both elasmobranchs and holocephalans, which appears to be an example of parallel evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2022 Feature Papers by JDB’s Editorial Board Members)
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12 pages, 1014 KiB  
Review
Life-Saver or Undertaker: The Relationship between Primary Cilia and Cell Death in Vertebrate Embryonic Development
by Thorsten Pfirrmann and Christoph Gerhardt
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040052 - 12 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2169
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms requires a tightly coordinated network of cellular processes and intercellular signalling. For more than 20 years, it has been known that primary cilia are deeply involved in the mediation of intercellular signalling and that ciliary dysfunction results in [...] Read more.
The development of multicellular organisms requires a tightly coordinated network of cellular processes and intercellular signalling. For more than 20 years, it has been known that primary cilia are deeply involved in the mediation of intercellular signalling and that ciliary dysfunction results in severe developmental defects. Cilia-mediated signalling regulates cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, etc. Another cellular process ensuring proper embryonic development is cell death. While the effect of cilia-mediated signalling on many cellular processes has been extensively studied, the relationship between primary cilia and cell death remains largely unknown. This article provides a short review on the current knowledge about this relationship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cilia in Development)
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19 pages, 1623 KiB  
Review
The Role of Primary Cilia-Associated Phosphoinositide Signaling in Development
by Chuan Chen, Jinghua Hu and Kun Ling
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040051 - 02 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3343
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtube-based organelles that extend from the cell surface and function as biochemical and mechanical extracellular signal sensors. Primary cilia coordinate a series of signaling pathways during development. Cilia dysfunction leads to a pleiotropic group of developmental disorders, termed ciliopathy. Phosphoinositides [...] Read more.
Primary cilia are microtube-based organelles that extend from the cell surface and function as biochemical and mechanical extracellular signal sensors. Primary cilia coordinate a series of signaling pathways during development. Cilia dysfunction leads to a pleiotropic group of developmental disorders, termed ciliopathy. Phosphoinositides (PIs), a group of signaling phospholipids, play a crucial role in development and tissue homeostasis by regulating membrane trafficking, cytoskeleton reorganization, and organelle identity. Accumulating evidence implicates the involvement of PI species in ciliary defects and ciliopathies. The abundance and localization of PIs in the cell are tightly regulated by the opposing actions of kinases and phosphatases, some of which are recently discovered in the context of primary cilia. Here, we review several cilium-associated PI kinases and phosphatases, including their localization along cilia, function in regulating the ciliary biology under normal conditions, as well as the connection of their disease-associated mutations with ciliopathies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cilia in Development)
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12 pages, 6601 KiB  
Article
Activation of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Promotes Differentiation of Cortical Layer 4 Neurons via Regulation of Their Cell Positioning
by Koji Oishi, Kazunori Nakajima and Jun Motoyama
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040050 - 25 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1918
Abstract
Neuronal subtypes in the mammalian cerebral cortex are determined by both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms during development. However, the extrinsic cues that are involved in this process remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of sonic hedgehog (Shh) in glutamatergic cortical subtype [...] Read more.
Neuronal subtypes in the mammalian cerebral cortex are determined by both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms during development. However, the extrinsic cues that are involved in this process remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of sonic hedgehog (Shh) in glutamatergic cortical subtype specification. We found that E14.5-born, but not E15.5-born, neurons with elevated Shh expression frequently differentiated into layer 4 subtypes as judged by the cell positioning and molecular identity. We further found that this effect was achieved indirectly through the regulation of cell positioning rather than the direct activation of layer 4 differentiation programs. Together, we provided evidence that Shh, an extrinsic factor, plays an important role in the specification of cortical superficial layer subtypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scientific Papers by Developmental Biologists in Japan)
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22 pages, 6666 KiB  
Review
Organophosphate Insecticide Toxicity in Neural Development, Cognition, Behaviour and Degeneration: Insights from Zebrafish
by Jeremy Neylon, Jarrad N. Fuller, Chris van der Poel, Jarrod E. Church and Sebastian Dworkin
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040049 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5753
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are used to eliminate agricultural threats posed by insects, through inhibition of the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These potent neurotoxins are extremely efficacious in insect elimination, and as such, are the preferred agricultural insecticides worldwide. Despite their efficacy, however, estimates indicate [...] Read more.
Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are used to eliminate agricultural threats posed by insects, through inhibition of the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These potent neurotoxins are extremely efficacious in insect elimination, and as such, are the preferred agricultural insecticides worldwide. Despite their efficacy, however, estimates indicate that only 0.1% of organophosphates reach their desired target. Moreover, multiple studies have shown that OP exposure in both humans and animals can lead to aberrations in embryonic development, defects in childhood neurocognition, and substantial contribution to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Motor Neurone Disease. Here, we review the current state of knowledge pertaining to organophosphate exposure on both embryonic development and/or subsequent neurological consequences on behaviour, paying particular attention to data gleaned using an excellent animal model, the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2022 Feature Papers by JDB’s Editorial Board Members)
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20 pages, 3996 KiB  
Review
Seeking Sense in the Hox Gene Cluster
by Stephen J. Gaunt
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040048 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2947
Abstract
The Hox gene cluster, responsible for patterning of the head–tail axis, is an ancestral feature of all bilaterally symmetrical animals (the Bilateria) that remains intact in a wide range of species. We can say that the Hox cluster evolved successfully only once since [...] Read more.
The Hox gene cluster, responsible for patterning of the head–tail axis, is an ancestral feature of all bilaterally symmetrical animals (the Bilateria) that remains intact in a wide range of species. We can say that the Hox cluster evolved successfully only once since it is commonly the same in all groups, with labial-like genes at one end of the cluster expressed in the anterior embryo, and Abd-B-like genes at the other end of the cluster expressed posteriorly. This review attempts to make sense of the Hox gene cluster and to address the following questions. How did the Hox cluster form in the protostome-deuterostome last common ancestor, and why was this with a particular head–tail polarity? Why is gene clustering usually maintained? Why is there collinearity between the order of genes along the cluster and the positions of their expressions along the embryo? Why do the Hox gene expression domains overlap along the embryo? Why have vertebrates duplicated the Hox cluster? Why do Hox gene knockouts typically result in anterior homeotic transformations? How do animals adapt their Hox clusters to evolve new structural patterns along the head–tail axis? Full article
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13 pages, 2775 KiB  
Review
Coordination of Cilia Movements in Multi-Ciliated Cells
by Masaki Arata, Fumiko Matsukawa Usami and Toshihiko Fujimori
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040047 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3292
Abstract
Multiple motile cilia are formed at the apical surface of multi-ciliated cells in the epithelium of the oviduct or the fallopian tube, the trachea, and the ventricle of the brain. Those cilia beat unidirectionally along the tissue axis, and this provides a driving [...] Read more.
Multiple motile cilia are formed at the apical surface of multi-ciliated cells in the epithelium of the oviduct or the fallopian tube, the trachea, and the ventricle of the brain. Those cilia beat unidirectionally along the tissue axis, and this provides a driving force for directed movements of ovulated oocytes, mucus, and cerebrospinal fluid in each of these organs. Furthermore, cilia movements show temporal coordination between neighboring cilia. To establish such coordination of cilia movements, cilia need to sense and respond to various cues, including the organ’s orientation and movements of neighboring cilia. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which cilia movements of multi-ciliated cells are coordinated, focusing on planar cell polarity and the cytoskeleton, and highlight open questions for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cilia in Development)
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11 pages, 4505 KiB  
Communication
Appropriate Amounts and Activity of the Wilms’ Tumor Suppressor Gene, wt1, Are Required for Normal Pronephros Development of Xenopus Embryos
by Taisei Shiraki, Takuma Hayashi, Jotaro Ozue and Minoru Watanabe
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040046 - 29 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1545
Abstract
The Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene, wt1, encodes a zinc finger-containing transcription factor that binds to a GC-rich motif and regulates the transcription of target genes. wt1 was first identified as a tumor suppressor gene in Wilms’ tumor, a pediatric kidney tumor, and [...] Read more.
The Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene, wt1, encodes a zinc finger-containing transcription factor that binds to a GC-rich motif and regulates the transcription of target genes. wt1 was first identified as a tumor suppressor gene in Wilms’ tumor, a pediatric kidney tumor, and has been implicated in normal kidney development. The WT1 protein has transcriptional activation and repression domains and acts as a transcriptional activator or repressor, depending on the target gene and context. In Xenopus, an ortholog of wt1 has been isolated and shown to be expressed in the developing embryonic pronephros. To investigate the role of wt1 in pronephros development in Xenopus embryos, we mutated wt1 by CRISPR/Cas9 and found that the expression of pronephros marker genes was reduced. In reporter assays in which known WT1 binding sequences were placed upstream of the luciferase gene, WT1 activated transcription of the luciferase gene. The injection of wild-type or artificially altered transcriptional activity of wt1 mRNA disrupted the expression of pronephros marker genes in the embryos. These results suggest that the appropriate amounts and activity of WT1 protein are required for normal pronephros development in Xenopus embryos. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scientific Papers by Developmental Biologists in Japan)
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13 pages, 1726 KiB  
Article
Involvement of a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Gene BHLHE40 in Specification of Chicken Retinal Pigment Epithelium
by Toshiki Kinuhata, Keita Sato, Tetsuya Bando, Taro Mito, Satoru Miyaishi, Tsutomu Nohno and Hideyo Ohuchi
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040045 - 29 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1912
Abstract
The first event of differentiation and morphogenesis in the optic vesicle (OV) is specification of the neural retina (NR) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), separating the inner and outer layers of the optic cup, respectively. Here, we focus on a basic helix-loop-helix gene, [...] Read more.
The first event of differentiation and morphogenesis in the optic vesicle (OV) is specification of the neural retina (NR) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), separating the inner and outer layers of the optic cup, respectively. Here, we focus on a basic helix-loop-helix gene, BHLHE40, which has been shown to be expressed by the developing RPE in mice and zebrafish. Firstly, we examined the expression pattern of BHLHE40 in the developing chicken eye primordia by in situ hybridization. Secondly, BHLHE40 overexpression was performed with in ovo electroporation and its effects on optic cup morphology and expression of NR and RPE marker genes were examined. Thirdly, we examined the expression pattern of BHLHE40 in LHX1-overexpressed optic cup. BHLHE40 expression emerged in a subset of cells of the OV at Hamburger and Hamilton stage 14 and became confined to the outer layer of the OV and the ciliary marginal zone of the retina by stage 17. BHLHE40 overexpression in the prospective NR resulted in ectopic induction of OTX2 and repression of VSX2. Conversely, BHLHE40 was repressed in the second NR after LHX1 overexpression. These results suggest that emergence of BHLHE40 expression in the OV is involved in initial RPE specification and that BHLHE40 plays a role in separation of the early OV domains by maintaining OTX2 expression and antagonizing an NR developmental program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scientific Papers by Developmental Biologists in Japan)
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15 pages, 546 KiB  
Review
Quantitative Experimental Embryology: A Modern Classical Approach
by Lara Busby, Dillan Saunders, Guillermo Serrano Nájera and Benjamin Steventon
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040044 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2904
Abstract
Experimental Embryology is often referred to as a classical approach of developmental biology that has been to some extent replaced by the introduction of molecular biology and genetic techniques to the field. Inspired by the combination of this approach with advanced techniques to [...] Read more.
Experimental Embryology is often referred to as a classical approach of developmental biology that has been to some extent replaced by the introduction of molecular biology and genetic techniques to the field. Inspired by the combination of this approach with advanced techniques to uncover core principles of neural crest development by the laboratory of Roberto Mayor, we review key quantitative examples of experimental embryology from recent work in a broad range of developmental biology questions. We propose that quantitative experimental embryology offers essential ways to explore the reaction of cells and tissues to targeted cell addition, removal, and confinement. In doing so, it is an essential methodology to uncover principles of development that remain elusive such as pattern regulation, scaling, and self-organisation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Cell to Embryo: A Theme Issue Honoring Professor Dr. Roberto Mayor)
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26 pages, 2367 KiB  
Review
Germ Granules in Animal Oogenesis
by Mikhail A. Dobrynin, Ekaterina O. Bashendjieva and Natella I. Enukashvily
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040043 - 09 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2139
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, many macromolecules are organized as membraneless biomolecular condensates (or biocondensates). Liquid–liquid and liquid–solid phase transitions are the drivers of the condensation process. The absence of membrane borders makes biocondensates very flexible in their composition and functions, which vary in different [...] Read more.
In eukaryotic cells, many macromolecules are organized as membraneless biomolecular condensates (or biocondensates). Liquid–liquid and liquid–solid phase transitions are the drivers of the condensation process. The absence of membrane borders makes biocondensates very flexible in their composition and functions, which vary in different cells and tissues. Some biocondensates are specific for germ line cells and are, thus, termed germ granules. This review summarizes the recent data on the composition of germ granules and their functions in gametes. According to these data, germ granules are involved in the determination of germline cells in some animals, such as Amphibia. In other animals, such as Mammalia, germ granules are involved in the processes of transposons inactivation and sequestration of mRNA and proteins to temporarily decrease their activity. The new data on germ granules composition and functions sheds light on germ cell differentiation and maturation properties. Full article
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19 pages, 10150 KiB  
Article
Zebrafish Model of Stickler Syndrome Suggests a Role for Col2a1a in the Neural Crest during Early Eye Development
by Antionette L. Williams and Brenda L. Bohnsack
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040042 - 01 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2328
Abstract
Most cases of Stickler syndrome are due to autosomal-dominant COL2A1 gene mutations leading to abnormal type II collagen. Ocular findings include axial eye lengthening with vitreal degeneration and early-onset glaucoma, which can result in vision loss. Although COL2A1 is a major player in [...] Read more.
Most cases of Stickler syndrome are due to autosomal-dominant COL2A1 gene mutations leading to abnormal type II collagen. Ocular findings include axial eye lengthening with vitreal degeneration and early-onset glaucoma, which can result in vision loss. Although COL2A1 is a major player in cartilage and bone formation, its specific role in eye development remains elusive. We investigated the role of Col2a1a in neural crest migration and differentiation during early zebrafish eye development. In situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, live imaging, exogenous treatments [10 μM diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB), 100 nM all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and 1–3% ethanol (ETOH)] and morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) injections were used to analyze wildtype Casper (roy−/−;nacre−/−), TgBAC(col2a1a::EGFP), Tg(sox10::EGFP) and Tg(foxd3::EGFP) embryos. Col2a1a colocalized with Foxd3- and Sox10-positive cells in the anterior segment and neural crest-derived jaw. Col2a1a expression was regulated by RA and inhibited by 3% ETOH. Furthermore, MO knockdown of Col2a1a delayed jaw formation and disrupted the ocular anterior segment neural crest migration of Sox10-positive cells. Interestingly, human COL2A1 protein rescued the MO effects. Altogether, these results suggest that Col2a1a is a downstream target of RA in the cranial neural crest and is required for both craniofacial and eye development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zebrafish—a Model System for Developmental Biology II)
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20 pages, 10348 KiB  
Article
Zebrafish Slit2 and Slit3 Act Together to Regulate Retinal Axon Crossing at the Midline
by Camila Davison, Gabriela Bedó and Flavio R. Zolessi
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040041 - 23 Sep 2022
Viewed by 2289
Abstract
Slit-Robo signaling regulates midline crossing of commissural axons in different systems. In zebrafish, all retinofugal axons cross at the optic chiasm to innervate the contralateral tectum. Here, the mutant for the Robo2 receptor presents severe axon guidance defects, which were not completely reproduced [...] Read more.
Slit-Robo signaling regulates midline crossing of commissural axons in different systems. In zebrafish, all retinofugal axons cross at the optic chiasm to innervate the contralateral tectum. Here, the mutant for the Robo2 receptor presents severe axon guidance defects, which were not completely reproduced in a Slit2 ligand null mutant. Since slit3 is also expressed around this area at the stage of axon crossing, we decided to analyze the possibility that it collaborates with Slit2 in this process. We found that the disruption of slit3 expression by sgRNA-Cas9 injection caused similar, albeit slightly milder, defects than those of the slit2 mutant, while the same treatment in the slit2−/−mz background caused much more severe defects, comparable to those observed in robo2 mutants. Tracking analysis of in vivo time-lapse experiments indicated differential but complementary functions of these secreted factors in the correction of axon turn errors around the optic chiasm. Interestingly, RT-qPCR analysis showed a mild increase in slit2 expression in slit3-deficient embryos, but not the opposite. Our observations support the previously proposed “repulsive channel” model for Slit-Robo action at the optic chiasm, with both Slits acting in different manners, most probably relating to their different spatial expression patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Cell to Embryo: A Theme Issue Honoring Professor Dr. Roberto Mayor)
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13 pages, 3382 KiB  
Article
The Shape of the Jaw—Zebrafish Col11a1a Regulates Meckel’s Cartilage Morphogenesis and Mineralization
by Jonathon C. Reeck and Julia Thom Oxford
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040040 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2358
Abstract
The expression of the col11a1a gene is essential for normal skeletal development, affecting both cartilage and bone. Loss of function mutations have been shown to cause abnormalities in the growth plate of long bones, as well as in craniofacial development. However, the specific [...] Read more.
The expression of the col11a1a gene is essential for normal skeletal development, affecting both cartilage and bone. Loss of function mutations have been shown to cause abnormalities in the growth plate of long bones, as well as in craniofacial development. However, the specific effects on Meckel’s cartilage have not been well studied. To further understand the effect of col11a1a gene function, we analyzed the developing jaw in zebrafish using gene knockdown by the injection of an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide using transgenic Tg(sp7:EGFP) and Tg(Fli1a:EGFP) EGFP reporter fish, as well as wildtype AB zebrafish. Our results demonstrate that zebrafish col11a1a knockdown impairs the cellular organization of Meckel’s cartilage in the developing jaw and alters the bone formation that occurs adjacent to the Meckel’s cartilage. These results suggest roles for Col11a1a protein in cartilage intermediates of bone development, the subsequent mineralization of the bony collar of long bones, and that which occurs adjacent to Meckel’s cartilage in the developing jaw. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2022 Feature Papers by JDB’s Editorial Board Members)
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18 pages, 358 KiB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Protrusions in Developmental Signaling
by Callie M. Gustafson and Laura S. Gammill
J. Dev. Biol. 2022, 10(4), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10040039 - 21 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2561
Abstract
During embryonic development, cells communicate with each other to determine cell fate, guide migration, and shape morphogenesis. While the relevant secreted factors and their downstream target genes have been characterized extensively, how these signals travel between embryonic cells is still emerging. Evidence is [...] Read more.
During embryonic development, cells communicate with each other to determine cell fate, guide migration, and shape morphogenesis. While the relevant secreted factors and their downstream target genes have been characterized extensively, how these signals travel between embryonic cells is still emerging. Evidence is accumulating that extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are well defined in cell culture and cancer, offer a crucial means of communication in embryos. Moreover, the release and/or reception of EVs is often facilitated by fine cellular protrusions, which have a history of study in development. However, due in part to the complexities of identifying fragile nanometer-scale extracellular structures within the three-dimensional embryonic environment, the nomenclature of developmental EVs and protrusions can be ambiguous, confounding progress. In this review, we provide a robust guide to categorizing these structures in order to enable comparisons between developmental systems and stages. Then, we discuss existing evidence supporting a role for EVs and fine cellular protrusions throughout development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Cell to Embryo: A Theme Issue Honoring Professor Dr. Roberto Mayor)
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