Biology

22 pages, 742 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Relationship between Physical Activity, Physical Exercise, and Human Gut Microbiota in Healthy and Unhealthy Subjects: A Systematic Review

by Stefania Cataldi, Valerio Bonavolontà, Luca Poli, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Michele De Candia, Roberto Carvutto, Ana Filipa Silva, Georgian Badicu, Gianpiero Greco and Francesco Fischetti

Biology 2022, 11(3), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030479 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4795

Abstract

Several studies have been conducted to find at least an association between physical activity (PA)/ physical exercise (PE) and the possibility to modulate the gut microbiome (GM). However, the specific effects produced on the human GM by different types of PA/PE, different training [...] Read more.

Several studies have been conducted to find at least an association between physical activity (PA)/ physical exercise (PE) and the possibility to modulate the gut microbiome (GM). However, the specific effects produced on the human GM by different types of PA/PE, different training modalities, and their age-related effects are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate and summarize the current scientific evidence investigating the bi-directional relationship between PA/PE and the human GM, with a specific focus on the different types/variables of PA/PE and age-related effects, in healthy and unhealthy people. A systematic search was conducted across four databases (Web of Science, Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library). Information was extracted using the populations, exposure, intervention, comparison, outcomes (PICOS) format. The Oxford Quality Scoring System Scale, the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies were used as a qualitative measure of the review. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42022302725). The following data items were extracted: author, year of publication, study design, number and age of participants, type of PA/PE carried out, protocol/workload and diet assessment, duration of intervention, measurement tools used, and main outcomes. Two team authors reviewed 694 abstracts for inclusion and at the end of the screening process, only 76 full texts were analyzed. Lastly, only 25 research articles met the eligibility criteria. The synthesis of these findings suggests that GM diversity is associated with aerobic exercise contrary to resistance training; abundance of Prevotella genus seems to be correlated with training duration; no significant change in GM richness and diversity are detected when exercising according to the minimum dose recommended by the World Health Organizations; intense and prolonged PE can induce a higher abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria; PA does not lead to significant GM α/β-diversity in elderly people (60+ years). The heterogeneity of the training parameters used in the studies, diet control, and different sequencing methods are the main confounders. Thus, this systematic review can provide an in-depth overview of the relationship between PA/PE and the human intestinal microbiota and, at the same time, provide indications from the athletic and health perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers of Sport, Exercise and Physical Activity for Health and Human Performance)

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10 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Alternative Class of Targets for microRNAs Containing CG Dinucleotide

by Wennan Dai, Xin Su, Bin Zhang, Kejing Wu, Pengshan Zhao and Zheng Yan

Biology 2022, 11(3), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030478 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2087

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous ~23 nt RNAs which regulate message RNA (mRNA) targets mainly through perfect pairing with their seed region (positions 2–7). Several instances of UTR sequence with an additional nucleotide that might form a bulge within the pairing region, can also [...] Read more.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous ~23 nt RNAs which regulate message RNA (mRNA) targets mainly through perfect pairing with their seed region (positions 2–7). Several instances of UTR sequence with an additional nucleotide that might form a bulge within the pairing region, can also be recognized by miRNA as their target (bugle-target). But the prevalence of such imperfect base pairings in human and their roles in the evolution are incompletely understood. We found that human miRNAs with the CG dinucleotides (CG dimer) in their seed region have a significant low mutation rate than their putative binding sites in mRNA targets. Interspecific comparation shows that these miRNAs had very few conservative targets with the perfect seed-pairing, while potentially having a subclass of bulge-targets. Compared with the canonical target (perfect seed-pairing), these bulge-targets had a lower negative correlation with the miRNA expression, and either were down-regulated in the miRNA overexpression experiment or up-regulated in the miRNA knock-down experiment. Our results show that the bulge-targets are widespread in the miRNAs with CG dinucleotide within their seed regions, which could in part explain the rare conserved targets of these miRNAs based on seed rule. Incorporating these bulge-targets, together with conservation information, could more accurately predict the entire targets of these miRNAs. Full article

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16 pages, 1018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bulked Segregant Analysis and Association Analysis Identified the Polymorphisms Related to the Intermuscular Bones in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

by Ming-Shu Cui, Ran Zhao, Qi Wang, Yan Zhang, Qing-Song Li, Mei-Di Huang Yang, Xiao-Qing Sun and Jiong-Tang Li

Biology 2022, 11(3), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030477 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2236

Abstract

The allotetraploid common carp is one of the most important freshwater food fish. However, the IBs found in allotetraploid common carp increase the difficulty in fish meat processing and consumption. Although candidate genes associated with the total IB number have been identified, the [...] Read more.

The allotetraploid common carp is one of the most important freshwater food fish. However, the IBs found in allotetraploid common carp increase the difficulty in fish meat processing and consumption. Although candidate genes associated with the total IB number have been identified, the SNPs associated with the numbers of the total IBs and different forms of IBs have not yet been identified, hindering the breeding of IB-reduced common carp. Herein, the numbers of different types of IBs in three common carp strains were measured. Using whole-genome resequencing and bulked segregant analysis in three pairs of IB-more and IB-less groups, we identified the consensus nonsynonymous SNPs in three strains of common carp. Screening the flanking regions of these SNPs led to the detection of other SNPs. Association study detected 21 SNPs significantly associated with the number of total IBs, epineural-IBs, and ten detailed types of IBs. We observed the joint effects of multiple SNPs on each associated IB number with an improved explained percentage of phenotypic variation. The resulting dataset provides a resource to understand the molecular mechanisms of IB development in different common carp strains. These SNPs are potential markers for future selection to generate IB-reduced common carp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transcriptome and Genome Analyses Applied to Aquaculture Research)

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14 pages, 1822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Age Estimate of GJB2-p.(Arg143Trp) Founder Variant in Hearing Impairment in Ghana, Suggests Multiple Independent Origins across Populations

by Elvis Twumasi Aboagye, Samuel Mawuli Adadey, Kevin Esoh, Mario Jonas, Carmen de Kock, Lucas Amenga-Etego, Gordon A. Awandare and Ambroise Wonkam

Biology 2022, 11(3), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030476 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2890

Abstract

Gap junction protein beta 2 (GJB2) (connexin 26) variants are commonly implicated in non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI). In Ghana, the GJB2 variant p.(Arg143Trp) is the largest contributor to NSHI and has a reported prevalence of 25.9% in affected multiplex families. To [...] Read more.

Gap junction protein beta 2 (GJB2) (connexin 26) variants are commonly implicated in non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI). In Ghana, the GJB2 variant p.(Arg143Trp) is the largest contributor to NSHI and has a reported prevalence of 25.9% in affected multiplex families. To date, in the African continent, GJB2-p.(Arg143Trp) has only been reported in Ghana. Using whole-exome sequencing data from 32 individuals from 16 families segregating NSHI, and 38 unrelated hearing controls with the same ethnolinguistic background, we investigated the date and origin of p.(Arg143Trp) in Ghana using linked markers. With a Bayesian linkage disequilibrium gene mapping method, we estimated GJB2-p.(Arg143Trp) to have originated about 9625 years (385 generations) ago in Ghana. A haplotype analysis comparing data extracted from Ghanaians and those from the 1000 Genomes project revealed that GJB2-p.(Arg143Trp) is carried on different haplotype backgrounds in Ghanaian and Japanese populations, as well as among populations of European ancestry, lending further support to the multiple independent origins of the variant. In addition, we found substantial haplotype conservation in the genetic background of Ghanaian individuals with biallelic GJB2-p.(Arg143Trp) compared to the GJB2-p.(Arg143Trp)-negative group with normal hearing from Ghana, suggesting a strong evolutionary constraint in this genomic region in Ghanaian populations that are homozygous for GJB2-p.(Arg143Trp). The present study evaluates the age of GJB2-p.(Arg143Trp) at 9625 years and supports the multiple independent origins of this variant in the global population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Gap Junctions and Connexins in Physiology, Pharmacology and Disease)

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2 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Bio–Cultural Diversities: Why They Matter Now

by Andrea Pieroni

Biology 2022, 11(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030475 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

The time at which we write these lines is a dramatic time of war [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Biodiversity and Cultural Diversity: New Approaches for Fostering the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources)

15 pages, 2058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demographics and Yield–Per–Recruit Assessment of the Vulnerable Spiny Lobster Palinurus elephas in the Azores—Implications for Conservation and Fisheries Management

by Régis Santos, Ualerson Iran Peixoto, Wendell Medeiros-Leal, Rui M. Sequeira, Ana Novoa-Pabon and Mário Pinho

Biology 2022, 11(3), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030474 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2690

Abstract

The spiny lobster Palinurus elephas has been intensively harvested across its range and is generally considered overfished, with global landings declining sharply from an average of 820 t in 1960–79 to 385 t in 2000–19. Despite its economic and ecological importance, limited information [...] Read more.

The spiny lobster Palinurus elephas has been intensively harvested across its range and is generally considered overfished, with global landings declining sharply from an average of 820 t in 1960–79 to 385 t in 2000–19. Despite its economic and ecological importance, limited information is available to perform stock assessments and make robust management decisions. In this study, demographics and exploitation levels of P. elephas were determined from coastal areas of the Azores, and the relevance of these data for conservation planning was discussed. Carapace length varied between 39.6 and 174.3 mm, with mean sizes decreasing by depth. Males reached larger sizes and grew faster than females but were less dominant. Lifespan was 43 years for females and 60 years for males. The estimated mean length at first capture was 101.65 mm—around 58% of its asymptotic length. Fishing mortality and exploitation levels were close to the optimal values, indicating an uncertain future for Azorean populations if stock assessment and management initiatives are not focused on this species. Conservation and management strategies may benefit from these results under the ‘precautionary approach’ principle. However, up–to–date and accurate catch and fishing effort data need to be urgently collected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation Biology)

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18 pages, 3058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats

by Pauline Michel-Flutot, Isley Jesus, Valentin Vanhee, Camille H. Bourcier, Laila Emam, Abderrahim Ouguerroudj, Kun-Ze Lee, Lyandysha V. Zholudeva, Michael A. Lane, Arnaud Mansart, Marcel Bonay and Stéphane Vinit

Biology 2022, 11(3), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030473 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2688

Abstract

High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis. The search for therapeutics to induce functional motor recovery is essential. One promising noninvasive therapeutic tool that could harness plasticity in a spared descending respiratory circuit is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Here, [...] Read more.

High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis. The search for therapeutics to induce functional motor recovery is essential. One promising noninvasive therapeutic tool that could harness plasticity in a spared descending respiratory circuit is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Here, we tested the effect of chronic high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS above the cortical areas in C2 hemisected rats when applied for 7 days, 1 month, or 2 months. An increase in intact hemidiaphragm electromyogram (EMG) activity and excitability (diaphragm motor evoked potentials) was observed after 1 month of rTMS application. Interestingly, despite no real functional effects of rTMS treatment on the injured hemidiaphragm activity during eupnea, 2 months of rTMS treatment strengthened the existing crossed phrenic pathways, allowing the injured hemidiaphragm to increase its activity during the respiratory challenge (i.e., asphyxia). This effect could be explained by a strengthening of respiratory descending fibers in the ventrolateral funiculi (an increase in GAP-43 positive fibers), sustained by a reduction in inflammation in the C1–C3 spinal cord (reduction in CD68 and Iba1 labeling), and acceleration of intracellular plasticity processes in phrenic motoneurons after chronic rTMS treatment. These results suggest that chronic high-frequency rTMS can ameliorate respiratory dysfunction and elicit neuronal plasticity with a reduction in deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes in the cervical spinal cord post-SCI. Thus, this therapeutic tool could be adopted and/or combined with other therapeutic interventions in order to further enhance beneficial outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI))

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27 pages, 1670 KiB

Open AccessReview

Significance of Shewanella Species for the Phytoavailability and Toxicity of Arsenic—A Review

by Aminu Darma, Jianjun Yang, Peiman Zandi, Jin Liu, Katarzyna Możdżeń, Xing Xia, Ali Sani, Yihao Wang and Ewald Schnug

Biology 2022, 11(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030472 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3048

Abstract

The distribution of arsenic continues due to natural and anthropogenic activities, with varying degrees of impact on plants, animals, and the entire ecosystem. Interactions between iron (Fe) oxides, bacteria, and arsenic are significantly linked to changes in the mobility, toxicity, and availability of [...] Read more.

The distribution of arsenic continues due to natural and anthropogenic activities, with varying degrees of impact on plants, animals, and the entire ecosystem. Interactions between iron (Fe) oxides, bacteria, and arsenic are significantly linked to changes in the mobility, toxicity, and availability of arsenic species in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. As a result of these changes, toxic As species become available, posing a range of threats to the entire ecosystem. This review elaborates on arsenic toxicity, the mechanisms of its bioavailability, and selected remediation strategies. The article further describes how the detoxification and methylation mechanisms used by Shewanella species could serve as a potential tool for decreasing phytoavailable As and lessening its contamination in the environment. If taken into account, this approach will provide a globally sustainable and cost-effective strategy for As remediation and more information to the literature on the unique role of this bacterial species in As remediation as opposed to conventional perception of its role as a mobiliser of As. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals in Biology)

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10 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Response to Thermal Stress in Obese vs. Non-Obese Physically Inactive Men

by Robert Podstawski, Krzysztof Borysławski, Andrzej Pomianowski, Imre Soós, Michał Boraczyński and Piotr Gronek

Biology 2022, 11(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030471 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2262

Abstract

The effects of thermal stress on the physiological parameters of obese subjects remain insufficiently researched. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of sauna bathing on the physiological parameters of obese and non-obese physically inactive men. Sixty volunteers aged 18–24 [...] Read more.

The effects of thermal stress on the physiological parameters of obese subjects remain insufficiently researched. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of sauna bathing on the physiological parameters of obese and non-obese physically inactive men. Sixty volunteers aged 18–24 years (20.85 ± 1.46) were divided into two groups (group I—normal body mass, group II—class 1 obesity) for a comparative analysis. Somatic features and body composition were determined before sauna, and blood pressure was measured before and after sauna. Physiological parameters were monitored before and during the sauna session. The average values of body mass, body mass index, body surface area, and weight-to-height ratio were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in obese men (by 28.39 kg, 8.7 kg/m², 0.34 m², and 0.13, respectively) than in the normal weight group. Similar observations were made in an analysis of the remaining body composition parameters. The values of physiological parameters (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, energy expenditure, oxygen uptake, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, respiratory rate) were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in obese subjects. However, the observed physiological changes were within the expected norm; therefore, a 10 min sauna session is safe for young men regardless of their body fat levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers of Sport, Exercise and Physical Activity for Health and Human Performance)

17 pages, 19497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interleukin-6-Production Is Responsible for Induction of Hepatic Synthesis of Several Chemokines as Acute-Phase Mediators in Two Animal Models: Possible Significance for Interpretation of Laboratory Changes in Severely Ill Patients

by Ihtzaz Ahmed Malik and Giuliano Ramadori

Biology 2022, 11(3), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030470 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2694

Abstract

A mild to moderate increase in acute-phase proteins (APPs) and a decrease in serum albumin levels are detected in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A similar trend is also observed for acute-phase cytokines (APC), mainly IL6, besides chemokines (e.g., CXCL8 and CCL2). However, the source [...] Read more.

A mild to moderate increase in acute-phase proteins (APPs) and a decrease in serum albumin levels are detected in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A similar trend is also observed for acute-phase cytokines (APC), mainly IL6, besides chemokines (e.g., CXCL8 and CCL2). However, the source of the chemokines in these patients at different stages of disease remains to be elucidated. We investigated hepatic gene expression of CXC- and CC-chemokines in a model of a localized extrahepatic aseptic abscess and in a model of septicemia produced by the intramuscular injection of turpentine oil (TO) into each hindlimb or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally (i.p.) in rats and mice (wild-type (WT) and IL6-KO). Together with a striking increase in the serum IL6 level, strong serum CXCL2 and CXCL8 concentrations were detected. Correspondingly, rapid (2 h) upregulation of CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, and CXCL8 was observed in rat liver after intramuscular TO injection. The induction of the gene expression of CXCL1 and CXCL8 was the fastest and strongest. The hepatic CXC-chemokines behaved like positive APPs that depend on IL6 production by activated macrophages recruited to extrahepatic damaged tissue. Chemokine upregulation was greatly reduced in IL6-KO mice. However, IL6 was dispensable in the LPS–APR model, as massive induction of hepatic chemokines studied was measured in IL6-KO mice. Full article

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45 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Survey on the Detection, Classification, and Challenges of Neurological Disorders

by Aklima Akter Lima, M. Firoz Mridha, Sujoy Chandra Das, Muhammad Mohsin Kabir, Md. Rashedul Islam and Yutaka Watanobe

Biology 2022, 11(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030469 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6570

Abstract

Neurological disorders (NDs) are becoming more common, posing a concern to pregnant women, parents, healthy infants, and children. Neurological disorders arise in a wide variety of forms, each with its own set of origins, complications, and results. In recent years, the intricacy of [...] Read more.

Neurological disorders (NDs) are becoming more common, posing a concern to pregnant women, parents, healthy infants, and children. Neurological disorders arise in a wide variety of forms, each with its own set of origins, complications, and results. In recent years, the intricacy of brain functionalities has received a better understanding due to neuroimaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and positron emission tomography (PET), etc. With high-performance computational tools and various machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods, these modalities have discovered exciting possibilities for identifying and diagnosing neurological disorders. This study follows a computer-aided diagnosis methodology, leading to an overview of pre-processing and feature extraction techniques. The performance of existing ML and DL approaches for detecting NDs is critically reviewed and compared in this article. A comprehensive portion of this study also shows various modalities and disease-specified datasets that detect and records images, signals, and speeches, etc. Limited related works are also summarized on NDs, as this domain has significantly fewer works focused on disease and detection criteria. Some of the standard evaluation metrics are also presented in this study for better result analysis and comparison. This research has also been outlined in a consistent workflow. At the conclusion, a mandatory discussion section has been included to elaborate on open research challenges and directions for future work in this emerging field. Full article

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13 pages, 1268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radiomics Metrics Combined with Clinical Data in the Surgical Management of Early-Stage (cT1–T2 N0) Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Preliminary Study

by Umberto Committeri, Roberta Fusco, Elio Di Bernardo, Vincenzo Abbate, Giovanni Salzano, Fabio Maglitto, Giovanni Dell’Aversana Orabona, Pasquale Piombino, Paola Bonavolontà, Antonio Arena, Francesco Perri, Maria Grazia Maglione, Sergio Venanzio Setola, Vincenza Granata, Giorgio Iaconetta, Franco Ionna, Antonella Petrillo and Luigi Califano

Biology 2022, 11(3), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030468 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2105

Abstract

Objective: To predict the risk of metastatic lymph nodes and the tumor grading related to oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) through the combination of clinical data with radiomics metrics by computed tomography, and to develop a supportive approach in the management of [...] Read more.

Objective: To predict the risk of metastatic lymph nodes and the tumor grading related to oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) through the combination of clinical data with radiomics metrics by computed tomography, and to develop a supportive approach in the management of the lymphatic cervical areas, with particular attention to the early stages (T1−T2). Between March 2016 and February 2020, patients with histologically confirmed OTSCC, treated by partial glossectomy and ipsilateral laterocervical lymphadenectomy and subjected to computed tomography (CT) before surgery, were identified by two centers: 81 patients (49 female and 32 male) with 58 years as the median age (range 19–86 years). Univariate analysis with non-parametric tests and multivariate analysis with machine learning approaches were used. Clinical, hematological parameters and radiological features extracted by CT were considered individually and in combination. All clinical parameters showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) for the Kruskal−Wallis test when discriminating both the tumor grading and the metastatic lymph nodes. DOI, PLR, SII, and SIRI showed an accuracy of 0.70 (ROC analysis) when identifying the tumor grading, while an accuracy ≥ 0.78 was shown by DOI, NLR, PLR, SII, and SIRI when discriminating metastatic lymph nodes. In the context of the analysis of radiomics metrics, the original_glszm_HighGrayLevelZoneEmphasis feature was selected for identifying the tumor grading (accuracy of 0.70), while the wavelet_HHH_glrlm_LowGrayLevelRunEmphasis predictor was selected for determining metastatic lymph nodes (accuracy of 0.96). Remarkable findings were also obtained when classifying patients with a machine learning approach. Radiomics features alone can predict tumor grading with an accuracy of 0.76 using a logistic regression model, while an accuracy of 0.82 can be obtained by running a CART algorithm through a combination of three clinical parameters (SIRI, DOI, and PLR) with a radiomics feature (wavelet_LLL_glszm_SizeZoneNonUniformityNormalized). In the context of predicting metastatic lymph nodes, an accuracy of 0.94 was obtained using 15 radiomics features in a logistic regression model, while both CART and CIDT achieved an asymptotic accuracy value of 1.00 using only one radiomics feature. Radiomics features and clinical parameters have an important role in identifying tumor grading and metastatic lymph nodes. Machine learning approaches can be used as an easy-to-use tool to stratify patients with early-stage OTSCC, based on the identification of metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biology)

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14 pages, 588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Season Quantification and Relationship of External and Internal Intensity, Sleep Quality, and Psychological or Physical Stressors of Semi-Professional Soccer Players

by Hadi Nobari, Roghayyeh Gholizadeh, Alexandre Duarte Martins, Georgian Badicu and Rafael Oliveira

Biology 2022, 11(3), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030467 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2265

Abstract

The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to describe and analyse the relationship of the in-season variations of external and internal intensity metrics as well as well-being measures across different periods of a semi-professional soccer season (early-, mid- and end-season); and (b) [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to describe and analyse the relationship of the in-season variations of external and internal intensity metrics as well as well-being measures across different periods of a semi-professional soccer season (early-, mid- and end-season); and (b) to describe training monotony (TM) and training strain (TS) for 20 weeks in a semi-professional soccer season. Eighteen semi-professional players (age: 29 ± 4.1) from the Asian First League team participated in this study. The players were monitored for 20 consecutive weeks during in-season for external training intensity, internal training intensity and well-being parameters. The in-season was organized into three periods: early-season (weeks 1–7); mid-season (weeks 8–13); and end-season (weeks 14–20). Total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD), sprint distance, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), session-RPE (s-RPE), TM, TS, heart rate average and maximum, as well as sleep quality, stress and muscle soreness were collected. Results revealed that TD, HSRD and sprint distance (total values) were meaningfully greater during end-season than in the early-season. RPE showed a significantly highest value during the end-season (4.27 AU) than in early- (3.68 AU) and mid-season (3.65 AU), p < 0.01. TS showed significant differences between early-season with mid-season (p = 0.011) and end-season (p < 0.01), and the highest value occurred in week 17 during end-season (6656.51 AU), while the lowest value occurred in week 4 during early-season (797.17 AU). The average TD periods showed a moderate to large correlation with RPE, sleep and s-RPE at early-, mid- and end-season. Increasing the training intensity without considering the well-being of the players affects the performance of the team. Examining processes of the relationship between training intensity and other psychological indicators among players will probably be effective in training planning. Sports coaches and fitness professionals should be wary of changes in TM and TS that affect players performance. Therefore, to better control the training, more consideration should be given by the coaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Mechanisms Underlying Physical Fitness and Sports Performance)

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16 pages, 1751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Analysis between Genetic Variants of elovl5a and elovl5b and Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

by Yan Zhang, Qing-Song Li, Yu-Qing Ye, Qi Wang, Xiao-Qing Sun, Ran Zhao and Jiong-Tang Li

Biology 2022, 11(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030466 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1893

Abstract

The allo-tetraploid common carp, one widely cultured food fish, is able to produce poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The genetic markers on the PUFA contents for breeding was limited. The polymorphisms in elovl5a and elovl5b, the rate-limiting enzymes in the PUFA biosynthesis, have [...] Read more.

The allo-tetraploid common carp, one widely cultured food fish, is able to produce poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The genetic markers on the PUFA contents for breeding was limited. The polymorphisms in elovl5a and elovl5b, the rate-limiting enzymes in the PUFA biosynthesis, have not been investigated yet. Herein, we identified one coding SNP (cSNP) in elovl5a associated with the content of one PUFA and two cSNPs in elovl5b with the contents of eight PUFAs. The heterozygous genotypes in these three loci were associated with higher contents than the homozygotes. Together with previously identified two associated cSNPs in fads2b, we found the joint effect of these four cSNPs in fads2b and elovl5b on the PUFA contents with the increased explained percentages of PUFA contents. The genotype combinations of more heterozygotes were associated with higher PUFA contents than the other combinations. Using ten genomic selection programs with all cSNPs in fads2b and elovl5b, we obtained the high and positive correlations between the phenotypes and the estimated breeding values of eight PUFAs. These results suggested that elovl5b might be the major gene corresponding to common carp PUFA contents compared with elovl5a. The cSNP combinations in fads2b and elovl5b and the optimal genomic selection program will be used in the future selection breeding to improve the PUFA contents of common carp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transcriptome and Genome Analyses Applied to Aquaculture Research)

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13 pages, 3176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Silico Multi-Target Approach Revealed Potential Lead Compounds as Scaffold for the Synthesis of Chemical Analogues Targeting SARS-CoV-2

by Alfonso Trezza, Claudia Mugnaini, Federico Corelli, Annalisa Santucci and Ottavia Spiga

Biology 2022, 11(3), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030465 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2477

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease that spreads rapidly in humans. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying a multi-target-directed ligand approach would open up new opportunities for drug [...] Read more.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease that spreads rapidly in humans. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying a multi-target-directed ligand approach would open up new opportunities for drug discovery to combat COVID-19. The aim of this work was to perform a virtual screening of an exclusive chemical library of about 1700 molecules containing both pharmacologically active compounds and synthetic intermediates to propose potential protein inhibitors for use against SARS-CoV-2. In silico analysis showed that our compounds triggered an interaction network with key residues of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein), blocking trimer formation and interaction with the human receptor hACE2, as well as with the main 3C-like protease (3CLpro), inhibiting their biological function. Our data may represent a step forward in the search for potential new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein Drug Targets and Drug Design)

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12 pages, 1432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proteotranscriptomic Analysis and Toxicity Assay Suggest the Functional Distinction between Venom Gland Chambers in Twin-Spotted Assassin Bug, Platymeris biguttatus

by Fanding Gao, Li Tian, Xinyu Li, Yinqiao Zhang, Tianfang Wang, Ling Ma, Fan Song, Wanzhi Cai and Hu Li

Biology 2022, 11(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030464 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2082

Abstract

Assassin bugs use their salivary venoms for various purposes, including defense, prey paralyzation, and extra-oral digestion, but the mechanisms underlying the functional complexity of the venom remain largely unclear. Since venom glands are composed of several chambers, it is suggested that individual chambers [...] Read more.

Assassin bugs use their salivary venoms for various purposes, including defense, prey paralyzation, and extra-oral digestion, but the mechanisms underlying the functional complexity of the venom remain largely unclear. Since venom glands are composed of several chambers, it is suggested that individual chambers may be specialized to produce chemically distinct venoms to exert different functions. The current study assesses this hypothesis by performing toxicity assays and transcriptomic and proteomic analysis on components from three major venom gland chambers including the anterior main gland (AMG), the posterior main gland (PMG), and the accessory gland (AG) of the assassin bug Platymeris biguttatus. Proteotranscriptomic analysis reveals that AMG and PMG extracts are rich in hemolytic proteins and serine proteases, respectively, whereas transferrin and apolipophorin are dominant in the AG. Toxicity assays reveal that secretions from different gland chambers have distinct effects on the prey, with that from AG compromising prey mobility, that from PMG causing prey death and liquifying the corpse, and that from AMG showing no significant physiological effects. Our study reveals a functional cooperation among venom gland chambers of assassin bugs and provides new insights into physiological adaptations to venom-based predation and defense in venomous predatory bugs. Full article

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20 pages, 7057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Pantoea agglomerans and Their Effects on Cellular and Physiological Parameters in the Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

by Francisco Yanez-Lemus, Rubén Moraga, Luis Mercado, Carlos Jara-Gutierrez, Carlos T. Smith, Paulina Aguayo, Kimberly Sanchez-Alonzo, Apolinaria García-Cancino, Ariel Valenzuela and Victor L. Campos

Biology 2022, 11(3), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030463 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1994

Abstract

The applications of nanoparticles (Nps) as food additives, health enhancers, and antimicrobials in animal production are increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selenium (Se) nanoparticles (Se⁰Nps) stabilized with L-cysteine (Se⁰Nps/L-Cys), as a nutritional [...] Read more.

The applications of nanoparticles (Nps) as food additives, health enhancers, and antimicrobials in animal production are increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selenium (Se) nanoparticles (Se⁰Nps) stabilized with L-cysteine (Se⁰Nps/L-Cys), as a nutritional supplement, on immunological, oxidative status, and productive parameters in O. mykiss. TEM and SEM-EDS showed the accumulation of spherical Se⁰Nps entirely composed by elemental selenium (Se⁰) as intracellular and extracellular deposits in Pantoea agglomerans UC-32 strain. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of Se⁰Nps/L-Cys was significant more efficient ROS scavengers than Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. We also evaluate the effect of Se⁰Nps/L-Cys on cell viability and oxidative stress in RTgill-W1, RTS-11, or T-PHKM Oncorhynchus mykiss cell lines. Se⁰Nps/L-Cys showed less toxic and high antioxidant activity than Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. Finally, the dietary Se⁰Nps/L-Cys had a significant better effect on both plasma lysozyme and respiratory burst activity (innate immune response), on tissular Gpx activity (oxidative status), and on well-being (productive parameter) of O. mykiss when it is compared to Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. Se⁰Nps/L-Cys is a promising alternative for nutritional supplement for O. mykiss with better performance than Na₂SeO₃ and Se⁰Nps, ease to implementation, and reduced environmental impact. Full article

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23 pages, 5497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DNA Barcoding, GIS-Facilitated Seed Germination and Pilot Cultivation of Teucrium luteum subsp. gabesianum (Lamiaceae), a Tunisian Local Endemic with Potential Medicinal and Ornamental Value

by Stefanos Kostas, Stefanos Hatzilazarou, Elias Pipinis, Soumaya Bourgou, Imtinen Ben Haj Jilani, Wafa Ben Othman, Wided Megdiche-Ksouri, Zeineb Ghrabi-Gammar, Mohamed Libiad, Abdelmajid Khabbach, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Fatima Lamchouri, Emmanouil Koundourakis, Vasileios Greveniotis, Evgenia Papaioannou, Michalia A. Sakellariou, Ioannis Anestis, Georgios Tsoktouridis and Nikos Krigas

Biology 2022, 11(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030462 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2575

Abstract

In the context of plant conservation and sustainable use of unique neglected and underutilized phytogenetic resources, this study focused on the Tunisian local endemic Teucrium luteum subsp. gabesianum (Lamiaceae). Using Geographical Information Systems and online databases, detailed taxon-specific ecological profiling was produced for [...] Read more.

In the context of plant conservation and sustainable use of unique neglected and underutilized phytogenetic resources, this study focused on the Tunisian local endemic Teucrium luteum subsp. gabesianum (Lamiaceae). Using Geographical Information Systems and online databases, detailed taxon-specific ecological profiling was produced for the first time, which illustrated the temperature and climate conditions in its wild habitats and facilitated the investigation of how temperature affects its seed germination, thus making its cultivation in anthropogenic environments possible. Following the seed propagation first reported herein (77.5–81.25% at temperatures between 15 and 25 °C), species-specific in situ and ex situ conservation efforts or sustainable exploitation strategies can be enabled. This study also reported for the first time how chemical and integrated nutrient management (INM) fertilizers affect the growth and pilot cultivation of its seedlings (INM more advantageous). The firstly-reported herein DNA barcoding may enable its traceability, allowing future product design. The multidisciplinary approach followed has paved the way to bridge important research gaps hindering conservation efforts and/or the sustainable exploitation of this local Tunisian endemic plant to date. Based on the aforementioned results, the feasibility and readiness timescale for its sustainable exploitation was overviewed and re-evaluated herein, upgrading (>two-fold) its potential value for the medicinal-cosmetic, agro-alimentary, and ornamental-horticultural sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)

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15 pages, 6569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Metagenomic Analysis in Understanding the Microbial Diversity of Thar Desert

by Jagdish Parihar, Suraj P. Parihar, Prashanth Suravajhala and Ashima Bagaria

Biology 2022, 11(3), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030461 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3125

Abstract

The arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan are one of the most extreme biomes of India, possessing diverse microbial communities that exhibit immense biotechnological potential for industries. Herein, we sampled study sites from arid and semi-arid regions of Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India and [...] Read more.

The arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan are one of the most extreme biomes of India, possessing diverse microbial communities that exhibit immense biotechnological potential for industries. Herein, we sampled study sites from arid and semi-arid regions of Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India and subjected them to chemical, physical and metagenomics analysis. The microbial diversity was studied using V3–V4 amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene by Illumina MiSeq. Our metagenomic analyses revealed that the sampled sites consist mainly of Proteobacteria (19–31%) followed by unclassified bacteria (5–21%), Actinobacteria (3–25%), Planctomycetes (5–13%), Chloroflexi (2–14%), Bacteroidetes (3–12%), Firmicutes (3–7%), Acidobacteria (1–4%) and Patescibacteria (1–4%). We have found Proteobacteria in abundance which is associated with a range of activities involved in biogeochemical cycles such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur. Our study is perhaps the first of its kind to explore soil bacteria from arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, India. We believe that the new microbial candidates found can be further explored for various industrial and biotechnological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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13 pages, 6833 KiB

Open AccessReview

Conventional and Atypical Deep Penetrating Nevus, Deep Penetrating Nevus-like Melanoma, and Related Variants

by Pavandeep Gill and Phyu P. Aung

Biology 2022, 11(3), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030460 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7287

Abstract

Deep penetrating nevus (DPN) is an uncommon acquired melanocytic lesion with a distinct histopathological appearance that typically behaves in an indolent manner. The lesion is characterized by a symmetrical proliferation of epithelioid to spindled melanocytes associated with abundant melanophages and wedge-shaped extension to [...] Read more.

Deep penetrating nevus (DPN) is an uncommon acquired melanocytic lesion with a distinct histopathological appearance that typically behaves in an indolent manner. The lesion is characterized by a symmetrical proliferation of epithelioid to spindled melanocytes associated with abundant melanophages and wedge-shaped extension to the deep reticular dermis and subcutis. Pronounced cytologic atypia and mitotic figures are usually absent, which helps distinguish DPN from melanoma with a deep penetrating growth pattern. Recently, the concept of atypical DPN has been proposed for lesions that demonstrate borderline histomorphologic features and may be associated with lymph node deposits but lack the copy number aberrations typical of melanoma by either fluorescence in situ hybridization or comparative genomic hybridization. While most of these lesions have a favorable clinical course, rare lesions may progress to melanoma. In this review, we summarize the current literature on atypical DPNs with uncertain behavior/metastatic potential and outline the characteristics that distinguish these lesions from conventional DPN and melanoma with DPN-like features. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutaneous Neoplasms with Uncertain Biological Potential)

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18 pages, 3442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Insights into the Specific Evolution of Fungal Hybrid B Heme Peroxidases

by Marcel Zámocký, Miloš Musil, Maksym Danchenko, Peter Ferianc, Katarína Chovanová, Peter Baráth, Andrej Poljovka and David Bednář

Biology 2022, 11(3), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030459 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5089

Abstract

In this study, we focus on a detailed bioinformatics analysis of hyBpox genes, mainly within the genomes of Sclerotiniaceae (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes), which is a specifically evolved fungal family of necrotrophic host generalists and saprophytic or biotrophic host specialists. Members of the genus Sclerotium [...] Read more.

In this study, we focus on a detailed bioinformatics analysis of hyBpox genes, mainly within the genomes of Sclerotiniaceae (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes), which is a specifically evolved fungal family of necrotrophic host generalists and saprophytic or biotrophic host specialists. Members of the genus Sclerotium produce only sclerotia and no fruiting bodies or spores. Thus, their physiological role for peroxidases remains open. A representative species, S. cepivorum, is a dangerous plant pathogen causing white rot in Allium species, particularly in onions, leeks, and garlic. On a worldwide basis, the white rot caused by this soil-borne fungus is apparently the most serious threat to Allium-crop production. We have also found very similar peroxidase sequences in the related fungus S. sclerotiorum, although with minor yet important modifications in the architecture of its active centre. The presence of ScephyBpox1-specific mRNA was confirmed by transcriptomic analysis. The presence of Hybrid B peroxidase at the protein level as the sole extracellular peroxidase of this fungus was confirmed in the secretome of S. cepivorum through detailed proteomic analyses. This prompted us to systematically search for all available genes coding for Hybrid B heme peroxidases in the whole fungal family of Sclerotiniaceae. We present here a reconstruction of their molecular phylogeny and analyse the unique aspects of their conserved-sequence features and structural folds in corresponding ancestral sequences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches for the Reconstruction of Protein Families’ and Superfamilies’ Evolution with Consequences for De Novo Protein Design)

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21 pages, 402 KiB

Open AccessReview

Seaweed’s Role in Energetic Transition—From Environmental Pollution Challenges to Enhanced Electrochemical Devices

by Susete Pinteus, Patrícia Susano, Celso Alves, Joana Silva, Alice Martins and Rui Pedrosa

Biology 2022, 11(3), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030458 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3298

Abstract

Resulting from the growing human population and the long dependency on fossil-based energies, the planet is facing a critical rise in global temperature, which is affecting all ecosystem networks. With a growing consciousness this issue, the EU has defined several strategies towards environment [...] Read more.

Resulting from the growing human population and the long dependency on fossil-based energies, the planet is facing a critical rise in global temperature, which is affecting all ecosystem networks. With a growing consciousness this issue, the EU has defined several strategies towards environment sustainability, where biodiversity restoration and preservation, pollution reduction, circular economy, and energetic transition are paramount issues. To achieve the ambitious goal of becoming climate-neutral by 2050, it is vital to mitigate the environmental footprint of the energetic transition, namely heavy metal pollution resulting from mining and processing of raw materials and from electronic waste disposal. Additionally, it is vital to find alternative materials to enhance the efficiency of energy storage devices. This review addresses the environmental challenges associated with energetic transition, with particular emphasis on the emergence of new alternative materials for the development of cleaner energy technologies and on the environmental impacts of mitigation strategies. We compile the most recent advances on natural sources, particularly seaweed, with regard to their use in metal recycling, bioremediation, and as valuable biomass to produce biochar for electrochemical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicology)

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12 pages, 1177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Apnea Hypopnea Index and the Degree of Airflow Limitation on Endothelial Function in Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Coronary Angiography

by Dorota Ochijewicz, Adam Rdzanek, Tadeusz Przybyłowski, Renata Rubinsztajn, Monika Budnik, Ewa Pędzich, Katarzyna Białek-Gosk, Piotr Bielicki and Agnieszka Kapłon-Cieślicka

Biology 2022, 11(3), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030457 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease. The mechanism of these associations is not completely understood. We aimed to investigate the association of the apnea hypopnea index and the degree of airflow limitation with endothelial dysfunction. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease. The mechanism of these associations is not completely understood. We aimed to investigate the association of the apnea hypopnea index and the degree of airflow limitation with endothelial dysfunction. Methods: This was a single-center prospective study of patients admitted for diagnostic coronary angiography (CAG). Endothelial function was assessed by the non-invasive EndoPAT system by reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and divided into two groups: endothelial dysfunction and normal endothelial function. Sleep apnea signs were detected by WatchPAT measuring the respiratory disturbance index (pRDI), the apnea and hypopnea index (pAHI), and the oxygen desaturation index (ODI). Patients underwent spirometry and body plethysmography. Based on CAG, the severity of coronary artery disease was assessed as follows: no significant coronary artery disease, single-, two- and three-vessel disease. Results: A total of 113 patients were included in the study. Breathing disorders measured by WatchPAT and spirometry were more severe in patients with endothelial dysfunction: pRDI (27.3 vs. 14.8, p = 0.001), pAHI (24.6 vs. 10.3, p < 0.001), ODI (13.7 vs. 5.2, p = 0.002), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) (81.2 vs. 89, p = 0.05). In a multivariate regression analysis, pAHI and FEV₁ were independent predictors of endothelial dysfunction assessed by RHI. There was no correlation between the severity of coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. Conclusions: Obstructive sleep apnea signs and greater airflow limitation were associated with endothelial dysfunction regardless of the severity of the coronary artery disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Etiology of Atherosclerosis/Coronary Artery Disease)

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15 pages, 3591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Characterization of MicroRNAs Involving in Initial Sex Differentiation of Chlamys farreri Gonads

by Xixi Li, Siyu Lin, Shutong Fan, Xiaoting Huang, Zhifeng Zhang and Zhenkui Qin

Biology 2022, 11(3), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030456 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2216

Abstract

Research on expressional regulation of genes at the initial sex differentiation of gonads will help to elucidate the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in animals. However, information on initial sex differentiation of gonads is limited in bivalves. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class [...] Read more.

Research on expressional regulation of genes at the initial sex differentiation of gonads will help to elucidate the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in animals. However, information on initial sex differentiation of gonads is limited in bivalves. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous small noncoding RNAs that can regulate the target gene expression at the posttranscription level by degrading the mRNA or repressing the mRNA translation. In the present study, we investigated the small RNAs transcriptome using the testes and ovaries of Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri juveniles with a shell height of 5.0 mm, a critical stage of initial sex differentiation of gonads. A total of 75 known mature miRNAs and 103 novel miRNAs were identified. By comparing the expression of miRNAs between the ovary and testis, 11 miRNAs were determined to be differentially expressed. GO annotations and KEGG analyses indicated that many putative target genes that matched to these differentially expressed miRNAs participated in the regulation of sex differentiation. Furthermore, two selected miRNAs, cfa-novel_miR65 and cfa-miR-87a-3p_1, were confirmed to downregulate expressions of Foxl2 (a female-critical gene) and Klf4 (a male-critical gene), respectively, using a dual-luciferase reporter analysis. Our findings provided new insights into the initial sex differentiation of gonads regulated by miRNAs in bivalves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Genetic and Genomic Biotechnology in Aquaculture)

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20 pages, 4408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Traditions for Future Cross-National Food Security—Food and Foraging Practices among Different Native Communities in the Western Himalayas

by Shiekh Marifatul Haq, Musheerul Hassan, Hammad Ahmad Jan, Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi, Khalid Ahmad and Arshad Mehmood Abbasi

Biology 2022, 11(3), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030455 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4121

Abstract

Traditional diets exist in all cultures and geographic regions, and they often represent healthy eating options. Traditional culinary preparations have, however, often undergone profound change, even in the isolated Himalayan region. Therefore, we adapted methods to identify traditional plant foraging activities to better [...] Read more.

Traditional diets exist in all cultures and geographic regions, and they often represent healthy eating options. Traditional culinary preparations have, however, often undergone profound change, even in the isolated Himalayan region. Therefore, we adapted methods to identify traditional plant foraging activities to better understand their significance in food system sustainability, as well as to promote innovative local gastronomies. Information on wild food and foraging practices was gathered from varied ethnic groups such as Kashmiri, Gujjars, Pahari, Dogra, Bakarwal, Balti, Beda and Brokpa through interviews (n = 716) and group discussions (n = 67) in four bio-geographic regions of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalayas (J&KH). The data were subjected to ordination techniques (Principal Component Analysis) via R software Ver. 4.0.0. We documented 209 food species, of which 73% were plants and 27% animals, used by the inhabitants of four bio-geographic regions of J&KH. The highest number of food plant species was recorded in Indian Kashmir, followed by Jammu, Azad Kashmir and Ladakh (81, 65, 60 and 27 species, respectively), and the maximum number of animal species was reported in Indian Kashmir, followed by Azad Kashmir, Ladakh and Jammu (33, 21, 19 and 17 species, respectively). The Azad Kashmir and Indian Kashmir regions showed greater similarity, whereas the least overlap was observed between Kashmir and Ladakh. The PCA showed considerable variation between different regions, and specific groups of species were more related to one specific region than others. The reported uses of Abies pindrow, Acacia modesta, Bergenia ciliata, Bergenia stracheyi and Juglans regia among plants, and Jynx torquilla, Streptopelia orientalis and Tadorna ferruginea among animals, are novel for the gastronomy of this part of the Himalayan region. We also recorded for the first time from this region seven unique food preparations of wild animals. This study documented extensive traditional knowledge on the usage of wild species, and is the first scientific description of wild food species and their vernacular names in the Western Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir. Our findings can contribute significantly to combating food insecurity by revitalizing and reconsidering the rich bio-cultural food heritage around which local traditional communities have developed their food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Biodiversity and Cultural Diversity: New Approaches for Fostering the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources)

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27 pages, 4085 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Diffusion MRI of the Visual System in Glaucoma: From Experimental Animal Models to Humans

by Monica Mendoza, Max Shotbolt, Muneeb A. Faiq, Carlos Parra and Kevin C. Chan

Biology 2022, 11(3), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030454 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5839

Abstract

Glaucoma is a group of ophthalmologic conditions characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death, optic nerve degeneration, and irreversible vision loss. While intraocular pressure is the only clinically modifiable risk factor, glaucoma may continue to progress at controlled intraocular pressure, indicating other major [...] Read more.

Glaucoma is a group of ophthalmologic conditions characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death, optic nerve degeneration, and irreversible vision loss. While intraocular pressure is the only clinically modifiable risk factor, glaucoma may continue to progress at controlled intraocular pressure, indicating other major factors in contributing to the disease mechanisms. Recent studies demonstrated the feasibility of advanced diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) in visualizing the microstructural integrity of the visual system, opening new possibilities for non-invasive characterization of glaucomatous brain changes for guiding earlier and targeted intervention besides intraocular pressure lowering. In this review, we discuss dMRI methods currently used in visual system investigations, focusing on the eye, optic nerve, optic tract, subcortical visual brain nuclei, optic radiations, and visual cortex. We evaluate how conventional diffusion tensor imaging, higher-order diffusion kurtosis imaging, and other extended dMRI techniques can assess the neuronal and glial integrity of the visual system in both humans and experimental animal models of glaucoma, among other optic neuropathies or neurodegenerative diseases. We also compare the pros and cons of these methods against other imaging modalities. A growing body of dMRI research indicates that this modality holds promise in characterizing early glaucomatous changes in the visual system, determining the disease severity, and identifying potential neurotherapeutic targets, offering more options to slow glaucoma progression and to reduce the prevalence of this world’s leading cause of irreversible but preventable blindness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glaucoma – Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Options)

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17 pages, 8539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization and Expression Pattern of Paramyosin in Larvae and Adults of Yesso Scallop

by Yumin Yang, Dan Zhao, Liqing Zhou, Tianshi Zhang, Zhihong Liu, Biao Wu, Tao Yu, Yanxin Zheng and Xiujun Sun

Biology 2022, 11(3), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030453 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1876

Abstract

Paramyosin is an important myofibrillar protein in molluscan smooth muscle. The full-length cDNA encoding paramyosin has been identified from Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. The length of paramyosin molecule has been found to be 3715 bp, which contains an open reading frame (ORF) [...] Read more.

Paramyosin is an important myofibrillar protein in molluscan smooth muscle. The full-length cDNA encoding paramyosin has been identified from Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. The length of paramyosin molecule has been found to be 3715 bp, which contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 2805 bp for 934 amino acid residues. Characterization of P. yessoensis paramyosin reveals the typical structural feature of coiled-coil protein, including six α-helix (α1-α6) and one coil (η) structures. Multiple phosphorylation sites have been predicted at the N-terminus of paramyosin, representing the unique phosphorylation sites in scallops. The highest levels of mRNA and protein expression of paramyosin have been found in foot and the smooth adductor muscle. According to whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH), strong paramyosin mRNA signals were detected in the symmetric positions of anterior and posterior adductor muscles at late larval stages. These findings support that paramyosin may serve as the most important components for myogenesis and catch regulation in scallops. The present findings will not only help uncover the potential function of myofibrillar proteins in molluscs but also provide molecular evidence to infer evolutionary relationships among invertebrates. Full article

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13 pages, 1093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Utility of ADC First-Order Histogram Features for the Prediction of Metachronous Metastases in Rectal Cancer: A Preliminary Study

by Bianca Boca (Petresc), Cosmin Caraiani, Loredana Popa, Andrei Lebovici, Diana Sorina Feier, Carmen Bodale and Mircea Marian Buruian

Biology 2022, 11(3), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030452 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1790

Abstract

This study aims the ability of first-order histogram-based features, derived from ADC maps, to predict the occurrence of metachronous metastases (MM) in rectal cancer. A total of 52 patients with pathologically confirmed rectal adenocarcinoma were retrospectively enrolled and divided into two groups: patients [...] Read more.

This study aims the ability of first-order histogram-based features, derived from ADC maps, to predict the occurrence of metachronous metastases (MM) in rectal cancer. A total of 52 patients with pathologically confirmed rectal adenocarcinoma were retrospectively enrolled and divided into two groups: patients who developed metachronous metastases (n = 15) and patients without metachronous metastases (n = 37). We extracted 17 first-order (FO) histogram-based features from the pretreatment ADC maps. Student’s t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used for the association between each FO feature and presence of MM. Statistically significant features were combined into a model, using the binary regression logistic method. The receiver operating curve analysis was used to determine the diagnostic performance of the individual parameters and combined model. There were significant differences in ADC 90th percentile, interquartile range, entropy, uniformity, variance, mean absolute deviation, and robust mean absolute deviation in patients with MM, as compared to those without MM (p values between 0.002–0.01). The best diagnostic was achieved by the 90th percentile and uniformity, yielding an AUC of 0.74 [95% CI: 0.60–0.8]). The combined model reached an AUC of 0.8 [95% CI: 0.66–0.90]. Our observations point out that ADC first-order features may be useful for predicting metachronous metastases in rectal cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biology)

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13 pages, 1350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Red Complex Bacteria and TNF-α Levels on the Diabetic and Renal Status of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in the Presence and Absence of Periodontitis

by Jaideep Mahendra, Plato Palathingal, Little Mahendra, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Hamsa Jameel Banjer, Khalaf F. Alsharif, Ibrahim Faisal Halawani, Janani Muralidharan, Pandapulaykal T. Annamalai, Shyam Sankar Verma, Vivek Sharma, Saranya Varadarajan, Shilpa Bhandi and Shankargouda Patil

Biology 2022, 11(3), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030451 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2527

Abstract

Scientific evidence shows a positive association in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Various confounding factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and inflammation, also play a significant role in the progression of CKD, which remains unexplored. We hypothesise the role of [...] Read more.

Scientific evidence shows a positive association in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Various confounding factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and inflammation, also play a significant role in the progression of CKD, which remains unexplored. We hypothesise the role of red complex bacteria with various confounding factors associated with chronic kidney disease. The study comprised a total of 120 participants categorised into 4 groups: the control group (C), periodontitis subjects without CKD (P), periodontally healthy chronic kidney disease subjects (CKD), and subjects having both periodontitis and CKD (P + CKD), with 30 subjects in each group. Demographic variables, and periodontal, renal, and diabetic parameters were recorded. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels and those of red complex bacteria such as Prophyromonas gingivalis (P.g), Treponema denticola (T.d), and Tonerella forsythia (T.f) were assessed, and the obtained results were statistically analysed. Among the various demographic variables, age showed a level of significance. Mean PI, GI, CAL, and PPD (the proportion of sites with PPD ≥ 5 mm and CAL ≥ 3 mm) were elevated in the P + CKD group. Diabetic parameters such as fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c levels were also greater in the P + CKD group. Renal parameters such as eGFR and serum creatinine levels were greater in CKD patients. The estimation of red complex periodontal pathogens such as Pg, Td and Tf levels were significantly greater in the P and P + CKD groups. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant correlation of red complex bacteria with all variables. Greater levels of P.g, T.d and T.f were found in the P groups, thus indicating their important role in the initiation and progression of inflammation of periodontitis and CKD, with diabetes as one of the confounding factors. The study also confirmed a log-linear relationship between TNF-α levels and red complex bacteria, thereby demonstrating the role of inflammatory biomarkers in periodontal disease progression that could contribute to the development of systemic inflammation such as CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Biology)

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20 pages, 20225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Possible Ameliorative Effects of the Royal Jelly on Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Molybdenum Nanoparticles and/or Cadmium Chloride in Male Rats

by Reham Z. Hamza, Rasha A. Al-Eisa and Nahla S. El-Shenawy

Biology 2022, 11(3), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030450 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2907

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the royal jelly (RJ) on hepatotoxicity induced by molybdenum nanoparticles (MoO₃-NPs), cadmium chloride (CdCl₂), or their combination in male rats at biochemical, inflammation, immune response, histological, and ultrastructural levels. The [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the royal jelly (RJ) on hepatotoxicity induced by molybdenum nanoparticles (MoO₃-NPs), cadmium chloride (CdCl₂), or their combination in male rats at biochemical, inflammation, immune response, histological, and ultrastructural levels. The physicochemical properties of MoO₃-NPs have been characterized, as well as their ultrastructural organization. A rat experimental model was employed to assess the liver toxicity of MoO₃-NPs, even in combination with CdCl₂. Different cellular studies indicate divergent mechanisms, from increased reactive oxygen species production to antioxidative damage and cytoprotective activity. Seventy male rats were allocated to groups: (i) control; (ii) MoO₃-NPs (500 mg/kg); (iii) CdCl₂ (6.5 mg/kg); (iv) RJ (85 mg/kg diluted in saline); (v) MoO₃-NPs followed by RJ (30 min after the MoO₃-NPs dose); (vi) CdCl₂ followed by RJ; and (vii) a combination of MoO₃-NPs and CdCl₂, followed by RJ, for a total of 30 successive days. Hepatic functions, lipid profile, inflammation marker (CRP), antioxidant biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GPx, and MDA), and genotoxicity were examined. Histological changes, an immunological marker for caspase-3, and transmission electron microscope variations in the liver were also investigated to indicate liver status. The results showed that RJ alleviated the hepatotoxicity of MoO₃-NPs and/or CdCl₂ by improving all hepatic vitality markers. In conclusion, the RJ was more potent and effective as an antioxidant over the oxidative damage induced by the combination of MoO₃-NPs and CdCl₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Environmental Factors on Human Health and Performance)

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Biology, Volume 11, Issue 3 (March 2022) – 137 articles

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