Effective Removal of Methyl Orange Dyes Using an Adsorbent Prepared from Porous Starch Aerogel and Organoclay
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of PSA/OMMT Composites
2.3. Adsorbent Characterizations
2.4. Batch Adsorption Study
2.5. Reusability Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterizations of PSA/OMMT
3.1.1. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
3.1.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.1.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.1.4. Nitrogen Adsorption–Desorption
3.1.5. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.2. Batch Adsorption Study
3.2.1. Optimization of Experimental Parameters
3.2.2. Adsorption Isotherms: Effect of Initial Dye Concentration
3.2.3. Adsorption Kinetics
3.2.4. Adsorption Thermodynamics
3.3. Adsorption Mechanism
3.4. Reusability Study
4. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MO | Methyl orange |
MMT | Montmorillonite |
Ca-MMT | Ca-activated montmorillonite |
OMMT | Organically modified Ca-montmorillonite |
NS | Native starch |
PSA | Porous starch aerogel |
ODA | Octadecylamine |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
FTIR | Fourier-transform infrared |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
BET | Brunauer–Emmett–Teller |
BJH | Barrett–Joyner–Halenda |
TGA | Thermogravimetric analysis |
V(L) | The volume of the dye solution |
m(mg) | The weight of PSA/OMMT |
C0 (mg/L) | The initial concentration of dye |
Ce (mg/L) | The equilibrium concentration of dye |
Qe (mg/g) | The adsorbed quantity at equilibrium |
Qm (mg/g) | The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity |
Qt (mg/g) | The time-resolved adsorption capacity |
KF (L/g) | The Freundlich adsorption constant |
KL (L/mg) | The Langmuir adsorption constant |
n | The Freundlich strength constant |
k1 (min−1) | The pseudo-first-order rate constant |
k2 (g/mg·min) | The pseudo-second-order rate constant |
kint (mg/g·min0.5) | The intra-particle diffusion rate constant |
The constant related to boundary layer thickness | |
T (K) | Temperature |
t (min) | The reaction time |
Td f (K) | The final decomposition temperature |
Td i (K) | The initial decomposition temperature |
ΔG° (kJ/mol) | Gibbs free energy |
ΔH° (kJ/mol) | Enthalpy |
ΔS° (J/mol·K) | Entropy |
R (8.314 J/mol·K) | The universal gas constant |
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Samples | BET Surface Area (m2/g) | Pore Volume (cm3/g) | Pore Size (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
PSA | 6.10 | 2.06 | 11.30 |
PSA/OMMT (1:10) | 18.77 | 0.59 | 15.16 |
Samples | Td i (°C) | Td f (°C) | Weight Loss (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100°—Td i (°C) | Td i—Td f (°C) | Td f—600 (°C) | |||
PSA | 251.5 | 332.9 | 13.8 | 62.5 | 6.04 |
PSA/OMMT (1:10) | 274.2 | 337.6 | 2.8 | 58.6 | 12.9 |
Fitting Parameters | Langmuir | Freundlich |
---|---|---|
Qm (mg/g) | 379.026 | |
KF (L/g) | 191.284 | |
R2 | 0.928 | 0.688 |
Adsorbent | Qm (mg/g) | Reference |
---|---|---|
Lapindo volcanic mud | 333.33 | [43] |
Mesoporous carbon CMK-3 | 294.1 | [44] |
Polyaniline | 75.9 | [45] |
CS/REC/CNT | 41.65 | [46] |
Zn/Al LDH | 276.55 | [47] |
Date palm ash/MgAl-LDH | 242.98 | [48] |
AM-PIM-FM | 312.5 | [49] |
CTA-CSM | 131.9 | [50] |
Biochar from grape seeds | 111.11 | [51] |
MnO2/biomass from Terminalia ivorensis | 81.32 | [52] |
PSA/OMMT (1:10) | 344.7 | this study |
Kinetic Model | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|
Pseudo-first-order | k1 (min−1) | 0.51 |
Qe (mg/g) | 58.8 | |
R2 | 0.747 | |
Pseudo-second-order | k2 (g/mg·min) | 0.0053 |
Qe (mg/g) | 201.6 | |
R2 | 0.999 | |
Experimental Qe (mg/g) | 198.6 |
Parameter | Value | |
---|---|---|
ΔG° (kJ/mol) | 298 K | −9.30 |
303 K | −8.84 | |
308 K | −6.27 | |
313 K | −4.81 | |
318 K | −4.33 | |
ΔH° (kJ/mol) | −92.67 | |
ΔS° (J/mol/K) | −278.91 |
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Jemai, R.; Djebbi, M.A.; Boubakri, S.; Ben Rhaiem, H.; Ben Haj Amara, A. Effective Removal of Methyl Orange Dyes Using an Adsorbent Prepared from Porous Starch Aerogel and Organoclay. Colorants 2023, 2, 209-229. https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants2020014
Jemai R, Djebbi MA, Boubakri S, Ben Rhaiem H, Ben Haj Amara A. Effective Removal of Methyl Orange Dyes Using an Adsorbent Prepared from Porous Starch Aerogel and Organoclay. Colorants. 2023; 2(2):209-229. https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants2020014
Chicago/Turabian StyleJemai, Rihem, Mohamed Amine Djebbi, Saber Boubakri, Hafsia Ben Rhaiem, and Abdesslem Ben Haj Amara. 2023. "Effective Removal of Methyl Orange Dyes Using an Adsorbent Prepared from Porous Starch Aerogel and Organoclay" Colorants 2, no. 2: 209-229. https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants2020014