Antimicrobial Activity of Azithromycin Encapsulated into PLGA NPs: A Potential Strategy to Overcome Efflux Resistance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Preparation of AZI-PLGA NPs
2.2.2. Characterization of Nanoparticles
Particle Size and Zeta-Potential
Drug Loading
Validation of HPLC Analysis
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Release Study
2.2.3. Cytotoxicity Assay
2.2.4. Antibacterial Study
Azithromycin Susceptibility Test
Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
Investigation of Bacterial Efflux Activity
- Determination of efflux activity by cartwheel method
- Determination of AZI efflux using efflux pump inhibitor (EPI)
- Determination of MIC for AZI-PLGA NPs
2.2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of AZI-PLGA NPs
3.1.1. Particle size and Zeta Potential
3.1.2. Drug Loading (DL%)
3.1.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.1.4. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.1.5. Release Study
3.2. Antibacterial Study
3.2.1. Susceptibility Test and Determination of MIC for Free AZI
3.2.2. Investigation of Bacterial Efflux Activity
Determination of Efflux Activity by Cartwheel Method
Determination of AZI Efflux via Efflux Pump Inhibitor (EPI)
3.2.3. Cytotoxicity Test
3.2.4. Antibacterial Activity of AZI-PLGA NPs
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AZI Initial Weight | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
(mg)/Formula Name | Aqueous Phase | ** %DL ± SD | ** PS (D nm) ± SD (PDI) | ** ZP (mV) ± SD |
Blank | Water | ------ | 188.5 ± 51.92 (0.193) | −24.83 ± 6.85 |
10/F1 | Water | 3.88 ± 0.07 | 225.5 ± 128.7 (0.276) | −27.9 ± 6.61 |
15/F2 | Water | 3.43 ± 0.11 | 184.5 ± 115 (0.253) | −30.1 ± 6.61 |
20/F3 | Water | 3.47 ± 0.24 | 101 ± 25.01 (0.181) | −34.8 ± 6.61 |
50/F4 | Water | 3.52 ± 0.23 | 593.7 ± 244.4 (0.651) | −29.5 ± 6.61 |
10/F5 | Water/Tween 80 (0.1%) | 5.74 ± 0.28 | 134 ± 57.53 (0.198) | −32.5.2 ± 4.87 |
15/F6 | Water/Tween 80 (0.1%) | 3.43 ± 0.14 | 114.3 ± 52.76 (0.266) | −35.7 ± 6.61 |
20/F7 | Water/Tween 80 (0.1%) | 4 ± 0.16 | 112.3 ± 42.08 (0.279) | −34.2 ± 6.61 |
50/F8 | Water/Tween 80 (0.1%) | 2.88 ± 0.34 | 154.9 ± 78.03 (0.269) | −30.2 ± 6.61 |
10/F9 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH 6) | 3.52 ± 0.23 | 118.4 ± 56.27 (0.204) | −32.7 ± 6.45 |
15/F10 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH 6) | 4.78 ± 0.13 | 107.5 ± 57.97 (0.307) | −33.3 ± 6.62 |
20/F11 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH 6) | 3.78 ± 0.28 | 105.8 ± 42.6 (0.367) | −30.9 ± 5.34 |
50/F12 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM, PH 6) | 3.35 ± 0.16 | 521.6 ± 158.4 (0.598) | −31.6 ± 6.3 |
10/F13 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH7.4) | 4.59 ± 0.27 | 111.4 ± 42.95 (0.301) | −41.8 ± 5.79 |
15/F14 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH7.4) | 4.35 ± 0.12 | 142.2 ± 58.73 (0.224) | −35.2.1 ± 5.87 |
20/F15 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH7.4) | 4.55 ± 0.26 | 154.3 ± 98.39 (0.316) | −34.7 ± 8.08 |
50/F16 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH7.4) | 4.32 ± 0.45 | 416 ± 50 (0.595) | −43.6 ± 6.65 |
10/F17 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH 8) | 3.19 ± 0.18 | 142.6 ± 67.46 (0.272) | −52.5 ± 7.8 |
15/F18 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH 8) | 3.49 ± 0.25 | 348.8 ± 104.1 (0.584) | −41.1 ± 4.99 |
20/F19 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH 8) | 4 ± 0.67 | 534.3 ± 246.7 (0.626) | −40.9 ± 5.06 |
50/F20 | Phosphate buffer (10 mM PH 8) | 3.13 ± 0.07 | 673 ± 151 (0.437) | −56.1 ± 8.06 |
Tested Sample | P. aeruginosa | MRSA | E. faecalis |
---|---|---|---|
Free AZI | 256 | 256 | >1000 |
F5 | 256 | 64 a | 256 a |
F10 | 256 | 64 a | 256 a |
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Abo-zeid, Y.; Amer, A.; Bakkar, M.R.; El-Houssieny, B.; Sakran, W. Antimicrobial Activity of Azithromycin Encapsulated into PLGA NPs: A Potential Strategy to Overcome Efflux Resistance. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1623. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111623
Abo-zeid Y, Amer A, Bakkar MR, El-Houssieny B, Sakran W. Antimicrobial Activity of Azithromycin Encapsulated into PLGA NPs: A Potential Strategy to Overcome Efflux Resistance. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(11):1623. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111623
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbo-zeid, Yasmin, Amr Amer, Marwa Reda Bakkar, Boushra El-Houssieny, and Wedad Sakran. 2022. "Antimicrobial Activity of Azithromycin Encapsulated into PLGA NPs: A Potential Strategy to Overcome Efflux Resistance" Antibiotics 11, no. 11: 1623. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111623