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Biosensors, Volume 11, Issue 9 (September 2021) – 56 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Handheld devices for monitoring residual Ampicillin (AMP), a β−lactam antibiotic commonly used in both humans and animals, are of high interest to prevent the emergence of multi-drug resistance. A joint research from University Paris-Saclay, Synchrotron Soleil from France, and University Tunis El Manar from Tunisia designed sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensors for ampicillin monitoring in river water. The biosensors are based on an aptamer anchored on a nanostructure formed with MoS2 nanosheets and conductive polypyrrole nanoparticles deposited on screen-printed electrodes and demonstrated a wide range of detection with a limit of detection of 10pg/L and ability to detect low levels in river water. This device is a promising tool for monitoring organic pollutants in rivers using tailored aptamers. View this paper
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13 pages, 20846 KiB  
Article
Electrically Controlled Neurochemical Delivery from Microelectrodes for Focal and Transient Modulation of Cellular Behavior
by Chao Tan, Neetu Kushwah and Xinyan Tracy Cui
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090348 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2987
Abstract
Electrically controlled drug delivery of neurochemicals and biomolecules from conducting polymer microelectrode coatings hold great potentials in dissecting neural circuit or treating neurological disorders with high spatial and temporal resolution. The direct doping of a drug into a conducting polymer often results in [...] Read more.
Electrically controlled drug delivery of neurochemicals and biomolecules from conducting polymer microelectrode coatings hold great potentials in dissecting neural circuit or treating neurological disorders with high spatial and temporal resolution. The direct doping of a drug into a conducting polymer often results in low loading capacity, and the type of molecule that can be released is limited. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with sulfonated silica nanoparticles (SNP) has been developed as a more versatile platform for drug delivery. In this work, we demonstrate that neurochemicals with different surface charge, e.g., glutamate (GLU), gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA), 6,7-Dinitroquinoxaline- 2,3-dione (DNQX) and bicuculline, can be, respectively, incorporated into the SNP and electrically triggered to release repeatedly. The drug loaded SNPs were incorporated in PEDOT via electrochemical deposition on platinum microelectrodes. After PEDOT/SNP(drug) coating, the charge storage capacity (CSC) increased 10-fold to 55 ± 3 mC/cm2, and the impedance at 1 kHz was also reduced approximately 6-fold. With the aid of a porous SNP, the loading capacity and number of releases of GLU was increased >4-fold and 66-fold, respectively, in comparison to the direct doping of PEDOT with GLU (PEDOT/GLU). The focal release of GLU and GABA from a PEDOT/SNP (drug) coated microelectrode were tested in cultured neurons using Ca imaging. The change in fluo-4 fluorescence intensity after electrically triggered GLU (+6.7 ± 2.9%) or GABA (−6.8 ± 1.6%) release indicated the successful modulation of neural activities by neurotransmitter release. In addition to activating neural activities, glutamate can also act on endothelial cells to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) release. A dual functional device with two adjacent sensing and releasing electrodes was constructed and we tested this mechanism in endothelial cell cultures. In endothelial cells, approximately 7.6 ± 0.6 nM NO was detected in the vicinity of the NO sensor within 6.2 ± 0.5 s of GLU release. The rise time of NO signal, T0–100, was 14.5 ± 2.2 s. In summary, our work has demonstrated (1) a platform that is capable of loading and releasing drugs with different charges; (2) proof of concept demonstrations of how focal release of drugs can be used as a pharmacological manipulation to study neural circuitry or NO’s effect on endothelial cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio–Nano-Interfaces for Engineering and Biomedical Applications)
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12 pages, 2255 KiB  
Article
Diffusion-Based Separation of Extracellular Vesicles by Nanoporous Membrane Chip
by Gijung Kim, Min Chul Park, Seonae Jang, Daeyoung Han, Hojun Kim, Wonjune Kim, Honggu Chun and Sunghoon Kim
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090347 - 19 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3303
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as novel biomarkers and therapeutic material. However, the small size (~200 nm) of EVs makes efficient separation challenging. Here, a physical/chemical stress-free separation of EVs based on diffusion through a nanoporous membrane chip is presented. A polycarbonate membrane [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as novel biomarkers and therapeutic material. However, the small size (~200 nm) of EVs makes efficient separation challenging. Here, a physical/chemical stress-free separation of EVs based on diffusion through a nanoporous membrane chip is presented. A polycarbonate membrane with 200 nm pores, positioned between two chambers, functions as the size-selective filter. Using the chip, EVs from cell culture media and human serum were separated. The separated EVs were analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), scanning electron microscopy, and immunoblotting. The experimental results proved the selective separation of EVs in cell culture media and human serum. Moreover, the diffusion-based separation showed a high yield of EVs in human serum compared to ultracentrifuge-based separation. The EV recovery rate analyzed from NTA data was 42% for cell culture media samples. We expect the developed method to be a potential tool for EV separation for diagnosis and therapy because it does not require complicated processes such as immune, chemical reaction, and external force and is scalable by increasing the nanoporous membrane size. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Extracellular Vesicles)
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42 pages, 4548 KiB  
Review
Advancement in Salmonella Detection Methods: From Conventional to Electrochemical-Based Sensing Detection
by Mohd Syafiq Awang, Yazmin Bustami, Hairul Hisham Hamzah, Nor Syafirah Zambry, Mohamad Ahmad Najib, Muhammad Fazli Khalid, Ismail Aziah and Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090346 - 18 Sep 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8675
Abstract
Large-scale food-borne outbreaks caused by Salmonella are rarely seen nowadays, thanks to the advanced nature of the medical system. However, small, localised outbreaks in certain regions still exist and could possess a huge threat to the public health if eradication measure is not [...] Read more.
Large-scale food-borne outbreaks caused by Salmonella are rarely seen nowadays, thanks to the advanced nature of the medical system. However, small, localised outbreaks in certain regions still exist and could possess a huge threat to the public health if eradication measure is not initiated. This review discusses the progress of Salmonella detection approaches covering their basic principles, characteristics, applications, and performances. Conventional Salmonella detection is usually performed using a culture-based method, which is time-consuming, labour intensive, and unsuitable for on-site testing and high-throughput analysis. To date, there are many detection methods with a unique detection system available for Salmonella detection utilising immunological-based techniques, molecular-based techniques, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, optical phenotyping, and biosensor methods. The electrochemical biosensor has growing interest in Salmonella detection mainly due to its excellent sensitivity, rapidity, and portability. The use of a highly specific bioreceptor, such as aptamers, and the application of nanomaterials are contributing factors to these excellent characteristics. Furthermore, insight on the types of biorecognition elements, the principles of electrochemical transduction elements, and the miniaturisation potential of electrochemical biosensors are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices)
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15 pages, 3764 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Cancer Cell Lines by Four-Point Probe Technique, by Impedance Measurements in Various Frequencies
by Georgia Paivana, Dimitris Barmpakos, Sophie Mavrikou, Alexandros Kallergis, Odysseus Tsakiridis, Grigoris Kaltsas and Spyridon Kintzios
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090345 - 18 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2139
Abstract
Cell-based biosensors appear to be an attractive tool for the rapid, simple, and cheap monitoring of chemotherapy effects at a very early stage. In this study, electrochemical measurements using a four-point probe method were evaluated for suspensions of four cancer cell lines of [...] Read more.
Cell-based biosensors appear to be an attractive tool for the rapid, simple, and cheap monitoring of chemotherapy effects at a very early stage. In this study, electrochemical measurements using a four-point probe method were evaluated for suspensions of four cancer cell lines of different tissue origins: SK–N–SH, HeLa, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, all for two different population densities: 50 K and 100 K cells/500 μL. The anticancer agent doxorubicin was applied for each cell type in order to investigate whether the proposed technique was able to determine specific differences in cell responses before and after drug treatment. The proposed methodology can offer valuable insight into the frequency-dependent bioelectrical responses of various cellular systems using a low frequency range and without necessitating lengthy cell culture treatment. The further development of this biosensor assembly with the integration of specially designed cell/electronic interfaces can lead to novel diagnostic biosensors and therapeutic bioelectronics. Full article
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24 pages, 5338 KiB  
Review
Applications of Aptamer-Bound Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy
by Liangxi Zhu, Jingzhou Zhao, Zhukang Guo, Yuan Liu, Hui Chen, Zhu Chen and Nongyue He
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090344 - 18 Sep 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3889
Abstract
Cancer is still a major disease that threatens human life. Although traditional cancer treatment methods are widely used, they still have many disadvantages. Aptamers, owing to their small size, low toxicity, good specificity, and excellent biocompatibility, have been widely applied in biomedical areas. [...] Read more.
Cancer is still a major disease that threatens human life. Although traditional cancer treatment methods are widely used, they still have many disadvantages. Aptamers, owing to their small size, low toxicity, good specificity, and excellent biocompatibility, have been widely applied in biomedical areas. Therefore, the combination of nanomaterials with aptamers offers a new method for cancer treatment. First, we briefly introduce the situation of cancer treatment and aptamers. Then, we discuss the application of aptamers in breast cancer treatment, lung cancer treatment, and other cancer treatment methods. Finally, perspectives on challenges and future applications of aptamers in cancer therapy are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoprobes for Tumor Theranostics)
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28 pages, 7407 KiB  
Article
Design of a Wearable Eye-Movement Detection System Based on Electrooculography Signals and Its Experimental Validation
by Chin-Teng Lin, Wei-Ling Jiang, Sheng-Fu Chen, Kuan-Chih Huang and Lun-De Liao
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090343 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3462
Abstract
In the assistive research area, human–computer interface (HCI) technology is used to help people with disabilities by conveying their intentions and thoughts to the outside world. Many HCI systems based on eye movement have been proposed to assist people with disabilities. However, due [...] Read more.
In the assistive research area, human–computer interface (HCI) technology is used to help people with disabilities by conveying their intentions and thoughts to the outside world. Many HCI systems based on eye movement have been proposed to assist people with disabilities. However, due to the complexity of the necessary algorithms and the difficulty of hardware implementation, there are few general-purpose designs that consider practicality and stability in real life. Therefore, to solve these limitations and problems, an HCI system based on electrooculography (EOG) is proposed in this study. The proposed classification algorithm provides eye-state detection, including the fixation, saccade, and blinking states. Moreover, this algorithm can distinguish among ten kinds of saccade movements (i.e., up, down, left, right, farther left, farther right, up-left, down-left, up-right, and down-right). In addition, we developed an HCI system based on an eye-movement classification algorithm. This system provides an eye-dialing interface that can be used to improve the lives of people with disabilities. The results illustrate the good performance of the proposed classification algorithm. Moreover, the EOG-based system, which can detect ten different eye-movement features, can be utilized in real-life applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Applications)
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11 pages, 18066 KiB  
Communication
Self-Powered Biosensor for Specifically Detecting Creatinine in Real Time Based on the Piezo-Enzymatic-Reaction Effect of Enzyme-Modified ZnO Nanowires
by Meng Wang, Guangting Zi, Jiajun Liu, Yutong Song, Xishan Zhao, Qi Wang and Tianming Zhao
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090342 - 16 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2635
Abstract
Creatinine has become an important indicator for the early detection of uremia. However, due to the disadvantages of external power supply and large volume, some commercial devices for detecting creatinine concentration have lost a lot of popularity in everyday life. This paper describes [...] Read more.
Creatinine has become an important indicator for the early detection of uremia. However, due to the disadvantages of external power supply and large volume, some commercial devices for detecting creatinine concentration have lost a lot of popularity in everyday life. This paper describes the development of a self-powered biosensor for detecting creatinine in sweat. The biosensor can detect human creatinine levels in real time without the need for an external power source, providing information about the body’s overall health. The piezoelectric output voltage of creatininase/creatinase/sarcosine oxidase-modified ZnO nanowires (NWs) is significantly dependent on the creatinine concentration due to the coupling effect of the piezoelectric effect and enzymatic reaction (piezo-enzymatic-reaction effect), which can be regarded as both electrical energy and biosensing signal. Our results can be used for the detection of creatinine levels in the human body and have great potential in the prediction of related diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers Used for the Diagnosis of Diseases)
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15 pages, 2405 KiB  
Article
Genetically Encoded Sensor Cells for the Screening of Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) Effectors in Herbal Extracts
by Chungwon Kang, Soyoun Kim, Euiyeon Lee, Jeahee Ryu, Minhyeong Lee and Youngeun Kwon
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090341 - 16 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2437
Abstract
Although in vitro sensors provide facile low-cost ways to screen for biologically active targets, their results may not accurately represent the molecular interactions in biological systems. Cell-based sensors have emerged as promising platforms to screen targets in biologically relevant environments. However, there are [...] Read more.
Although in vitro sensors provide facile low-cost ways to screen for biologically active targets, their results may not accurately represent the molecular interactions in biological systems. Cell-based sensors have emerged as promising platforms to screen targets in biologically relevant environments. However, there are few examples where cell-based sensors have been practically applied for drug screening. Here, we used engineered cortisol-detecting sensor cells to screen for natural mimetics of cortisol. The sensor cells were designed to report the presence of a target through signal peptide activation and subsequent fluorescence signal translocation. The developed sensor cells were able to detect known biological targets from human-derived analytes as well as natural product extracts, such as deer antlers and ginseng. The multi-use capability and versatility to screen in different cellular environments were also demonstrated. The sensor cells were used to identify novel GR effectors from medicinal plant extracts. Our results suggest that decursin from dongquai had the GR effector function as a selective GR agonist (SEGRA), making it a potent drug candidate with anti-inflammatory activity. We demonstrated the superiority of cell-based sensing technology over in vitro screening, proving its potential for practical drug screening applications that leads to the function-based discovery of target molecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors and Healthcare)
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11 pages, 1687 KiB  
Article
FLIM-Based Intracellular and Extracellular pH Measurements Using Genetically Encoded pH Sensor
by Alexander S. Goryashchenko, Alexey A. Pakhomov, Anastasia V. Ryabova, Igor D. Romanishkin, Eugene G. Maksimov, Alexander N. Orsa, Oxana V. Serova, Andrey A. Mozhaev, Margarita A. Maksimova, Vladimir I. Martynov, Alexander G. Petrenko and Igor E. Deyev
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090340 - 15 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3635
Abstract
The determination of pH in live cells and tissues is of high importance in physiology and cell biology. In this report, we outline the process of the creation of SypHerExtra, a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor that is capable of measuring extracellular media pH [...] Read more.
The determination of pH in live cells and tissues is of high importance in physiology and cell biology. In this report, we outline the process of the creation of SypHerExtra, a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor that is capable of measuring extracellular media pH in a mildly alkaline range. SypHerExtra is a protein created by fusing the previously described pH sensor SypHer3s with the neurexin transmembrane domain that targets its expression to the cytoplasmic membrane. We showed that with excitation at 445 nm, the fluorescence lifetime of both SypHer3s and SypHerExtra strongly depend on pH. Using FLIM microscopy in live eukaryotic cells, we demonstrated that SypHerExtra can be successfully used to determine extracellular pH, while SypHer3s can be applied to measure intracellular pH. Thus, these two sensors are suitable for quantitative measurements using the FLIM method, to determine intracellular and extracellular pH in a range from pH 7.5 to 9.5 in different biological systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Genetically Encoded Biosensors)
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10 pages, 2540 KiB  
Article
Rapid Detection of Gut Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide for Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention
by Yu-Chun Chang, Yi-Hsuan Chu, Chien-Cheng Wang, Chih-Hsuan Wang, You-Lin Tain and Hung-Wei Yang
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090339 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4102
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a critical role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and trimethylamine (TMA) are gut microbiota-derived metabolites, and both are known uraemic toxins that are implicated in CKD, atherosclerosis, colorectal cancer and cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the detection [...] Read more.
The gut microbiota plays a critical role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and trimethylamine (TMA) are gut microbiota-derived metabolites, and both are known uraemic toxins that are implicated in CKD, atherosclerosis, colorectal cancer and cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the detection and quantification of TMAO, which is a metabolite from gut microbes, are important for the diagnosis of diseases such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis and colorectal cancer. In this study, a new “colour-switch” method that is based on the combination of a plasma separation pad/absorption pad and polyallylamine hydrochloride-capped manganese dioxide (PAH@MnO2) nanozyme was developed for the direct quantitative detection of TMAO in whole blood without blood sample pretreatment. As a proof of concept, a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of less than 6.7 μM for TMAO was obtained with a wide linear quantification range from 15.6 to 500 μM through quantitative analysis, thereby suggesting potential clinical applications in blood TMAO monitoring for CKD patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors and Healthcare)
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12 pages, 1811 KiB  
Article
A Co-Culture-Based Multiparametric Imaging Technique to Dissect Local H2O2 Signals with Targeted HyPer7
by Melike Secilmis, Hamza Yusuf Altun, Johannes Pilic, Yusuf Ceyhun Erdogan, Zeynep Cokluk, Busra Nur Ata, Gulsah Sevimli, Asal Ghaffari Zaki, Esra Nur Yigit, Gürkan Öztürk, Roland Malli and Emrah Eroglu
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090338 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4509
Abstract
Multispectral live-cell imaging is an informative approach that permits detecting biological processes simultaneously in the spatial and temporal domain by exploiting spectrally distinct biosensors. However, the combination of fluorescent biosensors with distinct spectral properties such as different sensitivities, and dynamic ranges can undermine [...] Read more.
Multispectral live-cell imaging is an informative approach that permits detecting biological processes simultaneously in the spatial and temporal domain by exploiting spectrally distinct biosensors. However, the combination of fluorescent biosensors with distinct spectral properties such as different sensitivities, and dynamic ranges can undermine accurate co-imaging of the same analyte in different subcellular locales. We advanced a single-color multiparametric imaging method, which allows simultaneous detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in multiple cell locales (nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria) using the H2O2 biosensor HyPer7. Co-culturing of endothelial cells stably expressing differentially targeted HyPer7 biosensors paved the way for co-imaging compartmentalized H2O2 signals simultaneously in neighboring cells in a single experimental setup. We termed this approach COMPARE IT, which is an acronym for co-culture-based multiparametric imaging technique. Employing this approach, we detected lower H2O2 levels in mitochondria of endothelial cells compared to the cell nucleus and cytosol under basal conditions. Upon administering exogenous H2O2, the cytosolic and nuclear-targeted probes displayed similarly slow and moderate HyPer7 responses, whereas the mitochondria-targeted HyPer7 signal plateaued faster and reached higher amplitudes. Our results indicate striking differences in mitochondrial H2O2 accumulation of endothelial cells. Here, we present the method’s potential as a practicable and informative multiparametric live-cell imaging technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetically Encoded Biosensor)
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22 pages, 11293 KiB  
Review
Recent Trends in Exhaled Breath Diagnosis Using an Artificial Olfactory System
by Chuntae Kim, Iruthayapandi Selestin Raja, Jong-Min Lee, Jong Ho Lee, Moon Sung Kang, Seok Hyun Lee, Jin-Woo Oh and Dong-Wook Han
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090337 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4840
Abstract
Artificial olfactory systems are needed in various fields that require real-time monitoring, such as healthcare. This review introduces cases of detection of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a patient’s exhaled breath and discusses trends in disease diagnosis technology development using artificial olfactory [...] Read more.
Artificial olfactory systems are needed in various fields that require real-time monitoring, such as healthcare. This review introduces cases of detection of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a patient’s exhaled breath and discusses trends in disease diagnosis technology development using artificial olfactory technology that analyzes exhaled human breath. We briefly introduce algorithms that classify patterns of odors (VOC profiles) and describe artificial olfactory systems based on nanosensors. On the basis of recently published research results, we describe the development trend of artificial olfactory systems based on the pattern-recognition gas sensor array technology and the prospects of application of this technology to disease diagnostic devices. Medical technologies that enable early monitoring of health conditions and early diagnosis of diseases are crucial in modern healthcare. By regularly monitoring health status, diseases can be prevented or treated at an early stage, thus increasing the human survival rate and reducing the overall treatment costs. This review introduces several promising technical fields with the aim of developing technologies that can monitor health conditions and diagnose diseases early by analyzing exhaled human breath in real time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano/Micro Biosensors for Biomedical Applications)
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31 pages, 74632 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Applications, Challenges, and Future Scope
by Anoop Singh, Asha Sharma, Aamir Ahmed, Ashok K. Sundramoorthy, Hidemitsu Furukawa, Sandeep Arya and Ajit Khosla
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090336 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 426 | Viewed by 16369
Abstract
The electrochemical biosensors are a class of biosensors which convert biological information such as analyte concentration that is a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor) into current or voltage. Electrochemical biosensors depict propitious diagnostic technology which can detect biomarkers in body fluids such as [...] Read more.
The electrochemical biosensors are a class of biosensors which convert biological information such as analyte concentration that is a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor) into current or voltage. Electrochemical biosensors depict propitious diagnostic technology which can detect biomarkers in body fluids such as sweat, blood, feces, or urine. Combinations of suitable immobilization techniques with effective transducers give rise to an efficient biosensor. They have been employed in the food industry, medical sciences, defense, studying plant biology, etc. While sensing complex structures and entities, a large data is obtained, and it becomes difficult to manually interpret all the data. Machine learning helps in interpreting large sensing data. In the case of biosensors, the presence of impurity affects the performance of the sensor and machine learning helps in removing signals obtained from the contaminants to obtain a high sensitivity. In this review, we discuss different types of biosensors along with their applications and the benefits of machine learning. This is followed by a discussion on the challenges, missing gaps in the knowledge, and solutions in the field of electrochemical biosensors. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for scientists and engineers entering the interdisciplinary field of electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, this review provides insight into the type of electrochemical biosensors, their applications, the importance of machine learning (ML) in biosensing, and challenges and future outlook. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance Nanomaterials for Biosensors)
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15 pages, 3277 KiB  
Article
An Electrochemical Enzyme Biosensor for Ammonium Detection in Aquaculture Using Screen-Printed Electrode Modified by Gold Nanoparticle/Polymethylene Blue
by Cong Wang, Tan Wang, Zhen Li, Xianbao Xu, Xiaoshuan Zhang and Daoliang Li
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090335 - 13 Sep 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3143
Abstract
A SPEC/AuNPs/PMB modified electrode was prepared by electrodeposition and electro-polymerization. The electrochemical behavior of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) on the surface of the modified electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry. A certain amount of substrate and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) were coated on [...] Read more.
A SPEC/AuNPs/PMB modified electrode was prepared by electrodeposition and electro-polymerization. The electrochemical behavior of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) on the surface of the modified electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry. A certain amount of substrate and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) were coated on the modified electrode to form a functional enzyme membrane. The ammonia nitrogen in the water sample could be calculated indirectly by measuring the consumption of NADH in the reaction. The results showed that the strength of electro-catalytic current signal was increased by two times; the catalytic oxidation potential was shifted to the left by 0.5 V, and the anti-interference ability of the sensor was enhanced. The optimum substrate concentration and enzyme loading were determined as 1.3 mM NADH, 28 mM α-Ketoglutarate and 2.0 U GLDH, respectively. The homemade ceramic heating plate controlled the working electrode to work at 37 °C. A pH compensation algorithm based on piecewise linear interpolation could reduce the measurement error to less than 3.29 μM. The biosensor exhibited good linearity in the range of 0~300 μM with a detection limit of 0.65 μM NH4+. Compared with standard Nessler’s method, the recoveries were 93.71~105.92%. The biosensor was found to be stable for at least 14 days when refrigerated and sealed at 4 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Agriculture, Environment and Food)
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13 pages, 6395 KiB  
Article
Amperometric Sensing of Carbon Monoxide: Improved Sensitivity and Selectivity via Nanostructure-Controlled Electrodeposition of Gold
by Taehui Kwon, Hee Young Mun, Sunghwa Seo, Areum Yu, Chongmok Lee and Youngmi Lee
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090334 - 13 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2098
Abstract
A series of gold (Au) nanostructures, having different morphologies, were fabricated for amperometric selective detection of carbon monoxide (CO), a biologically important signaling molecule. Au layers were electrodeposited from a precursor solution of 7 mM HAuCl4 with a constant deposition charge (0.04 [...] Read more.
A series of gold (Au) nanostructures, having different morphologies, were fabricated for amperometric selective detection of carbon monoxide (CO), a biologically important signaling molecule. Au layers were electrodeposited from a precursor solution of 7 mM HAuCl4 with a constant deposition charge (0.04 C) at various deposition potentials. The obtained Au nanostructures became rougher and spikier as the deposition potential lowered from 0.45 V to 0.05 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). As prepared Au layers showed different hydrophobicity: The sharper morphology, the greater hydrophobicity. The Au deposit formed at 0.05 V had the sharpest shape and the greatest surface hydrophobicity. The sensitivity of an Au deposit for amperometric CO sensing was enhanced as the Au surface exhibits higher hydrophobicity. In fact, CO selectivity over common electroactive biological interferents (L-ascorbic acid, 4-acetamidophenol, 4-aminobutyric acid and nitrite) was improved eminently once the Au deposit became more hydrophobic. The most hydrophobic Au was also confirmed to sense CO exclusively without responding to nitric oxide, another similar gas signaling molecule, in contrast to a hydrophobic platinum (Pt) counterpart. This study presents a feasible strategy to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity for amperometric CO sensing via the fine control of Au electrode nanostructures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nano- and Micro-Technologies in Biosensors)
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13 pages, 3721 KiB  
Article
Metal Ions Sensing by Biodots Prepared from DNA, RNA, and Nucleotides
by Maofei Wang, Masaki Tsukamoto, Vladimir G. Sergeyev and Anatoly Zinchenko
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090333 - 13 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3353
Abstract
Nucleic acids that exhibit a high affinity toward noble and transition metal ions have attracted growing attention in the fields of metal ion sensing, toxic metal ion removal, and the construction of functional metal nanostructures. In this study, fluorescent nanoparticles (biodots) were synthesized [...] Read more.
Nucleic acids that exhibit a high affinity toward noble and transition metal ions have attracted growing attention in the fields of metal ion sensing, toxic metal ion removal, and the construction of functional metal nanostructures. In this study, fluorescent nanoparticles (biodots) were synthesized from DNA, RNA, and RNA nucleotides (AMP, GMP, UMP, and CMP) using a hydrothermal (HT) method, in order to study their metal ion sensing characteristics. The fluorescent properties of biodots differ markedly between those prepared from purine and pyrimidine nucleobases. All biodots demonstrate a high sensitivity to the presence of mercury cations (Hg2+), while biodots prepared from DNA, RNA, and guanosine monophosphate (GMP) are also sensitive to Ag+ and Cu2+ ions, but to a lesser extent. The obtained results show that biodots inherit the metal ion recognition properties of nucleobases, while the nucleobase composition of biodot precursors affects metal ion sensitivity and selectivity. A linear response of biodot fluorescence to Hg2+ concentration in solution was observed for AMP and GMP biodots in the range 0–250 μM, which can be used for the analytic detection of mercury ion concentration. A facile paper strip test was also developed that allows visual detection of mercury ions in solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nano- and Micro-Technologies in Biosensors)
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11 pages, 2811 KiB  
Article
Use of PEDOT:PSS/Graphene/Nafion Composite in Biosensors Based on Acetic Acid Bacteria
by Yulia Plekhanova, Sergei Tarasov and Anatoly Reshetilov
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090332 - 13 Sep 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2784
Abstract
Immobilization of the biocomponent is one of the most important stages in the development of microbial biosensors. In this study, we examined the electrochemical properties of a novel PEDOT:PSS/graphene/Nafion composite used to immobilize Gluconobacter oxydans bacterial cells on the surface of a graphite [...] Read more.
Immobilization of the biocomponent is one of the most important stages in the development of microbial biosensors. In this study, we examined the electrochemical properties of a novel PEDOT:PSS/graphene/Nafion composite used to immobilize Gluconobacter oxydans bacterial cells on the surface of a graphite screen-printed electrode. Bioelectrode responses to glucose in the presence of a redox mediator 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol were studied. The presence of graphene in the composite reduced the negative effect of PEDOT:PSS on cells and improved its conductivity. The use of Nafion enabled maintaining the activity of acetic acid bacteria at the original level for 120 days. The sensitivity of the bioelectrode based on G. oxydans/PEDOT:PSS/graphene/Nafion composite was shown to be 22 μA × mM−1 × cm−2 within the linear range of glucose concentrations. The developed composite can be used both in designing bioelectrochemical microbial devices and in biotechnology productions for long-term immobilization of microorganisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Based Biosensors)
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14 pages, 6312 KiB  
Article
Detection of the Complete ECG Waveform with Woven Textile Electrodes
by Katya Arquilla, Laura Devendorf, Andrea K. Webb and Allison P. Anderson
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090331 - 13 Sep 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2850
Abstract
Wearable physiological monitoring systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in the push toward autonomous health monitoring and offer new modalities for playful and purposeful interaction within human computer interaction (HCI). Sensing systems that can be integrated into garments and, therefore, daily activities offer promising [...] Read more.
Wearable physiological monitoring systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in the push toward autonomous health monitoring and offer new modalities for playful and purposeful interaction within human computer interaction (HCI). Sensing systems that can be integrated into garments and, therefore, daily activities offer promising pathways toward ubiquitous integration. The electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is commonly monitored in healthcare and is increasingly utilized as a method of determining emotional and psychological state; however, the complete ECG waveform with the P, Q, R, S, and T peaks is not commonly used, due to the challenges associated with collecting the full waveform with wearable systems. We present woven textile electrodes as an option for garment-integrated ECG monitoring systems that are capable of capturing the complete ECG waveform. In this work, we present the changes in the peak detection performance caused by different sizes, patterns, and thread types with data from 10 human participants. These testing results provide empirically-derived guidelines for future woven textile electrodes, present a path forward for assessing design decisions, and highlight the importance of testing novel wearable sensor systems with more than a single individual. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers of Wearable Biosensors for Human Health Monitoring)
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13 pages, 2921 KiB  
Article
Low-Power Two-Color Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy for Live Cell Imaging
by Jia Zhang, Xinwei Gao, Luwei Wang, Yong Guo, Yinru Zhu, Zhigang Yang, Wei Yan and Junle Qu
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090330 - 10 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2553
Abstract
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is a typical laser-scanning super-resolution imaging technology, the emergence of which has opened a new research window for studying the dynamic processes of live biological samples on a nanometer scale. According to the characteristics of STED, a high [...] Read more.
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is a typical laser-scanning super-resolution imaging technology, the emergence of which has opened a new research window for studying the dynamic processes of live biological samples on a nanometer scale. According to the characteristics of STED, a high depletion power is required to obtain a high resolution. However, a high laser power can induce severe phototoxicity and photobleaching, which limits the applications for live cell imaging, especially in two-color STED super-resolution imaging. Therefore, we developed a low-power two-color STED super-resolution microscope with a single supercontinuum white-light laser. Using this system, we achieved low-power two-color super-resolution imaging based on digital enhancement technology. Lateral resolutions of 109 and 78 nm were obtained for mitochondria and microtubules in live cells, respectively, with 0.8 mW depletion power. These results highlight the great potential of the novel digitally enhanced two-color STED microscopy for long-term dynamic imaging of live cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Issue of Optical and Photonic Biosensors Section)
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19 pages, 14341 KiB  
Article
A Vascular Intervention Assist Device Using Bi-Motional Roller Cartridge Structure and Clinical Evaluation
by Jueun Choi, Sangeun Park, Young-Hak Kim, Youngjin Moon and Jaesoon Choi
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090329 - 10 Sep 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2470
Abstract
Conventional vascular intervention procedures present issues including X-ray exposure during operation, and an experience-dependent success rate and clinical outcome. This paper presents a novel robotic system using modularized bi-motional roller cartridge assemblies for robotic vascular interventions, specifically percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). The patient-side [...] Read more.
Conventional vascular intervention procedures present issues including X-ray exposure during operation, and an experience-dependent success rate and clinical outcome. This paper presents a novel robotic system using modularized bi-motional roller cartridge assemblies for robotic vascular interventions, specifically percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). The patient-side robot manipulates instruments such as the guiding catheter, guidewire, balloon/stent catheter, and diagnostic sensor catheter via commands from the user interface device, which is controlled by the physician. The proposed roller cartridge assembly can accommodate instruments of various sizes with an active clamping mechanism, and implements simultaneous translation and rotation motions. It also implements force feedback in the physician-side system, to effectively monitor the patient-side system’s status. The positioning accuracy and precision in using the robotic system showed satisfactory performance in a phantom-based test. It was also confirmed, through animal experiments and a pilot clinical trial, that the system demonstrates feasibility for clinical use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices)
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29 pages, 18946 KiB  
Review
Origami Paper-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors: State of the Art and Perspective
by Noemi Colozza, Veronica Caratelli, Danila Moscone and Fabiana Arduini
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090328 - 10 Sep 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5534
Abstract
In the last 10 years, paper-based electrochemical biosensors have gathered attention from the scientific community for their unique advantages and sustainability vision. The use of papers in the design the electrochemical biosensors confers to these analytical tools several interesting features such as the [...] Read more.
In the last 10 years, paper-based electrochemical biosensors have gathered attention from the scientific community for their unique advantages and sustainability vision. The use of papers in the design the electrochemical biosensors confers to these analytical tools several interesting features such as the management of the solution flow without external equipment, the fabrication of reagent-free devices exploiting the porosity of the paper to store the reagents, and the unprecedented capability to detect the target analyte in gas phase without any sampling system. Furthermore, cost-effective fabrication using printing technologies, including wax and screen-printing, combined with the use of this eco-friendly substrate and the possibility of reducing waste management after measuring by the incineration of the sensor, designate these type of sensors as eco-designed analytical tools. Additionally, the foldability feature of the paper has been recently exploited to design and fabricate 3D multifarious biosensors, which are able to detect different target analytes by using enzymes, antibodies, DNA, molecularly imprinted polymers, and cells as biocomponents. Interestingly, the 3D structure has recently boosted the self-powered paper-based biosensors, opening new frontiers in origami devices. This review aims to give an overview of the current state origami paper-based biosensors, pointing out how the foldability of the paper allows for the development of sensitive, selective, and easy-to-use smart and sustainable analytical devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose-Based Biosensing Platforms)
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13 pages, 3287 KiB  
Article
Immunosensor for Assessing the Welfare of Trainee Guide Dogs
by Hannah Perkins, Michelle Higgins, Marinara Marcato, Paul Galvin and Sofia Rodrigues Teixeira
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090327 - 09 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2747
Abstract
Cortisol is a well established biomarker hormone that regulates many processes in the body and is widely referred to as the stress hormone. Cortisol can be used as a stress marker to allow for detection of stress levels in dogs during the training [...] Read more.
Cortisol is a well established biomarker hormone that regulates many processes in the body and is widely referred to as the stress hormone. Cortisol can be used as a stress marker to allow for detection of stress levels in dogs during the training process. This test will indicate if they will handle the stress under the training or if they might be more suitable as an assistant or companion dog. An immunosensor for detection of cortisol was developed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The sensor was characterized using chemical and topographical techniques. The sensor was calibrated and its sensitivity determined using a cortisol concentration range of 0.0005 to 50 μg/mL. The theoretical limit of detection was found to be 3.57 fg/mL. When the immunosensor was tested on canine saliva samples, cortisol was detected and measured within the relevant physiological ranges in dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices)
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14 pages, 2288 KiB  
Article
A Portable Micro-Gas Chromatography with Integrated Photonic Crystal Slab Sensors on Chip
by Priyanka Biswas, Chen Zhang, Yudong Chen, Zhonghe Liu, Seyedmohsen Vaziri, Weidong Zhou and Yuze Sun
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090326 - 09 Sep 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4255
Abstract
The miniaturization of gas chromatography (GC) systems has made it possible to utilize the analytical technique in various on-site applications to rapidly analyze complex gas samples. Various types of miniaturized sensors have been developed for micro-gas chromatography (µGC). However, the integration of an [...] Read more.
The miniaturization of gas chromatography (GC) systems has made it possible to utilize the analytical technique in various on-site applications to rapidly analyze complex gas samples. Various types of miniaturized sensors have been developed for micro-gas chromatography (µGC). However, the integration of an appropriate detector in µGC systems still faces a significant challenge. We present a solution to the problem through integration of µGC with photonic crystal slab (PCS) sensors using transfer printing technology. This integration offers an opportunity to utilize the advantages of optical sensors, such as high sensitivity and rapid response time, and at the same time, compensate for the lack of detection specificity from which label-free optical sensors suffer. We transfer printed a 2D defect free PCS on a borofloat glass, bonded it to a silicon microfluidic gas cell or directly to a microfabricated GC column, and then coated it with a gas responsive polymer. Realtime spectral shift in Fano resonance of the PCS sensor was used to quantitatively detect analytes over a mass range of three orders. The integrated µGC–PCS system was used to demonstrate separation and detection of a complex mixture of 10 chemicals. Fast separation and detection (4 min) and a low detection limit (ng) was demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical and Photonic Biosensors)
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10 pages, 1948 KiB  
Article
An Analytical Method Based on Electrochemical Sensor for the Assessment of Insect Infestation in Flour
by Li Fu, Jiangwei Zhu and Hassan Karimi-Maleh
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090325 - 09 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2309
Abstract
Uric acid is an important indicator of the insect infestation assessment in flour. In this work, we propose a method for uric acid detection based on voltammetry. This technique is particularly considered for the physicochemical properties of flour and contains a simple pretreatment [...] Read more.
Uric acid is an important indicator of the insect infestation assessment in flour. In this work, we propose a method for uric acid detection based on voltammetry. This technique is particularly considered for the physicochemical properties of flour and contains a simple pretreatment process to rapidly achieve extraction and adsorption of uric acid in flour. To achieve specific recognition of uric acid, graphene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) were used for the adsorption and concentration of uric acid in flour. The adsorbed mixture was immobilized on the surface of a screen-printed electrode for highly sensitive detection of the uric acid. The results showed that electrocatalytic oxidation of uric acid could be achieved after adsorption by graphene and PEDOT. This electrocatalytic reaction allows its oxidation peak to be distinguished from those of other substances that commonly possess electrochemical activity. This voltammetry-based detection method is a portable and disposable analytical method. Because it is simple to operate, requires no professional training, and is inexpensive, it is a field analysis method that can be promoted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors for Biometrics)
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11 pages, 5174 KiB  
Article
Binding Analysis of Functionalized Multimode Optical-Fiber Sandwich-like Structure with Organic Polymer and Its Sensing Application for Humidity and Breath Monitoring
by Daniel Jauregui-Vazquez, Paulina Lozano-Sotomayor, Jorge Emmanuel Mejía-Benavides and Erik Díaz-Cervantes
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090324 - 08 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2078
Abstract
In recent years, the chemical modification of optical fibers (OFs) has facilitated the manufacture of sensors because OFs can identify several analytes present in aqueous solutions or gas phases. Nevertheless, it is imperative better to understand the chemical interactions in this molecular system [...] Read more.
In recent years, the chemical modification of optical fibers (OFs) has facilitated the manufacture of sensors because OFs can identify several analytes present in aqueous solutions or gas phases. Nevertheless, it is imperative better to understand the chemical interactions in this molecular system to generate low-cost and efficient sensors. This work presents a theoretical and experimental study of organic polymeric functionalized OF structures and proposes a cost-effective alternative to monitor breathing and humidity. The device is based on silicon optical fibers functionalized with (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and alginate. The theoretical analysis is carried out to validate the activation of the silicon dioxide fiber surface; moreover, the APTES–alginate layer is discussed. The computational simulation suggests that water can be absorbed by alginate, specifically by the calcium atom linked to the carboxylic acid group of the alginate. The analysis also demonstrates a higher electrostatic interaction between the water and the OF–APTES–alginate system; this interaction alters the optical fiber activated surface’s refractive index, resulting in transmission power variation. The humidity analysis shows a sensitivity of 3.1288 mV/RH, a time response close to 25 s, and a recovery time around 8 s. These results were achieved in the range of 50 to 95% RH. Moreover, the recovery and response time allow the human breath to be studied. The proposed mechanism or device is competitive with prior works, and the components involved made this sensor a cost-effective alternative for medical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors and Healthcare)
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9 pages, 2517 KiB  
Communication
Voltammetric Electrochemical Sensor for Phylogenetic Study in Acer Linn.
by Qingwei Zhou, Kewei Liu, Xiaolong Li, Yonghua Gu, Yuhong Zheng, Boyuan Fan and Weihong Wu
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090323 - 08 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1613
Abstract
Acer Linn. is a highly divergent species morphology in the maple family (Aceraceae). It is one of the genera facing a very difficult taxonomic situation. The phylogeny of the genus and the taxonomic system under the genus remain unclear. The use of electrochemical [...] Read more.
Acer Linn. is a highly divergent species morphology in the maple family (Aceraceae). It is one of the genera facing a very difficult taxonomic situation. The phylogeny of the genus and the taxonomic system under the genus remain unclear. The use of electrochemical fingerprints for plant phylogenetic study is an emerging application in biosensors. In this work, leaves of 18 species of Acer Linn. with an exo-taxa were selected for electrochemical fingerprint recording. Two different conditions were used for improving the data abundance. The fingerprint of all species showed a series of oxidation peaks. These peaks can be ascribed to the oxidation of flavonols, phenolic acids, procyanidins, alkaloids, and pigments in plant tissue. These electrochemical fingerprints can be used for the identification of plant species. We also performed a phylogenetic study with data from electrochemical fingerprinting. The phylogenetic tree of Acer is divided into three main clades. The result is in full agreement with A. shangszeense var. anfuense, A. pictum subsp. mono, A. amplum, A. truncatum, and A. miaotaiense, belonging to the subsection Platanoidea. A. nikoense and A. griseum were clustered together in the dendrogram. Another group that fits the traditional classification results is in the subsection Integrifolia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors for Biometrics)
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14 pages, 1918 KiB  
Article
The Kinetic and Analytical Aspects of Enzyme Competitive Inhibition: Sensing of Tyrosinase Inhibitors
by Raouia Attaallah and Aziz Amine
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090322 - 08 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4089
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor based on tyrosinase, immobilized onto a carbon black paste electrode using glutaraldehyde and BSA was constructed to detect competitive inhibitors. Three inhibitors were used in this study: benzoic acid, sodium azide, and kojic acid, and the obtained values for fifty [...] Read more.
An amperometric biosensor based on tyrosinase, immobilized onto a carbon black paste electrode using glutaraldehyde and BSA was constructed to detect competitive inhibitors. Three inhibitors were used in this study: benzoic acid, sodium azide, and kojic acid, and the obtained values for fifty percent of inhibition (IC50) were 119 µM, 1480 µM, and 30 µM, respectively. The type of inhibition can also be determined from the curve of the degree of inhibition by considering the shift of the inhibition curves. Amperometric experiments were performed with a biosensor polarized at the potential −0.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl and using 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) as an electrolyte. Under optimized conditions, the proposed biosensor showed a linear amperometric response toward catechol detection from 0.5 µM to 38 µM with a detection limit of 0.35 µM (S/N = 3), and its sensitivity was 66.5 mA M−1 cm−2. Moreover, the biosensor exhibited a good storage stability. Conversely, a novel graphical plot for the determination of reversible competitive inhibition was represented for free tyrosinase. The graph consisted of plotting the half-time reaction (t1/2) as a function of the inhibitor concentration at various substrate concentrations. This innovative method relevance was demonstrated in the case of kojic acid using a colorimetric bioassay relying on tyrosinase inhibition. The results showed that the t1/2 provides an extended linear range of tyrosinase inhibitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Issue of Biosensor Materials Section)
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15 pages, 5879 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Detection of Dihydroxybenzene Isomers Using Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide-Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes/Gold Nanoparticles Nanocomposite
by Angélica Domínguez-Aragón, Rocio B. Dominguez and Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090321 - 07 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2255
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO), carboxylated carbon nanotubes (cMWCNT), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (GCE/ErGO-cMWCNT/AuNPs) was developed for the simultaneous detection of dihidroxybenzen isomers (DHB) hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC), and resorcinol (RS) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The fabrication [...] Read more.
An electrochemical sensor based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO), carboxylated carbon nanotubes (cMWCNT), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (GCE/ErGO-cMWCNT/AuNPs) was developed for the simultaneous detection of dihidroxybenzen isomers (DHB) hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC), and resorcinol (RS) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The fabrication and optimization of the system were evaluated with Raman Spectroscopy, SEM, cyclic voltammetry, and DPV. Under optimized conditions, the GCE/ErGO-cMWCNT/AuNPs sensor exhibited a linear concentration range of 1.2–170 μM for HQ and CC, and 2.4–400 μM for RS with a detection limit of 0.39 μM, 0.54 μM, and 0.61 μM, respectively. When evaluated in tap water and skin-lightening cream, DHB multianalyte detection showed an average recovery rate of 107.11% and 102.56%, respectively. The performance was attributed to the synergistic effects of the 3D network formed by the strong π–π stacking interaction between ErGO and cMWCNT, combined with the active catalytic sites of AuNPs. Additionally, the cMWCNT provided improved electrocatalytic properties associated with the carboxyl groups that facilitate the adsorption of the DHB and the greater amount of active edge planes. The proposed GCE/ErGO-cMWCNT/AuNPs sensor showed a great potential for the simultaneous, precise, and easy-to-handle detection of DHB in complex samples with high sensitivity. Full article
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17 pages, 3610 KiB  
Article
A Variable Height Microfluidic Device for Multiplexed Immunoassay Analysis of Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarkers
by Alyse D. Krausz, Frederick K. Korley and Mark A. Burns
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090320 - 07 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3308
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, partially due to the lack of sensitive diagnostic methods and efficacious therapies. Panels of protein biomarkers have been proposed as a way of diagnosing and monitoring TBI. To measure multiple [...] Read more.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, partially due to the lack of sensitive diagnostic methods and efficacious therapies. Panels of protein biomarkers have been proposed as a way of diagnosing and monitoring TBI. To measure multiple TBI biomarkers simultaneously, we present a variable height microfluidic device consisting of a single channel that varies in height between the inlet and outlet and can passively multiplex bead-based immunoassays by trapping assay beads at the point where their diameter matches the channel height. We developed bead-based quantum dot-linked immunosorbent assays (QLISAs) for interleukin-6 (IL-6), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) using DynabeadsTM M-450, M-270, and MyOneTM, respectively. The IL-6 and GFAP QLISAs were successfully multiplexed using a variable height channel that ranged in height from ~7.6 µm at the inlet to ~2.1 µm at the outlet. The IL-6, GFAP, and IL-8 QLISAs were also multiplexed using a channel that ranged in height from ~6.3 µm at the inlet to ~0.9 µm at the outlet. Our system can keep pace with TBI biomarker discovery and validation, as additional protein biomarkers can be multiplexed simply by adding in antibody-conjugated beads of different diameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors and Healthcare)
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22 pages, 5812 KiB  
Review
The Current State of Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarker Measurement Methods
by Alyse D. Krausz, Frederick K. Korley and Mark A. Burns
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090319 - 07 Sep 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3790
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality partially due to the limited tools available for diagnosis and classification. Measuring panels of protein biomarkers released into the bloodstream after injury has been proposed to diagnose TBI, inform treatment [...] Read more.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality partially due to the limited tools available for diagnosis and classification. Measuring panels of protein biomarkers released into the bloodstream after injury has been proposed to diagnose TBI, inform treatment decisions, and monitor the progression of the injury. Being able to measure these protein biomarkers at the point-of-care would enable assessment of TBIs from the point-of-injury to the patient’s hospital bedside. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of devices reported in the academic literature and available on the market that have been designed to measure TBI protein biomarkers in various biofluids and contexts. We also assess the challenges associated with TBI biomarker measurement devices and suggest future research directions to encourage translation of these devices to clinical use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors and Healthcare)
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