Nanomaterials

1312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of β-Carotene Encapsulated in Model O/W Emulsions: Influence of Initial Droplet Size and Emulsifiers

by Wei Lu, Alan L. Kelly and Song Miao

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090282 - 20 Sep 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4550

Abstract

The effects of the initial emulsion structure (droplet size and emulsifier) on the properties of β-carotene-loaded emulsions and the bioavailability of β-carotene after passing through simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) digestion were investigated. Exposure to GIT significantly changed the droplet size, surface charge and [...] Read more.

The effects of the initial emulsion structure (droplet size and emulsifier) on the properties of β-carotene-loaded emulsions and the bioavailability of β-carotene after passing through simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) digestion were investigated. Exposure to GIT significantly changed the droplet size, surface charge and composition of all emulsions, and these changes were dependent on their initial droplet size and the emulsifiers used. Whey protein isolate (WPI)-stabilized emulsion showed the highest β-carotene bioaccessibility, while sodium caseinate (SCN)-stabilized emulsion showed the highest cellular uptake of β-carotene. The bioavailability of emulsion-encapsulated β-carotene based on the results of bioaccessibility and cellular uptake showed the same order with the results of cellular uptake being SCN > TW80 > WPI. An inconsistency between the results of bioaccessibility and bioavailability was observed, indicating that the cellular uptake assay is necessary for a reliable evaluation of the bioavailability of emulsion-encapsulated compounds. The findings in this study contribute to a better understanding of the correlation between emulsion structure and the digestive fate of emulsion-encapsulated nutrients, which make it possible to achieve controlled or potential targeted delivery of nutrients by designing the structure of emulsion-based carriers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Food Safety)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

2282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transparent Pullulan/Mica Nanocomposite Coatings with Outstanding Oxygen Barrier Properties

by Ilke Uysal Unalan, Derya Boyacı, Silvia Trabattoni, Silvia Tavazzi and Stefano Farris

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090281 - 19 Sep 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5051

Abstract

This study presents a new bionanocomposite coating on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) made of pullulan and synthetic mica. Mica nanolayers have a very high aspect ratio (α), at levels much greater than that of conventional exfoliated clay layers (e.g., montmorillonite). A very small amount [...] Read more.

This study presents a new bionanocomposite coating on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) made of pullulan and synthetic mica. Mica nanolayers have a very high aspect ratio (α), at levels much greater than that of conventional exfoliated clay layers (e.g., montmorillonite). A very small amount of mica (0.02 wt %, which is ϕ ≈ 0.00008) in pullulan coatings dramatically improved the oxygen barrier performance of the nanocomposite films under dry conditions, however, this performance was partly lost as the environmental relative humidity (RH) increased. This outcome was explained in terms of the perturbation of the spatial ordering of mica sheets within the main pullulan phase, because of RH fluctuations. This was confirmed by modelling of the experimental oxygen transmission rate (OTR) data according to Cussler’s model. The presence of the synthetic nanobuilding block (NBB) led to a decrease in both static and kinetic coefficients of friction, compared with neat PET (≈12% and 23%, respectively) and PET coated with unloaded pullulan (≈26% reduction in both coefficients). In spite of the presence of the filler, all of the coating formulations did not significantly impair the overall optical properties of the final material, which exhibited haze values below 3% and transmittance above 85%. The only exception to this was represented by the formulation with the highest loading of mica (1.5 wt %, which is ϕ ≈ 0.01). These findings revealed, for the first time, the potential of the NBB mica to produce nanocomposite coatings in combination with biopolymers for the generation of new functional features, such as transparent high oxygen barrier materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Nanocomposites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Effects of Surface-Functionalized Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles on Alveolar Macrophages, Rat Lung, and a Mouse Allergy Model

by Antje Vennemann, Francesca Alessandrini and Martin Wiemann

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090280 - 19 Sep 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5580

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) may affect the lung via their chemical composition on the surface. Here, we compared the bioactivity of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) NPs coated with either aminopropilsilane (APTS), tetraoxidecanoic acid (TODS), polyethyleneglycol (PGA), or acrylic acid (Acryl). Supernatants from NPs-treated cultured [...] Read more.

Nanoparticles (NPs) may affect the lung via their chemical composition on the surface. Here, we compared the bioactivity of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) NPs coated with either aminopropilsilane (APTS), tetraoxidecanoic acid (TODS), polyethyleneglycol (PGA), or acrylic acid (Acryl). Supernatants from NPs-treated cultured alveolar macrophages (NR8383) tested for lactate dehydrogenase, glucuronidase, tumor necrosis factor α, and H₂O₂ formation revealed dose-dependent effects, with only gradual differences among particles whose gravitational settling and cellular uptake were similar. We selected TODS- and Acryl-coated NPs for intratracheal administration into the rat lung. Darkfield and hyperspectral microscopy combined with immunocytochemistry showed that both NPs qualities accumulate mainly within the alveolar macrophage compartment, although minute amounts also occurred in neutrophilic granulocytes. Dose-dependent signs of inflammation were found in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid on day 3 but no longer on day 21 post-application of ≥1.2 mg per lung; again only minor differences occurred between TODS- and Acryl-coated NPs. In contrast, the response of allergic mice was overall higher compared to control mice and dependent on the surface modification. Increases in eosinophils, lymphocytes and macrophages were highest following ZrO₂-PGA administration, followed by ZrO₂-Acryl, ZrO₂-TODS, and ZrO₂-APTS. We conclude that surface functionalization of ZrO₂ NPs has minor effects on the inflammatory lung response of rats and mice, but is most relevant for an allergic mouse model. Allergic individuals may therefore be more susceptible to exposure to NPs with specific surface modifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Vivo and in Vitro Studies: A Collection of Parallel Approaches)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

26220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Photocatalytic TiO₂/Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Nanoparticles Designed for Self-Cleaning Purposes

by Ionela Cristina Nica, Miruna S. Stan, Marcela Popa, Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc, Gratiela G. Pircalabioru, Veronica Lazar, Iuliana Dumitrescu, Lucian Diamandescu, Marcel Feder, Mihaela Baibarac, Marin Cernea, Valentin Adrian Maraloiu, Traian Popescu and Anca Dinischiotu

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090279 - 19 Sep 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5139

Abstract

Graphene is widely used in nanotechnologies to amplify the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂, but the development of TiO₂/graphene composites imposes the assessment of their risk to human and environmental health. Therefore, reduced graphene oxide was decorated with two types [...] Read more.

Graphene is widely used in nanotechnologies to amplify the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂, but the development of TiO₂/graphene composites imposes the assessment of their risk to human and environmental health. Therefore, reduced graphene oxide was decorated with two types of TiO₂ particles co-doped with 1% iron and nitrogen, one of them being obtained by a simultaneous precipitation of Ti³⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions to achieve their uniform distribution, and the other one after a sequential precipitation of these two cations for a higher concentration of iron on the surface. Physico-chemical characterization, photocatalytic efficiency evaluation, antimicrobial analysis and biocompatibility assessment were performed for these TiO₂-based composites. The best photocatalytic efficiency was found for the sample with iron atoms localized at the sample surface. A very good anti-inhibitory activity was obtained for both samples against biofilms of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Exposure of human skin and lung fibroblasts to photocatalysts did not significantly affect cell viability, but analysis of oxidative stress showed increased levels of carbonyl groups and advanced oxidation protein products for both cell lines after 48 h of incubation. Our findings are of major importance by providing useful knowledge for future photocatalytic self-cleaning and biomedical applications of graphene-based materials. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acetylene Gas-Sensing Properties of Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Ag-Decorated Tin Dioxide/Graphene Nanocomposite Film

by Chuanxing Jiang, Dongzhi Zhang, Nailiang Yin, Yao Yao, Talgar Shaymurat and Xiaoyan Zhou

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090278 - 18 Sep 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5251

Abstract

This paper demonstrates an acetylene gas sensor based on an Ag-decorated tin dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (Ag–SnO₂/rGO) nanocomposite film, prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technology. The as-prepared Ag–SnO₂/rGO nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), [...] Read more.

This paper demonstrates an acetylene gas sensor based on an Ag-decorated tin dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (Ag–SnO₂/rGO) nanocomposite film, prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technology. The as-prepared Ag–SnO₂/rGO nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrum. The acetylene sensing properties were investigated using different working temperatures and gas concentrations. An optimal temperature of 90 °C was determined, and the Ag–SnO₂/rGO nanocomposite sensor exhibited excellent sensing behaviors towards acetylene, in terms of response, repeatability, stability and response/recovery characteristics, which were superior to the pure SnO₂ and SnO₂/rGO film sensors. The sensing mechanism of the Ag–SnO₂/rGO sensor was attributed to the synergistic effect of the ternary nanomaterials, and the heterojunctions created at the interfaces between SnO₂ and rGO. This work indicates that the Ag–SnO₂/rGO nanocomposite is a good candidate for constructing a low-temperature acetylene sensor. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanofibers by Needleless Electrospinning from a Self-Assembling Polymer Ferrofluid Cone Array

by Weilong Huang, Bin Liu, Zhipeng Chen, Hongjian Wang, Lei Ren, Jiaming Jiao, Lin Zhuang, Jie Luo and Lelun Jiang

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090277 - 17 Sep 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5662

Abstract

Magnetic nanofiber has been widely applied in biomedical fields due to its distinctive size, morphology, and properties. We proposed a novel needleless electrospinning method to prepare magnetic nanofibers from the self-assembling “Taylor cones” of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)/Fe₃O₄ ferrofluid (PFF) under [...] Read more.

Magnetic nanofiber has been widely applied in biomedical fields due to its distinctive size, morphology, and properties. We proposed a novel needleless electrospinning method to prepare magnetic nanofibers from the self-assembling “Taylor cones” of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)/Fe₃O₄ ferrofluid (PFF) under the coincident magnetic and electric fields. The results demonstrated that a static PFF Rosensweig instability with a conical protrusion could be obtained under the magnetic field. The tip of the protrusion emitted an electrospinning jet under the coincident magnetic and electric fields. The needleless electrospinning showed a similar process phenomenon in comparison with conventional electrospinning. The prepared nanofibers were composed of Fe₃O₄ particles and PVP polymer. The Fe₃O₄ particles aggregated inside and on the surface of the nanofibers. The nanofibers prepared by needleless electrospinning exhibited similar morphology compared with the conventionally electrospun nanofibers. The nanofibers also exhibited good ferromagnetic and magnetic field responsive properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Fabrication and Application of Nanofibers)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation, Characterization, and Preliminary In Vitro Testing of Nanoceria-Loaded Liposomes

by Agostina Grillone, Tianshu Li, Matteo Battaglini, Alice Scarpellini, Mirko Prato, Shinji Takeoka and Gianni Ciofani

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090276 - 16 Sep 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5536

Abstract

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria), well known for their pro- and antioxidant features, have been recently proposed for the treatment of several pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. However, interaction between nanoceria and biological molecules such as proteins and lipids, short blood circulation time, [...] Read more.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria), well known for their pro- and antioxidant features, have been recently proposed for the treatment of several pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. However, interaction between nanoceria and biological molecules such as proteins and lipids, short blood circulation time, and the need of a targeted delivery to desired sites are some aspects that require strong attention for further progresses in the clinical application of these nanoparticles. The aim of this work is the encapsulation of nanoceria into a liposomal formulation in order to improve their therapeutic potentialities. After the preparation through a reverse-phase evaporation method, size, Z-potential, morphology, and loading efficiency of nanoceria-loaded liposomes were investigated. Finally, preliminary in vitro studies were performed to test cell uptake efficiency and preserved antioxidant activity. Nanoceria-loaded liposomes showed a good colloidal stability, an excellent biocompatibility, and strong antioxidant properties due to the unaltered activity of the entrapped nanoceria. With these results, the possibility of exploiting liposomes as carriers for cerium oxide nanoparticles is demonstrated here for the first time, thus opening exciting new opportunities for in vivo applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocolloids for Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field Emission from Self-Catalyzed GaAs Nanowires

by Filippo Giubileo, Antonio Di Bartolomeo, Laura Iemmo, Giuseppe Luongo, Maurizio Passacantando, Eero Koivusalo, Teemu V. Hakkarainen and Mircea Guina

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090275 - 16 Sep 2017

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3903

Abstract

We report observations of field emission from self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires grown on Si (111). The measurements were taken inside a scanning electron microscope chamber with a nano-controlled tungsten tip functioning as anode. Experimental data were analyzed in the framework of the Fowler-Nordheim theory. [...] Read more.

We report observations of field emission from self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires grown on Si (111). The measurements were taken inside a scanning electron microscope chamber with a nano-controlled tungsten tip functioning as anode. Experimental data were analyzed in the framework of the Fowler-Nordheim theory. We demonstrate stable current up to 10⁻⁷ A emitted from the tip of single nanowire, with a field enhancement factor β of up to 112 at anode-cathode distance d = 350 nm. A linear dependence of β on the anode-cathode distance was found. We also show that the presence of a Ga catalyst droplet suppresses the emission of current from the nanowire tip. This allowed for the detection of field emission from the nanowire sidewalls, which occurred with a reduced field enhancement factor and stability. This study further extends GaAs technology to vacuum electronics applications. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

3982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocompatibility of Titania Nanotube Coatings Enriched with Silver Nanograins by Chemical Vapor Deposition

by Piotr Piszczek, Żaneta Lewandowska, Aleksandra Radtke, Tomasz Jędrzejewski, Wiesław Kozak, Beata Sadowska, Magdalena Szubka, Ewa Talik and Fabrizio Fiori

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090274 - 15 Sep 2017

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5562

Abstract

Bioactivity investigations of titania nanotube (TNT) coatings enriched with silver nanograins (TNT/Ag) have been carried out. TNT/Ag nanocomposite materials were produced by combining the electrochemical anodization and chemical vapor deposition methods. Fabricated coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [...] Read more.

Bioactivity investigations of titania nanotube (TNT) coatings enriched with silver nanograins (TNT/Ag) have been carried out. TNT/Ag nanocomposite materials were produced by combining the electrochemical anodization and chemical vapor deposition methods. Fabricated coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. The release effect of silver ions from TNT/Ag composites immersed in bodily fluids, has been studied using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The metabolic activity assay (MTT) was applied to determine the L929 murine fibroblasts adhesion and proliferation on the surface of TNT/Ag coatings. Moreover, the results of immunoassays (using peripheral blood mononuclear cells—PBMCs isolated from rats) allowed the estimation of the immunological activity of TNT/Ag surface materials. Antibacterial activity of TNT/Ag coatings with different morphological and structural features was estimated against two Staphylococcus aureus strains (ATCC 29213 and H9). The TNT/Ag nanocomposite layers produced revealed a good biocompatibility promoting the fibroblast adhesion and proliferation. A desirable anti-biofilm activity against the S. aureus reference strain was mainly noticed for these TiO₂ nanotube coatings, which contain dispersed Ag nanograins deposited on their surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Immunology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

1970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Hierarchical CuO/Cu₂O@NiCo₂S₄ Nanowire Arrays on Copper Foam for High Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes

by Luoxiao Zhou, Ying He, Congpu Jia, Vladimir Pavlinek, Petr Saha and Qilin Cheng

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090273 - 15 Sep 2017

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8821

Abstract

Hierarchical copper oxide @ ternary nickel cobalt sulfide (CuO/Cu₂O@NiCo₂S₄) core-shell nanowire arrays on Cu foam have been successfully constructed by a facile two-step strategy. Vertically aligned CuO/Cu₂O nanowire arrays are firstly grown on Cu foam [...] Read more.

Hierarchical copper oxide @ ternary nickel cobalt sulfide (CuO/Cu₂O@NiCo₂S₄) core-shell nanowire arrays on Cu foam have been successfully constructed by a facile two-step strategy. Vertically aligned CuO/Cu₂O nanowire arrays are firstly grown on Cu foam by one-step thermal oxidation of Cu foam, followed by electrodeposition of NiCo₂S₄ nanosheets on the surface of CuO/Cu₂O nanowires to form the CuO/Cu₂O@NiCo₂S₄ core-shell nanostructures. Structural and morphological characterizations indicate that the average thickness of the NiCo₂S₄ nanosheets is ~20 nm and the diameter of CuO/Cu₂O core is ~50 nm. Electrochemical properties of the hierarchical composites as integrated binder-free electrodes for supercapacitor were evaluated by various electrochemical methods. The hierarchical composite electrodes could achieve ultrahigh specific capacitance of 3.186 F cm⁻² at 10 mA cm⁻², good rate capability (82.06% capacitance retention at the current density from 2 to 50 mA cm⁻²) and excellent cycling stability, with capacitance retention of 96.73% after 2000 cycles at 10 mA cm⁻². These results demonstrate the significance of optimized design and fabrication of electrode materials with more sufficient electrolyte-electrode interface, robust structural integrity and fast ion/electron transfer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Based Fuel Cells and Supercapacitors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Ti-Based Coatings on Silicon Nanowires for Phosphopeptide Enrichment and Their Laser Assisted Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Detection

by Ievgen Kurylo, Abderrahmane Hamdi, Ahmed Addad, Rabah Boukherroub and Yannick Coffinier

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090272 - 15 Sep 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4163

Abstract

We created different TiO₂-based coatings on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) by using either thermal metallization or atomic layer deposition (ALD). The fabricated surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and reflectivity measurements. Surfaces with different TiO [...] Read more.

We created different TiO₂-based coatings on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) by using either thermal metallization or atomic layer deposition (ALD). The fabricated surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and reflectivity measurements. Surfaces with different TiO₂ based coating thicknesses were then used for phosphopeptide enrichment and subsequent detection by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). Results showed that the best enrichment and LDI-MS detection were obtained using the silicon nanowires covered with 10 nm of oxidized Ti deposited by means of thermal evaporation. This sample was also able to perform phosphopeptide enrichment and MS detection from serum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Mass Spectrometry Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Diffusion through a Titanium Dioxide/Poly(Carbonate Urethane) Nanocomposite for Protecting Cultural Heritage: Interactions and Viscoelastic Behavior

by Mario Abbate and Loredana D’Orazio

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090271 - 13 Sep 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3971

Abstract

Water diffusion through a TiO₂/poly (carbonate urethane) nanocomposite designed for the eco-sustainable protection of outdoor cultural heritage stonework was investigated. Water is recognized as a threat to heritage, hence the aim was to gather information on the amount of water uptake, [...] Read more.

Water diffusion through a TiO₂/poly (carbonate urethane) nanocomposite designed for the eco-sustainable protection of outdoor cultural heritage stonework was investigated. Water is recognized as a threat to heritage, hence the aim was to gather information on the amount of water uptake, as well as of species of water molecules absorbed within the polymer matrix. Gravimetric and vibrational spectroscopy measurements demonstrated that diffusion behavior of the nanocomposite/water system is Fickian, i.e., diffusivity is independent of concentration. The addition of only 1% of TiO₂ nanoparticles strongly betters PU barrier properties and water-repellency requirement is imparted. Defensive action against penetration of water free from, and bonded through, H-bonding association arises from balance among TiO₂ hydrophilicity, tortuosity effects and quality of nanoparticle dispersion and interfacial interactions. Further beneficial to antisoiling/antigraffiti action is that water-free fraction was found to be desorbed at a constant rate. In environmental conditions, under which weathering processes are most likely to occur, nanocomposite Tg values remain suitable for heritage treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Nanocomposites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

4028 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Retention of Antibacterial Activity in Geranium Plasma Polymer Thin Films

by Ahmed Al-Jumaili, Kateryna Bazaka and Mohan V. Jacob

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090270 - 13 Sep 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5343

Abstract

Bacterial colonisation of biomedical devices demands novel antibacterial coatings. Plasma-enabled treatment is an established technique for selective modification of physicochemical characteristics of the surface and deposition of polymer thin films. We investigated the retention of inherent antibacterial activity in geranium based plasma polymer [...] Read more.

Bacterial colonisation of biomedical devices demands novel antibacterial coatings. Plasma-enabled treatment is an established technique for selective modification of physicochemical characteristics of the surface and deposition of polymer thin films. We investigated the retention of inherent antibacterial activity in geranium based plasma polymer thin films. Attachment and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli was significantly reduced on the surfaces of samples fabricated at 10 W radio frequency (RF) power, compared to that of control or films fabricated at higher input power. This was attributed to lower contact angle and retention of original chemical functionality in the polymer films fabricated under low input power conditions. The topography of all surfaces was uniform and smooth, with surface roughness of 0.18 and 0.69 nm for films fabricated at 10 W and 100 W, respectively. Hardness and elastic modules of films increased with input power. Independent of input power, films were optically transparent within the visible wavelength range, with the main absorption at ~290 nm and optical band gap of ~3.6 eV. These results suggest that geranium extract-derived polymers may potentially be used as antibacterial coatings for contact lenses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoengineered Interfaces, Coatings and Structures by Plasma Techniques)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Near-Infrared-Triggered Photodynamic Therapy toward Breast Cancer Cells Using Dendrimer-Functionalized Upconversion Nanoparticles

by Bing-Yen Wang, Ming-Liang Liao, Guan-Ci Hong, Wen-Wei Chang and Chih-Chien Chu

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090269 - 11 Sep 2017

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7260

Abstract

Water-soluble upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) that exhibit significant ultraviolet, blue, and red emissions under 980-nm laser excitation were successfully synthesized for performing near infrared (NIR)-triggered photodynamic therapy (PDT). The lanthanide-doped UCNPs bearing oleate ligands were first exchanged by citrates to generate polyanionic surfaces and [...] Read more.

Water-soluble upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) that exhibit significant ultraviolet, blue, and red emissions under 980-nm laser excitation were successfully synthesized for performing near infrared (NIR)-triggered photodynamic therapy (PDT). The lanthanide-doped UCNPs bearing oleate ligands were first exchanged by citrates to generate polyanionic surfaces and then sequentially encapsulated with NH₂-terminated poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers (G4) and chlorine6 (Ce6) using a layer-by-layer (LBL) absorption strategy. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis confirm that the hybrid UCNPs possess a polygonal morphology with an average dimension of 16.0 ± 2.1 nm and α-phase crystallinity. A simple calculation derived through thermogravimetric analysis revealed that one polycationic G4 dendrimer could be firmly accommodated by approximately 150 polyanionic citrates through multivalent interactions. Moreover, zeta potential measurements indicated that the LBL fabrication results in the hybrid nanoparticles with positively charged surfaces originated from these dendrimers, which assist the cellular uptake in biological specimens. The cytotoxic singlet oxygen based on the photosensitization of the adsorbed Ce6 through the upconversion emissions can be readily accumulated by increasing the irradiation time of the incident lasers. Compared with that of 660-nm lasers, NIR-laser excitation exhibits optimized in vitro PDT effects toward human breast cancer MCF-7 cells cultured in the tumorspheres, and less than 40% of cells survived under a low Ce6 dosage of 2.5 × 10⁻⁷ M. Fluorescence microscopy analysis indicated that the NIR-driven PDT causes more effective destruction of the cells located inside spheres that exhibit significant cancer stem cell or progenitor cell properties. Moreover, an in vivo assessment based on immunohistochemical analysis for a 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model confirmed the effective inhibition of cancer cell proliferation through cellular DNA damage by the expression of Ki67 and γH2AX^ser139 protein markers. Thus, the hybrid UCNPs are a promising NIR-triggered PDT module for cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Vivo and in Vitro Studies: A Collection of Parallel Approaches)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

1967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Sonodynamic Therapeutic Effect of Polyion Complex Micelles Incorporating Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

by Satoshi Yamamoto, Masafumi Ono, Eiji Yuba and Atsushi Harada

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090268 - 11 Sep 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4208

Abstract

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) can act as sonosensitizers, generating reactive oxygen species under ultrasound irradiation, for use in sonodynamic therapy. For TiO₂ NPs delivery, we prepared polyion complex micelles incorporating TiO₂ NPs (TiO₂ NPs-PIC micelles) by mixing TiO [...] Read more.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) can act as sonosensitizers, generating reactive oxygen species under ultrasound irradiation, for use in sonodynamic therapy. For TiO₂ NPs delivery, we prepared polyion complex micelles incorporating TiO₂ NPs (TiO₂ NPs-PIC micelles) by mixing TiO₂ NPs with polyallylamine bearing poly(ethylene glycol) grafts. In this study, the effects of polymer composition and ultrasound irradiation conditions on the sonodynamic therapeutic effect toward HeLa cells were evaluated experimentally using cell viability evaluation, intracellular distribution observation, and a cell staining assay. TiO₂ NPs-PIC micelles with widely distributed features induced a significant decrease in cell viability under ultrasound irradiation. Furthermore, prolonging the irradiation time killed cells more effectively than did increasing the ultrasound power. The combination of TiO₂ NP-PIC micelles and ultrasound irradiation was confirmed to induce apoptotic cell death. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue ZnO and TiO₂ Based Nanostructures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechano-Physical Properties and Microstructure of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Cement Paste after Thermal Load

by Maciej Szeląg

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090267 - 11 Sep 2017

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 5833

Abstract

The article presents the results obtained in the course of a study on the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the modification of a cement matrix. Carbon nanotubes were introduced into a cement paste in the form of an aqueous dispersion in the [...] Read more.

The article presents the results obtained in the course of a study on the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the modification of a cement matrix. Carbon nanotubes were introduced into a cement paste in the form of an aqueous dispersion in the presence of a surfactant (SDS—sodium dodecyl sulfate), which was sonicated. The selected physical and mechanical parameters were examined, and the correlations between these parameters were determined. An analysis of the local microstructure of the modified cement pastes has been carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis (EDS). In addition, the effect of carbon nanotubes on the change in characteristics of the cementitious material exposed to the sudden, short-term thermal load, was determined. The obtained material was characterized by a much lower density than a traditional cement matrix because the phenomenon of foaming occurred. The material was also characterized by reduced durability, higher shrinkage, and higher resistance to the effect of elevated temperature. Further research on the carbon nanotube reinforced cement paste, with SDS, may contribute to the development of a modified cement binder for the production of a lightweight or an aerated concrete. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth Method-Dependent and Defect Density-Oriented Structural, Optical, Conductive, and Physical Properties of Solution-Grown ZnO Nanostructures

by Abu Ul Hassan Sarwar Rana, Ji Young Lee, Areej Shahid and Hyun-Seok Kim

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090266 - 10 Sep 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4870

Abstract

It is time for industry to pay a serious heed to the application and quality-dependent research on the most important solution growth methods for ZnO, namely, aqueous chemical growth (ACG) and microwave-assisted growth (MAG) methods. This study proffers a critical analysis on how [...] Read more.

It is time for industry to pay a serious heed to the application and quality-dependent research on the most important solution growth methods for ZnO, namely, aqueous chemical growth (ACG) and microwave-assisted growth (MAG) methods. This study proffers a critical analysis on how the defect density and formation behavior of ZnO nanostructures (ZNSs) are growth method-dependent. Both antithetical and facile methods are exploited to control the ZnO defect density and the growth mechanism. In this context, the growth of ZnO nanorods (ZNRs), nanoflowers, and nanotubes (ZNTs) are considered. The aforementioned growth methods directly stimulate the nanostructure crystal growth and, depending upon the defect density, ZNSs show different trends in structural, optical, etching, and conductive properties. The defect density of MAG ZNRs is the least because of an ample amount of thermal energy catered by high-power microwaves to the atoms to grow on appropriate crystallographic planes, which is not the case in faulty convective ACG ZNSs. Defect-centric etching of ZNRs into ZNTs is also probed and methodological constraints are proposed. ZNS optical properties are different in the visible region, which are quite peculiar, but outstanding for ZNRs. Hall effect measurements illustrate incongruent conductive trends in both samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue ZnO and TiO₂ Based Nanostructures)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

3966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Room Temperature Tunable Multiferroic Properties in Sol-Gel-Derived Nanocrystalline Sr(Ti_1−xFe_x)O_3−δ Thin Films

by Yi-Guang Wang, Xin-Gui Tang, Qiu-Xiang Liu, Yan-Ping Jiang and Li-Li Jiang

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090264 - 08 Sep 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4334

Abstract

Sr(Ti_1−xFe_x)O_3−δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) thin films were grown on Si(100) substrates with LaNiO₃ buffer-layer by a sol-gel process. Influence of Fe substitution concentration on the structural, ferroelectric, and magnetic properties, as well as the [...] Read more.

Sr(Ti_1−xFe_x)O_3−δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) thin films were grown on Si(100) substrates with LaNiO₃ buffer-layer by a sol-gel process. Influence of Fe substitution concentration on the structural, ferroelectric, and magnetic properties, as well as the leakage current behaviors of the Sr(Ti_1−xFe_x)O_3−δ thin films, were investigated by using the X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), the ferroelectric test system, and the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). After substituting a small amount of Ti ion with Fe, highly enhanced ferroelectric properties were obtained successfully in SrTi_0.9Ti_0.1O_3−δ thin films, with a double remanent polarization (2P_r) of 1.56, 1.95, and 9.14 μC·cm⁻², respectively, for the samples were annealed in air, oxygen, and nitrogen atmospheres. The leakage current densities of the Fe-doped SrTiO₃ thin films are about 10⁻⁶–10⁻⁵ A·cm⁻² at an applied electric field of 100 kV·cm⁻¹, and the conduction mechanism of the thin film capacitors with various Fe concentrations has been analyzed. The ferromagnetic properties of the Sr(Ti_1−xFe_x)O_3−δ thin films have been investigated, which can be correlated to the mixed valence ions and the effects of the grain boundary. The present results revealed the multiferroic nature of the Sr(Ti_1−xFe_x)O_3−δ thin films. The effect of the annealing environment on the room temperature magnetic and ferroelectric properties of Sr(Ti_0.9Fe_0.1)O_3−δ thin films were also discussed in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Toxicity and Functionalization of Nanomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Evaporation of Water on Graphene/Graphene-Oxide: A Molecular Dynamics Study

by Qibin Li, Yitian Xiao, Xiaoyang Shi and Shufeng Song

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090265 - 07 Sep 2017

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 8068

Abstract

To reveal the mechanism of energy storage in the water/graphene system and water/grapheme-oxide system, the processes of rapid evaporation of water molecules on the sheets of graphene and graphene-oxide are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that both the water/graphene and [...] Read more.

To reveal the mechanism of energy storage in the water/graphene system and water/grapheme-oxide system, the processes of rapid evaporation of water molecules on the sheets of graphene and graphene-oxide are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that both the water/graphene and water/grapheme-oxide systems can store more energy than the pure water system during evaporation. The hydroxyl groups on the surface of graphene-oxide are able to reduce the attractive interactions between water molecules and the sheet of graphene-oxide. Also, the radial distribution function of the oxygen atom indicates that the hydroxyl groups affect the arrangement of water molecules at the water/graphene-oxide interface. Therefore, the capacity of thermal energy storage of the water/graphene-oxide system is lower than that of the water/graphene system, because of less desorption energy at the water/graphene-oxide interface. Also, the evaporation rate of water molecules on the graphene-oxide sheet is slower than that on the graphene sheet. The Leidenfrost phenomenon can be observed during the evaporation process in the water/grapheme-oxide system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Melamine Resin Microspheres with Excess Formaldehyde for the SERS Substrate

by Lu Shen, Junfu Zhu, Yuqing Guo, Zhirong Zhu, Xiaogang Wang and Zhixian Hao

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090263 - 06 Sep 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5101

Abstract

Influence of the excess monomer within the synthetic reaction solution of melamine resin microspheres (MFMSs) on the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) enhancement from Rhodamine 6G (R6G) was investigated, where the R6G was adsorbed on the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that were loaded on the [...] Read more.

Influence of the excess monomer within the synthetic reaction solution of melamine resin microspheres (MFMSs) on the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) enhancement from Rhodamine 6G (R6G) was investigated, where the R6G was adsorbed on the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that were loaded on the MFMSs. Surface characteristics of the MFMSs were modified by the excess monomer (i.e., the excessive melamine or formaldehyde) through its terminal overreaction, which can be simply controlled by some of the synthetic reaction conditions, thus further allowing us to optimize the assembly of the loaded AgNPs for the SERS detection. These SERS substrates incorporating the optimized MFMSs with the excess formaldehyde can also be used for tracing analyses of more environmental and food contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for SERS Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

5638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Various Surfactants on the Dispersion of MWCNTs–OH in Aqueous Solution

by Hongzhi Cui, Xiantong Yan, Manuel Monasterio and Feng Xing

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090262 - 06 Sep 2017

Cited by 74 | Viewed by 5058

Abstract

Dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a challenge for their application in the resulting matrixes. The present study conducted a comparison investigation of the effect of four surfactants: Alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APEO), Silane modified polycarboxylate (Silane-PCE), I-Cationic polycarboxylate (I-C-PCE), and II-Cationic polycarboxylate (II-C-PCE) [...] Read more.

Dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a challenge for their application in the resulting matrixes. The present study conducted a comparison investigation of the effect of four surfactants: Alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APEO), Silane modified polycarboxylate (Silane-PCE), I-Cationic polycarboxylate (I-C-PCE), and II-Cationic polycarboxylate (II-C-PCE) on the dispersion of hydroxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs–OH). Among the four surfactants, APEO and II-C-PCE provide the best and the worst dispersion effect of CNTs in water, respectively. Dispersion effect of MWCNTs–OH has been characterized by optical microscope (OM), field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis).The OM images are well consistent with the UV–Vis results. Based on the chemical molecular structures of the four surfactants, the mechanism of MWCNTs–OH dispersion in water was investigated. For each kind of surfactant, an optimum surfactant/MWCNTs–OH ratio has been determined. This ratio showed a significant influence on the dispersion of MWCNTs–OH. Surfactant concentration higher or lower than this value can weaken the dispersion quality of MWCNTs–OH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Nanosciences, Computational Chemistry, and Data Analysis)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

6915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanosilver–Silica Composite: Prolonged Antibacterial Effects and Bacterial Interaction Mechanisms for Wound Dressings

by Dina A. Mosselhy, Henrika Granbohm, Ulla Hynönen, Yanling Ge, Airi Palva, Katrina Nordström and Simo-Pekka Hannula

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090261 - 06 Sep 2017

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6761

Abstract

Infected superficial wounds were traditionally controlled by topical antibiotics until the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Silver (Ag) is a kernel for alternative antibacterial agents to fight this resistance quandary. The present study demonstrates a method for immobilizing small-sized (~5 nm) silver nanoparticles on [...] Read more.

Infected superficial wounds were traditionally controlled by topical antibiotics until the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Silver (Ag) is a kernel for alternative antibacterial agents to fight this resistance quandary. The present study demonstrates a method for immobilizing small-sized (~5 nm) silver nanoparticles on silica matrix to form a nanosilver–silica (Ag–SiO₂) composite and shows the prolonged antibacterial effects of the composite in vitro. The composite exhibited a rapid initial Ag release after 24 h and a slower leaching after 48 and 72 h and was effective against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation was superior to filter-sterilization in retaining the antibacterial effects of the composite, through the higher remaining Ag concentration. A gauze, impregnated with the Ag–SiO₂ composite, showed higher antibacterial effects against MRSA and E. coli than a commercial Ag-containing dressing, indicating a potential for the management and infection control of superficial wounds. Transmission and scanning transmission electron microscope analyses of the composite-treated MRSA revealed an interaction of the released silver ions with the bacterial cytoplasmic constituents, causing ultimately the loss of bacterial membranes. The present results indicate that the Ag–SiO₂ composite, with prolonged antibacterial effects, is a promising candidate for wound dressing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Activity of Nanomaterials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

2894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomass Waste Inspired Highly Porous Carbon for High Performance Lithium/Sulfur Batteries

by Yan Zhao, Jun Ren, Taizhe Tan, Moulay-Rachid Babaa, Zhumabay Bakenov, Ning Liu and Yongguang Zhang

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090260 - 06 Sep 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5387

Abstract

The synthesis of highly porous carbon (HPC) materials from poplar catkin by KOH chemical activation and hydrothermal carbonization as a conductive additive to a lithium-sulfur cathode is reported. Elemental sulfur was composited with as-prepared HPC through a melt diffusion method to form a [...] Read more.

The synthesis of highly porous carbon (HPC) materials from poplar catkin by KOH chemical activation and hydrothermal carbonization as a conductive additive to a lithium-sulfur cathode is reported. Elemental sulfur was composited with as-prepared HPC through a melt diffusion method to form a S/HPC nanocomposite. Structure and morphology characterization revealed a hierarchically sponge-like structure of HPC with high pore volume (0.62 cm³∙g⁻¹) and large specific surface area (1261.7 m²∙g⁻¹). When tested in Li/S batteries, the resulting compound demonstrated excellent cycling stability, delivering a second-specific capacity of 1154 mAh∙g⁻¹ as well as presenting 74% retention of value after 100 cycles at 0.1 C. Therefore, the porous structure of HPC plays an important role in enhancing electrochemical properties, which provides conditions for effective charge transfer and effective trapping of soluble polysulfide intermediates, and remarkably improves the electrochemical performance of S/HPC composite cathodes. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hypophosphite/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Hybrids: Preparation and Flame-Retardant Application in Thermoplastic Polyurethane

by Yongqian Shi, Libi Fu, Xilei Chen, Jin Guo, Fuqiang Yang, Jingui Wang, Yuying Zheng and Yuan Hu

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090259 - 05 Sep 2017

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 5426

Abstract

A series of aluminum hypophosphite (AHPi)/graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) (designated as CAHPi) hybrids were prepared, followed by incorporation into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The introduction of CAHPi hybrids into TPU led to a marked reduction in the peak of the [...] Read more.

A series of aluminum hypophosphite (AHPi)/graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) (designated as CAHPi) hybrids were prepared, followed by incorporation into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The introduction of CAHPi hybrids into TPU led to a marked reduction in the peak of the heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release, weight loss rate, smoke production rate and total smoke production (TSP). For instance, pHRR and TSP decreased by 40% and 50% for TPU/CAHPi20. Furthermore, the increasing fire growth index and decreasing fire performance index were obtained for TPU/CAHPi systems, suggesting reduced fire hazards. It was found that improved fire safety of TPU nanocomposites was contributed by condensed phase and gas phase mechanisms. On one hand, g-C₃N₄ accelerated the thermal decomposition of AHPi for the formation of more char layers. On the other hand, g-C₃N₄ induced AHPi to generate more free radical capture agents when exposed to flame, besides protecting AHPi against thermal oxidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanostructures: Catalysis and Beyond)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

3006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Activated Carbon as Carrier on the Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-N-ZnO Photocatalyst for Methyl Orange Degradation under Visible Light Irradiation

by Xiaoqing Chen, Zhansheng Wu, Zhenzhen Gao and Bang-Ce Ye

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090258 - 05 Sep 2017

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 6555

Abstract

In order to enhance the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) by ZnO under visible light irradiation, ZnO nanoparticles co-doped with Ag and N and supported on activated carbon (AC) with different properties were synthesized through the sol-gel method. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized [...] Read more.

In order to enhance the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) by ZnO under visible light irradiation, ZnO nanoparticles co-doped with Ag and N and supported on activated carbon (AC) with different properties were synthesized through the sol-gel method. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized in terms of the structure and properties through X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption-desorption, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and electron spin resonance. The photocatalytic activities of these photocatalysts followed the order: Ag-N-ZnO/ACs > Ag-N-ZnO > N, or Ag single-doped ZnO > commercial ZnO. This result was attributed to the small particle size, large surface area, narrow band gap, and high charge separation of Ag-N-ZnO/ACs. The Ag-N-ZnO/coconut husk activated carbon (Ag-N-ZnO/CHAC) exhibited the highest degradation efficiency of 98.82% for MO under visible light irradiation. This outcome was due to the abundant pore structure of Ag-N-ZnO/CHAC, resulting in stronger adsorption than that of other Ag-N-ZnO/ACs. Moreover, the degradation of MO on photocatalysis followed first order kinetics. The reactive species ·OH and ·O₂⁻ played more important roles in the photocatalytic degradation of MO over composite photocatalyst. Ag-N-ZnO/CHAC photocatalyst exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than unsupported Ag-N-ZnO after five recycling runs. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14392 KiB

Open AccessReview

Production and Status of Bacterial Cellulose in Biomedical Engineering

by Mona Moniri, Amin Boroumand Moghaddam, Susan Azizi, Raha Abdul Rahim, Arbakariya Bin Ariff, Wan Zuhainis Saad, Mohammad Navaderi and Rosfarizan Mohamad

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090257 - 04 Sep 2017

Cited by 215 | Viewed by 14456

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure and crystalline material generated by aerobic bacteria, which has received significant interest due to its unique physiochemical characteristics in comparison with plant cellulose. BC, alone or in combination with different components (e.g., biopolymers and nanoparticles), can [...] Read more.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure and crystalline material generated by aerobic bacteria, which has received significant interest due to its unique physiochemical characteristics in comparison with plant cellulose. BC, alone or in combination with different components (e.g., biopolymers and nanoparticles), can be used for a wide range of applications, such as medical products, electrical instruments, and food ingredients. In recent years, biomedical devices have gained important attention due to the increase in medical engineering products for wound care, regeneration of organs, diagnosis of diseases, and drug transportation. Bacterial cellulose has potential applications across several medical sectors and permits the development of innovative materials. This paper reviews the progress of related research, including overall information about bacterial cellulose, production by microorganisms, mechanisms as well as BC cultivation and its nanocomposites. The latest use of BC in the biomedical field is thoroughly discussed with its applications in both a pure and composite form. This paper concludes the further investigations of BC in the future that are required to make it marketable in vital biomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Biomedical Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5532 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of a Transverse Field in Two Mixed-Spin Ising Bilayer Films

by Takahito Kaneyoshi

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090256 - 04 Sep 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3233

Abstract

The magnetic properties (phase diagrams and magnetizations) of two mixed-spin Ising bilayer films with a transverse field are investigated by the use of the effective field theory with correlations. The systems consist of two magnetic atoms where spin-1/2 atoms are directed to the [...] Read more.

The magnetic properties (phase diagrams and magnetizations) of two mixed-spin Ising bilayer films with a transverse field are investigated by the use of the effective field theory with correlations. The systems consist of two magnetic atoms where spin-1/2 atoms are directed to the z-direction and only spin-1 atoms are canted from the z-direction by applying a transverse field. We examined how magnetization sign reversal can be realized in the system, due to the effects of the transverse field on the spin-1 atoms. The compensation point phenomena are found in both systems, depending on the selections of physical parameters. However, the reentrant phenomena are found only for one of the two systems. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hollow Au–Ag Alloy Nanorices and Their Optical Properties

by Keke Yu, Xiaonan Sun, Liang Pan, Ting Liu, Anping Liu, Guo Chen and Yingzhou Huang

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090255 - 04 Sep 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4577

Abstract

Hollow noble metal nanoparticles have excellent performance not only in surface catalysis but also in optics. In this work, the hollow Au–Ag alloy nanorices are fabricated by the galvanic replacement reaction. The dark-field spectrum points out that there is a big difference in [...] Read more.

Hollow noble metal nanoparticles have excellent performance not only in surface catalysis but also in optics. In this work, the hollow Au–Ag alloy nanorices are fabricated by the galvanic replacement reaction. The dark-field spectrum points out that there is a big difference in the optical properties between the pure Ag nanorices and the hollow alloy nanorices that exhibit highly tunable localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) and that possess larger radiative damping, which is also indicated by the finite element method. Furthermore, the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and oxidation test indicate that hollow Au–Ag alloy nanorices show good anti-oxidation and have broad application prospects in surface-plasmon-related fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for SERS Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimum Specimen Geometry for Equibiaxial Experimental Tests of Reinforced Magnetorheological Elastomers with Iron Micro- and Nanoparticles

by Luis Manuel Palacios-Pineda, Imperio Anel Perales-Martínez, Mario Regino Moreno-Guerra and Alex Elías-Zúñiga

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090254 - 03 Sep 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4443

Abstract

The aim of this paper focused on obtaining the optimum cruciform geometry of reinforced magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) to perform homogeneous equibiaxial deformation tests, by using optimization algorithms and Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. To validate the proposed specimen geometry, a digital image correlation [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper focused on obtaining the optimum cruciform geometry of reinforced magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) to perform homogeneous equibiaxial deformation tests, by using optimization algorithms and Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. To validate the proposed specimen geometry, a digital image correlation (DIC) system was used to compare experimental result measurements with respect to those of FEM simulations. Moreover, and based on the optimum cruciform geometry, specimens produced from MRE reinforced with carbonyl-iron microparticles or iron nanoparticles were subjected to equibiaxial loading and unloading cycles to examine their Mullin’s effect and their residual strain deformations. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

1930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Properties of an Na₄Mn₉O₁₈-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Synthesized via Spray Drying for an Aqueous Sodium-Ion Battery

by Fuxing Yin, Zhengjun Liu, Yan Zhao, Yuting Feng and Yongguang Zhang

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090253 - 02 Sep 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4939

Abstract

An aqueous sodium ion battery (ASIB) with metal Zn as anode and Na₄Mn₉O₁₈-reduced graphene oxide (Na₄Mn₉O₁₈-RGO) as cathode has been developed. In this work, spherical Na₄Mn₉O₁₈ [...] Read more.

An aqueous sodium ion battery (ASIB) with metal Zn as anode and Na₄Mn₉O₁₈-reduced graphene oxide (Na₄Mn₉O₁₈-RGO) as cathode has been developed. In this work, spherical Na₄Mn₉O₁₈-RGO composite particles were prepared via spray drying. The aqueous battery exhibits stable cyclability and high specific capacities. Typically, a high initial discharge capacity of 61.7 mAh·g⁻¹ is attained at a high current rate of 4 C, and a stabilizing reversible capacity of 58.9 mAh·g⁻¹ was obtained after 150 cycles. The network interlaced by RGO sheets provided fast electron conduction paths and structural stability to accommodate the mechanical stresses induced by sodium insertion and extraction, so the Na₄Mn₉O₁₈-RGO electrode displayed superior electrochemical performance in the ASIB. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Nanomaterials, Volume 7, Issue 9 (September 2017) – 51 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI