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Nanomaterials, Volume 13, Issue 12 (June-2 2023) – 84 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Inspired by the self-cleaning performance of nano-/micro-composite structures on natural lotus leaves, a SiO2/PDMS/matte polyurethane biomimetic composite coating (BCC) was prepared via nano-polymerization spraying technology. The BCC reduced the average reflectivity of the aluminum alloy substrate surface from 60% to 10%, and the water contact angle (CA) was 156.32 ± 0.58°, illustrating that the antireflective and self-cleaning properties of the surface were significantly improved. The coating was able to withstand 44 abrasion tests, 230 tape stripping tests, and 210 scraping tests. After the test, the coating still showed satisfactory antireflective and self-cleaning properties, indicating its remarkable mechanical stability. View this paper
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23 pages, 16336 KiB  
Article
Structure and Optical Anisotropy of Spider Scales and Silk: The Use of Chromaticity and Azimuth Colors to Optically Characterize Complex Biological Structures
by Denver Linklater, Arturas Vailionis, Meguya Ryu, Shuji Kamegaki, Junko Morikawa, Haoran Mu, Daniel Smith, Pegah Maasoumi, Rohan Ford, Tomas Katkus, Sean Blamires, Toshiaki Kondo, Yoshiaki Nishijima, Daniel Moraru, Michael Shribak, Andrea O’Connor, Elena P. Ivanova, Soon Hock Ng, Hideki Masuda and Saulius Juodkazis
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121894 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2777
Abstract
Herein, we give an overview of several less explored structural and optical characterization techniques useful for biomaterials. New insights into the structure of natural fibers such as spider silk can be gained with minimal sample preparation. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) over a broad range [...] Read more.
Herein, we give an overview of several less explored structural and optical characterization techniques useful for biomaterials. New insights into the structure of natural fibers such as spider silk can be gained with minimal sample preparation. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) over a broad range of wavelengths (from X-ray to THz) provides information of the structure of the material at correspondingly different length scales (nm-to-mm). When the sample features, such as the alignment of certain fibers, cannot be characterized optically, polarization analysis of the optical images can provide further information on feature alignment. The 3D complexity of biological samples necessitates that there be feature measurements and characterization over a large range of length scales. We discuss the issue of characterizing complex shapes by analysis of the link between the color and structure of spider scales and silk. For example, it is shown that the green-blue color of a spider scale is dominated by the chitin slab’s Fabry–Pérot-type reflectivity rather than the surface nanostructure. The use of a chromaticity plot simplifies complex spectra and enables quantification of the apparent colors. All the experimental data presented herein are used to support the discussion on the structure–color link in the characterization of materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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14 pages, 4216 KiB  
Article
Spray Flame Synthesis and Multiscale Characterization of Carbon Black–Silica Hetero-Aggregates
by Simon Buchheiser, Ferdinand Kistner, Frank Rhein and Hermann Nirschl
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121893 - 20 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1176
Abstract
The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries requires constant improvements in the areas of production and recycling to reduce their environmental impact. In this context, this work presents a method for structuring carbon black aggregates by adding colloidal silica via a spray flame with [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries requires constant improvements in the areas of production and recycling to reduce their environmental impact. In this context, this work presents a method for structuring carbon black aggregates by adding colloidal silica via a spray flame with the goal of opening up more choices for polymeric binders. The main focus of this research lies in the multiscale characterization of the aggregate properties via small-angle X-ray scattering, analytical disc centrifugation and electron microscopy. The results show successful formation of sinter-bridges between silica and carbon black leading to an increase in hydrodynamic aggregate diameter from 201 nm to up to 357 nm, with no significant changes in primary particle properties. However, segregation and coalescence of silica particles was identified for higher mass ratios of silica to carbon black, resulting in a reduction in the homogeneity of the hetero-aggregates. This effect was particularly evident for silica particles with larger diameters of 60 nm. Consequently, optimal conditions for hetero-aggregation were identified at mass ratios below 1 and particle sizes around 10 nm, at which homogenous distributions of silica within the carbon black structure were achieved. The results emphasise the general applicability of hetero-aggregation via spray flames with possible applications as battery materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Design for Energy-Related Applications)
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13 pages, 4067 KiB  
Article
Superior High Transistor’s Effective Mobility of 325 cm2/V-s by 5 nm Quasi-Two-Dimensional SnON nFET
by Pheiroijam Pooja, Chun Che Chien and Albert Chin
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121892 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 944
Abstract
This work reports the first nanocrystalline SnON (7.6% nitrogen content) nanosheet n-type Field-Effect Transistor (nFET) with the transistor’s effective mobility (µeff) as high as 357 and 325 cm2/V-s at electron density (Qe) of 5 × 1012 [...] Read more.
This work reports the first nanocrystalline SnON (7.6% nitrogen content) nanosheet n-type Field-Effect Transistor (nFET) with the transistor’s effective mobility (µeff) as high as 357 and 325 cm2/V-s at electron density (Qe) of 5 × 1012 cm−2 and an ultra-thin body thickness (Tbody) of 7 nm and 5 nm, respectively. At the same Tbody and Qe, these µeff values are significantly higher than those of single-crystalline Si, InGaAs, thin-body Si-on-Insulator (SOI), two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 and WS2. The new discovery of a slower µeff decay rate at high Qe than that of the SiO2/bulk-Si universal curve was found, owing to a one order of magnitude lower effective field (Eeff) by more than 10 times higher dielectric constant (κ) in the channel material, which keeps the electron wave-function away from the gate-oxide/semiconductor interface and lowers the gate-oxide surface scattering. In addition, the high µeff is also due to the overlapped large radius s-orbitals, low 0.29 mo effective mass (me*) and low polar optical phonon scattering. SnON nFETs with record-breaking µeff and quasi-2D thickness enable a potential monolithic three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuit (IC) and embedded memory for 3D biological brain-mimicking structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Electron Devices)
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13 pages, 6407 KiB  
Article
Polarization Splitting at Visible Wavelengths with the Rutile TiO2 Ridge Waveguide
by Xinzhi Zheng, Yujie Ma, Chenxi Zhao, Bingxi Xiang, Mingyang Yu, Yanmeng Dai, Fang Xu, Jinman Lv, Fei Lu, Cangtao Zhou and Shuangchen Ruan
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121891 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1041
Abstract
On-chip polarization control is in high demand for novel integrated photonic applications such as polarization division multiplexing and quantum communications. However, due to the sensitive scaling of the device dimension with wavelength and the visible-light absorption properties, traditional passive silicon photonic devices with [...] Read more.
On-chip polarization control is in high demand for novel integrated photonic applications such as polarization division multiplexing and quantum communications. However, due to the sensitive scaling of the device dimension with wavelength and the visible-light absorption properties, traditional passive silicon photonic devices with asymmetric waveguide structures cannot achieve polarization control at visible wavelengths. In this paper, a new polarization-splitting mechanism based on energy distributions of the fundamental polarized modes in the r-TiO2 ridge waveguide is investigated. The bending loss for different bending radii and the optical coupling properties of the fundamental modes in different r-TiO2 ridge waveguide configurations are analyzed. In particular, a polarization splitter with a high extinction ratio operating at visible wavelengths based on directional couplers (DCs) in the r-TiO2 ridge waveguide is proposed. Polarization-selective filters based on micro-ring resonators (MRRs) with resonances of only TE or TM polarizations are designed and operated. Our results show that polarization-splitters for visible wavelengths with a high extinction ratio in DC or MRR configurations can be achieved with a simple r-TiO2 ridge waveguide structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Properties of Nanostructured Thin Films)
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15 pages, 4926 KiB  
Article
Metal-Ion-Doped Manganese Halide Hybrids with Tunable Emission for Advanced Anti-Counterfeiting
by Chun Sun, Hu Zhang, Zhihui Deng, Chao Fan, Xiaohui Liu, Mingming Luo, Yiwei Zhao and Kai Lian
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1890; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121890 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1022
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive luminescent materials have received great attention for their potential application in anti-counterfeiting and information encryption. Manganese halide hybrids have been considered an efficient stimuli-responsive luminescent material due to their low price and adjustable photoluminescence (PL). However, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of [...] Read more.
Stimuli-responsive luminescent materials have received great attention for their potential application in anti-counterfeiting and information encryption. Manganese halide hybrids have been considered an efficient stimuli-responsive luminescent material due to their low price and adjustable photoluminescence (PL). However, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of PEA2MnBr4 is relatively low. Herein, Zn2+- and Pb2+-doped PEA2MnBr4 samples are synthesized, and show an intense green emission and orange emission, respectively. After doping with Zn2+, the PLQY of PEA2MnBr4 is elevated from 9% to 40%. We have found that green emitting Zn2+-doped PEA2MnBr4 could transform to a pink color after being exposed to air for several seconds and the reversible transformation from pink to green was achieved by using heating treatment. Benefiting from this property, an anti-counterfeiting label is fabricated, which exhibits excellent “pink-green-pink” cycle capability. Pb2+-doped PEA2Mn0.88Zn0.12Br4 is acquired by cation exchange reaction, which shows intense orange emission with a high QY of 85%. The PL of Pb2+-doped PEA2Mn0.88Zn0.12Br4 decreases with increasing temperature. Hence, the encrypted multilayer composite film is fabricated relying on the different thermal responses of Zn2+- and Pb2+-doped PEA2MnBr4, whereby the encrypted information can be read out by thermal treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanocrystal in LED Lighting and Display)
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14 pages, 13162 KiB  
Article
Modification of Fabrication Process for Prolonged Nitrogen Release of Lignin–Montmorillonite Biocomposite Encapsulated Urea
by Mohamed I. D. Helal, Zhaohui Tong, Hassan A. Khater, Muhammad A. Fathy, Fatma E. Ibrahim, Yuncong Li and Noha H. Abdelkader
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121889 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1116
Abstract
Crop production faces challenges in achieving high fertilizer use efficiency. To address this issue, slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) have emerged as effective solutions to minimize nutrient losses caused by leaching, runoff, and volatilization. In addition, replacing petroleum-based synthetic polymers with biopolymers for SRFs offers [...] Read more.
Crop production faces challenges in achieving high fertilizer use efficiency. To address this issue, slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) have emerged as effective solutions to minimize nutrient losses caused by leaching, runoff, and volatilization. In addition, replacing petroleum-based synthetic polymers with biopolymers for SRFs offers substantial benefits in terms of sustainability of crop production and soil quality preservation, as biopolymers are biodegradable and environmentally friendly. This study focuses on modifying a fabrication process to develop a bio-composite comprising biowaste lignin and low-cost montmorillonite clay mineral for encapsulating urea to create a controllable release fertilizer (CRU) with a prolonged nitrogen release function. CRUs containing high N contents of 20 to 30 wt.% were successfully and extensively characterized using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the releases of N from CRUs in water and soil extended to considerably long periods of 20 and 32 days, respectively. The significance of this research is the production of CRU beads that contain high N percentages and have a high soil residence period. These beads can enhance plant nitrogen utilization efficiency, reduce fertilizer consumption, and ultimately contribute to agricultural production. Full article
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3 pages, 181 KiB  
Editorial
Recent Developments in Photoluminescent, Photothermal and Photocatalytic Nanomaterials
by Zhixing Gan
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121888 - 19 Jun 2023
Viewed by 792
Abstract
Photoactive nanomaterials exhibit myriad customized properties, including a photon converting ability, specific surface area, physicochemical stability, and chemical reactivity, making them appealing for a wide range of practical applications [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
15 pages, 15888 KiB  
Article
Improved Ionic Transport Using a Novel Semiconductor Co0.6Mn0.4Fe0.4Al1.6O4 and Its Heterostructure with Zinc Oxide for Electrolyte Membrane in LT-CFCs
by Yiwang Dong, Naveed Mushtaq, Muhammad. A. K. Yousaf Shah, Muhammad Yousaf, Yuzheng Lu, Peng Cao, Qing Ma and Changhong Deng
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121887 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 827
Abstract
Improving the ionic conductivity and slow oxygen reduction electro-catalytic activity of reactions occurring at low operating temperature would do wonders for the widespread use of low-operating temperature ceramic fuel cells (LT-CFCs; 450–550 °C). In this work, we present a novel semiconductor heterostructure composite [...] Read more.
Improving the ionic conductivity and slow oxygen reduction electro-catalytic activity of reactions occurring at low operating temperature would do wonders for the widespread use of low-operating temperature ceramic fuel cells (LT-CFCs; 450–550 °C). In this work, we present a novel semiconductor heterostructure composite made of a spinel-like structure of Co0.6Mn0.4Fe0.4Al1.6O4 (CMFA) and ZnO, which functions as an effective electrolyte membrane for solid oxide fuel cells. For enhanced fuel cell performance at sub-optimal temperatures, the CMFA–ZnO heterostructure composite was developed. We have shown that a button-sized SOFC fueled by H2 and ambient air can provide 835 mW/cm2 of power and 2216 mA/cm2 of current at 550 °C, possibly functioning down to 450 °C. In addition, the oxygen vacancy formation energy and activation energy of the CMFA–ZnO heterostructure composite is lower than those of the individual CMFA and ZnO, facilitating ion transit. The improved ionic conduction of the CMFA–ZnO heterostructure composite was investigated using several transmission and spectroscopic measures, including X-ray diffraction, photoelectron, and UV–visible spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These findings suggest that the heterostructure approach is practical for LT-SOFCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Enabled Materials for Clean Water and Energy Generation)
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43 pages, 5142 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress in Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells
by Steponas Ašmontas and Muhammad Mujahid
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121886 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5297
Abstract
Tandem solar cells are widely considered the industry’s next step in photovoltaics because of their excellent power conversion efficiency. Since halide perovskite absorber material was developed, it has been feasible to develop tandem solar cells that are more efficient. The European Solar Test [...] Read more.
Tandem solar cells are widely considered the industry’s next step in photovoltaics because of their excellent power conversion efficiency. Since halide perovskite absorber material was developed, it has been feasible to develop tandem solar cells that are more efficient. The European Solar Test Installation has verified a 32.5% efficiency for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. There has been an increase in the perovskite/Si tandem devices’ power conversion efficiency, but it is still not as high as it might be. Their instability and difficulties in large-area realization are significant challenges in commercialization. In the first part of this overview, we set the stage by discussing the background of tandem solar cells and their development over time. Subsequently, a concise summary of recent advancements in perovskite tandem solar cells utilizing various device topologies is presented. In addition, we explore the many possible configurations of tandem module technology: the present work addresses the characteristics and efficacy of 2T monolithic and mechanically stacked four-terminal devices. Next, we explore ways to boost perovskite tandem solar cells’ power conversion efficiencies. Recent advancements in the efficiency of tandem cells are described, along with the limitations that are still restricting their efficiency. Stability is also a significant hurdle in commercializing such devices, so we proposed eliminating ion migration as a cornerstone strategy for solving intrinsic instability problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Thin Films for Perovskite Solar Cells)
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18 pages, 13620 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Properties for SWCNT/Cu Nanocomposite Metamaterials: A Molecular Dynamics Study
by Hai-Ning Zhang, Yin Fan and Hui-Shen Shen
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121885 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 868
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is a promising candidate for strengthening nanocomposite. As the matrix of nanocomposite, a single crystal of copper is designed to be in-plane auxetic along the crystal orientation [1 1 0]. In that way, the nanocomposite could also be auxetic [...] Read more.
Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is a promising candidate for strengthening nanocomposite. As the matrix of nanocomposite, a single crystal of copper is designed to be in-plane auxetic along the crystal orientation [1 1 0]. In that way, the nanocomposite could also be auxetic when enhanced by (7, 2) a single-walled carbon nanotube with relatively small in-plane Poisson’s ratio. A series of molecular dynamics (MD) models of the nanocomposite metamaterial are then established to study mechanical behaviors of the nanocomposite. In the modelling, the gap between copper and SWCNT is determined following the principle of crystal stability. The enhanced effect for different content and temperature in different directions is discussed in detail. This study provides a complete set of mechanical parameters of nanocomposite including thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) from 300 K to 800 K for five weight fractions, which is essential for a wide range of applications of auxetic nanocomposites in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current State-of-the-Art of SWCNT, MWCNT, and Mixed CNT)
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22 pages, 13493 KiB  
Article
Cu(II) and Mn(II) Anchored on Functionalized Mesoporous Silica with Schiff Bases: Effects of Supports and Metal–Ligand Interactions on Catalytic Activity
by Mihaela Mureseanu, Mihaela Filip, Irina Bleotu, Cezar Ionut Spinu, Alexandru Horia Marin, Iulia Matei and Viorica Parvulescu
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121884 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1013
Abstract
New series of Cu(II) and Mn(II) complexes with Schiff base ligands derived from 2-furylmethylketone (Met), 2-furaldehyde (Fur), and 2-hydroxyacetopheneone (Hyd) have been synthesized in situ on SBA-15-NH2, MCM-48-NH2, and MCM-41-NH2 functionalized supports. The hybrid materials were characterized by [...] Read more.
New series of Cu(II) and Mn(II) complexes with Schiff base ligands derived from 2-furylmethylketone (Met), 2-furaldehyde (Fur), and 2-hydroxyacetopheneone (Hyd) have been synthesized in situ on SBA-15-NH2, MCM-48-NH2, and MCM-41-NH2 functionalized supports. The hybrid materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, SEM and TEM microscopy, TG analysis, and AAS, FTIR, EPR, and XPS spectroscopies. Catalytic performances were tested in oxidation with the hydrogen peroxide of cyclohexene and of different aromatic and aliphatic alcohols (benzyl alcohol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, and 1-buten-3-ol). The catalytic activity was correlated with the type of mesoporous silica support, ligand, and metal–ligand interactions. The best catalytic activity of all tested hybrid materials was obtained in the oxidation of cyclohexene on SBA-15-NH2-MetMn as a heterogeneous catalyst. No leaching was evidenced for Cu and Mn complexes, and the Cu catalysts were more stable due to a more covalent interaction of the metallic ions with the immobilized ligands. Full article
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35 pages, 3892 KiB  
Review
Focus Review on Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensing of Glucose for Health Applications
by Domenica Tonelli, Isacco Gualandi, Erika Scavetta and Federica Mariani
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121883 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1373
Abstract
Diabetes management can be considered the first paradigm of modern personalized medicine. An overview of the most relevant advancements in glucose sensing achieved in the last 5 years is presented. In particular, devices exploiting both consolidated and innovative electrochemical sensing strategies, based on [...] Read more.
Diabetes management can be considered the first paradigm of modern personalized medicine. An overview of the most relevant advancements in glucose sensing achieved in the last 5 years is presented. In particular, devices exploiting both consolidated and innovative electrochemical sensing strategies, based on nanomaterials, have been described, taking into account their performances, advantages and limitations, when applied for the glucose analysis in blood and serum samples, urine, as well as in less conventional biological fluids. The routine measurement is still largely based on the finger-pricking method, which is usually considered unpleasant. In alternative, glucose continuous monitoring relies on electrochemical sensing in the interstitial fluid, using implanted electrodes. Due to the invasive nature of such devices, further investigations have been carried out in order to develop less invasive sensors that can operate in sweat, tears or wound exudates. Thanks to their unique features, nanomaterials have been successfully applied for the development of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose sensors, which are compliant with the specific needs of the most advanced applications, such as flexible and deformable systems capable of conforming to skin or eyes, in order to produce reliable medical devices operating at the point of care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Applications)
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16 pages, 4920 KiB  
Article
An Innovative Polarisation-Insensitive Perfect Metamaterial Absorber with an Octagonal-Shaped Resonator for Energy Harvesting at Visible Spectra
by Mohammad Jakir Hossain, Md. Habibur Rahman and Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121882 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1858
Abstract
Perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) is an attractive optical wavelength absorber with potential solar energy and photovoltaic applications. Perfect metamaterials used as solar cells can improve efficiency by amplifying incident solar waves on the PMA. This study aims to assess a wide-band octagonal PMA [...] Read more.
Perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) is an attractive optical wavelength absorber with potential solar energy and photovoltaic applications. Perfect metamaterials used as solar cells can improve efficiency by amplifying incident solar waves on the PMA. This study aims to assess a wide-band octagonal PMA for a visible wavelength spectrum. The proposed PMA consists of three layers: nickel, silicon dioxide, and nickel. Based on the simulations, polarisation-insensitive absorption transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes were achieved due to symmetry. The proposed PMA structure was subjected to computational simulation using a FIT-based CST simulator. The design structure was again confirmed using FEM-based HFSS to maintain pattern integrity and absorption analysis. The absorption rates of the absorber were estimated at 99.987% and 99.997% for 549.20 THz and 653.2 THz, respectively. The results indicated that the PMA could achieve high absorption peaks in TE and TM modes despite being insensitive to polarisation and the incident angle. Electric field and magnetic field analyses were performed to understand the absorption of the PMA for solar energy harvesting. In conclusion, the PMA possesses outstanding visible frequency absorption, making it a promising option. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Optics and Nano-Optoelectronics: Challenges and Future Trends)
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17 pages, 5105 KiB  
Article
Osteogenic Potential of Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Strontium-Substituted Nano-Hydroxyapatite
by Georgia-Ioanna Kontogianni, Catarina Coelho, Rémy Gauthier, Sonia Fiorilli, Paulo Quadros, Chiara Vitale-Brovarone and Maria Chatzinikolaidou
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121881 - 17 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1127
Abstract
Nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHA) is the major mineral component of bone. It is highly biocompatible, osteoconductive, and forms strong bonds with native bone, making it an excellent material for bone regeneration. However, enhanced mechanical properties and biological activity for nanoHA can be achieved through enrichment [...] Read more.
Nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHA) is the major mineral component of bone. It is highly biocompatible, osteoconductive, and forms strong bonds with native bone, making it an excellent material for bone regeneration. However, enhanced mechanical properties and biological activity for nanoHA can be achieved through enrichment with strontium ions. Here, nanoHA and nanoHA with a substitution degree of 50 and 100% of calcium with strontium ions (Sr-nanoHA_50 and Sr-nanoHA_100, respectively) were produced via wet chemical precipitation using calcium, strontium, and phosphorous salts as starting materials. The materials were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and osteogenic potential in direct contact with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells. All three nanoHA-based materials were cytocompatible, featured needle-shaped nanocrystals, and had enhanced osteogenic activity in vitro. The Sr-nanoHA_100 indicated a significant increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity at day 14 compared to the control. All three compositions revealed significantly higher calcium and collagen production up to 21 days in culture compared to the control. Gene expression analysis exhibited, for all three nanoHA compositions, a significant upregulation of osteonectin and osteocalcin on day 14 and of osteopontin on day 7 compared to the control. The highest osteocalcin levels were found for both Sr-substituted compounds on day 14. These results demonstrate the great osteoinductive potential of the produced compounds, which can be exploited to treat bone disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications II)
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22 pages, 1378 KiB  
Review
The Effect of Nanomaterials on DNA Methylation: A Review
by Ana Valente, Luís Vieira, Maria João Silva and Célia Ventura
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121880 - 17 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4205
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that involves the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine residue in CpG dinucleotides, which are particularly abundant in gene promoter regions. Several studies have highlighted the role that modifications of DNA methylation may have on [...] Read more.
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that involves the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine residue in CpG dinucleotides, which are particularly abundant in gene promoter regions. Several studies have highlighted the role that modifications of DNA methylation may have on the adverse health effects caused by exposure to environmental toxicants. One group of xenobiotics that is increasingly present in our daily lives are nanomaterials, whose unique physicochemical properties make them interesting for a large number of industrial and biomedical applications. Their widespread use has raised concerns about human exposure, and several toxicological studies have been performed, although the studies focusing on nanomaterials’ effect on DNA methylation are still limited. The aim of this review is to investigate the possible impact of nanomaterials on DNA methylation. From the 70 studies found eligible for data analysis, the majority were in vitro, with about half using cell models related to the lungs. Among the in vivo studies, several animal models were used, but most were mice models. Only two studies were performed on human exposed populations. Global DNA methylation analyses was the most frequently applied approach. Although no trend towards hypo- or hyper-methylation could be observed, the importance of this epigenetic mechanism in the molecular response to nanomaterials is evident. Furthermore, methylation analysis of target genes and, particularly, the application of comprehensive DNA methylation analysis techniques, such as genome-wide sequencing, allowed identifying differentially methylated genes after nanomaterial exposure and affected molecular pathways, contributing to the understanding of their possible adverse health effects. Full article
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45 pages, 16512 KiB  
Review
Review of Electrochemically Synthesized Resistive Switching Devices: Memory Storage, Neuromorphic Computing, and Sensing Applications
by Somnath S. Kundale, Girish U. Kamble, Pradnya P. Patil, Snehal L. Patil, Kasturi A. Rokade, Atul C. Khot, Kiran A. Nirmal, Rajanish K. Kamat, Kyeong Heon Kim, Ho-Myoung An, Tukaram D. Dongale and Tae Geun Kim
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121879 - 17 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1959
Abstract
Resistive-switching-based memory devices meet most of the requirements for use in next-generation information and communication technology applications, including standalone memory devices, neuromorphic hardware, and embedded sensing devices with on-chip storage, due to their low cost, excellent memory retention, compatibility with 3D integration, in-memory [...] Read more.
Resistive-switching-based memory devices meet most of the requirements for use in next-generation information and communication technology applications, including standalone memory devices, neuromorphic hardware, and embedded sensing devices with on-chip storage, due to their low cost, excellent memory retention, compatibility with 3D integration, in-memory computing capabilities, and ease of fabrication. Electrochemical synthesis is the most widespread technique for the fabrication of state-of-the-art memory devices. The present review article summarizes the electrochemical approaches that have been proposed for the fabrication of switching, memristor, and memristive devices for memory storage, neuromorphic computing, and sensing applications, highlighting their various advantages and performance metrics. We also present the challenges and future research directions for this field in the concluding section. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Memristive Nanomaterials)
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21 pages, 3282 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Influence of Wound-Treatment-Relevant Buffer Systems on the Colloidal and Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles
by Atiđa Selmani, Ramona Jeitler, Michael Auinger, Carolin Tetyczka, Peter Banzer, Brian Kantor, Gerd Leitinger and Eva Roblegg
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121878 - 17 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1042
Abstract
Biocompatible gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used in wound healing due to their radical scavenging activity. They shorten wound healing time by, for example, improving re-epithelialization and promoting the formation of new connective tissue. Another approach that promotes wound healing through cell proliferation while [...] Read more.
Biocompatible gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used in wound healing due to their radical scavenging activity. They shorten wound healing time by, for example, improving re-epithelialization and promoting the formation of new connective tissue. Another approach that promotes wound healing through cell proliferation while inhibiting bacterial growth is an acidic microenvironment, which can be achieved with acid-forming buffers. Accordingly, a combination of these two approaches appears promising and is the focus of the present study. Here, 18 nm and 56 nm gold NP (Au) were prepared with Turkevich reduction synthesis using design-of-experiments methodology, and the influence of pH and ionic strength on their behaviour was investigated. The citrate buffer had a pronounced effect on the stability of AuNPs due to the more complex intermolecular interactions, which was also confirmed by the changes in optical properties. In contrast, AuNPs dispersed in lactate and phosphate buffer were stable at therapeutically relevant ionic strength, regardless of their size. Simulation of the local pH distribution near the particle surface also showed a steep pH gradient for particles smaller than 100 nm. This suggests that the healing potential is further enhanced by a more acidic environment at the particle surface, making this strategy a promising approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphological Design and Synthesis of Nanoparticles)
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14 pages, 4678 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Surface Processing on the Surface Plasmonic Enhancement of an Al-Nanoparticles-Enhanced ZnO UV Photodectector
by Gaoming Li, Qianwen Yan, Xiaolong Zhao and Yongning He
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121877 - 17 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1050
Abstract
Surface Plasmonic Resonance (SPR) induced by metallic nanoparticles can be exploited to enhance the response of photodetectors (PD) to a large degree. Since the interface between metallic nanoparticles and semiconductors plays an important role in SPR, the magnitude of the enhancement is highly [...] Read more.
Surface Plasmonic Resonance (SPR) induced by metallic nanoparticles can be exploited to enhance the response of photodetectors (PD) to a large degree. Since the interface between metallic nanoparticles and semiconductors plays an important role in SPR, the magnitude of the enhancement is highly dependent on the morphology and roughness of the surface where the nanoparticles are distributed. In this work, we used mechanical polishing to produce different surface roughnesses for the ZnO film. Then, we exploited sputtering to fabricate Al nanoparticles on the ZnO film. The size and spacing of the Al nanoparticles were adjusted by sputtering power and time. Finally, we made a comparison among the PD with surface processing only, the Al-nanoparticles-enhanced PD, and the Al-nanoparticles-enhanced PD with surface processing. The results showed that increasing the surface roughness could enhance the photo response due to the augmentation of light scattering. More interestingly, the SPR induced by the Al nanoparticles could be strengthened by increasing the roughness. The responsivity could be enlarged by three orders of magnitude after we introduced surface roughness to boost the SPR. This work revealed the mechanism behind how surface roughness influences SPR enhancement. This provides new means for improving the photo responses of SPR-enhanced photodetectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Optical Nanomaterials)
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20 pages, 6507 KiB  
Article
From Synthesis to Clinical Trial: Novel Bioinductive Calcium Deficient HA/β-TCP Bone Grafting Nanomaterial
by Oleg Mishchenko, Anna Yanovska, Oksana Sulaieva, Roman Moskalenko, Mykola Pernakov, Yevheniia Husak, Viktoriia Korniienko, Volodymyr Deineka, Oleksii Kosinov, Olga Varakuta, Simonas Ramanavicius, Suren Varzhapetjan, Almira Ramanaviciene, Dzanna Krumina, Gundega Knipše, Arunas Ramanavicius and Maksym Pogorielov
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121876 - 17 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1150
Abstract
Maxillary sinus augmentation is a commonly used procedure for the placement of dental implants. However, the use of natural and synthetic materials in this procedure has resulted in postoperative complications ranging from 12% to 38%. To address this issue, we developed a novel [...] Read more.
Maxillary sinus augmentation is a commonly used procedure for the placement of dental implants. However, the use of natural and synthetic materials in this procedure has resulted in postoperative complications ranging from 12% to 38%. To address this issue, we developed a novel calcium deficient HA/β-TCP bone grafting nanomaterial using a two-step synthesis method with appropriate structural and chemical parameters for sinus lifting applications. We demonstrated that our nanomaterial exhibits high biocompatibility, enhances cell proliferation, and stimulates collagen expression. Furthermore, the degradation of β-TCP in our nanomaterial promotes blood clot formation, which supports cell aggregation and new bone growth. In a clinical trial involving eight cases, we observed the formation of compact bone tissue 8 months after the operation, allowing for the successful installation of dental implants without any early postoperative complications. Our results suggest that our novel bone grafting nanomaterial has the potential to improve the success rate of maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Nanomaterials for Dental Diseases Management)
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22 pages, 4297 KiB  
Article
Production and Incorporation of Calcium-Hydrolyzed Nanoparticles in Alkali-Activated Mine Tailings
by Yibran Perera-Mercado, Nan Zhang, Ahmadreza Hedayat, Linda Figueroa, Esmeralda Saucedo-Salazar, Cara Clements, Héctor Gelber Bolaños Sosa, Néstor Tupa, Isaac Yanqui Morales and Reynaldo Sabino Canahua Loza
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121875 - 17 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1023
Abstract
This work presented the production and incorporation of calcium-hydrolyzed nano-solutions at three concentrations (1, 2, and 3 wt.%) in alkali-activated gold mine tailings (MTs) from Arequipa, Perú. As the primary activator solution, a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 10 M was used. Calcium-hydrolyzed [...] Read more.
This work presented the production and incorporation of calcium-hydrolyzed nano-solutions at three concentrations (1, 2, and 3 wt.%) in alkali-activated gold mine tailings (MTs) from Arequipa, Perú. As the primary activator solution, a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 10 M was used. Calcium-hydrolyzed nanoparticles with a particle size of 10 nm were localized inside self-assembled molecular spherical systems (micelles) with diameters of less than 80 nm that were well-dispersed in aqueous solutions and acted as secondary activator, and also as additional calcium resource for alkali-activated materials (AAMs) based on low-calcium gold MTs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HR-TEM/EDS) analyses were carried out to characterize the morphology, size, and structure of the calcium-hydrolyzed nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses were then used to understand the chemical bonding interactions in the calcium-hydrolyzed nanoparticles and in the AAMs. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) were performed to study the structural, chemical, and phase compositions of the AAMs; uniaxial compressive tests evaluated the compressive strength of the reaction AAMs; and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analyses measured porosity changes in the AAMs at the nanostructure level. The results indicated that the main cementing product generated was amorphous binder gel with low quantities of nanostructured C-S-H and C-A-S-H phases. The surplus production of this amorphous binder gel produced denser AAMs at the micro-level and nano-level (macroporous systems). In addition, each increase in the concentration of calcium-hydrolyzed nano-solution had a direct/proportional effect on the mechanical properties of the AAM samples. AAM with 3 wt.% calcium-hydrolyzed nano-solution had the highest compressive strength, with a value of 15.16 MPa, which represented an increase of 62% compared with the original system without nanoparticles that were aged under the same conditions at 70 °C for seven days. These results provided useful information about the positive effect of calcium-hydrolyzed nanoparticles on gold MTs and their conversion into sustainable building materials through alkali activation. Full article
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30 pages, 6044 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress on Ligand-Protected Metal Nanoclusters in Photocatalysis
by Meegle S. Mathew, Greeshma Krishnan, Amita Aanne Mathews, Kevin Sunil, Leo Mathew, Rodolphe Antoine and Sabu Thomas
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121874 - 16 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1669
Abstract
The reckless use of non-replenishable fuels by the growing population for energy and the resultant incessant emissions of hazardous gases and waste products into the atmosphere have insisted that scientists fabricate materials capable of managing these global threats at once. In recent studies, [...] Read more.
The reckless use of non-replenishable fuels by the growing population for energy and the resultant incessant emissions of hazardous gases and waste products into the atmosphere have insisted that scientists fabricate materials capable of managing these global threats at once. In recent studies, photocatalysis has been employed to focus on utilizing renewable solar energy to initiate chemical processes with the aid of semiconductors and highly selective catalysts. A wide range of nanoparticles has showcased promising photocatalytic properties. Metal nanoclusters (MNCs) with sizes below 2 nm, stabilized by ligands, show discrete energy levels and exhibit unique optoelectronic properties, which are vital to photocatalysis. In this review, we intend to compile information on the synthesis, true nature, and stability of the MNCs decorated with ligands and the varying photocatalytic efficiency of metal NCs concerning changes in the aforementioned domains. The review discusses the photocatalytic activity of atomically precise ligand-protected MNCs and their hybrids in the domain of energy conversion processes such as the photodegradation of dyes, the oxygen evolution reaction (ORR), the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Full article
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18 pages, 3123 KiB  
Article
Contribution of Processes in SN Electrodes to the Transport Properties of SN-N-NS Josephson Junctions
by Vsevolod Ruzhickiy, Sergey Bakurskiy, Mikhail Kupriyanov, Nikolay Klenov, Igor Soloviev, Vasily Stolyarov and Alexander Golubov
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121873 - 16 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1059
Abstract
In this paper, we present a theoretical study of electronic transport in planar Josephson Superconductor–Normal Metal–Superconductor (SN-N-NS) bridges with arbitrary transparency of the SN interfaces. We formulate and solve the two-dimensional problem of finding the spatial distribution of the supercurrent in the SN [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present a theoretical study of electronic transport in planar Josephson Superconductor–Normal Metal–Superconductor (SN-N-NS) bridges with arbitrary transparency of the SN interfaces. We formulate and solve the two-dimensional problem of finding the spatial distribution of the supercurrent in the SN electrodes. This allows us to determine the scale of the weak coupling region in the SN-N-NS bridges, i.e., to describe this structure as a serial connection between the Josephson contact and the linear inductance of the current-carrying electrodes. We show that the presence of a two-dimensional spatial current distribution in the SN electrodes leads to a modification of the current–phase relation and the critical current magnitude of the bridges. In particular, the critical current decreases as the overlap area of the SN parts of the electrodes decreases. We show that this is accompanied by a transformation of the SN-N-NS structure from an SNS-type weak link to a double-barrier SINIS contact. In addition, we find the range of interface transparency in order to optimise device performance. The features we have discovered should have a significant impact on the operation of small-scale superconducting electronic devices, and should be taken into account in their design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructures for Superconducting Electronics)
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12 pages, 3346 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Mechanically Stable Superamphiphobic Coatings via Combining Phase Separation of Adhesive and Fluorinated SiO2 for Anti-Icing
by Jinfei Wei, Weidong Liang and Junping Zhang
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121872 - 16 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 992
Abstract
Superamphiphobic coatings have widespread application potential in various fields, e.g., anti-icing, anti-corrosion and self-cleaning, but are seriously limited by poor mechanical stability. Here, mechanically stable superamphiphobic coatings were fabricated by spraying the suspension composed of phase-separated silicone-modified polyester (SPET) adhesive microspheres with fluorinated [...] Read more.
Superamphiphobic coatings have widespread application potential in various fields, e.g., anti-icing, anti-corrosion and self-cleaning, but are seriously limited by poor mechanical stability. Here, mechanically stable superamphiphobic coatings were fabricated by spraying the suspension composed of phase-separated silicone-modified polyester (SPET) adhesive microspheres with fluorinated silica (FD-POS@SiO2) on them. The effects of non-solvent and SPET adhesive contents on the superamphiphobicity and mechanical stability of the coatings were studied. Due to the phase separation of SPET and the FD-POS@SiO2 nanoparticles, the coatings present a multi-scale micro-/nanostructure. Combined with the FD-POS@SiO2 nanoparticles of low surface energy, the coatings present outstanding static and dynamic superamphiphobicity. Meanwhile, the coatings present outstanding mechanical stability due to the adhesion effect of SPET. In addition, the coatings present outstanding chemical and thermal stability. Moreover, the coatings can obviously delay the water freezing time and decrease the icing adhesion strength. We trust that the superamphiphobic coatings have widespread application potential in the anti-icing field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Superoleophobic Surfaces from Nanomaterials or Nanostructures)
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11 pages, 2957 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of NiMoO4/NiMo@NiS Nanorods for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reactions in Electrocatalysts
by Sen Hu, Cuili Xiang, Yongjin Zou, Fen Xu and Lixian Sun
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121871 - 16 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1337
Abstract
As traditional energy structures transition to new sources, hydrogen is receiving significant research attention owing to its potential as a clean energy source. The most significant problem with electrochemical hydrogen evolution is the need for highly efficient catalysts to drive the overpotential required [...] Read more.
As traditional energy structures transition to new sources, hydrogen is receiving significant research attention owing to its potential as a clean energy source. The most significant problem with electrochemical hydrogen evolution is the need for highly efficient catalysts to drive the overpotential required to generate hydrogen gas by electrolyzing water. Experiments have shown that the addition of appropriate materials can reduce the energy required for hydrogen production by electrolysis of water and enable it to play a greater catalytic role in these evolution reactions. Therefore, more complex material compositions are required to obtain these high-performance materials. This study investigates the preparation of hydrogen production catalysts for cathodes. First, rod-like NiMoO4/NiMo is grown on NF (Nickel Foam) using a hydrothermal method. This is used as a core framework, and it provides a higher specific surface area and electron transfer channels. Next, spherical NiS is generated on the NF/NiMo4/NiMo, thus ultimately achieving efficient electrochemical hydrogen evolution. The NF/NiMo4/NiMo@NiS material exhibits a remarkably low overpotential of only 36 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 in a potassium hydroxide solution, indicating its potential use in energy-related applications for HER processes. Full article
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13 pages, 2002 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors Using Rice Husk-Activated Carbon and MnFe2O4 Nanostructures
by Faheem Ahmed, Shalendra Kumar, Nagih M. Shaalan, Nishat Arshi, Saurabh Dalela and Keun Hwa Chae
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1870; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121870 - 16 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1252
Abstract
To meet the growing demand for efficient and sustainable power sources, it is crucial to develop high-performance energy storage systems. Additionally, they should be cost-effective and able to operate without any detrimental environmental side effects. In this study, rice husk-activated carbon (RHAC), which [...] Read more.
To meet the growing demand for efficient and sustainable power sources, it is crucial to develop high-performance energy storage systems. Additionally, they should be cost-effective and able to operate without any detrimental environmental side effects. In this study, rice husk-activated carbon (RHAC), which is known for its abundance, low cost, and excellent electrochemical performance, was combined with MnFe2O4 nanostructures to improve the overall capacitance of asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) and their energy density. A series of activation and carbonization steps are involved in the fabrication process for RHAC from rice husk. Furthermore, the BET surface area for RHAC was determined to be 980 m2 g−1 and superior porosities (average pore diameter of 7.2 nm) provide abundant active sites for charge storage. Additionally, MnFe2O4 nanostructures were effective pseudocapacitive electrode materials due to their combined Faradic and non-Faradic capacitances. In order to assess the electrochemical performance of ASCs extensively, several characterization techniques were employed, including galvanostatic charge –discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Comparatively, the ASC demonstrated a maximum specific capacitance of ~420 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g. The as-fabricated ASC possesses remarkable electrochemical characteristics, including high specific capacitance, superior rate capability, and long-term cycle stability. The developed asymmetric configuration retained 98% of its capacitance even after 12,000 cycles performed at a current density of 6A/g, demonstrating its stability and reliability for supercapacitors. The present study demonstrates the potential of synergistic combinations of RHAC and MnFe2O4 nanostructures in improving supercapacitor performance, as well as providing a sustainable method of using agricultural waste for energy storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional 2D Nanomaterials for Photoelectrochemical Applications)
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23 pages, 7167 KiB  
Article
Dual Labeling of Primary Cells with Fluorescent Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles
by Nadine Brune, Benedikt Mues, Eva Miriam Buhl, Kai-Wolfgang Hintzen, Stefan Jockenhoevel, Christian G. Cornelissen, Ioana Slabu and Anja Lena Thiebes
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121869 - 16 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1080
Abstract
The interest in mesenchymal stromal cells as a therapy option is increasing rapidly. To improve their implementation, location, and distribution, the properties of these must be investigated. Therefore, cells can be labeled with nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent for fluorescence and magnetic [...] Read more.
The interest in mesenchymal stromal cells as a therapy option is increasing rapidly. To improve their implementation, location, and distribution, the properties of these must be investigated. Therefore, cells can be labeled with nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent for fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, a more efficient protocol for an easy synthesis of rose bengal–dextran-coated gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3-dex-RB) nanoparticles within only 4 h was established. Nanoparticles were characterized by zeta potential measurements, photometric measurements, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, and MRI. In vitro cell experiments with SK-MEL-28 and primary adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASC), nanoparticle internalization, fluorescence and MRI properties, and cell proliferation were performed. The synthesis of Gd2O3-dex-RB nanoparticles was successful, and they were proven to show adequate signaling in fluorescence microscopy and MRI. Nanoparticles were internalized into SK-MEL-28 and ASC via endocytosis. Labeled cells showed sufficient fluorescence and MRI signal. Labeling concentrations of up to 4 mM and 8 mM for ASC and SK-MEL-28, respectively, did not interfere with cell viability and proliferation. Gd2O3-dex-RB nanoparticles are a feasible contrast agent to track cells via fluorescence microscopy and MRI. Fluorescence microscopy is a suitable method to track cells in in vitro experiments with smaller samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials as Contrast Agents for MRI)
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12 pages, 2307 KiB  
Article
Elimination of Chirality in Three-Dimensionally Confined Open-Access Microcavities
by Yiming Li, Yuan Li, Xiaoxuan Luo, Chaowei Guo, Yuanbin Qin, Hongbing Fu, Yanpeng Zhang, Feng Yun, Qing Liao and Feng Li
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121868 - 16 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 979
Abstract
The emergent optical activity (OA) caused by anisotropic light emitter in microcavities is an important physical mechanism discovered recently, which leads to Rashba–Dresselhaus photonic spin-orbit (SO) coupling. In this study, we report a sharp contrast of the roles of the emergent OA in [...] Read more.
The emergent optical activity (OA) caused by anisotropic light emitter in microcavities is an important physical mechanism discovered recently, which leads to Rashba–Dresselhaus photonic spin-orbit (SO) coupling. In this study, we report a sharp contrast of the roles of the emergent OA in free and confined cavity photons, by observing the optical chirality in a planar–planar microcavity and its elimination in a concave–planar microcavity, evidenced by polarization-resolved white-light spectroscopy, which agrees well with the theoretical predictions based on the degenerate perturbation theory. Moreover, we theoretically predict that a slight phase gradient in real space can partially restore the effect of the emergent OA in confined cavity photons. The results are significant additions to the field of cavity spinoptronics and provide a novel method for manipulating photonic SO coupling in confined optical systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Optoelectronic Application)
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13 pages, 10307 KiB  
Article
High-Quality Recrystallization of Amorphous Silicon on Si (100) Induced via Laser Annealing at the Nanoscale
by Zhuo Chen, Huilong Zhu, Guilei Wang, Qi Wang, Zhongrui Xiao, Yongkui Zhang, Jinbiao Liu, Shunshun Lu, Yong Du, Jiahan Yu, Wenjuan Xiong, Zhenzhen Kong, Anyan Du, Zijin Yan and Yantong Zheng
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121867 - 15 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1323
Abstract
At sub-3 nm nodes, the scaling of lateral devices represented by a fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) and gate-all-around field effect transistors (GAAFET) faces increasing technical challenges. At the same time, the development of vertical devices in the three-dimensional direction has excellent potential for [...] Read more.
At sub-3 nm nodes, the scaling of lateral devices represented by a fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) and gate-all-around field effect transistors (GAAFET) faces increasing technical challenges. At the same time, the development of vertical devices in the three-dimensional direction has excellent potential for scaling. However, existing vertical devices face two technical challenges: “self-alignment of gate and channel” and “precise gate length control”. A recrystallization-based vertical C-shaped-channel nanosheet field effect transistor (RC-VCNFET) was proposed, and related process modules were developed. The vertical nanosheet with an “exposed top” structure was successfully fabricated. Moreover, through physical characterization methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the influencing factors of the crystal structure of the vertical nanosheet were analyzed. This lays the foundation for fabricating high-performance and low-cost RC-VCNFETs devices in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Memory Nanomaterials: Growth, Characterization and Device Fabrication)
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15 pages, 25274 KiB  
Article
Designing 3D Ternary Hybrid Composites Composed of Graphene, Biochar and Manganese Dioxide as High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes
by Vahid Babaahmadi, S. E. M. Pourhosseini, Omid Norouzi and Hamid Reza Naderi
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121866 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1100
Abstract
Biochar derived from waste biomass has proven to be an encouraging novel electrode material in supercapacitors. In this work, luffa sponge-derived activated carbon with a special structure is produced through carbonization and KOH activation. The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and manganese dioxide (MnO [...] Read more.
Biochar derived from waste biomass has proven to be an encouraging novel electrode material in supercapacitors. In this work, luffa sponge-derived activated carbon with a special structure is produced through carbonization and KOH activation. The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) are in-situ synthesized on luffa-activated carbon (LAC) to improve the supercapacitive behavior. The structure and morphology of LAC, LAC-rGO and LAC-rGO-MnO2 are characterized by the employment of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET analysis, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performance of electrodes is performed in two and three-electrode systems. In the asymmetrical two-electrode system, the LAC-rGO-MnO2//Co3O4-rGO device shows high specific capacitance (SC), high-rate capability and excellent cycle reversibly in a wide potential window of 0–1.8 V. The maximum specific capacitance (SC) of the asymmetric device is 586 F g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1. More importantly, the LAC-rGO-MnO2//Co3O4-rGO device exhibits a specific energy of 31.4 W h kg−1 at a specific power of 400 W kg−1. Overall, the synergistic effect between the ternary structures of microporous LAC, rGO sheets and MnO2 nanoparticles leads to the introduction of high-performance hierarchical supercapacitor electrodes. Full article
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20 pages, 7002 KiB  
Article
Morphology and Dynamics in Hydrated Graphene Oxide/Branched Poly(ethyleneimine) Nanocomposites: An In Silico Investigation
by Anastassia Rissanou, Apostolos Konstantinou and Kostas Karatasos
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1865; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121865 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 816
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO)—branched poly(ethyleneimine) (BPEI) hydrated mixtures were studied by means of fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to assess the effects of the size of polymers and the composition on the morphology of the complexes, the energetics of the systems and the dynamics [...] Read more.
Graphene oxide (GO)—branched poly(ethyleneimine) (BPEI) hydrated mixtures were studied by means of fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to assess the effects of the size of polymers and the composition on the morphology of the complexes, the energetics of the systems and the dynamics of water and ions within composites. The presence of cationic polymers of both generations hindered the formation of stacked GO conformations, leading to a disordered porous structure. The smaller polymer was found to be more efficient at separating the GO flakes due to its more efficient packing. The variation in the relative content of the polymeric and the GO moieties provided indications for the existence of an optimal composition in which interaction between the two components was more favorable, implying more stable structures. The large number of hydrogen-bonding donors afforded by the branched molecules resulted in a preferential association with water and hindered its access to the surface of the GO flakes, particularly in polymer-rich systems. The mapping of water translational dynamics revealed the existence of populations with distinctly different mobilities, depending upon the state of their association. The average rate of water transport was found to depend sensitively on the mobility of the freely to move molecules, which was varied strongly with composition. The rate of ionic transport was found to be very limited below a threshold in terms of polymer content. Both, water diffusivity and ionic transport were enhanced in the systems with the larger branched polymers, particularly with a lower polymer content, due to the higher availability of free volume for the respective moieties. The detail afforded in the present work provides a new insight for the fabrication of BPEI/GO composites with a controlled microstructure, enhanced stability and adjustable water transport and ionic mobility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Based Nanocomposites: Experiment, Theory and Simulations)
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