Membrane-Based Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Types of Membranes for Hydrogen Production
- High thermal and mechanical stability
- Cost-effective and economic fabrication process
- Excellent ionic conductivity
- Excellent electrical insulation
- High oxidative and hydrolytic stability
- Excellent ability to block ion crossover via membrane/low diffusivity
- Low swelling
- Easy fabrication of the membrane electrode assemblies (MEA)
- High chemical/electrochemical stability
2.1. Nafion™
2.2. Polybenzimidazole (PBI)
2.3. Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone (SPEEK)
2.4. Others
3. Types of Water Electrolysis Technologies
3.1. Nonmembrane-Based Electrolysis
Alkaline Electrolysis
3.2. Membrane-Based Electrolysis
3.2.1. Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis
3.2.2. Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Electrolysis
3.2.3. Solid Oxide Electrolysis
3.2.4. Microbial Electrolysis
3.2.5. Acid-Alkaline Amphoteric Electrolysis
3.2.6. Photoelectrochemical Electrolysis
3.3. Summary
4. Parameters Affecting the Membrane-Based Electrolysis
4.1. Temperature
4.2. Electrolytes Concentration
4.3. Electrolytes Flowrate
4.4. Others
5. Challenges and Future Trends
6. Conclusions
Abbreviation
AEM | Anion exchange membrane |
AAA | Acidic-alkaline amphoteric |
PA | Phosphoric acid |
PBI | Polybenzimidazole |
PEEK | Poly ether ether ketone |
PEM | Proton Exchange Membrane |
SPEEK | Sulfonated poly ether ether ketone |
MEC | Microbial electrolysis cell |
PEC | Photoelectrochemical |
SOE | Solid oxide electrolysis |
CuCl-HCl | Copper chloride-hydrochloric acid |
OER | Oxygen evolution reaction |
HER | Hydrogen evolution reaction |
MFC | Microbial fuel cell |
GHG | Greenhouse gases |
PBI/ZrP | Polybenzimidazole/Zirconium phosphate |
PEME | Proton exchange membrane electrolyzer |
PFSA | Perfluorinated sulfonic acid |
PEMFC | Proton exchange membrane fuel cell |
MEA | Membrane electrode assemblies |
SPES | Sulfonated polyether sulfone |
YSZ | Yittria stabilized zirconia |
CGO | Gadolinium doped ceria |
SSZ | Scadinia stabilized zirconia |
LDC | Lanthanum doped cerium |
LSGM | Lanthanum gallate-based electrolyte |
SPAES | Sulfonated Polyaryl Ether Sulfone |
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Electrolyte(s) Concentration (M) | Temperature (°C) | Membrane | Electrolyte Flowrate (cm3 min−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kamaroddin M.F.A et al., 2020 [21] | 0.01–0.2 M CuCl | 100–130 | PBI/ZrP | CuCl: 3–30 HCl: 3–30 |
1 M HCl | ||||
Abdo & Easton 2016 [95] | 0.2 M CuCl, 2 M HCl | 25 | Nafion™/Polyaniline (PANI) | CuCl/HCl: 60 DI water: 60 |
DI water | ||||
Naterer et al., 2015 [94] | 0.5–1.0 M CuCl | 45–60 | Nafion™ 117 | CuCl: 600 |
6–10 M HCl | HYDRion | HCl: 600 | ||
Aghahosseini et al., 2013 [99] | 0.5–1.0 M CuCl | 25–60 | Nafion™ 117 | CuCl: 100–500 |
6–10 M HCl | HCl: 100–500 | |||
Edge 2013 [91] | 0.002–0.2 M CuCl | 25–80 | Nafion™ | CuCl: 40–200 |
2 M HCl | HCl: 40–200 | |||
Schatz et al., 2013 [100] | 1–2 M CuCl | 80 | Nafion™ | CuCl: 59 |
6 M HCl | HCl: 130 | |||
Balashov 2011 [92] | 0.2–1.0 M CuCl | 22–30 | Nafion™ 115 | CuCl: 30 & 68 |
2 M HCl | HCl: 28.5 | |||
Gong et al., 2010 [100] | 0.2–1.0 M CuCl | 24–65 | Nafion™ | CuCl: 3.4–22 |
2–6 M HCl | HCl: 4.4–27 |
Authors | Membrane Electrode Assembly GDL * (anode/cathode) | Temperature (°C) | Membrane | Electrolyte | Voltage (V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leng et al., 2012 [108] | Ti foam/Ti foam | 50 | A-201, Takuyama | Deionized water | 1.8 |
Pavel et al., 2014 [109] | Ni foam/carbon cloth | 50 | A-201 Takuyama | 1% K2CO3/KHCO3 | 1.9 |
Xiao et al., 2012 [110] | Ni form/stainless steel fiber felt | 70 | xQAPS | Ultrapure water | 1.85 |
Wu et al., 2011 [111] | Stainless steel mesh/stainless steel mesh | 25 | Quaternary ammonium | 1 M KOH | 1.8 |
Seetharaman et al., 2013 [112] | NiO/NiO | 80 | Selemion AMV | 0–5.36 M KOH | 1.9 |
Joe et al., 2014 [113] | Ni oxide/Ni | 30 | Selemion AMV | Deionized water | 2.0 |
References | Membrane | Temperature (°C) | Durability Test Time (h) | Electrolysis Reactant | Voltage (V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[116] | YSZ */CGO | 750 | 120 | H2O | 1.15 |
[117] | SSZ | 700 | 330 | H2O | 1.30 |
[118] | SSZ | 700 | 1000 | H2O | 1.30 |
[119] | LDC/LSGM/LDC | 800 | - | H2O | 0.95 |
[120] | YSZ * | 800 | 300 | H2O/CO2 | 1.40 |
Year | Description | References |
---|---|---|
2005 | Hydrogen gas generated from acetate using a full anaerobic microbial fuel cell | [129] |
2008 | Biocathode was used in MEC | [130] |
2009 | Effort to increase the hydrogen production by using an economical cathode SS A286 and nickel | [131] |
2010 | Establishment of a life cycle assessment for microbial electrolysis cells | [132] |
2012 | Conversion of CO2 to methane using MEC technology | [133] |
2015 | Dark fermentation and MEC were integrated and evaluated by producing hydrogen from sugar beet juice | [134] |
2016 | Removal of cadmium by using MEC | [135] |
2018 | Prefermentation of MEC as the medium with which to check the role of free nitrous acid | [136] |
2019 | A method to quantify the internal resistance of MECs was developed | [137] |
2020 | The effectiveness of chloroform as a homoacetogen inhibitor was demonstrated | [138] |
2021 | The effect of high applied voltages on bioanodes in the presence of chlorides was studied | [81] |
References | Electrolyte(s) Concentration (M) | Temperature (°C) | Membrane | Voltage (V) | Current Density (A cm−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[138] | 3 M H2SO4/6 M KOH | 20 | PBI/Graphitic carbon nitride | 1.98 | 800 |
[83] | 1–3 M H2SO4/6 M KOH | 20–60 | Nafion 115, | 2.0 | 800 |
OPBI, m-PBI | |||||
[34] | 1–2 M H2SO4/2–4 KOH | 30–50 | Nafion 115 | 2.2 | 200 |
References | Membrane | Agent | Reactor |
---|---|---|---|
[145] | TiO2-Nafion-Pt | Methanol | - |
[146] | Pt/SrTiO3Rh-Nafion | Water | H-type integrated |
[147] | BiVO4-Nafion | Water | Dual |
[148] | Porous Nafion-Pt-TiO2 | Ethanol | |
[149] | WO3-TiO2-Pt-Nafion | Water | H-type |
[150] | Carbon coated Degussa TiO2-P25 | Water | - |
[151] | Nafion, FKE Fumatech, sulfonated polyethersulfone (sPES), sPES/mesoporous-Si-MCM41-nanoparticles | Water | - |
Water Splitting Technologies | Advantages | Disadvantages | Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|
Alkaline Type of diaphragm: porous inorganic (asbestos, ceramic, cement) | Well established technology Economical Very durable Operates at low temperature (30–80 °C) Inexpensive electrocatalyst | High concentration corrosive electrolytes Limited current density (below 400 mA/cm2) Low operating pressure Low energy efficiency Low gas purity | 60–80% |
Solid oxide Types of membranes: oxygen ion ceramic electrolyte membrane, YSZ | Dual-function fuel cell and electrolyzer Superior ionic conductivity Ultrapure hydrogen Excellent efficiency | Very high operating temperature (500–850 °C) Energy intensive process and not economical Low durability (stability and degradation)Still immature technology—lab scale | 90–~100% |
PEM Type of membranes: Nafion™, PBI, SPEEK, polyethylene | High hydrogen purity (up to 99.995%), High current density High voltage efficiency Dynamic operation | High-cost catalysts Mildly durable Costly membrane More expensive stack materials compared to alkaline Partially established technology | 70–90% |
AEM Types of membranes: A201 membrane, Selenion AMV, A901 membrane | Lower cost of catalysts Inexpensive stack components -(Nickel-based) | Low ionic conductivity Early stage of development Low power efficiency Low membrane stability Large Ohmic resistance loss Large catalyst loading | 50–70% |
Acid-alkaline amphoteric Types of membranes: bipolar membrane, acid-doped PBI-based membranes, Nafion™ | Reduced energy consumption Reduced overpotential Hydrogen production four times that of alkaline electrolysis | Increased membrane resistance Need to use bipolar ion-exchange membrane Need to use both acidic and alkaline electrolytes | ~100% |
Microbial Types of membranes: SPAES */polyimide, SPEEK, SPEEK/PES, Nafion™, AMI-7001, bipolar membranes, charge-mosaic membranes, microporous membranes | Requires only a low external voltage Uses organic materials | Still under development High internal resistance Complicated design Low rates of hydrogen production Fabrication and operational costs are high | 60–70% |
Photoelectrochemical Types of membranes: polyamide, Nafion™ based membrane | Direct solar to hydrogen conversion Simpler setup | Low conversion factor Low hydrogen production Still at infancy stage | <10% |
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Ahmad Kamaroddin, M.F.; Sabli, N.; Tuan Abdullah, T.A.; Siajam, S.I.; Abdullah, L.C.; Abdul Jalil, A.; Ahmad, A. Membrane-Based Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: A Review. Membranes 2021, 11, 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110810
Ahmad Kamaroddin MF, Sabli N, Tuan Abdullah TA, Siajam SI, Abdullah LC, Abdul Jalil A, Ahmad A. Membrane-Based Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: A Review. Membranes. 2021; 11(11):810. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110810
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Kamaroddin, Mohd Fadhzir, Nordin Sabli, Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah, Shamsul Izhar Siajam, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Aishah Abdul Jalil, and Arshad Ahmad. 2021. "Membrane-Based Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: A Review" Membranes 11, no. 11: 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110810