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Antioxidants, Volume 9, Issue 4 (April 2020) – 89 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Twin pregnancies have a higher risk of fetal growth restriction and preterm labor. The number of twin pregnancies is growing due to the increase in childbearing age, and early prediction in pregnant women is a key target. Obstetric complications are associated with oxidative stress; we hypothesize that low levels of antioxidants in maternal plasma in early pregnancy can help predict fetal complications. In pregnant women with twin gestations, a low plasma antioxidant status in the first trimester is associated with the development of fetal growth restriction. Furthermore, a low maternal level of the antioxidant hormone melatonin is associated with preterm labor and lower birth weight. View this paper.
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28 pages, 5333 KiB  
Article
Melatonin Enhances Palladium-Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in Human Lung Epithelial Adenocarcinoma Cells A549 and H1229
by Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Muniyandi Jeyaraj, Min-Hee Kang and Jin-Hoi Kim
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040357 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3908
Abstract
Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are increasingly being used in medical and biological applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Recent evidence suggests that these nanoparticles can act as both a pro-oxidant and as an antioxidant. Melatonin (MLT), which also shows pro- and [...] Read more.
Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are increasingly being used in medical and biological applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Recent evidence suggests that these nanoparticles can act as both a pro-oxidant and as an antioxidant. Melatonin (MLT), which also shows pro- and antioxidant properties, can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents when combined with anticancer drugs. Nevertheless, studies regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of PdNPs and MLT in cancer cells are still lacking. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential toxicological and molecular mechanisms of PdNPs, MLT, and the combination of PdNPs with MLT in A549 lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells. We evaluated cell viability, cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in cells treated with different concentrations of PdNPs and MLT. PdNPs and MLT induced cytotoxicity, which was confirmed by leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, increased intracellular protease, and reduced membrane integrity. Oxidative stress increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), protein carbonyl content (PCC), lipid hydroperoxide (LHP), and 8-isoprostane. Combining PdNPs with MLT elevated the levels of mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP content, mitochondrial number, and expression levels of the main regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, PdNPs and MLT induced apoptosis and oxidative DNA damage due to accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG), and 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG). Finally, PdNPs and MLT increased mitochondrially mediated stress and apoptosis, which was confirmed by the increased expression levels of apoptotic genes. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the effects of combining PdNPs and MLT in human lung cancer cells. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in PdNP- and MLT-induced toxicity, and it may be that this combination therapy could be a potential effective therapeutic approach. This combination effect provides information to support the clinical evaluation of PdNPs and MLT as a suitable agents for lung cancer treatment, and the combined effect provides therapeutic value, as non-toxic concentrations of PdNPs and MLT are more effective, better tolerated, and show less adverse effects. Finally, this study suggests that MLT could be used as a supplement in nano-mediated combination therapies used to treat lung cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section ROS, RNS and RSS)
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23 pages, 1000 KiB  
Review
Strategies to Preserve Postharvest Quality of Horticultural Crops and Superficial Scald Control: From Diphenylamine Antioxidant Usage to More Recent Approaches
by Cindy Dias, Ana L. Amaro, Ângelo C. Salvador, Armando J. D. Silvestre, Sílvia M. Rocha, Nélson Isidoro and Manuela Pintado
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040356 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4494
Abstract
Horticultural crops are vulnerable to several disorders, which affect their physiological and organoleptic quality. For about forty years, the control of physiological disorders (such as superficial scald) in horticultural crops, particularly in fruit, was achieved through the application of the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA), [...] Read more.
Horticultural crops are vulnerable to several disorders, which affect their physiological and organoleptic quality. For about forty years, the control of physiological disorders (such as superficial scald) in horticultural crops, particularly in fruit, was achieved through the application of the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA), usually combined with controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions. However, identification of DPA residues and metabolites in treated fruits, associated with their toxicity, banned the use of this antioxidant in Europe. This triggered the urgent need for novel and, ideally, natural and sustainable alternatives, combined with adequate storage conditions to protect cultivars from harmful agents. This review systematizes the state-of-the-art DPA application on several fresh cultivars, such as apples, pears, and vegetables (potatoes, spinach, etc.), as well as the possible mechanisms of the action and effects of DPA, emphasizing its antioxidant properties. Alternative methods to DPA are also discussed, as well as respective effects and limitations. Recent research on scald development molecular pathways are highlighted to open new non-chemical strategies opportunities. This appraisal shows that most of the current solutions have not lead to satisfactory commercial results; thus, further research aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying postharvest disorders and to design sustainable and safe solutions to improve horticultural products storage is needed. Full article
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16 pages, 521 KiB  
Article
Effect of Basil Leaves and Wheat Bran Water Extracts on Antioxidant Capacity, Sensory Properties and Microbiological Quality of Shredded Iceberg Lettuce during Storage
by Małgorzata Sikora, Urszula Złotek, Monika Kordowska-Wiater and Michał Świeca
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040355 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2850
Abstract
The effect of basil leaf (BLE) and wheat bran (WBE) extracts (potent anti-browning agents), on the phenolic content, antioxidant potential, microbiological quality, and consumer quality of shredded lettuce during storage were studied. Treatment of lettuce with increasing concentrations of BLE proportionally increased the [...] Read more.
The effect of basil leaf (BLE) and wheat bran (WBE) extracts (potent anti-browning agents), on the phenolic content, antioxidant potential, microbiological quality, and consumer quality of shredded lettuce during storage were studied. Treatment of lettuce with increasing concentrations of BLE proportionally increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant properties. Compared to the control, the treatment enhanced the antiradical properties. This was especially visible during the analysis of the chemical extracts, while this effect was not retained in the potentially bioaccessible fraction. In the lettuce stored for 8 days, the highest reducing potential and ability to quench radicals were observed in samples treated with 1% BLE—33 mg Trolox equivalent/g d.m. and 2.8 mg Trolox equivalent/g d.m., respectively. Compounds exhibiting antiradical properties were easily bioaccessible in vitro. There was no negative effect of the treatments on the consumer quality. Most importantly, after 8 days of storage, lettuce treated with the studied extract, except 10% WBE, had higher microbiological quality. After 8-day storage, the coliforms count was reduced by 84% and 88% in samples treated with 0.5% BLE and 10% WBE, respectively. In conclusion, treatments of shredded lettuce with BLE and WBE maintain or even improve its quality during storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Designing the Antioxidant Properties of Low-Processed Food)
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9 pages, 2088 KiB  
Article
Dimethyl Fumarate Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis, through the Activation of Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Pathways
by Shiri Li, Chie Takasu, Hien Lau, Lourdes Robles, Kelly Vo, Ted Farzaneh, Nosratola D. Vaziri, Michael J. Stamos and Hirohito Ichii
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040354 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4042
Abstract
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). A previous study has demonstrated that dimethyl fumarate (DMF) protects mice from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis via its potential antioxidant capacity, and [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). A previous study has demonstrated that dimethyl fumarate (DMF) protects mice from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis via its potential antioxidant capacity, and by inhibiting the activation of the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. This study aims to clarify the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway pharmacological activation and anti-inflammatory effect by DMF, through focusing on other crucial antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory mediator, including glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model. The oral administration of DMF attenuated the shortening of colons and alleviated colonic inflammation. Furthermore, the expression of key antioxidant enzymes, including GCLC and GPX, in the colonic tissue were significantly increased by DMF administration. In addition, protein expression of the inflammatory mediator, COX-2, was reduced by DMF administration. Our results suggest that DMF alleviates DSS-induced colonic inflammatory damage, likely via up-regulating GCLC and GPX and down-regulating COX-2 protein expression in colonic tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway)
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17 pages, 1179 KiB  
Review
Oxidation Impacts the Intracellular Signaling Machinery in Hematological Disorders
by Elena Tibaldi, Enrica Federti, Alessandro Matte, Iana Iatcenko, Anand B. Wilson, Veronica Riccardi, Mario Angelo Pagano and Lucia De Franceschi
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040353 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3431
Abstract
The dynamic coordination between kinases and phosphatases is crucial for cell homeostasis, in response to different stresses. The functional connection between oxidation and the intracellular signaling machinery still remains to be investigated. In the last decade, several studies have highlighted the role of [...] Read more.
The dynamic coordination between kinases and phosphatases is crucial for cell homeostasis, in response to different stresses. The functional connection between oxidation and the intracellular signaling machinery still remains to be investigated. In the last decade, several studies have highlighted the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as modulators directly targeting kinases, phosphatases, and downstream modulators, or indirectly acting on cysteine residues on kinases/phosphatases resulting in protein conformational changes with modulation of intracellular signaling pathway(s). Translational studies have revealed the important link between oxidation and signal transduction pathways in hematological disorders. The intricate nature of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms, based on the generation of complex networks of different types of signaling proteins, revealed the novel and important role of phosphatases together with kinases in disease mechanisms. Thus, therapeutic approaches to abnormal signal transduction pathways should consider either inhibition of overactivated/accumulated kinases or homeostatic signaling resetting through the activation of phosphatases. This review discusses the progress in the knowledge of the interplay between oxidation and cell signaling, involving phosphatase/kinase systems in models of globally distributed hematological disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation of Cell Signalling)
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17 pages, 1955 KiB  
Article
Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Biocompounds from Orange Byproduct: Experimental Kinetics and Modeling
by Esperanza Dalmau, Carmen Rosselló, Valeria Eim, Cristina Ratti and Susana Simal
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040352 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2712
Abstract
Orange byproduct (flavedo and albedo) from juice extraction, was used as raw material for this study. Kinetics of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity was experimentally determined during both conventional (agitation at 80 rpm) and ultrasound assisted (at 520 and [...] Read more.
Orange byproduct (flavedo and albedo) from juice extraction, was used as raw material for this study. Kinetics of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity was experimentally determined during both conventional (agitation at 80 rpm) and ultrasound assisted (at 520 and 790 W/L) aqueous extraction from orange byproduct at 5, 15, and 25 °C. An extraction mathematical model was also developed. Significant increase of biocompounds extraction yields was observed as temperature and acoustic power density increased. Ultrasound assistance allowed higher yields at lower temperatures and shorter times. Yields of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity obtained with ultrasound extraction (790 W/L, 25 °C, 3 min) were 29%, 39%, and 197% higher, respectively, than those obtained by conventional extraction. The extraction kinetics curves were properly represented by the Weibull model for both conventional and acoustic extraction (mean relative error lower than 5%). Naringin, neohesperidin, and hesperidin were the main phenolic compounds found in the extracts, followed by ferulic, sinapic, and cuomaric acids. Neohesperidin, hesperidin, coumaric acid, and sinapic acid presented the highest yields, especially when extraction was assisted by ultrasound. Meanwhile, naringin and ferulic acid were extracted in a lesser extent, most likely due to their lipophilic character. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants)
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16 pages, 2930 KiB  
Article
Value-Added Pastry Cream Enriched with Microencapsulated Bioactive Compounds from Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Peel
by Georgiana Horincar, Elena Enachi, Vasilica Barbu, Doina Georgeta Andronoiu, Gabriela Râpeanu, Nicoleta Stănciuc and Iuliana Aprodu
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040351 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4295
Abstract
In this study, antioxidant-rich eggplant peel extract was used to obtain a value-added pastry cream. In order to reduce the susceptibility to degradation, microencapsulation of the biologically active compounds from the eggplant peel was first performed. The microencapsulated bioactive compounds powder (MBC) obtained [...] Read more.
In this study, antioxidant-rich eggplant peel extract was used to obtain a value-added pastry cream. In order to reduce the susceptibility to degradation, microencapsulation of the biologically active compounds from the eggplant peel was first performed. The microencapsulated bioactive compounds powder (MBC) obtained through freeze-drying retained about 94.31% of the anthocyanins present in the extract, was rich in phenolic compounds, and displayed a high antioxidant activity. The purple colored powder was added to the pastry cream in different concentrations (5% and 10%), allowing significant increase of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, which were rather stable over 72 h of storage under refrigeration conditions. Sensory evaluation indicated that addition of MBC resulted in improved color and overall acceptability of the pastry cream formulation. All pastry cream samples exhibited rheological behavior specific to the weak gel-like structures, with increasing values of storage modulus with MBC addition. The instrumental texture analysis showed that MBC addition to the pastry cream slightly decreased the firmness and improved the chewiness of the samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue By-Products Valorization: Bioactive Compounds as Antioxidant Agents)
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12 pages, 1583 KiB  
Article
Astaxanthin Treatment Induces Maturation and Functional Change of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Tumor-Bearing Mice
by Seong Mun Jeong and Yeon-Jeong Kim
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040350 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2916
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature myeloid cells which accumulate in stress conditions such as infection and tumor. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a well-known antioxidant agent and has a little toxicity. It has been reported that ATX treatment induces antitumor effects via regulation of [...] Read more.
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature myeloid cells which accumulate in stress conditions such as infection and tumor. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a well-known antioxidant agent and has a little toxicity. It has been reported that ATX treatment induces antitumor effects via regulation of cell signaling pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling. In the present study, we hypothesized that treatment with ATX might induce maturation of MDSCs and modulate their immunosuppressive activity. Both in vivo and in vitro treatment with ATX resulted in up-regulation of surface markers such as CD80, MHC class II, and CD11c on both polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs and mononuclear (Mo)-MDSCs. Expression levels of functional mediators involved in immune suppression were significantly reduced, whereas mRNA levels of Nrf2 target genes were increased in ATX-treated MDSCs. In addition, ATX was found to have antioxidant activity reducing reactive oxygen species level in MDSCs. Finally, ATX-treated MDSCs were immunogenic enough to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and contributed to the inhibition of tumor growth. This demonstrates the role of ATX as a regulator of the immunosuppressive tumor environment through induction of differentiation and functional conversion of MDSCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Antioxidants)
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17 pages, 3807 KiB  
Article
Ezetimibe Prevents Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Oxidative Stress and Up-Regulates Nrf2/ARE and UPR Signaling Pathways
by Denise Peserico, Chiara Stranieri, Ulisse Garbin, Chiara Mozzini C, Elisa Danese, Luciano Cominacini and Anna M. Fratta Pasini
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040349 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3439
Abstract
Background: While reperfusion is crucial for survival after an episode of ischemia, it also causes oxidative stress. Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and unfolded protein response (UPR) are protective against oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, has [...] Read more.
Background: While reperfusion is crucial for survival after an episode of ischemia, it also causes oxidative stress. Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and unfolded protein response (UPR) are protective against oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, has been shown to activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Nrf2 pathway. In this study we evaluated whether Ezetimibe affects oxidative stress and Nrf2 and UPR gene expression in cellular models of ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Methods: Cultured cells were subjected to simulated IR with or without Ezetimibe. Results: IR significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the percentage of apoptotic cells without the up-regulation of Nrf2, of the related antioxidant response element (ARE) gene expression or of the pro-survival UPR activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) gene, whereas it significantly increased the pro-apoptotic CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). Ezetimibe significantly decreased the cellular ROS formation and apoptosis induced by IR. These effects were paralleled by the up-regulation of Nrf2/ARE and ATF6 gene expression and by a down-regulation of CHOP. We also found that Nrf2 activation was dependent on AMPK, since Compound C, a pan inhibitor of p-AMPK, blunted the activation of Nrf2. Conclusions: Ezetimibe counteracts IR-induced oxidative stress and induces Nrf2 and UPR pathway activation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modulators of Oxidative Stress: Chemical and Pharmacological Aspects)
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34 pages, 1986 KiB  
Review
Unraveling Natural Products’ Role in Osteoarthritis Management—An Overview
by Georgia-Eirini Deligiannidou, Rafail-Efraim Papadopoulos, Christos Kontogiorgis, Anastasia Detsi, Eugenia Bezirtzoglou and Theodoros Constantinides
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040348 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4906
Abstract
The natural process of aging gradually causes changes in living organisms, leading to the deterioration of organs, tissues, and cells. In the case of osteoarthritis (OA), the degradation of cartilage is a result of both mechanical stress and biochemical factors. Natural products have [...] Read more.
The natural process of aging gradually causes changes in living organisms, leading to the deterioration of organs, tissues, and cells. In the case of osteoarthritis (OA), the degradation of cartilage is a result of both mechanical stress and biochemical factors. Natural products have already been evaluated for their potential role in the prevention and treatment of OA, providing a safe and effective adjunctive therapeutic approach. This review aimed to assess the therapeutic potential of natural products and their derivatives in osteoarthritis via a systematic search of literature after 2008, including in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and animal models, along with clinical trials and meta-analysis. Overall, 170 papers were obtained and screened. Here, we presented findings referring to the preventative and therapeutic potential of 17 natural products and 14 naturally occurring compounds, underlining, when available, the mechanisms implicated. The nature of OA calls to initially focus on the management of symptoms, and, in that context, several naturally occurring compounds have been utilized. Underlying a global need for more sustainable natural sources for treatment, the evidence supporting their chondroprotective potential is still building up. However, arriving at that kind of solution requires more clinical research, targeting the implications of long-term treatment, adverse effects, and epigenetic implications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)
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22 pages, 1213 KiB  
Review
The Relevance of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Retinal Dystrophies
by Elena B. Domènech and Gemma Marfany
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040347 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 108 | Viewed by 5935
Abstract
Retinal cell survival requires an equilibrium between oxygen, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidant molecules that counteract oxidative stress damage. Oxidative stress alters cell homeostasis and elicits a protective cell response, which is most relevant in photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, neurons with a [...] Read more.
Retinal cell survival requires an equilibrium between oxygen, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidant molecules that counteract oxidative stress damage. Oxidative stress alters cell homeostasis and elicits a protective cell response, which is most relevant in photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, neurons with a high metabolic rate that are continuously subject to light/oxidative stress insults. We analyze how the alteration of cellular endogenous pathways for protection against oxidative stress leads to retinal dysfunction in prevalent (age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma) as well as in rare genetic visual disorders (Retinitis pigmentosa, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy). We also highlight some of the key molecular actors and discuss potential therapies using antioxidants agents, modulators of gene expression and inducers of cytoprotective signaling pathways to treat damaging oxidative stress effects and ameliorate severe phenotypic symptoms in multifactorial and rare retinal dystrophies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Rare Diseases)
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13 pages, 910 KiB  
Review
Diet and Mental Health: Review of the Recent Updates on Molecular Mechanisms
by Justyna Godos, Walter Currenti, Donato Angelino, Pedro Mena, Sabrina Castellano, Filippo Caraci, Fabio Galvano, Daniele Del Rio, Raffaele Ferri and Giuseppe Grosso
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040346 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 147 | Viewed by 22945
Abstract
Over the last decades, there has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of mental health disorders, including an increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, cognitive, and sleep disorders. Diet and its bioactive components have been recognized among the modifiable risk factors, possibly influencing [...] Read more.
Over the last decades, there has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of mental health disorders, including an increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, cognitive, and sleep disorders. Diet and its bioactive components have been recognized among the modifiable risk factors, possibly influencing their pathogenesis. This review aimed to summarize molecular mechanisms underlying the putative beneficial effects toward brain health of different dietary factors, such as micro- and macronutrient intake and habits, such as feeding time and circadian rhythm. The role of hormonal homeostasis in the context of glucose metabolism and adiponectin regulation and its impact on systemic and neuro-inflammation has also been considered and deepened. In addition, the effect of individual bioactive molecules exerting antioxidant activities and acting as anti-inflammatory agents, such as omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols, considered beneficial for the central nervous system via modulation of adult neurogenesis, synaptic and neuronal plasticity, and microglia activation has been summarized. An overview of the regulation of the gut–brain axis and its effect on the modulation of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress has been provided. Finally, the impact of bioactive molecules on inflammation and oxidative stress and its association with brain health has been summarized. Full article
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19 pages, 4172 KiB  
Article
Inflamma-miR-21 Negatively Regulates Myogenesis during Ageing
by Maria Borja-Gonzalez, Jose C. Casas-Martinez, Brian McDonagh and Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040345 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4124
Abstract
Ageing is associated with disrupted redox signalling and increased circulating inflammatory cytokines. Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on the balance between muscle hypertrophy, atrophy and regeneration, however during ageing this balance is disrupted. The molecular pathways underlying the age-related decline in muscle regenerative potential [...] Read more.
Ageing is associated with disrupted redox signalling and increased circulating inflammatory cytokines. Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on the balance between muscle hypertrophy, atrophy and regeneration, however during ageing this balance is disrupted. The molecular pathways underlying the age-related decline in muscle regenerative potential remain elusive. microRNAs are conserved robust gene expression regulators in all tissues including skeletal muscle. Here, we studied satellite cells from adult and old mice to demonstrate that inhibition of miR-21 in satellite cells from old mice improves myogenesis. We determined that increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL6, as well as H2O2, increased miR-21 expression in primary myoblasts, which in turn resulted in their decreased viability and myogenic potential. Inhibition of miR-21 function rescued the decreased size of myotubes following TNFα or IL6 treatment. Moreover, we demonstrated that miR-21 could inhibit myogenesis in vitro via regulating IL6R, PTEN and FOXO3 signalling. In summary, upregulation of miR-21 in satellite cells and muscle during ageing may occur in response to elevated levels of TNFα and IL6, within satellite cells or myofibrillar environment contributing to skeletal muscle ageing and potentially a disease-related decline in potential for muscle regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation of Cell Signalling)
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5 pages, 192 KiB  
Editorial
New Mechanisms of Action of Natural Antioxidants in Health and Disease
by Silvana Hrelia and Cristina Angeloni
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040344 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4071
Abstract
Natural antioxidants have been proposed to have beneficial effects on health and on different disease states, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer [...] Full article
30 pages, 2251 KiB  
Review
Phenolic Compounds and Bioaccessibility Thereof in Functional Pasta
by Valentina Melini, Francesca Melini and Rita Acquistucci
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040343 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6242
Abstract
Consumption of food products rich in phenolic compounds has been associated to reduced risk of chronic disease onset. Daily consumed cereal-based products, such as bread and pasta, are not carriers of phenolic compounds, since they are produced with refined flour or semolina. Novel [...] Read more.
Consumption of food products rich in phenolic compounds has been associated to reduced risk of chronic disease onset. Daily consumed cereal-based products, such as bread and pasta, are not carriers of phenolic compounds, since they are produced with refined flour or semolina. Novel formulations of pasta have been thus proposed, in order to obtain functional products contributing to the increase in phenolic compound dietary intake. This paper aims to review the strategies used so far to formulate functional pasta, both gluten-containing and gluten-free, and compare their effect on phenolic compound content, and bioaccessibility and bioavailability thereof. It emerged that whole grain, legume and composite flours are the main substituents of durum wheat semolina in the formulation of functional pasta. Plant by-products from industrial food wastes have been also used as functional ingredients. In addition, pre-processing technologies on raw materials such as sprouting, or the modulation of extrusion/extrusion-cooking conditions, are valuable approaches to increase phenolic content in pasta. Few studies on phenolic compound bioaccessibility and bioavailability in pasta have been performed so far; however, they contribute to evaluating the usefulness of strategies used in the formulation of functional pasta. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Foods)
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16 pages, 7913 KiB  
Article
Pure Trans-Resveratrol Nanoparticles Prepared by a Supercritical Antisolvent Process Using Alcohol and Dichloromethane Mixtures: Effect of Particle Size on Dissolution and Bioavailability in Rats
by Eun-Sol Ha, Heejun Park, Seon-Kwang Lee, Woo-Yong Sim, Ji-Su Jeong, In-hwan Baek and Min-Soo Kim
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040342 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4329
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare pure trans-resveratrol nanoparticles without additives (surfactants, polymers, and sugars) using a supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process with alcohol (methanol or ethanol) and dichloromethane mixtures. In addition, in order to investigate the effect of particle size [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to prepare pure trans-resveratrol nanoparticles without additives (surfactants, polymers, and sugars) using a supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process with alcohol (methanol or ethanol) and dichloromethane mixtures. In addition, in order to investigate the effect of particle size on the dissolution and oral bioavailability of the trans-resveratrol, two microparticles with different sizes (1.94 μm and 18.75 μm) were prepared using two different milling processes, and compared to trans-resveratrol nanoparticles prepared by the SAS process. The solid-state properties of pure trans-resveratrol particles were characterized. By increasing the percentage of dichloromethane in the solvent mixtures, the mean particle size of trans-resveratrol was decreased, whereas its specific surface area was increased. The particle size could thus be controlled by solvent composition. Trans-resveratrol nanoparticle with a mean particle size of 0.17 μm was prepared by the SAS process using the ethanol/dichloromethane mixture at a ratio of 25/75 (w/w). The in vitro dissolution rate of trans-resveratrol in fasted state-simulated gastric fluid was significantly improved by the reduction of particle size, resulting in enhanced oral bioavailability in rats. The absolute bioavailability of trans-resveratrol nanoparticles was 25.2%. The maximum plasma concentration values were well correlated with the in vitro dissolution rate. These findings clearly indicate that the oral bioavailability of trans-resveratrol can be enhanced by preparing pure trans-resveratrol nanoparticles without additives (surfactants, polymers, and sugars) by the SAS process. These pure trans-resveratrol nanoparticles can be applied as an active ingredient for the development of health supplements, pharmaceutical products, and cosmetic products. Full article
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26 pages, 1823 KiB  
Review
Coenzyme Q10: Clinical Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases
by Alma Martelli, Lara Testai, Alessandro Colletti and Arrigo F. G. Cicero
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040341 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 14653
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a ubiquitous factor present in cell membranes and mitochondria, both in its reduced (ubiquinol) and oxidized (ubiquinone) forms. Its levels are high in organs with high metabolism such as the heart, kidneys, and liver because it [...] Read more.
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a ubiquitous factor present in cell membranes and mitochondria, both in its reduced (ubiquinol) and oxidized (ubiquinone) forms. Its levels are high in organs with high metabolism such as the heart, kidneys, and liver because it acts as an energy transfer molecule but could be reduced by aging, genetic factors, drugs (e.g., statins), cardiovascular (CV) diseases, degenerative muscle disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. As CoQ10 is endowed with significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features, useful to prevent free radical-induced damage and inflammatory signaling pathway activation, its depletion results in exacerbation of inflammatory processes. Therefore, exogenous CoQ10 supplementation might be useful as an adjuvant in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and myocardial infarction and in associated risk factors such as hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and obesity. This review aims to summarize the current evidences on the use of CoQ10 supplementation as a therapeutic approach in cardiovascular diseases through the analysis of its clinical impact on patients’ health and quality of life. A substantial reduction of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers has been observed in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) focused on several of the abovementioned diseases, even if more RCTs, involving a larger number of patients, will be necessary to strengthen these interesting findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Therapy in Cardiovascular Medicine: Bench to Bedside)
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15 pages, 5309 KiB  
Article
Human Keratinocyte UVB-Protective Effects of a Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan from Sargassum horneri Purified by Step Gradient Ethanol Precipitation
by Ilekuttige Priyan Shanura Fernando, Mawalle Kankanamge Hasitha Madhawa Dias, Disanayaka Mudiyanselage Dinesh Madusanka, Eui Jeong Han, Min Ju Kim, You-Jin Jeon, Kyounghoon Lee, Sun Hee Cheong, Young Seok Han, Sang Rul Park and Ginnae Ahn
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040340 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4679
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced oxidative skin cell damage is a major cause of photoaging. In the present study, a low molecular weight fucoidan fraction (SHC4) was obtained from Sargassum horneri by Celluclast-assisted extraction, followed by step gradient ethanol precipitation. The protective effect of [...] Read more.
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced oxidative skin cell damage is a major cause of photoaging. In the present study, a low molecular weight fucoidan fraction (SHC4) was obtained from Sargassum horneri by Celluclast-assisted extraction, followed by step gradient ethanol precipitation. The protective effect of SHC4 was investigated in human keratinocytes against UVB-induced oxidative stress. The purified fucoidan was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), agarose gel-based molecular weight analysis and monosaccharide composition analysis. SHC4 had a mean molecular weight of 60 kDa, with 37.43% fucose and 28.01 ± 0.50% sulfate content. The structure was mainly composed of α-L-Fucp-(1→4) linked fucose units. SHC4 treatment dose-dependently reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased the cell viability of UVB exposed HaCaT keratinocytes. Moreover, SHC4 dose-dependently inhibited UVB-induced apoptotic body formation, sub-G1 accumulation of cells and DNA damage. Inhibition of apoptosis was mediated via the mitochondria-mediated pathway, re-establishing the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The UVB protective effect of SHC4 was facilitated by enhancing intracellular antioxidant defense via nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling. Further studies may promote the use of SHC4 as an active ingredient in cosmetics and nutricosmetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress Modulators and Functional Foods)
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25 pages, 3795 KiB  
Article
Supplementation with a Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Fruit Extract Attenuates the Cardiometabolic Alterations Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Mice
by María de la Fuente-Fernández, Daniel González-Hedström, Sara Amor, Antonio Tejera-Muñoz, Nuria Fernández, Luis Monge, Paula Almodóvar, Laura Andrés-Delgado, Luis Santamaría, Marin Prodanov, Antonio Manuel Inarejos-García, Angel Luis García-Villalón and Miriam Granado
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040339 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5657
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing worldwide which makes necessary the finding of new strategies to treat and/or prevent it. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible beneficial effects of a carob fruit extract (CSAT+®) on [...] Read more.
The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing worldwide which makes necessary the finding of new strategies to treat and/or prevent it. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible beneficial effects of a carob fruit extract (CSAT+®) on the cardiometabolic alterations associated with MetS in mice. 16-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were fed for 26 weeks either with a standard diet (chow) or with a diet rich in fats and sugars (HFHS), supplemented or not with 4.8% of CSAT+®. CSAT+® supplementation reduced blood glucose, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and circulating levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-c), insulin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, CSAT+® prevented MetS-induced insulin resistance, reduced macrophage infiltration and the expression of pro-inflammatory markers, and up-regulated the mRNA levels of antioxidant markers. Supplementation with CSAT+® prevented MetS-induced hypertension and decreased the vascular response of aortic rings to angiotensin II (AngII). Moreover, treatment with CSAT+® attenuated endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular sensitivity to insulin. In the heart, CSAT+® supplementation reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and prevented ischemia-reperfusion-induced decrease in cardiac contractility. The beneficial effects at the cardiovascular level were associated with a lower expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant markers in aortic and cardiac tissues. Full article
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18 pages, 1532 KiB  
Article
Correlating Volatile Lipid Oxidation Compounds with Consumer Sensory Data in Dairy Based Powders during Storage
by Holly J. Clarke, Maurice G. O’Sullivan, Joseph P. Kerry and Kieran N. Kilcawley
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040338 - 20 Apr 2020
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4831
Abstract
Lipid oxidation (LO) is a recognised problem in dairy powders due to the formation of volatile odour compounds that can negatively impact sensory perception. Three commercial dairy powders, fat-filled whole milk powder (FFWMP), skim milk powder (SMP), and infant milk formula (IMF), stored [...] Read more.
Lipid oxidation (LO) is a recognised problem in dairy powders due to the formation of volatile odour compounds that can negatively impact sensory perception. Three commercial dairy powders, fat-filled whole milk powder (FFWMP), skim milk powder (SMP), and infant milk formula (IMF), stored under different conditions (21 °C, 37 °C, or 25 °C with 50% humidity), were evaluated by consumer acceptance studies, ranked descriptive sensory analysis, and LO volatile profiling using headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GCMS) over 16 weeks. Significant (p = 0.001) differences in the concentration of LO compounds and sensory perception were evident between sample types in the different storage conditions. The sensory acceptance scores for FFWMP and SMP remained stable throughout storage in all conditions, despite the increased perception of some LO products. The IMF sample was perceived negatively in each storage condition and at each time point. Overall increases in hexanal, heptanal, and pentanal correlated with “painty”, “oxidised”, “cooked”, and “caramelised” attributes in all samples. The concentration of some LO volatiles in the IMF was far in excess of those in FFWMP and SMP. High levels of LO volatiles in IMF were presumably due to the addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the formulation. Full article
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32 pages, 1848 KiB  
Article
Mediterranean Propolis from the Adriatic Sea Islands as a Source of Natural Antioxidants: Comprehensive Chemical Biodiversity Determined by GC-MS, FTIR-ATR, UHPLC-DAD-QqTOF-MS, DPPH and FRAP Assay
by Lidija Svečnjak, Zvonimir Marijanović, Piotr Okińczyc, Piotr Marek Kuś and Igor Jerković
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040337 - 20 Apr 2020
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6210
Abstract
There is no systematic report about propolis chemical biodiversity from the Adriatic Sea islands affecting its antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the samples from the islands Krk, Rab, Pag, Biševo and Korčula were collected. Comprehensive methods were used to unlock their chemical biodiversity: headspace solid-phase [...] Read more.
There is no systematic report about propolis chemical biodiversity from the Adriatic Sea islands affecting its antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the samples from the islands Krk, Rab, Pag, Biševo and Korčula were collected. Comprehensive methods were used to unlock their chemical biodiversity: headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD) followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS); Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR); ultra high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-QqTOF-MS) and DPPH and FRAP assay. The volatiles variability enabled differentiation of the samples in 2 groups of Mediterranean propolis: non-poplar type (dominated by α-pinene) and polar type (characterized by cadinane type sesquiterpenes). Spectral variations (FT-MIR) associated with phenolics and other balsam-related components were significant among the samples. The UHPLC profiles allowed to track compounds related to the different botanical sources such as poplar (pinobanksin esters, esters and glycerides of phenolic acids, including prenyl derivatives), coniferous trees (labdane, abietane diterpenes) and Cistus spp. (clerodane and labdane diterpenes, methylated myricetin derivatives). The antioxidant potential determined by DPPH ranged 2.6–81.6 mg GAE/g and in FRAP assay 0.1–0.8 mmol Fe2+/g. The highest activity was observed for the samples of Populus spp. origin. The antioxidant potential and phenolic/flavonoid content was positively, significantly correlated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Products as a Source of Natural Antioxidants)
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12 pages, 924 KiB  
Article
Low-Osmolality Carbohydrate–Electrolyte Solution Ingestion Avoid Fluid Loss and Oxidative Stress after Exhaustive Endurance Exercise
by Wen-Ching Huang, Yu-Tang Tung, Mai-Szu Wu, Ming-Che Liu, Tsai-Jung Lin and Ming-Ta Yang
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040336 - 20 Apr 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4112
Abstract
Low-osmolality carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (LCS) ingestion can replace losses from exercise-induced dehydration, but the benefits of LCS ingestion strategy after exhaustive endurance exercise (EEE) remain unknown. The present study evaluated the effects of LCS ingestion on dehydration, oxidative stress, renal function, and aerobic capacity [...] Read more.
Low-osmolality carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (LCS) ingestion can replace losses from exercise-induced dehydration, but the benefits of LCS ingestion strategy after exhaustive endurance exercise (EEE) remain unknown. The present study evaluated the effects of LCS ingestion on dehydration, oxidative stress, renal function, and aerobic capacity after EEE. In our study with its double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced design, 12 healthy male participants were asked to consume LCS (150 mL four times per hour) or placebo (water) 1 h before and 1 h after EEE. All participants completed a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill for the determination of maximal oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O 2 max ), applied to further intensity calibration, and then completed the EEE test. The average heart rate, maximal heart rate, running time to exhaustion, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were recorded during the exercise period. The participants’ body weight was recorded at different time points before and after the EEE to calculate the dehydration rate. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 2 h after EEE to determine indicators of oxidative stress and renal function. The results indicated that the dehydration rates in participants with LCS ingestion at 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min after EEE were significantly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (−1.86 ± 0.47% vs. −2.24 ± 0.72%; −1.78 ± 0.50% vs. −2.13 ± 0.74%; −1.54 ± 0.51% vs. −1.94 ± 0.72%, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of catalase in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was significantly higher than in participants with placebo ingestion (2046.21 ± 381.98 nmol/min/mL vs. 1820.37 ± 417.35 nmol/min/mL; p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentration of protein carbonyl in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was slightly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (2.72 ± 0.31 nmol carbonyl/mg protein vs. 2.89 ± 0.43 nmol carbonyl/mg protein; p = 0.06). No differences were noted for other variables. Our findings conclude that LCS ingestion can effectively avoid fluid loss and oxidative stress after EEE. However, LCS ingestion had no benefits for renal function or aerobic capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants and Exercise)
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17 pages, 5025 KiB  
Article
Protection against Ultraviolet A-Induced Skin Apoptosis and Carcinogenesis through the Oxidative Stress Reduction Effects of N-(4-bromophenethyl) Caffeamide, A Propolis Derivative
by Yueh-Hsiung Kuo, Hung-Lung Chiang, Po-Yuan Wu, Yin Chu, Qiao-Xin Chang, Kuo-Ching Wen, Chien-Yih Lin and Hsiu-Mei Chiang
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040335 - 20 Apr 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4728
Abstract
Ultraviolet A (UVA) is a major factor in skin aging and damage. Antioxidative materials may ameliorate this UV damage. This study investigated the protective properties of N-(4-bromophenethyl) caffeamide (K36H) against UVA-induced skin inflammation, apoptosis and genotoxicity in keratinocytes. The protein expression or biofactor [...] Read more.
Ultraviolet A (UVA) is a major factor in skin aging and damage. Antioxidative materials may ameliorate this UV damage. This study investigated the protective properties of N-(4-bromophenethyl) caffeamide (K36H) against UVA-induced skin inflammation, apoptosis and genotoxicity in keratinocytes. The protein expression or biofactor concentration related to UVA-induced skin damage were identified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. K36H reduced UVA-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and increased nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 translocation into the nucleus to upregulate the expression of heme oxygenase-1, an intrinsic antioxidant enzyme. K36H inhibited UVA-induced activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases and c-Jun N-terminal kinases, reduced the overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-2 and elevated the expression of the metalloproteinase-1 tissue inhibitor. Moreover, K36H inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun and downregulated c-Fos expression. K36H attenuated UVA-induced Bax and caspase-3 expression and upregulated antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 expression. K36H reduced UVA-induced DNA damage. K36H also downregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-6 expression as well as the subsequent generation of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide. We observed that K36H ameliorated UVA-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and antiphotocarcinogenic activity. K36H can potentially be used for the development of antiphotodamage and antiphotocarcinogenic products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Skin Protection)
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21 pages, 1076 KiB  
Article
Unravelling the Biological Potential of Pinus pinaster Bark Extracts
by Pedro Ferreira-Santos, Zlatina Genisheva, Cláudia Botelho, Joana Santos, Carla Ramos, José A. Teixeira and Cristina M.R. Rocha
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040334 - 20 Apr 2020
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6150
Abstract
Natural compounds from agro-food by-products have fostered interest in food industries. The aim of this study was to unravel potential uses for Pinus pinaster bark extracts (PBE). As functional features of this type of extracts are usually attributed to phenolic compounds, the extraction [...] Read more.
Natural compounds from agro-food by-products have fostered interest in food industries. The aim of this study was to unravel potential uses for Pinus pinaster bark extracts (PBE). As functional features of this type of extracts are usually attributed to phenolic compounds, the extraction process was studied. Different PBEs were achieved, with high content in phenolic compounds, using different water/ethanol combinations as a solvent. These PBEs were chemically characterized, and their bioactivity and in vitro cell viability were evaluated. Extracts obtained with hydroethanolic solvents had higher content in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. All the PBEs presented high antioxidant, antibacterial and antihyperglycemic activities. Moreover, PBEs have low cytotoxicity and a selective activity against cancer cells as these were negatively affected. These features may allow the extracts to be used in food formulation and processing (as preservatives, antioxidants or bioactive ingredients), but they showed also potential for the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)
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12 pages, 1360 KiB  
Article
Antihypertensive Effects of Polyphenolic Extract from Korean Red Pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) Bark in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
by Kwan Joong Kim, Eun-Sang Hwang, Min-Jeong Kim, Ji-Ho Park and Dae-Ok Kim
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040333 - 19 Apr 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4691
Abstract
Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) bark is a by-product of the wood industry and contains a high level of antioxidative phenolics including flavonoids, which have a variety of beneficial health effects. This study aimed to investigate the antihypertensive effects [...] Read more.
Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) bark is a by-product of the wood industry and contains a high level of antioxidative phenolics including flavonoids, which have a variety of beneficial health effects. This study aimed to investigate the antihypertensive effects of P. densiflora bark extract (Korean red pine bark extract; KRPBE) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). A group of Wistar-Kyoto rats as a normotensive group was orally fed tap water. Four groups of SHRs were orally fed tap water, captopril (a positive control), 50 mg/kg/day of KRPBE, and 150 mg/kg/day of KRPBE, respectively. Blood pressure of rats was measured once every week for seven weeks of oral administration. After seven weeks, the lungs, kidneys, and serum were collected from rats, then angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, angiotensin II content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were determined. Blood pressure of the captopril- and KRPBE-treated groups was significantly lower than that of the SHR control group. The ACE activity, angiotensin II content, and MDA content significantly decreased in the captopril- and KRPBE-treated groups than those in the SHR control group. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed six phenolics in KRPBE: protocatechuic acid, procyanidin B1, catechin, caffeic acid, vanillin, and taxifolin. KRPBE, which contains plenty of antioxidative phenolics, has antihypertensive effects partly due to reduction of ACE activity and angiotensin II content, and its antioxidative effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Biomaterials in Health and Nutrition)
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13 pages, 1343 KiB  
Article
Effects of Curcumin on the Renal Toxicity Induced by Ochratoxin A in Rats
by Sara Damiano, Emanuela Andretta, Consiglia Longobardi, Francesco Prisco, Orlando Paciello, Caterina Squillacioti, Nicola Mirabella, Salvatore Florio and Roberto Ciarcia
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040332 - 18 Apr 2020
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3466
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a powerful nephrotoxin and the severity of its damage to kidneys depends on both the dose and duration of exposure. According to the scientific data currently available, the mechanism of action still is not completely clarified, but it is [...] Read more.
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a powerful nephrotoxin and the severity of its damage to kidneys depends on both the dose and duration of exposure. According to the scientific data currently available, the mechanism of action still is not completely clarified, but it is supposed that oxidative stress is responsible for OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. Bioactive compound use has emerged as a potential approach to reduce chronic renal failure. Therefore, curcumin (CURC), due to its therapeutic effects, has been chosen for our study to reduce the toxic renal effects induced by OTA. CURC effects are examined in Sprague Dawley rats treated with CURC (100 mg/kg), alone or in combination with OTA (0.5 mg/kg), by gavage daily for 14 days. The end result of the experiment finds rats treated with OTA show alterations in biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in the kidney, related to a decrease in the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). Conversely, the administration of CURC attenuates oxidative stress and prevents glomerular hyperfiltration versus the OTA group. Furthermore, kidney histological tests show a reduction in glomerular and tubular damage, inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This study shows that CURC can mitigate OTA–induced oxidative damage in the kidneys of rats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Veterinary Medicine)
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14 pages, 2638 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Synthesis of p-Hydroxycinnamic Diacids through Proline-Mediated Knoevenagel Condensation in Ethanol: An Access to Potent Phenolic UV Filters and Radical Scavengers
by Benjamin Rioux, Cédric Peyrot, Matthieu M. Mention, Fanny Brunissen and Florent Allais
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040331 - 18 Apr 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5167
Abstract
p-Hydroxycinnamic diacids are reaction intermediates of the classical Knoevenagel–Doebner condensation between malonic acid and benzaldehydes. As they are generally obtained in low yields, they remain relatively under-studied and under-exploited. Herein, we developed and optimized a sustainable synthetic procedure allowing the production of [...] Read more.
p-Hydroxycinnamic diacids are reaction intermediates of the classical Knoevenagel–Doebner condensation between malonic acid and benzaldehydes. As they are generally obtained in low yields, they remain relatively under-studied and under-exploited. Herein, we developed and optimized a sustainable synthetic procedure allowing the production of these compounds in good to high yields (60–80%) using proline as the catalyst and ethanol as the solvent. Study of their antioxidant and anti-UV activities revealed that these p-hydroxycinnamic diacids were not only potent radical scavengers but also efficient UV filters exhibiting high photostability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sunscreens and Antioxidants)
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17 pages, 1184 KiB  
Article
Chemical and Sensory Profiling of Monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils from the Italian Marche Region
by Deborah Pacetti, Maria Chiara Boarelli, Rita Giovannetti, Stefano Ferraro, Paolo Conti, Barbara Alfei, Giovanni Caprioli, Massimo Ricciutelli, Gianni Sagratini, Donatella Fedeli, Rosita Gabbianelli and Dennis Fiorini
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040330 - 17 Apr 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3565
Abstract
Chemical and sensory peculiarities of monovarietal extra virgin olive oils (MEVOOs) from the cultivars (cvs.) Ascolana tenera (ASC), Coroncina (COR), Mignola (MIG), Piantone di Mogliano (MOG), and Raggia (RAG) from Marche region (Italy) are investigated. Their polar phenolic substances and α-tocopherol are analysed [...] Read more.
Chemical and sensory peculiarities of monovarietal extra virgin olive oils (MEVOOs) from the cultivars (cvs.) Ascolana tenera (ASC), Coroncina (COR), Mignola (MIG), Piantone di Mogliano (MOG), and Raggia (RAG) from Marche region (Italy) are investigated. Their polar phenolic substances and α-tocopherol are analysed through high performance liquid chromatography with different detectors. Volatile substances, fatty acid composition, and squalene are analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) and to the flame ionization detector, respectively. Total antioxidant activity and sensory analysis were also performed. MOG showed high squalene content (on average 0.88 ± 0.16 g/100 g), high relative amount of α-copaene among volatiles, and the highest oleic acid percentage. MIG had high α-tocopherol content (on average 350.0 ± 57.6 mg kg−1) and high α-farnesene in the volatile fraction. ASC showed the highest sensory quality and the lignan pinoresinol with higher concentration as compared to the other MEVOOs (p < 0.05), which resulted in a possible chemical marker for this cv. RAG was characterized by the sensory note of almond, which corresponds to its highest (E)-2-hexenal percentage. Sensory analysis and an antioxidant activity assay performed on a set of industrial extra virgin olive oils purchased in supermarkets, highlighted MEVOOs’ superiority from these points of view. Principal component analysis displays the main characteristics of the cvs. investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Antioxidants in 2020)
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16 pages, 2363 KiB  
Article
Prdx6 Plays a Main Role in the Crosstalk between Aging and Metabolic Sarcopenia
by Francesca Pacifici, David Della-Morte, Francesca Piermarini, Roberto Arriga, Maria Giovanna Scioli, Barbara Capuani, Donatella Pastore, Andrea Coppola, Silvia Rea, Giulia Donadel, Aikaterini Andreadi, Pasquale Abete, Giuseppe Sconocchia, Alfonso Bellia, Augusto Orlandi and Davide Lauro
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040329 - 17 Apr 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5022
Abstract
With the increase in average life expectancy, several individuals are affected by age-associated non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). The presence of NCDs, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), leads to the reduction in skeletal muscle mass, a pathological condition defined as sarcopenia. A [...] Read more.
With the increase in average life expectancy, several individuals are affected by age-associated non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). The presence of NCDs, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), leads to the reduction in skeletal muscle mass, a pathological condition defined as sarcopenia. A key factor linking sarcopenia with cellular senescence and diabetes mellitus (DM) is oxidative stress. We previously reported as the absence of Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), an antioxidant enzyme implicated in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis, induces an early-stage of T2DM. In the present study we sought to understand the role of Prdx6 in the crosstalk between aging and diabetic sarcopenia, by using Prdx6 knockout (Prdx6-/-) mice. Absence of Prdx6 reduced telomeres length and Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) nuclear localization. An increase in Sa-β-Gal activity and p53-p21 pro-aging pathway were also evident. An impairment in IGF-1 (Insulin-like Groth Factor-1)/Akt-1/mTOR pathway leading to a relative increase in Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) nuclear localization and in a decrease of muscle differentiation as per lower levels of myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD) was observed. Muscle atrophy was also present in Prdx6-/- mice by the increase in Muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) levels and proteins ubiquitination associated to a reduction in muscle strength. The present study, innovatively, highlights a fundamental role of Prdx6, in the crosstalk between aging, sarcopenia, and DM. Full article
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17 pages, 1734 KiB  
Article
Fucoxanthin for Topical Administration, a Phototoxic vs. Photoprotective Potential in a Tiered Strategy Assessed by In Vitro Methods
by Renata Spagolla Napoleão Tavares, Camila Martins Kawakami, Karina de Castro Pereira, Gabriela Timotheo do Amaral, Carolina Gomes Benevenuto, Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler, Pio Colepicolo, Hosana Maria Debonsi and Lorena Rigo Gaspar
Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040328 - 17 Apr 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3653
Abstract
Fucoxanthin possesses a well-described antioxidant activity that might be useful for human skin photoprotection. However, there is a lack of scientific information regarding its properties when applied onto human skin. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess the photoprotective and [...] Read more.
Fucoxanthin possesses a well-described antioxidant activity that might be useful for human skin photoprotection. However, there is a lack of scientific information regarding its properties when applied onto human skin. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess the photoprotective and phototoxicity potential of fucoxanthin based on its ultraviolet (UVB 280–320 nm; UVA 320–400 nm) and visible (VIS 400–700 nm) absorption, photostability, phototoxicity in 3T3 mouse fibroblast culture vs. full-thickness reconstructed human skin (RHS), and its ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species formation that is induced by UVA on HaCaT keratinocytes. Later, we evaluated the antioxidant properties of the sunscreen formulation plus 0.5% fucoxanthin onto RHS to confirm its bioavailability and antioxidant potential through the skin layers. The compound was isolated from the alga Desmarestia anceps. Fucoxanthin, despite presenting chemical photo-instability (dose 6 J/cm2: 35% UVA and 21% VIS absorbance reduction), showed acceptable photodegradation (dose 27.5 J/cm2: 5.8% UVB and 12.5% UVA absorbance reduction) when it was added to a sunscreen at 0.5% (w/v). In addition, it increased by 72% of the total sunscreen UV absorption spectra, presenting UV-booster properties. Fucoxanthin presented phototoxic potential in 3T3 fibroblasts (mean photo effect 0.917), but it was non-phototoxic in the RHS model due to barrier function that was provided by the stratum corneum. In addition, it showed a significant inhibition of ROS formation at 0.01% (p < 0.001), in HaCat, and in a sunscreen at 0.5% (w/v) (p < 0.001), in RHS. In conclusion, in vitro results showed fucoxanthin protective potential to the skin that might contribute to improving the photoprotective potential of sunscreens in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Skin Protection)
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