Antioxidants

24 pages, 6300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nrf2 as a Therapeutic Target in the Resistance to Targeted Therapies in Melanoma

by Marie Angèle Cucci, Margherita Grattarola, Chiara Monge, Antonella Roetto, Giuseppina Barrera, Emilia Caputo, Chiara Dianzani and Stefania Pizzimenti

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061313 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2815

Abstract

The use of specific inhibitors towards mutant BRAF (BRAFi) and MEK (MEKi) in BRAF-mutated patients has significantly improved progression-free and overall survival of metastatic melanoma patients. Nevertheless, half of the patients still develop resistance within the first year of therapy. Therefore, understanding the [...] Read more.

The use of specific inhibitors towards mutant BRAF (BRAFi) and MEK (MEKi) in BRAF-mutated patients has significantly improved progression-free and overall survival of metastatic melanoma patients. Nevertheless, half of the patients still develop resistance within the first year of therapy. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of BRAFi/MEKi-acquired resistance has become a priority for researchers. Among others, oxidative stress-related mechanisms have emerged as a major force. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of Nrf2, the master regulator of the cytoprotective and antioxidant response, in the BRAFi/MEKi acquired resistance of melanoma. Moreover, we investigated the mechanisms of its activity regulation and the possible cooperation with the oncogene YAP, which is also involved in chemoresistance. Taking advantage of established in vitro melanoma models resistant to BRAFi, MEKi, or dual resistance to BRAFi/MEKi, we demonstrated that Nrf2 was upregulated in melanoma cells resistant to targeted therapy at the post-translational level and that the deubiquitinase DUB3 participated in the control of the Nrf2 protein stability. Furthermore, we found that Nrf2 controlled the expression of YAP. Importantly, the inhibition of Nrf2, directly or through inhibition of DUB3, reverted the resistance to targeted therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and NRF2 in Health and Disease)

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16 pages, 1700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Modern Oven Treatments on Lipid Oxidation and Vitamin E Content of Fillets from Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) at Different Reproductive Cycle Phases

by Ancuta Nartea, Lama Ismaiel, Emanuela Frapiccini, Pasquale Massimiliano Falcone, Deborah Pacetti, Natale Giuseppe Frega, Paolo Lucci and Sabrina Colella

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061312 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1423

Abstract

The beneficial effects of sardine consumption can be related to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as vitamin E and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In any case, the levels of these compounds in sardine fillet depend on different factors mainly related to the [...] Read more.

The beneficial effects of sardine consumption can be related to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as vitamin E and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In any case, the levels of these compounds in sardine fillet depend on different factors mainly related to the diet and reproductive cycle phase of the fish as well as the technological treatments carried out to cook the fillets. The aim of the present study is two-fold: first, to evaluate changes in the total fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation, and vitamin E content of raw fillets from sardine (Sardina pilchardus) at different reproductive cycle phases (pre-spawning, spawning, and post-spawning); and second, to highlight how these nutritional profiles are affected by three oven treatments (conventional, steam, and sous-vide). For this purpose, raw fish was grouped into pre-spawning, spawning, and post-spawning phases according to the mesenteric fat frequency and the gonadosomatic index evaluation, and submitted to conventional (CO), steam (SO), and sous-vide (SV) baking. The ratio of EPA/DHA and vitamin E increased from post-spawning to pre-spawning, to spawning. Considering the reproductive phases, baking affected the oxidative degree differently: a CO > SO ≥ SV impact was found in the worst scenario (post-spawning), mitigated by vitamin E, to CO ≥ SO > SV in the best scenario (spawning). SV was the best treatment with high values of vitamin E in pre-spawning individuals (110.1 mg/kg). This study shows how vitamin E is correlated to the combined effect of endogenous and exogenous factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Processing on Antioxidant Rich Foods - 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 5859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Whey Improves In Vitro Endothelial Mitochondrial Function and Metabolic Redox Status in Diabetic State

by Elisa Martino, Amalia Luce, Anna Balestrieri, Luigi Mele, Camilla Anastasio, Nunzia D’Onofrio, Maria Luisa Balestrieri and Giuseppe Campanile

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061311 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1320

Abstract

Endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), leading to cardiovascular complications. Current preventive antioxidant strategies to reduce oxidative stress and improve mitochondrial function in T2DM highlight dietary interventions as a promising approach, stimulating the deepening [...] Read more.

Endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), leading to cardiovascular complications. Current preventive antioxidant strategies to reduce oxidative stress and improve mitochondrial function in T2DM highlight dietary interventions as a promising approach, stimulating the deepening of knowledge of food sources rich in bioactive components. Whey (WH), a dairy by-product with a considerable content of bioactive compounds (betaines and acylcarnitines), modulates cancer cell metabolism by acting on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Here, we aimed at covering the lack of knowledge on the possible effect of WH on the mitochondrial function in T2DM. The results showed that WH improved human endothelial cell (TeloHAEC) function during the in vitro diabetic condition mimicked by treating cells with palmitic acid (PA) (0.1 mM) and high glucose (HG) (30 mM). Of note, WH protected endothelial cells from PA+HG-induced cytotoxicity (p < 0.01) and prevented cell cycle arrest, apoptotic cell death, redox imbalance, and metabolic alteration (p < 0.01). Moreover, WH counteracted mitochondrial injury and restored SIRT3 levels (p < 0.01). The SiRNA-mediated suppression of SIRT3 abolished the protective effects exerted by WH on the mitochondrial and metabolic impairment caused by PA+HG. These in vitro results reveal the efficacy of whey as a redox and metabolic modulator in the diabetic state and pave the way for future studies to consider whey as the source of dietary bioactive molecules with health benefits in preventive strategies against chronic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Management of ROS in Physiological and Pathological Conditions)

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23 pages, 2542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tyrosine Nitroxidation Does Not Affect the Ability of α-Synuclein to Bind Anionic Micelles, but It Diminishes Its Ability to Bind and Assemble Synaptic-like Vesicles

by Ana Belén Uceda, Juan Frau, Bartolomé Vilanova and Miquel Adrover

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061310 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1070

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neuron degeneration and the accumulation of neuronal inclusions known as Lewy bodies, which are formed by aggregated and post-translationally modified α-synuclein (αS). Oxidative modifications such as the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) or di-tyrosine are found in [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neuron degeneration and the accumulation of neuronal inclusions known as Lewy bodies, which are formed by aggregated and post-translationally modified α-synuclein (αS). Oxidative modifications such as the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) or di-tyrosine are found in αS deposits, and they could be promoted by the oxidative stress typical of PD brains. Many studies have tried to elucidate the molecular mechanism correlating nitroxidation, αS aggregation, and PD. However, it is unclear how nitroxidation affects the physiological function of αS. To clarify this matter, we synthetized an αS with its Tyr residues replaced by 3-NT. Its study revealed that Tyr nitroxidation had no effect on either the affinity of αS towards anionic micelles nor the overall structure of the micelle-bound αS, which retained its α-helical folding. Nevertheless, we observed that nitroxidation of Y39 lengthened the disordered stretch bridging the two consecutive α-helices. Conversely, the affinity of αS towards synaptic-like vesicles diminished as a result of Tyr nitroxidation. Additionally, we also proved that nitroxidation precluded αS from performing its physiological function as a catalyst of the clustering and the fusion of synaptic vesicles. Our findings represent a step forward towards the completion of the puzzle that must explain the molecular mechanism behind the link between αS-nitroxidation and PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aberrant Oxidation of Biomolecules)

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23 pages, 1667 KiB

Open AccessReview

Benefits of Natural Antioxidants on Oral Health

by Giuseppina Malcangi, Assunta Patano, Anna Maria Ciocia, Anna Netti, Fabio Viapiano, Irene Palumbo, Irma Trilli, Mariafrancesca Guglielmo, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Gianna Dipalma, Francesco Inchingolo, Elio Minetti and Angelo Michele Inchingolo

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061309 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2455

Abstract

In recent years, special attention has been paid to the correlation between oxidation–reduction mechanisms and human health. The free radicals produced via physiological cellular biochemical processes are major contributors to oxidation phenomena. Their instability is the major cause of cellular damage. Free radical [...] Read more.

In recent years, special attention has been paid to the correlation between oxidation–reduction mechanisms and human health. The free radicals produced via physiological cellular biochemical processes are major contributors to oxidation phenomena. Their instability is the major cause of cellular damage. Free radical reactive oxygen species containing oxygen are the best-known ones. The body neutralises the harmful effects of free radicals via the production of endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and melatonin). The field of study of nutraucetics has found antioxidant capacity in substances such as vitamins A, B, C, E, coenzyme Q-10, selenium, flavonoids, lipoic acid, carotenoids, and lycopene contained in some foods. There are several areas of investigation that aim to research the interaction between reactive oxygen species, exogenous antioxidants, and the microbiota to promote increased protection via the peroxidation of macromolecules (proteins, and lipids) by maintaining a dynamic balance among the species that make up the microbiota. In this scoping review, we aim to map the scientific literature on oxidative stress related to the oral microbiota, and the use of natural antioxidants to counteract it, to assess the volume, nature, characteristics, and type of studies available to date, and to suggest the possible gaps that will emerge from the analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Systems in Oral Health)

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19 pages, 2520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Characterization of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antimutagenic Activities of the Green Microalga Ettlia pseudoalveolaris

by Andrea Vornoli, Teresa Grande, Valter Lubrano, Francesco Vizzarri, Chiara Gorelli, Andrea Raffaelli, Clara Maria Della Croce, Santiago Zarate Baca, Carla Sandoval, Vincenzo Longo, Luisa Pozzo and Cristina Echeverria

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061308 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1432

Abstract

Recently, green microalgae have gained importance due to their nutritional and bioactive compounds, which makes them some of the most promising and innovative functional foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical profile and the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and [...] Read more.

Recently, green microalgae have gained importance due to their nutritional and bioactive compounds, which makes them some of the most promising and innovative functional foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical profile and the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenic activity of an aqueous extract of the green microalga Ettlia pseudoalveolaris, obtained from the freshwater lakes of the Ecuadorian Highlands. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were used to determine the ability of the microalga to reduce the endothelial damage caused by hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the eukaryotic system Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to evaluate the possible cytotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effect of E. pseudoalveolaris. The extract showed a notable antioxidant capacity and a moderate antibacterial activity mostly due to the high content in polyphenolic compounds. It is likely that the antioxidant compounds present in the extract were also responsible for the observed reduction in endothelial damage of HMEC-1 cells. An antimutagenic effect through a direct antioxidant mechanism was also found. Based on the results of in vitro assays, E. pseudoalveolaris proved to be a good source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial and antimutagenic capacities making it a potential functional food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Challenges and Perspectives on Future Nutrition)

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16 pages, 5419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde Protects Keratinocytes from Particulate Matter 2.5-Induced Damages

by Ao-Xuan Zhen, Mei-Jing Piao, Kyoung-Ah Kang, Pincha-Devage-Sameera-Madushan Fernando, Herath-Mudiyanselage-Udari-Lakmini Herath, Suk-Ju Cho and Jin-Won Hyun

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061307 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1182

Abstract

Cellular senescence can be activated by several stimuli, including ultraviolet radiation and air pollutants. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of marine algae compound 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (3-BDB) on particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5)-induced skin cell damage in vitro and in vivo. [...] Read more.

Cellular senescence can be activated by several stimuli, including ultraviolet radiation and air pollutants. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of marine algae compound 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (3-BDB) on particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5)-induced skin cell damage in vitro and in vivo. The human HaCaT keratinocyte was pre-treated with 3-BDB and then with PM_2.5. PM_2.5-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, apoptotic protein expression, and cellular senescence were measured using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and Western blot. The present study exhibited PM_2.5-generated ROS, DNA damage, inflammation, and senescence. However, 3-BDB ameliorated PM_2.5-induced ROS generation, mitochondria dysfunction, and DNA damage. Furthermore, 3-BDB reversed the PM_2.5-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, reduced cellular inflammation, and mitigated cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and activator protein 1 activated by PM_2.5 were inhibited by 3-BDB. Thus, 3-BDB suppressed skin damage induced by PM_2.5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress Induced by Air Pollution)

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20 pages, 2855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Hot and Cold Brews from Single-Estate Teas (Camellia sinensis) Grown across Europe: An Emerging Specialty Product

by Patricia Carloni, Alfonso Albacete, Purificación A. Martínez-Melgarejo, Federico Girolametti, Cristina Truzzi and Elisabetta Damiani

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061306 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3021

Abstract

Tea is grown around the world under extremely diverse geographic and climatic conditions, namely, in China, India, the Far East and Africa. However, recently, growing tea also appears to be feasible in many regions of Europe, from where high-quality, chemical-free, organic, single-estate teas [...] Read more.

Tea is grown around the world under extremely diverse geographic and climatic conditions, namely, in China, India, the Far East and Africa. However, recently, growing tea also appears to be feasible in many regions of Europe, from where high-quality, chemical-free, organic, single-estate teas have been obtained. Hence, the aim of this study was to characterize the health-promoting properties in terms of the antioxidant capacity of traditional hot brews as well as cold brews of black, green and white teas produced across the European territory using a panel of antioxidant assays. Total polyphenol/flavonoid contents and metal chelating activity were also determined. For differentiating the characteristics of the different tea brews, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry were employed. Overall, our findings demonstrate for the first time that teas grown in Europe are good quality teas that are endowed with levels of health-promoting polyphenols and flavonoids and that have an antioxidant capacity similar to those grown in other parts of the world. This research is a vital contribution to the characterization of European teas, providing essential and important information for both European tea growers and consumers, and could be of guidance and support for the selection of teas grown in the old continent, along with having the best brewing conditions for maximizing the health benefits of tea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidative Ingredients for Oxidative Stress Prevention: The Potential of Coffee and Tea)

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15 pages, 4257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hepatic Anti-Oxidative Genes CAT and GPX4 Are Epigenetically Modulated by RORγ/NRF2 in Alphacoronavirus-Exposed Piglets

by Haotian Gu, Yaya Liu, Yahui Zhao, Huan Qu, Yanhua Li, Abdelkareem A. Ahmed, Hao-Yu Liu, Ping Hu and Demin Cai

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061305 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1791

Abstract

As a member of alpha-coronaviruses, PEDV could lead to severe diarrhea and dehydration in newborn piglets. Given that lipid peroxides in the liver are key mediators of cell proliferation and death, the role and regulation of endogenous lipid peroxide metabolism in response to [...] Read more.

As a member of alpha-coronaviruses, PEDV could lead to severe diarrhea and dehydration in newborn piglets. Given that lipid peroxides in the liver are key mediators of cell proliferation and death, the role and regulation of endogenous lipid peroxide metabolism in response to coronavirus infection need to be illuminated. The enzymatic activities of SOD, CAT, mitochondrial complex-I, complex-III, and complex-V, along with the glutathione and ATP contents, were significantly decreased in the liver of PEDV piglets. In contrast, the lipid peroxidation biomarkers, malondialdehyde, and ROS were markedly elevated. Moreover, we found that the peroxisome metabolism was inhibited by the PEDV infection using transcriptome analysis. These down-regulated anti-oxidative genes, including GPX4, CAT, SOD1, SOD2, GCLC, and SLC7A11, were further validated by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Because the nuclear receptor RORγ-driven MVA pathway is critical for LPO, we provided new evidence that RORγ also controlled the genes CAT and GPX4 involved in peroxisome metabolism in the PEDV piglets. We found that RORγ directly binds to these two genes using ChIP-seq and ChIP-qPCR analysis, where PEDV strongly repressed the binding enrichments. The occupancies of histone active marks such as H3K9/27ac and H3K4me1/2, together with active co-factor p300 and polymerase II at the locus of CAT and GPX4, were significantly decreased. Importantly, PEDV infection disrupted the physical association between RORγ and NRF2, facilitating the down-regulation of the CAT and GPX4 genes at the transcriptional levels. RORγ is a potential factor in modulating the CAT and GPX4 gene expressions in the liver of PEDV piglets by interacting with NRF2 and histone modifications. Full article

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16 pages, 4519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glycolysis Aids in Human Lens Epithelial Cells’ Adaptation to Hypoxia

by Yuxin Huang, Xiyuan Ping, Yilei Cui, Hao Yang, Jing Bao, Qichuan Yin, Hailaiti Ailifeire and Xingchao Shentu

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061304 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1308

Abstract

Hypoxic environments are known to trigger pathological damage in multiple cellular subtypes. Interestingly, the lens is a naturally hypoxic tissue, with glycolysis serving as its main source of energy. Hypoxia is essential for maintaining the long-term transparency of the lens in addition to [...] Read more.

Hypoxic environments are known to trigger pathological damage in multiple cellular subtypes. Interestingly, the lens is a naturally hypoxic tissue, with glycolysis serving as its main source of energy. Hypoxia is essential for maintaining the long-term transparency of the lens in addition to avoiding nuclear cataracts. Herein, we explore the complex mechanisms by which lens epithelial cells adapt to hypoxic conditions while maintaining their normal growth and metabolic activity. Our data show that the glycolysis pathway is significantly upregulated during human lens epithelial (HLE) cells exposure to hypoxia. The inhibition of glycolysis under hypoxic conditions incited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HLE cells, leading to cellular apoptosis. After ATP was replenished, the damage to the cells was not completely recovered, and ER stress, ROS production, and cell apoptosis still occurred. These results suggest that glycolysis not only performs energy metabolism in the process of HLE cells adapting to hypoxia, but also helps them continuously resist cell apoptosis caused by ER stress and ROS production. Furthermore, our proteomic atlas provides possible rescue mechanisms for cellular damage caused by hypoxia. Full article

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23 pages, 4966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Oleacein Treatment on Endothelial Dysfunction and Lupus Nephritis in Balb/C Pristane-Induced Mice

by Rocío Muñoz-García, Marina Sánchez-Hidalgo, Manuel Alcarranza, María Victoria Vazquéz-Román, María Alvarez de Sotomayor, María Luisa González-Rodríguez, María C. de Andrés and Catalina Alarcón-de-la-Lastra

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061303 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1493

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic immune-inflammatory disease characterized by multiorgan affectation and lowered self-tolerance. Additionally, epigenetic changes have been described as playing a pivotal role in SLE. This work aims to assess the effects of oleacein (OLA), one of the main [...] Read more.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic immune-inflammatory disease characterized by multiorgan affectation and lowered self-tolerance. Additionally, epigenetic changes have been described as playing a pivotal role in SLE. This work aims to assess the effects of oleacein (OLA), one of the main extra virgin olive oil secoiridoids, when used to supplement the diet of a murine pristane-induced SLE model. In the study, 12-week-old female BALB/c mice were injected with pristane and fed with an OLA-enriched diet (0.01 % (w/w)) for 24 weeks. The presence of immune complexes was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Endothelial dysfunction was studied in thoracic aortas. Signaling pathways and oxidative-inflammatory-related mediators were evaluated by Western blotting. Moreover, we studied epigenetic changes such as DNA methyltransferase (DNMT-1) and micro(mi)RNAs expression in renal tissue. Nutritional treatment with OLA reduced the deposition of immune complexes, ameliorating kidney damage. These protective effects could be related to the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, the Janus kinase/signal transducer and transcription activator of transcription, nuclear factor kappa, nuclear-factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2, inflammasome signaling pathways, and the regulation of miRNAs (miRNA-126, miRNA-146a, miRNA-24-3p, and miRNA-123) and DNMT-1 expression. Moreover, the OLA-enriched diet normalized endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-1 overexpression. These preliminary results suggest that an OLA-supplemented diet could constitute a new alternative nutraceutical therapy in the management of SLE, supporting this compound as a novel epigenetic modulator of the immunoinflammatory response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Tree Products and Antioxidants)

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13 pages, 1236 KiB

Open AccessReview

Redox Mechanisms Underlying the Cytostatic Effects of Boric Acid on Cancer Cells—An Issue Still Open

by Giulia Paties Montagner, Silvia Dominici, Simona Piaggi, Alfonso Pompella and Alessandro Corti

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061302 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1415

Abstract

Boric acid (BA) is the dominant form of boron in plasma, playing a role in different physiological mechanisms such as cell replication. Toxic effects have been reported, both for high doses of boron and its deficiency. Contrasting results were, however, reported about the [...] Read more.

Boric acid (BA) is the dominant form of boron in plasma, playing a role in different physiological mechanisms such as cell replication. Toxic effects have been reported, both for high doses of boron and its deficiency. Contrasting results were, however, reported about the cytotoxicity of pharmacological BA concentrations on cancer cells. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the main findings in the field ranging from the proposed mechanisms of BA uptake and actions to its effects on cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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18 pages, 7027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phaeanthus vietnamensis Ban Ameliorates Lower Airway Inflammation in Experimental Asthmatic Mouse Model via Nrf2/HO-1 and MAPK Signaling Pathway

by Thi Van Nguyen, Chau Tuan Vo, Van Minh Vo, Cong Thuy Tram Nguyen, Thi My Pham, Chun Hua Piao, Yan Jing Fan, Ok Hee Chai and Thi Tho Bui

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061301 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1378

Abstract

Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease listed as one of the top global health problems. Phaeanthus vietnamensis BÂN is a well-known medicinal plant in Vietnam with its anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory potential, and gastro-protective properties. However, there is no study about P. vietnamensis [...] Read more.

Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease listed as one of the top global health problems. Phaeanthus vietnamensis BÂN is a well-known medicinal plant in Vietnam with its anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory potential, and gastro-protective properties. However, there is no study about P. vietnamensis extract (PVE) on asthma disease. Here, an OVA-induced asthma mouse model was established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic effects and possible mechanisms of PVE. BALB/c mice were sensitized by injecting 50 μg OVA into the peritoneal and challenged by nebulization with 5% OVA. Mice were orally administered various doses of PVE once daily (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (Dex; 2.5 mg/kg) or Saline 1 h before the OVA challenge. The cell infiltrated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed; levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulins in serum, cytokines, and transcription factors in the BALF were measured, and lung histopathology was evaluated. PVE, especially PVE 200mg/kg dose, could improve asthma exacerbation by balancing the Th1/Th2 ratio, reducing inflammatory cells in BALF, depressing serum anti-specific OVA IgE, anti-specific OVA IgG1, histamine levels, and retrieving lung histology. Moreover, the PVE treatment group significantly increased the expressions of antioxidant enzymes Nrf2 and HO-1 in the lung tissue and the level of those antioxidant enzymes in the BALF, decreasing the oxidative stress marker MDA level in the BALF, leading to the relieving the activation of MAPK signaling in asthmatic condition. The present study demonstrated that Phaeanthus vietnamensis BÂN, traditionally used in Vietnam as a medicinal plant, may be used as an efficacious agent for treating asthmatic disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Lung Inflammation)

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12 pages, 1004 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of 8-Hydroxyguanine DNA Glycosylase 1 on the Function of Immune Cells

by Weiran Zhang, Ranwei Zhong, Xiangping Qu, Yang Xiang and Ming Ji

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061300 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1465

Abstract

Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause an imbalance between oxidation and anti-oxidation, leading to the occurrence of oxidative stress in the body. The most common product of ROS-induced base damage is 8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxoG). Failure to promptly remove 8-oxoG often causes mutations during [...] Read more.

Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause an imbalance between oxidation and anti-oxidation, leading to the occurrence of oxidative stress in the body. The most common product of ROS-induced base damage is 8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxoG). Failure to promptly remove 8-oxoG often causes mutations during DNA replication. 8-oxoG is cleared from cells by the 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1)-mediated oxidative damage base excision repair pathway so as to prevent cells from suffering dysfunction due to oxidative stress. Physiological immune homeostasis and, in particular, immune cell function are vulnerable to oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that inflammation, aging, cancer, and other diseases are related to an imbalance in immune homeostasis caused by oxidative stress. However, the role of the OGG1-mediated oxidative damage repair pathway in the activation and maintenance of immune cell function is unknown. This review summarizes the current understanding of the effect of OGG1 on immune cell function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular ROS and Antioxidants: Physiological and Pathological Role)

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11 pages, 2739 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Relationships between Serum Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Patients with Mental Disorders

by Ana-Maria Vlasceanu, Daniela Gradinaru, Miriana Stan, Viorela G. Nitescu and Daniela Luiza Baconi

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061299 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2471

Abstract

The role of cigarette smoking as an aggravating factor of systemic oxidative stress in patients with mental disorders has not been extensively investigated, although significantly higher rates of smoking are recorded in these subjects in comparison with the general population. In the present [...] Read more.

The role of cigarette smoking as an aggravating factor of systemic oxidative stress in patients with mental disorders has not been extensively investigated, although significantly higher rates of smoking are recorded in these subjects in comparison with the general population. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that smoking might be an exacerbator of systemic oxidative stress, being directly correlated with the degree of exposure to tobacco smoke. We analyzed, in 76 adult subjects from a public health care unit, the relationships between serum cotinine levels as a marker of tobacco smoke exposure, and three biomarkers of oxidative stress: the serum glutathione (GSH), the advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and the total serum antioxidant status (FRAP). The results indicate that the degree of tobacco smoke exposure was inversely associated with GSH levels in both passive and active smokers, suggesting that smoke particulate components’ toxicity is associated with a systemic GSH depletion. Paradoxically, the lowest AOPP levels which were positively associated with GSH, were recorded in active smoking patients whereas in passive smokers individual values of AOPPs decreased along with the increase in GSH levels. Our data suggest that an enhanced inhalation of particulate constituents of cigarette smoke could induce critical changes in systemic redox homeostasis and GSH can no longer exert its antioxidant role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cigarette Smoking: Associated Oxidative Stress and Health Hazards)

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27 pages, 5786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Activities of Photoinduced Phycogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Their Potential Applications

by Vijayakumar Maduraimuthu, Jayappriyan Kothilmozhian Ranishree, Raja Mohan Gopalakrishnan, Brabakaran Ayyadurai, Rathinam Raja and Klaus Heese

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061298 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2161

Abstract

While various methods exist for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), green synthesis has emerged as a promising approach due to its affordability, sustainability, and suitability for biomedical purposes. However, green synthesis is time-consuming, necessitating the development of efficient and cost-effective techniques to minimize reaction [...] Read more.

While various methods exist for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), green synthesis has emerged as a promising approach due to its affordability, sustainability, and suitability for biomedical purposes. However, green synthesis is time-consuming, necessitating the development of efficient and cost-effective techniques to minimize reaction time. Consequently, researchers have turned their attention to photo-driven processes. In this study, we present the photoinduced bioreduction of silver nitrate (AgNO₃) to AgNPs using an aqueous extract of Ulva lactuca, an edible green seaweed. The phytochemicals found in the seaweed functioned as both reducing and capping agents, while light served as a catalyst for biosynthesis. We explored the effects of different light intensities and wavelengths, the initial pH of the reaction mixture, and the exposure time on the biosynthesis of AgNPs. Confirmation of AgNP formation was achieved through the observation of a surface plasmon resonance band at 428 nm using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of algae-derived phytochemicals bound to the outer surface of the synthesized AgNPs. Additionally, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images demonstrated that the NPs possessed a nearly spherical shape, ranging in size from 5 nm to 40 nm. The crystalline nature of the NPs was confirmed by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), with Bragg’s diffraction pattern revealing peaks at 2θ = 38°, 44°, 64°, and 77°, corresponding to the planes of silver 111, 200, 220, and 311 in the face-centered cubic crystal lattice of metallic silver. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results exhibited a prominent peak at 3 keV, indicating an Ag elemental configuration. The highly negative zeta potential values provided further confirmation of the stability of AgNPs. Moreover, the reduction kinetics observed via UV-vis spectrophotometry demonstrated superior photocatalytic activity in the degradation of hazardous pollutant dyes, such as rhodamine B, methylene orange, Congo red, acridine orange, and Coomassie brilliant blue G-250. Consequently, our biosynthesized AgNPs hold great potential for various biomedical redox reaction applications. Full article

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15 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Thymol and 24-Epibrassinolide in Zebrafish Larvae

by Germano A. B. Lanzarin, Luís M. Félix, Sandra M. Monteiro, Jorge M. Ferreira, Paula A. Oliveira and Carlos Venâncio

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061297 - 18 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1574

Abstract

Thymol (THY) and 24-epibrassinolide (24-EPI) are two examples of plant-based products with promising therapeutic effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of the THY and 24-EPI. We used zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae transgenic line (Tg(mpx [...] Read more.

Thymol (THY) and 24-epibrassinolide (24-EPI) are two examples of plant-based products with promising therapeutic effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of the THY and 24-EPI. We used zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae transgenic line (Tg(mpxGFP)ⁱ¹¹⁴) to evaluate the recruitment of neutrophils as an inflammatory marker to the site of injury after tail fin amputation. In another experiment, wild-type AB larvae were exposed to a well known pro-inflammatory substance, copper (CuSO4), and then exposed for 4 h to THY, 24-EPI or diclofenac (DIC), a known anti-inflammatory drug. In this model, the antioxidant (levels of reactive oxygen species—ROS) and anti-apoptotic (cell death) effects were evaluated in vivo, as well as biochemical parameters such as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase), the biotransformation activity of glutathione-S-transferase, the levels of glutathione reduced and oxidated, lipid peroxidation, acetylcholinesterase activity, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and levels of nitric acid (NO). Both compounds decreased the recruitment of neutrophils in Tg(mpxGFP)ⁱ¹¹⁴, as well as showed in vivo antioxidant effects by reducing ROS production and anti-apoptotic effects in addition to a decrease in NO compared to CuSO4. The observed data substantiate the potential of the natural compounds THY and 24-EPI as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents in this species. These results support the need for further research to understand the molecular pathways involved, particularly their effect on NO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Compounds from Natural Products)

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16 pages, 1796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Exercise Repetitions on Arylesterase Activity of PON1 in Plasma of Average-Trained Men—The Dissociation between Activity and Concentration

by Aneta Otocka-Kmiecik, Monika Orłowska-Majdak, Robert Stawski, Urszula Szkudlarek, Gianluca Padula, Szymon Gałczyński and Dariusz Nowak

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061296 - 17 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1254

Abstract

Exercise may increase the antioxidant capacity of plasma by stimulating antioxidant enzymes. The study aimed to measure the effect of three repetitions of acute exercise on arylesterase (ARE) activity of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme. Eleven average-trained men (age 34.0 ± 5.2 years) [...] Read more.

Exercise may increase the antioxidant capacity of plasma by stimulating antioxidant enzymes. The study aimed to measure the effect of three repetitions of acute exercise on arylesterase (ARE) activity of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme. Eleven average-trained men (age 34.0 ± 5.2 years) completed three treadmill runs. ARE activity in plasma was evaluated spectrophotometrically and compared with PON1 concentration (PON1c), paraoxonase (PON) activity, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at rest and after exercise. In all repetitions of the exercise, ARE activity remained stable, and ARE activity standardized for PON1c (ARE/PON1c) was lower post- than pre-exercise. The ARE/PON1c ratio changes returned to baseline levels during rest after each exercise session. Pre-exercise ARE activity correlated negatively with post-exercise C-reactive protein (CRP) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.049), white blood cell count (WBC) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.048), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.037), and creatine kinase (CK) (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.036). ARE activity may be depleted under conditions of oxidative stress, as increases in PON1c during acute exercise did not result in parallel increases in ARE activity. No adaptation of the response of ARE activity to exercise was detected in subsequent exercise sessions. Individuals with lower pre-exercise ARE activity may develop a higher inflammatory response to strenuous exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)

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19 pages, 1245 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress-Induced Vascular Aging in Obesity

by Hiva Sharebiani, Shayan Keramat, Abdolali Chavoshan, Bahar Fazeli and Agata Stanek

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061295 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1596

Abstract

Obesity is a worldwide trend that is growing in incidence very fast. Adipose tissue dysfunction caused by obesity is associated with the generation of oxidative stress. Obesity-induced oxidative stress and inflammation play a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Vascular aging [...] Read more.

Obesity is a worldwide trend that is growing in incidence very fast. Adipose tissue dysfunction caused by obesity is associated with the generation of oxidative stress. Obesity-induced oxidative stress and inflammation play a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Vascular aging is one of the main pathogenesis mechanisms. The aim of this study is to review the effect of antioxidants on vascular aging caused by oxidative stress in obesity. In order to achieve this aim, this paper is designed to review obesity-caused adipose tissue remodeling, vascular aging generated by high levels of oxidative stress, and the effects of antioxidants on obesity, redox balance, and vascular aging. It seems that vascular diseases in obese individuals are complex networks of pathological mechanisms. In order to develop a proper therapeutic tool, first, there is a need for a better understanding of interactions between obesity, oxidative stress, and aging. Based on these interactions, this review suggests different lines of strategies that include change in lifestyle to prevent and control obesity, strategies for adipose tissue remodelling, oxidant–antioxidant balance, inflammation suppression, and strategies against vascular aging. Some antioxidants support different lines of these strategies, making them appropriate for complex conditions such as oxidative stress-induced vascular diseases in obese individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Organ Damage in Health and Disease--State of Art)

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13 pages, 1522 KiB

Open AccessReview

Revised Aspects into the Molecular Bases of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Metabolism in Lactobacilli

by Félix López de Felipe

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061294 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1399

Abstract

Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are phenolic compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of edible plants and are the most abundant phenolic acids in our diet. The antimicrobial capacity of HCAs is an important function attributed to these phenolic acids in the defense of plants [...] Read more.

Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are phenolic compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of edible plants and are the most abundant phenolic acids in our diet. The antimicrobial capacity of HCAs is an important function attributed to these phenolic acids in the defense of plants against microbiological threats, and bacteria have developed diverse mechanisms to counter the antimicrobial stress imposed by these compounds, including their metabolism into different microbial derivatives. The metabolism of HCAs has been intensively studied in Lactobacillus spp., as the metabolic transformation of HCAs by these bacteria contributes to the biological activity of these acids in plant and human habitats or to improve the nutritional quality of fermented foods. The main mechanisms known to date used by Lactobacillus spp. to metabolize HCAs are enzymatic decarboxylation and/or reduction. Here, recent advances in the knowledge regarding the enzymes that contribute to these two enzymatic conversions, the genes involved, their regulation and the physiological significance to lactobacilli are reviewed and critically discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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20 pages, 2434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Fresh Ovine “Tuma” Cheese Quality Characteristics by Application of Oregano Essential Oils

by Giuliana Garofalo, Marialetizia Ponte, Carlo Greco, Marcella Barbera, Michele Massimo Mammano, Giancarlo Fascella, Giuseppe Greco, Giulia Salsi, Santo Orlando, Antonio Alfonzo, Antonino Di Grigoli, Daniela Piazzese, Adriana Bonanno, Luca Settanni and Raimondo Gaglio

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061293 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1261

Abstract

In the present work, oregano essential oils (OEOs) were applied to process the fresh ovine cheese “Tuma” obtained by pressed cheese technology. Cheese making trials were performed under industrial conditions using ewe’s pasteurized milk and two strains of Lactococcus lactis (NT1 and NT4) [...] Read more.

In the present work, oregano essential oils (OEOs) were applied to process the fresh ovine cheese “Tuma” obtained by pressed cheese technology. Cheese making trials were performed under industrial conditions using ewe’s pasteurized milk and two strains of Lactococcus lactis (NT1 and NT4) as fermenting agents. Two experimental cheese products (ECP) were obtained through the addition of 100 (ECP100) and 200 (ECP200) µL/L of OEO to milk, while the control cheese product (CCP) was OEO-free. Both Lc. lactis strains showed in vitro and in vivo ability to grow in the presence of OEOs and to dominate over indigenous milk lactic acid bacteria (LAB) resistant to pasteurization. In the presence of OEOs, the most abundant compound found in cheese was carvacrol, constituting more than 65% of the volatile fraction in both experimental products. The addition of OEOs did not influence ash, fat, or protein content, but it increased by 43% the antioxidant capacity of the experimental cheeses. ECP100 cheeses showed the best appreciation scores by the sensory panel. In order to investigate the ability OEOs to be used as a natural preservative, a test of artificial contamination was carried out, and the results showed a significant reduction of the main dairy pathogens in OEO-added cheeses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants)

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23 pages, 6215 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Deadly Liaison between Oxidative Injury and p53 Drives Methyl-Gallate-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis in HCT116 Colon Cancer Cells

by Antonietta Notaro, Marianna Lauricella, Diana Di Liberto, Sonia Emanuele, Michela Giuliano, Alessandro Attanzio, Luisa Tesoriere, Daniela Carlisi, Mario Allegra, Anna De Blasio, Giuseppe Calvaruso and Antonella D’Anneo

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061292 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1439

Abstract

Methyl gallate (MG), which is a gallotannin widely found in plants, is a polyphenol used in traditional Chinese phytotherapy to alleviate several cancer symptoms. Our studies provided evidence that MG is capable of reducing the viability of HCT116 colon cancer cells, while it [...] Read more.

Methyl gallate (MG), which is a gallotannin widely found in plants, is a polyphenol used in traditional Chinese phytotherapy to alleviate several cancer symptoms. Our studies provided evidence that MG is capable of reducing the viability of HCT116 colon cancer cells, while it was found to be ineffective on differentiated Caco-2 cells, which is a model of polarized colon cells. In the first phase of treatment, MG promoted both early ROS generation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, sustained by elevated PERK, Grp78 and CHOP expression levels, as well as an upregulation in intracellular calcium content. Such events were accompanied by an autophagic process (16–24 h), where prolonging the time (48 h) of MG exposure led to cellular homeostasis collapse and apoptotic cell death with DNA fragmentation and p53 and γH2Ax activation. Our data demonstrated that a crucial role in the MG-induced mechanism is played by p53. Its level, which increased precociously (4 h) in MG-treated cells, was tightly intertwined with oxidative injury. Indeed, the addition of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is a ROS scavenger, counteracted the p53 increase, as well as the MG effect on cell viability. Moreover, MG promoted p53 accumulation into the nucleus and its inhibition by pifithrin-α (PFT-α), which is a negative modulator of p53 transcriptional activity, enhanced autophagy, increased the LC3-II level and inhibited apoptotic cell death. These findings provide new clues to the potential action of MG as a possible anti-tumor phytomolecule for colon cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Astonishing World of Phytochemicals: State-of-the-Art for Antioxidants)

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15 pages, 2098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Red Quinoa Hydrolysates with Antioxidant Properties Improve Cardiovascular Health in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

by Miguel López-Moreno, Estefanía Jiménez-Moreno, Antonio Márquez Gallego, Gema Vera Pasamontes, José Antonio Uranga Ocio, Marta Garcés-Rimón and Marta Miguel-Castro

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061291 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1690

Abstract

In recent years, quinoa has been postulated as an emerging crop for the production of functional foods. Quinoa has been used to obtain plant protein hydrolysates with in vitro biological activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effect [...] Read more.

In recent years, quinoa has been postulated as an emerging crop for the production of functional foods. Quinoa has been used to obtain plant protein hydrolysates with in vitro biological activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of red quinoa hydrolysate (QrH) on oxidative stress and cardiovascular health in an in vivo experimental model of hypertension (HTN) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The oral administration of QrH at 1000 mg/kg/day (QrHH) showed a significant reduction in SBP from baseline (−9.8 ± 4.5 mm Hg; p < 0.05) in SHR. The mechanical stimulation thresholds did not change during the study QrH groups, whereas in the case of SHR control and SHR vitamin C, a significant reduction was observed (p < 0.05). The SHR QrHH exhibited higher antioxidant capacity in the kidney than the other experimental groups (p < 0.05). The SHR QrHH group showed an increase in reduced glutathione levels in the liver compared to the SHR control group (p < 0.05). In relation to lipid peroxidation, SHR QrHH exhibited a significant decrease in plasma, kidney and heart malondialdehyde (MDA) values compared to the SHR control group (p < 0.05). The results obtained revealed the in vivo antioxidant effect of QrH and its ability to ameliorate HTN and its associated complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Antioxidants and Cardiovascular Health)

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20 pages, 1060 KiB

Open AccessReview

Insights into the Role of Plasmatic and Exosomal microRNAs in Oxidative Stress-Related Metabolic Diseases

by Ayauly Duisenbek, Gabriela C. Lopez-Armas, Miguel Pérez, María D. Avilés Pérez, José Miguel Aguilar Benitez, Víctor Roger Pereira Pérez, Juan Gorts Ortega, Arailym Yessenbekova, Nurzhanyat Ablaikhanova, Germaine Escames, Darío Acuña-Castroviejo and Iryna Rusanova

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061290 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1670

Abstract

A common denominator of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes Mellitus, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, are elevated oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. These complex, multi-factorial diseases are caused by the detrimental interaction between the individual genetic background and multiple environmental stimuli. The cells, including [...] Read more.

A common denominator of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes Mellitus, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, are elevated oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. These complex, multi-factorial diseases are caused by the detrimental interaction between the individual genetic background and multiple environmental stimuli. The cells, including the endothelial ones, acquire a preactivated phenotype and metabolic memory, exhibiting increased oxidative stress, inflammatory gene expression, endothelial vascular activation, and prothrombotic events, leading to vascular complications. There are different pathways involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, and increased knowledge suggests a role of the activation of the NF-kB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome as key mediators of metabolic inflammation. Epigenetic-wide associated studies provide new insight into the role of microRNAs in the phenomenon of metabolic memory and the development consequences of vessel damage. In this review, we will focus on the microRNAs related to the control of anti-oxidative enzymes, as well as microRNAs related to the control of mitochondrial functions and inflammation. The objective is the search for new therapeutic targets to improve the functioning of mitochondria and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, despite the acquired metabolic memory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Epigenetic Modifications on Metabolic Diseases Oxidative Related)

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34 pages, 3068 KiB

Open AccessReview

Brain Iron Metabolism, Redox Balance and Neurological Diseases

by Guofen Gao, Linhao You, Jianhua Zhang, Yan-Zhong Chang and Peng Yu

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061289 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1782

Abstract

The incidence of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and stroke, is increasing. An increasing number of studies have correlated these diseases with brain iron overload and the resulting oxidative damage. Brain iron deficiency has also been closely linked to neurodevelopment. [...] Read more.

The incidence of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and stroke, is increasing. An increasing number of studies have correlated these diseases with brain iron overload and the resulting oxidative damage. Brain iron deficiency has also been closely linked to neurodevelopment. These neurological disorders seriously affect the physical and mental health of patients and bring heavy economic burdens to families and society. Therefore, it is important to maintain brain iron homeostasis and to understand the mechanism of brain iron disorders affecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, resulting in neural damage, cell death and, ultimately, leading to the development of disease. Evidence has shown that many therapies targeting brain iron and ROS imbalances have good preventive and therapeutic effects on neurological diseases. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and treatment strategies of brain iron metabolism disorders in neurological diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron Metabolism, Redox Balance and Neurological Diseases)

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15 pages, 3475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Copper Sulphate Exposure on the Oxidative Stress, Gill Transcriptome and External Microbiota of Yellow Catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

by Shun Zhou, Qiuhong Yang, Yi Song, Bo Cheng and Xiaohui Ai

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061288 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1815

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the potential adverse effects of the practical application of copper sulfate on yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and to provide insights into the gill toxicity induced by copper sulphate. Yellow catfish were exposed to a conventional anthelmintic [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the potential adverse effects of the practical application of copper sulfate on yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and to provide insights into the gill toxicity induced by copper sulphate. Yellow catfish were exposed to a conventional anthelmintic concentration of copper sulphate (0.7 mg/L) for seven days. Oxidative stress biomarkers, transcriptome, and external microbiota of gills were examined using enzymatic assays, RNA-sequencing, and 16S rDNA analysis, respectively. Copper sulphate exposure led to oxidative stress and immunosuppression in the gills, with increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and altered expression of immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs), such as IL-1β, IL4Rα, and CCL24. Key pathways involved in the response included cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The 16S rDNA analysis revealed copper sulphate altered the diversity and composition of gill microbiota, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the abundance of Bacteroidotas and Bdellovibrionota and a significant increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria. Notably, a substantial 8.5-fold increase in the abundance of Plesiomonas was also observed at the genus level. Our findings demonstrated that copper sulphate induced oxidative stress, immunosuppression, and gill microflora dysbiosis in yellow catfish. These findings highlight the need for sustainable management practices and alternative therapeutic strategies in the aquaculture industry to mitigate the adverse effects of copper sulphate on fish and other aquatic organisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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14 pages, 5304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Beneficial Effect of Lomitapide on the Cardiovascular System in LDLr^−/− Mice with Obesity

by Undral Munkhsaikhan, Young In Kwon, Amal M. Sahyoun, María Galán, Alexis A. Gonzalez, Karima Ait-Aissa, Ammaar H. Abidi, Adam Kassan and Modar Kassan

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061287 - 16 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1866

Abstract

Objectives: Homozygous familial hypercholesteremia (HoFH) is a rare, life-threatening metabolic disease, mainly caused by a mutation in the LDL receptor. If untreated, HoFH causes premature death from acute coronary syndrome. Lomitapide is approved by the FDA as a therapy to lower lipid levels [...] Read more.

Objectives: Homozygous familial hypercholesteremia (HoFH) is a rare, life-threatening metabolic disease, mainly caused by a mutation in the LDL receptor. If untreated, HoFH causes premature death from acute coronary syndrome. Lomitapide is approved by the FDA as a therapy to lower lipid levels in adult patients with HoFH. Nevertheless, the beneficial effect of lomitapide in HoFH models remains to be defined. In this study, we investigated the effect of lomitapide on cardiovascular function using LDL receptor-knockout mice (LDLr⁻/⁻). Methods: Six-week-old LDLr⁻/⁻ mice were fed a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Lomitapide (1 mg/Kg/Day) was given by oral gavage for the last 2 weeks in the HFD group. Body weight and composition, lipid profile, blood glucose, and atherosclerotic plaques were measured. Vascular reactivity and markers for endothelial function were determined in conductance arteries (thoracic aorta) and resistance arteries (mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA)). Cytokine levels were measured by using the Mesoscale discovery V-Plex assays. Results: Body weight (47.5 ± 1.5 vs. 40.3 ± 1.8 g), % of fat mass (41.6 ± 1.9% vs. 31.8 ± 1.7%), blood glucose (215.5 ± 21.9 vs. 142.3 ± 7.7 mg/dL), and lipid levels (cholesterol: 600.9 ± 23.6 vs. 451.7 ± 33.4 mg/dL; LDL/VLDL: 250.6 ± 28.9 vs. 161.1 ± 12.24 mg/dL; TG: 299.5 ± 24.1 vs. 194.1 ± 28.1 mg/dL) were significantly decreased, and the % of lean mass (56.5 ± 1.8% vs. 65.2 ± 2.1%) was significantly increased in the HFD group after lomitapide treatment. The atherosclerotic plaque area also decreased in the thoracic aorta (7.9 ± 0.5% vs. 5.7 ± 0.1%). After treatment with lomitapide, the endothelium function of the thoracic aorta (47.7 ± 6.3% vs. 80.7 ± 3.1%) and mesenteric resistance artery (66.4 ± 4.3% vs. 79.5 ± 4.6%) was improved in the group of LDLr⁻/⁻ mice on HFD. This was correlated with diminished vascular endoplasmic (ER) reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Conclusions: Treatment with lomitapide improves cardiovascular function and lipid profile and reduces body weight and inflammatory markers in LDLr⁻/⁻ mice on HFD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants in Obesity and Related Diseases)

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22 pages, 2309 KiB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Applications of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Antioxidants for Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases

by Manho Kim, Hyejun Jang, Wijin Kim, Doyeon Kim and Ju Hyun Park

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061286 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2293

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) composed of a lipid bilayer are released from various cell types, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, and serve as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs can perform a variety of biological functions through the delivery of bioactive molecules, such as [...] Read more.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) composed of a lipid bilayer are released from various cell types, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, and serve as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs can perform a variety of biological functions through the delivery of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, and can also be utilized as carriers for drug delivery. However, the low productivity and high cost of mammalian-derived EVs (MDEVs) are major barriers to their practical clinical application where large-scale production is essential. Recently, there has been growing interest in plant-derived EVs (PDEVs) that can produce large amounts of electricity at a low cost. In particular, PDEVs contain plant-derived bioactive molecules such as antioxidants, which are used as therapeutic agents to treat various diseases. In this review, we discuss the composition and characteristics of PDEVs and the appropriate methods for their isolation. We also discuss the potential use of PDEVs containing various plant-derived antioxidants as replacements for conventional antioxidants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Materials and Their Antioxidant Potential)

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16 pages, 1479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Grape By-Products to Enriched Yogurt Containing Pomace Extract Loaded in Nanotechnological Nutriosomes Tailored for Promoting Gastro-Intestinal Wellness

by Ines Castangia, Federica Fulgheri, Francisco Javier Leyva-Jimenez, Maria Elena Alañón, Maria de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea, Francesca Marongiu, Maria Cristina Meloni, Matteo Aroffu, Matteo Perra, Mohamad Allaw, Rita Abi Rached, Rodrigo Oliver-Simancas, Elvira Escribano Ferrer, Fabiano Asunis, Maria Letizia Manca and Maria Manconi

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061285 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1275

Abstract

Grape pomace is the main by-product generated during the winemaking process; since it is still rich in bioactive molecules, especially phenolic compounds with high antioxidant power, its transformation in beneficial and health-promoting foods is an innovative challenge to extend the grape life cycle. [...] Read more.

Grape pomace is the main by-product generated during the winemaking process; since it is still rich in bioactive molecules, especially phenolic compounds with high antioxidant power, its transformation in beneficial and health-promoting foods is an innovative challenge to extend the grape life cycle. Hence, in this work, the phytochemicals still contained in the grape pomace were recovered by an enhanced ultrasound assisted extraction. The extract was incorporated in liposomes prepared with soy lecithin and in nutriosomes obtained combining soy lecithin and Nutriose FM06^®, which were further enriched with gelatin (gelatin-liposomes and gelatin-nutriosomes) to increase the samples’ stability in modulated pH values, as they were designed for yogurt fortification. The vesicles were sized ~100 nm, homogeneously dispersed (polydispersity index < 0.2) and maintained their characteristics when dispersed in fluids at different pH values (6.75, 1.20 and 7.00), simulating salivary, gastric and intestinal environments. The extract loaded vesicles were biocompatible and effectively protected Caco-2 cells against oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide, to a better extent than the free extract in dispersion. The structural integrity of gelatin-nutriosomes, after dilution with milk whey was confirmed, and the addition of vesicles to the yogurt did not modify its appearance. The results pointed out the promising suitability of vesicles loading the phytocomplex obtained from the grape by-product to enrich the yogurt, offering a new and easy strategy for healthy and nutritional food development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants)

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16 pages, 10320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Caffeic Acid, a Polyphenolic Micronutrient Rescues Mice Brains against Aβ-Induced Neurodegeneration and Memory Impairment

by Amjad Khan, Jun Sung Park, Min Hwa Kang, Hyeon Jin Lee, Jawad Ali, Muhammad Tahir, Kyonghwan Choe and Myeong Ok Kim

Antioxidants 2023, 12(6), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061284 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1690

Abstract

Oxidative stress plays an important role in cognitive dysfunctions and is seen in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been reported that the polyphenolic compound caffeic acid possesses strong neuroprotective and antioxidant effects. The current study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress plays an important role in cognitive dysfunctions and is seen in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been reported that the polyphenolic compound caffeic acid possesses strong neuroprotective and antioxidant effects. The current study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic potential of caffeic acid against amyloid beta (Aβ_1–42)-induced oxidative stress and memory impairments. Aβ_1–42 (5 μL/5 min/mouse) was administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) into wild-type adult mice to induce AD-like pathological changes. Caffeic acid was administered orally at 50 mg/kg/day for two weeks to AD mice. Y-maze and Morris water maze (MWM) behavior tests were conducted to assess memory and cognitive abilities. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses were used for the biochemical analyses. The behavioral results indicated that caffeic acid administration improved spatial learning, memory, and cognitive abilities in AD mice. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assays were performed and showed that the levels of ROS and LPO were markedly reduced in the caffeic acid-treated mice, as compared to Aβ-induced AD mice brains. Moreover, the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were regulated with the administration of caffeic acid, compared to the Aβ-injected mice. Next, we checked the expression of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP), and other inflammatory markers in the experimental mice, which suggested enhanced expression of these markers in AD mice brains, and were reduced with caffeic acid treatment. Furthermore, caffeic acid enhanced synaptic markers in the AD mice model. Additionally, caffeic acid treatment also decreased Aβ and BACE-1 expression in the Aβ-induced AD mice model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation as Targets for Novel Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches in Non-Communicable Diseases III)

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Antioxidants, Volume 12, Issue 6 (June 2023) – 175 articles

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