Animals

10 pages, 961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Capsicum Oleoresin Supplementation on Lactation Performance, Plasma Metabolites, and Nutrient Digestibility of Heat Stressed Dairy Cow

by Zhigao An, Xinxin Zhang, Shanshan Gao, Di Zhou, Umair Riaz, Mohamed Abdelrahman, Guohua Hua and Liguo Yang

Animals 2022, 12(6), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060797 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3156

Abstract

The present study investigates the effect of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) supplementation on the dry matter intake, milk performance, plasma metabolites, and nutrient digestibility of dairy cows during the summer. Thirty-two lactating Holstein dairy cows (n = 32) were randomly divided into four [...] Read more.

The present study investigates the effect of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) supplementation on the dry matter intake, milk performance, plasma metabolites, and nutrient digestibility of dairy cows during the summer. Thirty-two lactating Holstein dairy cows (n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups. The CAP was dissolved in water and added to the total mixed ration with graded levels of CAP (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg of dry matter). The trial period consisted of seven days for adaptation and thirty days for sampling. Data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLM procedure SAS. The linear and quadratic effects were tested. The milk yield, milk fat, and milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with the dietary addition of CAP (p < 0.05). The dry matter intake increased linearly in the 20CAP group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat yield, and milk fat to milk protein ratio increased quadratically (p < 0.05), while the rectal temperature decreased quadratically (p < 0.05). Serum total cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids increased linearly (p < 0.05); glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate tended to increase quadratically with the dietary addition of CAP (p = 0.05). Meanwhile, CAP supplementation did not affect the milk protein yield, blood concentration of triglyceride, insulin, lipopolysaccharide, immunoglobulin G, or heat shock protein 70 expression level (p > 0.05). In addition, nutrient digestibility was comparable among groups (p > 0.05). These findings indicated that CAP supplementation could enhance the lactation performance of dairy cows during the summer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New and Potential Feedstuffs and Additives in Livestock)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Probiotic In Vitro Potential of Lactic Acid-Producing Bacteria from Canine Vagina: Possible Role in Vaginal Health

by Brian Morales, Livia Spadetto, Maria Àngels Calvo, Marc Yeste, Leonardo Arosemena, Teresa Rigau and Maria Montserrat Rivera del Alamo

Animals 2022, 12(6), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060796 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

Lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) are being widely studied due to their probiotic potential. The aim of the present study was to determine and identify the presence of LAB from canine vaginal samples, as well as to evaluate their probiotic in vitro potential. Ninety-four [...] Read more.

Lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) are being widely studied due to their probiotic potential. The aim of the present study was to determine and identify the presence of LAB from canine vaginal samples, as well as to evaluate their probiotic in vitro potential. Ninety-four bitches were included in the study. Vaginal samples were obtained by means of a sterile swab and streaked on Man Rogosa Sharpe agar plates. A total of 100 LAB strains were obtained and submitted to Gram stains and basic biochemical tests, which included catalase, oxidase and haemolysis tests. Thirteen strains belonging to the genera Lactobacillus (n = 10), Lactococcus (n = 2) and Pediococcus (n = 1) were selected as potential probiotics and further subjected to evaluation of resistance to gastrointestinal conditions (pH, lysozyme, bile salts and hydrogen peroxide) and safety and efficacy in vitro (resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobial capacity). Only three strains, one Lactobacillus lactis and two Lactobacillus plantarum, accomplished the requirements for being considered as potential in vitro probiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genital Microbiota and Reproduction)

20 pages, 2804 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Environmental Heat Load on Endocannabinoid System Components in Adipose Tissue of High Yielding Dairy Cows

by Gitit Kra, Jayasimha Rayalu Daddam, Uzi Moallem, Hadar Kamer, Majdoleen Ahmad, Alina Nemirovski, G. Andres Contreras, Joseph Tam and Maya Zachut

Animals 2022, 12(6), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060795 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3312

Abstract

Environmental heat load (HL) adversely affects the performance of dairy cows. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates metabolism and the stress response, thus we hypothesized that HL may affect the ECS of dairy cows. Our objective was to determine the levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) [...] Read more.

Environmental heat load (HL) adversely affects the performance of dairy cows. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates metabolism and the stress response, thus we hypothesized that HL may affect the ECS of dairy cows. Our objective was to determine the levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and gene and protein expressions of the ECS components in adipose tissue (AT) and plasma of early postpartum (PP) and late-lactation cows. In addition, we examined eCBs in milk, and studied the interaction of eCBs with bovine cannabinoids receptors CB1 and CB2. In the first experiment, plasma and AT were sampled from cows calving during summer (S, n = 9) or winter (W, n = 9). Dry matter intake (DMI) and energy balance (EB) were lower in S vs. W, and relative gene expressions of transient-receptor-potential-cation-channel-subfamily-V-member-1 (TRPV1), the cannabinoid receptors CNR1 (CB1) and CNR2 (CB2), and monoglyceride lipase (MGLL) were decreased in AT of S compared to W. Protein abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) was decreased, while tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was increased in AT of S vs. W. Other components of the ECS were not different between S and W calving cows. To study whether the degree of HL may affect the ECS, we performed a second experiment with 24 late-lactation cows that were either cooled (CL) or not cooled (heat-stressed; HS) during summer. DMI was lower in HS vs. CL, AT protein abundance of PPAR-α was lower, and TRPV1 tended to be lower in HS vs. CL, but other components of the ECS were not different between groups. Milk levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) tended to increase in HS vs. CL. Additionally, modeling of the bovine cannabinoid receptors demonstrated their binding to anandamide and 2-AG. Environmental HL, possibly via lower intake, is associated with limited alterations in ECS components in AT of dairy cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cryopreservation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Ovarian Tissue in Murray River Rainbowfish, Melanotaenia fluviatilis

by Nicola Rivers, Jonathan Daly, Robert Jones, Peter D. Currie and Peter Temple-Smith

Animals 2022, 12(6), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060794 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2324

Abstract

Freshwater fish populations are declining with many small, Australian fish species at risk of extinction within the next twenty-years. Cryopreservation of reproductive cells and tissues makes it possible to reproduce individuals from a species even after they are extinct in the wild. We [...] Read more.

Freshwater fish populations are declining with many small, Australian fish species at risk of extinction within the next twenty-years. Cryopreservation of reproductive cells and tissues makes it possible to reproduce individuals from a species even after they are extinct in the wild. We describe the successful cryopreservation of ovarian tissue in the Murray River Rainbowfish, Melanotaenia fluviatilis (Order: Atheriniformes). Histology showed that oogonia are 13.70 µm ± 1.75 µm in size, stain positive for germ-line marker Vasa, and represent approximately 2.29 ± 0.81% of cells in the ovary. Flow cytometry was used to analyse ovarian cell suspensions, requiring an optimised tissue digestion protocol. We found that 0.25% trypsin with 1.13 mM EDTA produced cell suspensions with the highest viability (76.28 ± 4.64%) and the highest number of cells recovered per gram of tissue (1.2 × 10⁸ ± 4.4 × 10⁷ cells/g). Subsequent sorting of ovarian cell suspensions by flow cytometry increased oogonial cells in suspension from 2.53 ± 1.31% in an unsorted sample to 5.85 ± 4.01% in a sorted sample (p = 0.0346). Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue showed DMSO-treated samples had higher cell viability post-thaw (63.5 ± 18.2%) which was comparable to fresh samples (82.5 ± 7.1%; p = 0.36). Tissue cryopreserved in 2.0 M DMSO had the highest cell viability overall (76.07 ± 3.89%). This protocol could be applied to bio-banking programs for other species in the Melanotaeniidae, and perhaps species in other families and orders of Australian fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Germplasm Cryopreservation Applied to Wildlife)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GHG Emissions from Dairy Small Ruminants in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), Using the ManleCO₂ Simulation Model

by Gregorio Salcedo, Oscar García, Lorena Jiménez, Roberto Gallego, Rafael González-Cano and Ramón Arias

Animals 2022, 12(6), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060793 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2467

Abstract

The first goal of this work was the description of a model addressed to quantify the carbon footprint in Spanish autochthonous dairy sheep farms (Manchega group), foreign dairy sheep farms (foreigners group: Lacaune and Assaf breeds), and Spanish autochthonous dairy goat farms (Florida [...] Read more.

The first goal of this work was the description of a model addressed to quantify the carbon footprint in Spanish autochthonous dairy sheep farms (Manchega group), foreign dairy sheep farms (foreigners group: Lacaune and Assaf breeds), and Spanish autochthonous dairy goat farms (Florida group). The second objective was to analyze the GHG emission mitigation potential of 17 different livestock farming practices that were implemented by 36 different livestock farms, in terms of CO₂e per hectare (ha), CO₂e per livestock unit (LU), and CO₂e per liter of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM). The study showed the following results: 1.655 kg CO₂e per ha, 6.397 kg CO₂e per LU, and 3.78 kg CO₂e per liter of FPCM in the Manchega group; 12.634 kg CO₂e per ha, 7.810 CO₂e kg per LU, and 2.77 kg CO₂e per liter of FPCM in the Foreigners group and 1.198 kg CO₂e per ha, 6.507 kg CO₂e per LU, and 3.06 kg CO₂e per liter of FPCM in Florida group. In summary, purchasing off-farm animal feed would increase emissions by up to 3.86%. Conversely, forage management, livestock inventory, electrical supply, and animal genetic improvement would reduce emissions by up to 6.29%, 4.3%, 3.52%, and 0.8%, respectively; finally, an average rise of 2 °C in room temperature would increase emissions by up to 0.62%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Competitiveness of Spanish Local Breeds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Application of a High-Resolution Melting Analysis with Unlabeled Probes for the Screening of Short-Tailed Sheep TBXT Heterozygotes

by Guang Yang, Caiyun Wang, Hong Su, Daqing Wang, Aolie Dou, Lu Chen, Teng Ma, Moning Liu, Jie Su, Xiaojing Xu, Yanyan Yang, Tingyi He, Xihe Li, Yongli Song and Guifang Cao

Animals 2022, 12(6), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060792 - 21 Mar 2022

Viewed by 2158

Abstract

The short-tailed phenotype has long been considered one of the best traits for population genetic improvement in sheep breeding. In short-tailed sheep, not only is tail fat eliminated but also the pubic area is exposed due to the lack of a tail covering, [...] Read more.

The short-tailed phenotype has long been considered one of the best traits for population genetic improvement in sheep breeding. In short-tailed sheep, not only is tail fat eliminated but also the pubic area is exposed due to the lack of a tail covering, giving them an advantage in reproduction. Recent studies have shown that two linked mutations in sheep TBXT at nucleotides 333 and 334 are associated with the short-tailed phenotype. In the population of short-tailed sheep, several heterozygous mutants of this gene are found. In our research, we used high-resolution melting (HRM) to identify homozygous and heterozygous genotypes in a flock of short-tailed sheep and compared the results with those of Sanger sequencing, which were identical. This demonstrates that our established HRM method, a rapid and inexpensive genotyping method, can be used to identify homozygous and heterozygous individuals in short-tailed sheep flocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue How to Safeguard Local Heritage: From Conservation to Breeding Strategies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 551 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Protective Role of Melatonin in Sperm Cryopreservation of Farm Animals and Human: Lessons for Male Fish Cryopreservation

by Alexandra I. Alevra, Athanasios Exadactylos, Eleni Mente and Serafeim Papadopoulos

Animals 2022, 12(6), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060791 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3482

Abstract

Cryopreservation is a technique that offers various advantages, especially in fish, among others, that makes the reproduction of species easier through a constant supply of sperm, synchronization of the gamete availability of both sexes, storage of semen for genetic improvement programs, reduction in [...] Read more.

Cryopreservation is a technique that offers various advantages, especially in fish, among others, that makes the reproduction of species easier through a constant supply of sperm, synchronization of the gamete availability of both sexes, storage of semen for genetic improvement programs, reduction in the cost by eliminating the need to maintain male broodstock, and conserving the gametes of endangered species. However, freezing and warming procedures for cryopreservation lead to a reduction in the quality and viability of cryopreserved sperm because of oxidative stress. For this reason, the enrichment of extender media with antioxidants is a common method of cryopreservation of the semen of several fish species. Recently, many studies have been published for the protective role of antioxidants and especially of melatonin on male fertility preservation both in farm animals and humans, demonstrating the beneficial effects of melatonin as a sperm cryoprotectant. On the other hand, very few studies were conducted using melatonin as an antioxidant in different male fish species for semen cryopreservation. We conclude that the use of moderate concentrations of melatonin are beneficial to semen preservation, and the mechanisms through which melatonin acts positively on spermatozoa need to be further investigated to establish improvement protocols for cryopreservation in fish species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Animal Population Genetics and Conservation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Animal Tourism: Thai Caregivers’ Perspectives on Their Relationships with Elephants and Tigers

by Pornpimol Traci Hayward, Serene Liu, Abigail P. Thigpen and Lynette A. Hart

Animals 2022, 12(6), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060790 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3509

Abstract

This study explored the perspectives of elephant mahouts (n = 55) and tiger caregivers (n = 18) working in 4 private or 2 government facilities in Thailand to learn their experiences and viewpoints pertaining to use of animals in tourism. Interviews [...] Read more.

This study explored the perspectives of elephant mahouts (n = 55) and tiger caregivers (n = 18) working in 4 private or 2 government facilities in Thailand to learn their experiences and viewpoints pertaining to use of animals in tourism. Interviews were conducted in Thailand at facilities in four cities. Mahouts working in private tourism facilities used one-to-one management and were significantly younger and more poorly compensated than those working at government-funded zoos, where some had shifted to group management. Tiger caregivers in tourism had direct contact with young tigers, with group management; these caregivers also were significantly younger than in government zoos, and with fewer benefits. Mahouts and tiger caregivers differed in how they viewed their relationships with their animals. Most mahouts considered their elephants as family members; a slight majority of these questioned the ethics of use of elephants in tourism. Tiger caregivers classified tigers as family or friend equally often; one-third of tiger caregivers declined answering on their approval of using tigers in tourism. What to do with aging tigers is a problem; this may explain some tiger caregivers’ reticence to answer questions about using young tigers in tourism. While solving some problems, animal tourism creates several challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3796 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thermal and Circulatory Changes in Diverse Body Regions in Dogs and Cats Evaluated by Infrared Thermography

by Alejandro Casas-Alvarado, Julio Martínez-Burnes, Patricia Mora-Medina, Ismael Hernández-Avalos, Adriana Domínguez-Oliva, Karina Lezama-García, Jocelyn Gómez-Prado and Daniel Mota-Rojas

Animals 2022, 12(6), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060789 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5199

Abstract

Infrared thermography (IRT) has been proposed as a method for clinical research to detect local inflammatory processes, wounds, neoplasms, pain, and neuropathies. However, evidence of the effectiveness of the thermal windows used in dogs and cats is discrepant. This review aims to analyze [...] Read more.

Infrared thermography (IRT) has been proposed as a method for clinical research to detect local inflammatory processes, wounds, neoplasms, pain, and neuropathies. However, evidence of the effectiveness of the thermal windows used in dogs and cats is discrepant. This review aims to analyze and discuss the usefulness of IRT in diverse body regions in household animals (pets) related to recent scientific evidence on the use of the facial, body, and appendicular thermal windows. IRT is a diagnostic method that evaluates thermal and circulatory changes under different clinical conditions. For the face, structures such as the lacrimal caruncle, ocular area, and pinna are sensitive to assessments of stress degrees, but only the ocular window has been validated in felines. The usefulness of body and appendicular thermal windows has not been conclusively demonstrated because evidence indicates that biological and environmental factors may strongly influence thermal responses in those body regions. The above has led to proposals to evaluate specific muscles that receive high circulation, such as the bicepsfemoris and gracilis. The neck area, perivulvar, and perianal regions may also prove to be useful thermal windows, but their degree of statistical reliability must be established. In conclusion, IRT is a non-invasive technique that can be used to diagnose inflammatory and neoplastic conditions early. However, additional research is required to establish the sensitivity and specificity of these thermal windows and validate their clinical use in dogs and cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Stress in Companion Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Analyses of Bone and Cartilage Transcriptomes Evince Ion Transport, Inflammation and Cartilage Development-Related Genes Involved in Chickens’ Femoral Head Separation

by Iara Goldoni, Adriana Mércia Guaratini Ibelli, Lana Teixeira Fernandes, Jane de Oliveira Peixoto, Ludmila Mudri Hul, Maurício Egídio Cantão, João José de Simoni Gouveia and Mônica Corrêa Ledur

Animals 2022, 12(6), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060788 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2141

Abstract

Femoral head separation (FHS) is usually a subclinical condition characterized by the detachment of articular cartilage from the bone. In this study, a comprehensive analysis identifying shared and exclusive expression profiles, biological processes (BP) and variants related to FHS in the femoral articular [...] Read more.

Femoral head separation (FHS) is usually a subclinical condition characterized by the detachment of articular cartilage from the bone. In this study, a comprehensive analysis identifying shared and exclusive expression profiles, biological processes (BP) and variants related to FHS in the femoral articular cartilage and growth plate in chickens was performed through RNA sequencing analysis. Thirty-six differentially expressed (DE) genes were shared between femoral articular cartilage (AC) and growth plate (GP) tissues. Out of those, 23 genes were enriched in BP related to ion transport, translation factors and immune response. Seventy genes were DE exclusively in the AC and 288 in the GP. Among the BP of AC, the response against bacteria can be highlighted, and for the GP tissue, the processes related to chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage development stand out. When the chicken DE genes were compared to other datasets, eight genes (SLC4A1, RHAG, ANK1, MKNK2, SPTB, ADA, C7 and EPB420) were shared between chickens and humans. Furthermore, 89 variants, including missense in the SPATS2L, PRKAB1 and TRIM25 genes, were identified between groups. Therefore, those genes should be more explored to validate them as candidates to FHS/FHN in chickens and humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Selection and Associated Defects in Poultry Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quercetin Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Buffalo Ovarian Granulosa Cells

by Weihan Yang, Runfeng Liu, Qinqiang Sun, Xingchen Huang, Junjun Zhang, Liangfeng Huang, Pengfei Zhang, Ming Zhang and Qiang Fu

Animals 2022, 12(6), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060787 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2087

Abstract

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a crucial role in granulosa cell (GCs) apoptosis, which is the main cause of follicular atresia. Quercetin (QC), a plant-derived flavonoid, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other biological properties. However, whether QC can alleviate the effects of ER stress [...] Read more.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a crucial role in granulosa cell (GCs) apoptosis, which is the main cause of follicular atresia. Quercetin (QC), a plant-derived flavonoid, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other biological properties. However, whether QC can alleviate the effects of ER stress on buffalo GCs remains unknown. In this study, we constructed an ER stress model in buffalo GCs by using tunicamycin (TM) and pre-treated with QC to explore the effect of QC on cells under ER stress. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin fluorescein 5 isothiocyanate (V-FITC), and the expressions of mRNA and related proteins involved in ER stress and apoptosis were detected via real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The results revealed that ER stress can cause apoptosis in GCs, whereas QC pre-treatment can prevent apoptosis caused by ER stress. After pre-treatment with QC, the expression levels of ER stress-related genes and proteins significantly decreased, pro-apoptotic genes were significantly down-regulated, and anti-apoptotic genes were significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, the results of Chop gene overexpression suggested that QC alleviated ER stress via the PERK/CHOP signaling pathway. In this study, we preliminarily elucidated that QC alleviates ER stress-induced apoptosis in buffalo GCs, and the results suggest a novel strategy for delaying follicular atresia by inhibiting GCs apoptosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Buffalo Reproduction)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Utility of Serological Analysis for Neospora caninum Infection in Dairy Cattle Farms Management: Serological Investigation and Evaluation of the Effects on Reproductive and Productive Performances in Two Study Herds in Northern Italy

by Luca Villa, Alessia Libera Gazzonis, Emanuele Fumagalli, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani and Maria Teresa Manfredi

Animals 2022, 12(6), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060786 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2043

Abstract

Neospora caninum is recognized as a major cause of abortion in cattle, determining economic losses, particularly in dairy industries. To evaluate the impact of neosporosis on herd efficiency, and to understand how the serological analysis for N. caninum is explicative of the farm [...] Read more.

Neospora caninum is recognized as a major cause of abortion in cattle, determining economic losses, particularly in dairy industries. To evaluate the impact of neosporosis on herd efficiency, and to understand how the serological analysis for N. caninum is explicative of the farm picture, an epidemiological study was designed in two dairy farms recruited as a case study. Blood samples were collected from 540 animals, including cows and heifers over 12 months, and analyzed by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test with subsequent antibody titration. Overall, 94 animals (17.4%) were identified as positive to N. caninum antibodies (15.5% and 18.5% in Farm 1 and Farm 2), with differences between the farms concerning the antibody titers (Chi-square, p-value = 0.04), particularly in cows (Chi-square, p-value = 0.018). Consequently, a different pattern of abortion episodes was depicted in the two investigated farms. Considering reproductive and productive performances, the number of inseminations necessary to make an animal pregnant was higher in seropositive cows (2.4 and 2.9 in Farm 1 and 2, respectively) than in seronegative ones (2.1 and 2.4 in Farm 1 and 2, respectively). Similarly, particularly in Farm 1, the number of days in milk of not-pregnant cows was higher in seropositive (167.7) than seronegative animals (133.4). Moreover, although the association between N. caninum infection and milk production is still unclear, both the daily milk production and the 305-mature equivalent milk yield were lower in seropositive (31.02 and 11,838.94) than seronegative cows (33.59 and 12,274.88) in Farm 1; an opposite pattern was otherwise depicted in Farm 2. The study showed that even if N. caninum circulated equally in the two herds, the dynamics of the parasite infection and its outcome may be different, also depending on the specific situation of the farm. In this way, the integration of serological analysis for N. caninum, the reproductive and productive parameters, and the information on herd performances, could give specific indications for the application of control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasitic Diseases of Cattle)

16 pages, 4588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Preliminary Study on the Use of HD-sEMG for the Functional Imaging of Equine Superficial Muscle Activation during Dynamic Mobilization Exercises

by Fiorenza Gamucci, Marcello Pallante, Sybille Molle, Enrico Merlo and Andrea Bertuglia

Animals 2022, 12(6), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060785 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2608

Abstract

Superficial skeletal muscle activation is associated with an electric activity. Bidimensional High-Density Surface Electromyography (HD-sEMG) is a non-invasive technique that uses a grid of equally spaced electrodes applied on the skin surface to detect and portray superficial skeletal muscle activation. The goal of [...] Read more.

Superficial skeletal muscle activation is associated with an electric activity. Bidimensional High-Density Surface Electromyography (HD-sEMG) is a non-invasive technique that uses a grid of equally spaced electrodes applied on the skin surface to detect and portray superficial skeletal muscle activation. The goal of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of HD-sEMG to detect electrical activation of skeletal muscle and its application during rehabilitation exercises in horses. To fulfil this aim, activation of the superficial descending pectoral and external abdominal oblique core muscles were measured using HD-sEMG technology during dynamic mobilization exercises to induce lateral bending and flexion/extension tasks of the trunk. Masseter muscle was instrumented during mastication as a control condition. A 64 surface EMG channel wireless system was used with a single 64 electrode grid or a pair of 32 electrode grids. HD-sEMG provided unique information on the muscular activation onset, duration, and offset, along each motor task, and permitting inferences about the motor control strategy actuated by the central nervous system. Signals were further processed to obtain firing frequencies of few motor-neurons. Estimation of electromyographic amplitude and spectral parameters allowed detecting the onset of muscular fatigue during the motor tasks performed. HD-sEMG allows the assessment of muscular activation in horses performing specific motor tasks, supporting its future application in clinical and research settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Wearable Technologies in Equine Sports Medicine: Recent Advances for Diagnosis and Treatment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of a Novel Chlamydia Species in Invasive Turtles

by Laura Bellinati, Stefano Pesaro, Federica Marcer, Patrizia Danesi, Alda Natale and Letizia Ceglie

Animals 2022, 12(6), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060784 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2368

Abstract

Trachemys scripta is a turtle species native to Central America. Since the 1950s, pond sliders have been imported worldwide as companion animals, but have often ended up in foreign ecosystems with great ecological consequences. Moreover, both autochthonous and invasive species of turtles can [...] Read more.

Trachemys scripta is a turtle species native to Central America. Since the 1950s, pond sliders have been imported worldwide as companion animals, but have often ended up in foreign ecosystems with great ecological consequences. Moreover, both autochthonous and invasive species of turtles can be carriers of pathogens, including Chlamydiaceae. In the present study, pulmonary tissues collected from four Trachemys scripta were tested with a 23S-targeting real-time PCR (rPCR) specific for the Chlamydiaceae family. The turtles were hosted in a rescue center for wild exotic animals located in northeastern Italy, and were found dead after the hibernation period. Two out of four individuals resulted positive in rPCR for the presence of Chlamydiaceae. Further characterization of this positivity was performed by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and outer membrane protein A genes. The phylogenetic tree showed that these chlamydial strains are identical to a novel Chlamydia reported in 2017 in Polish freshwater turtles, and closely related to Chlamydia pneumoniae and to other chlamydial strains found in reptiles. This first finding evidences the presence of this Chlamydia strain in Italian turtles, but further studies will be necessary to confirm the presence and the strain pathogenicity and to evaluate its prevalence in the local turtles’ population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Chlamydioses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Linseed Supplementation on Milk Production, Composition, Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids, and on Serum Biochemistry in Cilentana Grazing Goats

by Nadia Musco, Raffaella Tudisco, Giulia Esposito, Piera Iommelli, Pajaree Totakul, Biagio D’Aniello, Pietro Lombardi, Ruggero Amato, Metha Wanapat and Federico Infascelli

Animals 2022, 12(6), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060783 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2537

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of linseed supplementation on milk yield and quality, serum biochemistry and, in particular, to evaluate its possible effects on the production of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) in the milk of Cilentana [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of linseed supplementation on milk yield and quality, serum biochemistry and, in particular, to evaluate its possible effects on the production of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) in the milk of Cilentana grazing goats. Twelve pregnant Cilentana dairy goats were divided into two groups (CTR, control, and LIN, linseed supplementation group). After kidding, the goats had free access to the pasture and both groups received a supplement of 400 g/head of concentrate, but the one administered to the LIN group was characterized by the addition of linseed (in a ratio of 20% as fed) to the ingredients. During the trial, milk samples were taken from April to August in order to evaluate milk production, composition, and fatty acid profile. In addition, blood samples were taken for evaluating the effects of linseed supplementation on goats’ health status. The health status of the goats was not influenced by the linseed supplementation, as confirmed by blood analyses. Concerning the effects on milk, the supplementation positively affected (p < 0.001) milk production and fat percentage and the fatty acid profile was markedly influenced by the lipid supplementation. In particular, milk from the LIN group was characterized by significantly lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids (FA; p < 0.001) and higher proportions of monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, and conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) than milk from the CTR group (p < 0.001). In contrast, the OBCFA were negatively influenced by the linseed supplementation (p < 0.0001). Further studies are needed to test the effects of different fat sources and other nutrients on the diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nutraceuticals and Animal Physiology: Performance and Welfare)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Estimating Discard Mortality in Commercial Fisheries without Fish Dying: A 3R Challenge

by Niels Madsen, Rasmus Ern and Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup

Animals 2022, 12(6), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060782 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2061

Abstract

Globally, it is estimated that around 10% of the fish that are caught are discarded. This is considered to be a wasteful human marine activity since these fish are often dead or dying. To reduce the high discard rates of commercial fisheries, the [...] Read more.

Globally, it is estimated that around 10% of the fish that are caught are discarded. This is considered to be a wasteful human marine activity since these fish are often dead or dying. To reduce the high discard rates of commercial fisheries, the European Union (E.U.) has enacted a landing obligation that includes the ability to exempt “species for which scientific evidence demonstrates high survival rates”. Therefore, discard survival studies (henceforth DSSs) have become one of the most politically prioritized fisheries research areas in European fisheries. International expert groups have produced guidance reports to promote best practices and to harmonize the methodologies. Nevertheless, there has not been any focus on how to implement animal welfare (AW) regulations experimentally. Discard survival studies are “frontrunners” in fisheries science research areas that are embedded by animal research welfare requirements and are expected to be more restrictive in the future because of an increased public focus on fish welfare. This paper focuses on AW regulations in relation to conducting DSSs, but the outreach is much broader. We investigate experimental procedures by bringing in relevant examples, using output results, and relating this information to relevant AW guidelines and regulations by focusing on implementing 3R principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Welfare in Research and Fish Farming)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 4629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Is the Real Influence of Climatic and Environmental Factors in the Outbreaks of African Swine Fever?

by Andrei Ungur, Cristina Daniela Cazan, Luciana-Cătălina Panait, Mircea Coroian and Cornel Cătoi

Animals 2022, 12(6), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060781 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2181

Abstract

African swine fever has a significant economic, social and environmental impact due to official regulation of the disease, namely the mass depopulation of all pigs in confirmed outbreaks. The main objective of the present study was to statistically analyze the possible correlation between [...] Read more.

African swine fever has a significant economic, social and environmental impact due to official regulation of the disease, namely the mass depopulation of all pigs in confirmed outbreaks. The main objective of the present study was to statistically analyze the possible correlation between the number of outbreaks and infected pigs from backyard farms with the altitude, seasonal average annual humidity, and average temperature during spring, summer, autumn and winter, as well as the distance from forests, rivers, and lakes in Romania. The study included all infected backyard pigs with African swine fever virus (n = 7764) and outbreaks (n = 404) that occurred in Romania between 6 February 2020 and 2 March 2021. The number of infected pigs and ASF outbreaks were significantly higher in localities at altitudes between 100 and 500 m, average annual humidity between 60% and 80%, average spring temperature between 10 and 14 °C, average summer temperature between 16 and 22 °C, average autumn temperature between 10 and 13 °C, average winter temperatures between −1 and 2 °C, and at distances of less than 5 km from the forests, less than 15 km from lakes and less than 5 km from the rivers. The number of affected pigs decreased significantly at summer temperatures below 16 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global and Local Factors Influencing Swine Health, Production, and Business)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1674 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Preliminary Investigation of Mixed Orchard Hays on the Meat Quality, Fatty Acid Profile, and Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Goat Kids

by Yingying Wang, Tengfei Li, Xinyi Chen, Chongyi Liu, Xumei Jin, Hua Tan and Mingxiu Long

Animals 2022, 12(6), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060780 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2217

Abstract

This preliminary investigation was designed to study the effects of different mixed orchard hays on meat quality, fatty acids, amino acids, rumen intestinal microflora, and the relationship between rumen bacteria and fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Saanen dairy goats. In [...] Read more.

This preliminary investigation was designed to study the effects of different mixed orchard hays on meat quality, fatty acids, amino acids, rumen intestinal microflora, and the relationship between rumen bacteria and fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Saanen dairy goats. In this preliminary investigation, goats were separately fed crop straws (corn and wheat straws) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (CK group), alfalfa + oats (Avena sativa L.) (group I), alfalfa + perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (group II), and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) + perennial ryegrass (group III). There were differences in shear force and cooking loss between treatments. The contents of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 in the CK group were significantly higher than those in other three groups (p < 0.001). The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in group II were higher than those in other three groups (p < 0.05). Association analysis showed that Prevotella_1 was negatively correlated with C18:0 and significantly positively correlated with C16:1, while Clostridium and Romboutsia showed a positive correlation with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Therefore, feeding mixed hays can increase beneficial fatty acids and the percentages of associated bacteria in rumen and intestines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Production to Valorize Autochthonous Ruminant Breeds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares

by Terttu Katila and Graça Ferreira-Dias

Animals 2022, 12(6), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060779 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3891

Abstract

In this paper, the evolution of our understanding about post breeding endometritis (PBE), the susceptibility of mares, and events leading to endometrosis are reviewed. When sperm arrive in the uterus, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are released. They attract neutrophils and induce modulatory cytokines [...] Read more.

In this paper, the evolution of our understanding about post breeding endometritis (PBE), the susceptibility of mares, and events leading to endometrosis are reviewed. When sperm arrive in the uterus, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are released. They attract neutrophils and induce modulatory cytokines which control inflammation. In susceptible mares, this physiological defense can be prolonged since the pattern of cytokine release differs from that of resistant mares being delayed and weaker for anti-inflammatory cytokines. Delayed uterine clearance due to conformational defects, deficient myometrial contractions, and failure of the cervix to relax is detected by intrauterine fluid accumulation and is an important reason for susceptibility to endometritis. Multiparous aged mares are more likely to be susceptible. Untreated prolonged PBE can lead to bacterial or fungal endometritis called persistent or chronic endometritis. Exuberant or prolonged neutrophilia and cytokine release can have deleterious and permanent effects in inducing endometrosis. Interactions of neutrophils, cytokines, and prostaglandins in the formation of collagen and extracellular matrix in the pathogenesis of fibrosis are discussed. Endometritis and endometrosis are interconnected, influencing each other. It is suggested that they represent epigenetic changes induced by age and hostile uterine environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Endometritis and Fibrosis: An Evolving Story)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inflammatory Response and Electrocardiographic Examination in Horses Vaccinated against Equine Herpesvirus (Ehv-1)

by Vito Biondi, Alessandra Landi, Michela Pugliese, Giordana Merola and Annamaria Passantino

Animals 2022, 12(6), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060778 - 19 Mar 2022

Viewed by 2138

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate possible abnormalities in electrocardiographic findings, and changes in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and inflammatory biomarkers (serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) after inactivated herpesvirus vaccine administration. Eighteen healthy horses were included. All animals were vaccinated with [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate possible abnormalities in electrocardiographic findings, and changes in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and inflammatory biomarkers (serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) after inactivated herpesvirus vaccine administration. Eighteen healthy horses were included. All animals were vaccinated with Pneumoequine^® (Merial, France) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer. They were evaluated 1 day before the first dose of vaccination (D0), and 7 days (D1) and 14 days (D2) afterwards. At D0, D1, and D2, a blood sample was taken for the evaluation of SAA, cTnI, and CRP. An electrocardiographic examination was also performed. The data obtained suggested the possible involvement of the myocardium following vaccination against herpesvirus 1, mostly related to an inflammatory response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Equine Veterinary and Management)

12 pages, 2065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Successful Laparoscopic Oviductal Artificial Insemination in the Endangered Tsushima Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus)

by Akinori Azumano, Miya Ueda, Mika Nomura, Masashi Usui, Midori Ichinose, Yojiro Yanagawa, Satoshi Kusuda, Yuki Matsumoto and Koichi Murata

Animals 2022, 12(6), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060777 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6556

Abstract

The Tsushima leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is an endangered wild felid that lives solely on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki, Japan. Japan’s Ministry of the Environment is working with the Japanese Association of Zoo and Aquariums for ex situ conservation of this [...] Read more.

The Tsushima leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is an endangered wild felid that lives solely on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki, Japan. Japan’s Ministry of the Environment is working with the Japanese Association of Zoo and Aquariums for ex situ conservation of this species. However, considering genetic diversity, it is difficult to conduct captive breeding programs by natural breeding alone; hence, assisted reproductive technologies are required. This study aimed to breed Tsushima leopard cats, which otherwise cannot be paired, using laparoscopic oviductal artificial insemination (AI). Female Tsushima leopard cats (female 1, aged 7 years; female 2, aged 6 years) were treated with 200 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin, followed by administration of 1000 IU porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) after 96 h to induce ovulation. Laparoscopic AI was performed 32 h post-pLH administration. Females 1 and 2 were inseminated in the oviduct with 2.4 × 10⁶ and 3.3 × 10⁶ motile spermatozoa, respectively, collected from two males. Pregnancy was confirmed by radiography 45 and 51 days post-AI in females 1 and 2, respectively; one fetus was found in female 2. Moreover, female 2 had spontaneous delivery of a female kitten 66 days post-AI. This is the first successful case of AI in a Tsushima leopard cat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Insemination in Dogs, Cats and Other Domestic and Wild Carnivores)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 426 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Human–Animal Interactions with Bos taurus Cattle and Their Impacts on On-Farm Safety: A Systematic Review

by Frances Margaret Titterington, Rachel Knox, Stephanie Buijs, Denise Elizabeth Lowe, Steven James Morrison, Francis Owen Lively and Masoud Shirali

Animals 2022, 12(6), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060776 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3040

Abstract

Cattle production necessitates potentially dangerous human–animal interactions. Cattle are physically strong, large animals that can inflict injuries on humans accidentally or through aggressive behaviour. This study provides a systematic review of literature relating to farm management practices (including humans involved, facilities, and the [...] Read more.

Cattle production necessitates potentially dangerous human–animal interactions. Cattle are physically strong, large animals that can inflict injuries on humans accidentally or through aggressive behaviour. This study provides a systematic review of literature relating to farm management practices (including humans involved, facilities, and the individual animal) associated with cattle temperament and human’s on-farm safety. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used to frame the review. Population, Exposure, and Outcomes (PEO) components of the research question are defined as “Bovine” (population), “Handling” (exposure), and outcomes of “Behaviour”, and “Safety”. The review included 17 papers and identified six main themes: actions of humans; human demographics, attitude, and experience; facilities and the environment; the animal involved; under-reporting and poor records; and mitigation of dangerous interactions. Cattle-related incidents were found to be underreported, with contradictory advice to prevent injury. The introduction of standardised reporting and recording of incidents to clearly identify the behaviours and facilities which increase injuries could inform policy to reduce injuries. Global differences in management systems and animal types mean that it would be impractical to impose global methods of best practice to reduce the chance of injury. Thus, any recommendations should be regionally specific, easily accessible, and practicable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Sick and Dead Pig Waste Recycling—A Case Study of Hebei, Shandong, and Henan Provinces in China

by Xu Ge, Apurbo Sarkar, Si Ruishi, Md Ashfikur Rahman, Jony Abdul Azim, Shuxia Zhang and Lu Qian

Animals 2022, 12(6), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060775 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2336

Abstract

Improper handling of sick and dead pigs may seriously affect public health, socio-economic conditions, and eventually cause environmental pollution. However, effective promotion of sick and dead pig (SDP) waste recycling has become the prime focus of current rural governance. Therefore, the study explores [...] Read more.

Improper handling of sick and dead pigs may seriously affect public health, socio-economic conditions, and eventually cause environmental pollution. However, effective promotion of sick and dead pig (SDP) waste recycling has become the prime focus of current rural governance. Therefore, the study explores the impact of commitment, rewards, and punishments to capture the recycling behavior of farmers’ sick and dead pig waste management. The study employs factor analysis, the probit model, and the moderating effect model to craft the findings. The study’s empirical setup comprises the survey data collected from the Hebei, Shandong, and Henan provinces, representing the major pig-producing provinces in China. The study found that the commitment, reward, and punishment mechanisms are essential factors affecting the farmers’ decision-making on recycling sick and dead pig waste. The marginal effect analysis found that the reward and punishment mechanism is more effective than the farmers’ commitment. The study confirmed that in the recycling treatment of sick and dead pig waste, the farmers’ commitment and the government’s reward and punishment policy are the main factors that influence farmers to manage sick and dead pig waste properly. Therefore, the government should highlight the importance of effective waste management, and training facilities should also be extended firmly. The government should impose strict rules and regulations to restrict the irresponsible dumping of farm waste. Monitoring mechanisms should be put in place promptly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Disease in Animals: Threats to the Global Food Supply)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 857 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Humans and Goats: Improving Knowledge for a Better Relationship

by Stefania Celozzi, Monica Battini, Emanuela Prato-Previde and Silvana Mattiello

Animals 2022, 12(6), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060774 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5462

Abstract

There is consensus that the quality of the human–animal relationship (HAR) is relevant to guarantee appropriate levels of animal welfare. Given the impact that HAR may have on both goats and human beings, the aim of the present review is to elucidate: (1) [...] Read more.

There is consensus that the quality of the human–animal relationship (HAR) is relevant to guarantee appropriate levels of animal welfare. Given the impact that HAR may have on both goats and human beings, the aim of the present review is to elucidate: (1) how humans and goats communicate; (2) which are the factors affecting human–goat interactions; (3) how we can measure the quality of this relationship. The systematic review led to the selection of 58 relevant articles. Effective human–goat communication takes place by means of visual, tactile and auditory stimuli and, to a less extent, via olfactory and gustative stimuli. Goats have well-developed socio-cognitive abilities and rely on humans to get relevant information. A deep knowledge of goats’ communication means and socio-cognitive abilities may greatly help improving the human–goat relationship. Management practices (e.g., rearing methods, amount and quality of interactions), as well as genetic selection for suitable individual traits, may contribute to improving HAR. Several measures to assess the quality of HAR have been validated, including avoidance in the pen and at the feeding rack and latency to first contact. Finally, farmers’ attitudes and empathy with goats, as well as their motivation to work with animals, should be improved through appropriate training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Animal Communication)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

m⁶A Methylases Regulate Myoblast Proliferation, Apoptosis and Differentiation

by Xinran Yang, Chugang Mei, Xinhao Ma, Jiawei Du, Jianfang Wang and Linsen Zan

Animals 2022, 12(6), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060773 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2111

Abstract

N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) plays an important role in regulating gene expression. Previous studies found that m⁶A methylation affects skeletal muscle development. However, the effect of m⁶A methylases on bovine skeletal myogenesis is still unclear. Here, we [...] Read more.

N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) plays an important role in regulating gene expression. Previous studies found that m⁶A methylation affects skeletal muscle development. However, the effect of m⁶A methylases on bovine skeletal myogenesis is still unclear. Here, we found that the expression of m⁶A demethylases (FTO and ALKBH5) was significantly higher in the longissimus dorsi muscle of adult cattle than in newborn cattle. In contrast, the expression of m⁶A methyltransferases (METTL3, METTL14 and WTAP) was reduced. The mRNA expression of all five genes was found to be increased during the myogenesis of myoblasts in vitro. Knockdown of FTO or METTL3 promoted myoblast proliferation, inhibited myoblast apoptosis and suppressed myogenic differentiation, whereas ALKBH5 knockdown had the opposite effect. METTL14 knockdown enhanced myoblast proliferation and impaired myogenic differentiation. WTAP knockdown attenuated proliferation and contributed to apoptosis but did not affect differentiation. Furthermore, the functional domains of these five m⁶A methylases are conserved across species. Our results suggest that m⁶A methylases are involved in regulating skeletal muscle development and that there may be a complex network of m⁶A methylation regulating skeletal myogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Perspective on the Past and Future of Genetic Evaluations for Economically Important Traits in Cattle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proteomic Analysis of Intracellular and Membrane-Associated Fractions of Canine (Canis lupus familiaris) Epididymal Spermatozoa and Sperm Structure Separation

by Anna Zmudzinska, Mariusz A. Bromke, Rafal Strzezek, Magdalena Zielinska, Beata Olejnik and Marzena Mogielnicka-Brzozowska

Animals 2022, 12(6), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060772 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2301

Abstract

This study was provided for proteomic analysis of intracellular and membrane-associated fractions of canine (Canis lupus familiaris) epididymal spermatozoa and additionally to find optimal sonication parameters for the epididymal sperm morphological structure separation and sperm protein isolation. Sperm samples were collected [...] Read more.

This study was provided for proteomic analysis of intracellular and membrane-associated fractions of canine (Canis lupus familiaris) epididymal spermatozoa and additionally to find optimal sonication parameters for the epididymal sperm morphological structure separation and sperm protein isolation. Sperm samples were collected from 15 dogs. Sperm protein fractions: intracellular (SIPs) and membrane-associated (SMAPs) were isolated. After sonication, sperm morphology was evaluated using Spermac Stain™. The sperm protein fractions were analyzed using gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and nanoliquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (NanoLC-Q-TOF/MS). UniProt database-supported identification resulted in 42 proteins identified in the SIPs and 153 proteins in the SMAPs. Differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were found in SIPs and SMAPs. Based on a gene ontology analysis, the dominant molecular functions of SIPs were catalytic activity (50%) and binding (28%). Hydrolase activity (33%) and transferase activity (21%) functions were dominant for SMAPs. Bioinformatic analysis of SIPs and SMAPs showed their participation in important metabolic pathways in epididymal sperm, which may suggest their potential as sperm quality biomarkers. The use of sonication 150 W, 10 min, may be recommended for the separation of dog epididymal sperm heads, tails, acrosomes and the protein isolation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Status and Advances in Semen Preservation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1531 KiB

Open AccessReview

Invited Review: Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Pathogens Associated with Diarrhea and Pneumonia in Dairy Calves

by Xin Zhang, Xia Yi, Haohua Zhuang, Zhaoju Deng and Chong Ma

Animals 2022, 12(6), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060771 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2577

Abstract

Antimicrobial use (AMU) is the major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria in dairy herds. There have been numerous studies on AMU and AMR in dairy cows; however, studies on AMU and AMR in dairy calves are limited. A comprehensive overview of [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial use (AMU) is the major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria in dairy herds. There have been numerous studies on AMU and AMR in dairy cows; however, studies on AMU and AMR in dairy calves are limited. A comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge of AMU and AMR among pathogens in dairy calves is important for the development of scientifically supported and applicable measures to curb antimicrobial use and the increasing risk of AMR. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of research on AMU and AMR in dairy calves. A total of 75 publications were included, of which 19 studies reported AMU data for dairy calves and 68 described AMR profiles of the four most prevalent bacteria that are associated with calf diarrhea and calf pneumonia. Large variation in AMU was found among herds across different regions. There seems to be a positive association between exposure to antimicrobials and occurrence of resistance. Most AMU was accounted for by treatment of diseases, while a small proportion of AMU was prophylactic. AMU was more common in treating calf diarrhea than in treating pneumonia, and the resistance rates in bacteria associated with diarrhea were higher than those in pathogens related to pneumonia. Organic farms used significantly fewer antimicrobials to treat calf disease; however, the antimicrobial resistance rates of bacteria associated with calf diarrhea and pneumonia on both types of farms were comparable. Feeding waste or pasteurized milk was associated with a higher risk of AMR in pathogens. Altogether, this review summarizes AMU and AMR data for dairy calves and suggests areas for future research, providing evidence for the design of antimicrobial use stewardship programs in dairy calf farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Knowledge of Efficacy and Prudent Use of Antimicrobials and Anthelmintics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Protecting Canada’s Lab Animals: The Need for Legislation

by Vaughan Black, Andrew Fenton and Elisabeth H. Ormandy

Animals 2022, 12(6), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060770 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3594

Abstract

Canada’s current non-legislated oversight system for animal-based science not only fails to adequately incentivize the replacement of sentient animals as best scientific practice in any meaningful way, but also fails to adequately protect those animals bred, harmed, and killed in the name of [...] Read more.

Canada’s current non-legislated oversight system for animal-based science not only fails to adequately incentivize the replacement of sentient animals as best scientific practice in any meaningful way, but also fails to adequately protect those animals bred, harmed, and killed in the name of science. In this paper, we outline the various shortcomings of the Canadian Council on Animal Care, and we highlight the need for Canada to move towards national legislation akin to that seen in other jurisdictions like the U.K. We conclude that while legislation alone cannot ensure the replacement of sentient animals in science, it appears to be a precondition for significant progress in animal protection and for the development and adoption of non-animal methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Replacing Animal Testing in Research—A Scientific and Regulatory Perspective of Current Efforts Towards the 1R)

14 pages, 1602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biometric Indices, Physio-Metabolic Responses and Carcass Quality in Rohu (Labeo rohita) during Feed Deprivation

by Sona Yengkokpam, Narottam Prasad Sahu, Asim Kumar Pal, Dipesh Debnath, Kamal Kant Jain, Rishikesh Subhashrao Dalvi, Petr Slama, Kavindra Kumar Kesari and Shubhadeep Roychoudhury

Animals 2022, 12(6), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060769 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1910

Abstract

Understanding changes in biometric indices and metabolism in fish exposed to feed deprivation may be useful in aquaculture. The present study elucidates the effect of feed deprivation on physio-biochemical responses, such as changes in biometric indices, nutrient mobilization patterns, and enzyme activities in [...] Read more.

Understanding changes in biometric indices and metabolism in fish exposed to feed deprivation may be useful in aquaculture. The present study elucidates the effect of feed deprivation on physio-biochemical responses, such as changes in biometric indices, nutrient mobilization patterns, and enzyme activities in rohu (Labeo rohita). Experimental fish (av. wt. 3.41 ± 0.07 g) were deprived of feed and sampled at intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days to measure weight, length, body composition, and the activities of enzymes involved in digestion, metabolism, and antioxidation. A decrease in body weight, condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and gastrosomatic index (GSI) was observed during the initial stage of feed deprivation (15 to 30 days) but remained unchanged thereafter. The total carbohydrate and lipid content also decreased rapidly up until 30 days, then stabilized. However, the reduction in tissue protein content (% wet weight) continued gradually with the duration of feed deprivation from 12.85 ± 0.36 at 0 days to 10.04 ± 0.67 at 15 days, 8.79 ± 0.59 at 30 days, 6.95 ± 0.69 at 45 days, and 6.16 ± 0.8 at 60 days, which was lower, compared to the other two body constituents. Amylase, protease. and lipase activities significantly reduced up until 30 days, but then stabilized. Although G6PDH enzyme activity decreased, gluconeogenic (LDH, AST, and ALT) and antioxidative (SOD and catalase) enzyme activities increased during initial feed deprivation (up to 30 days). A tissue-specific difference in amino acid metabolism with a major role of ALT in liver and AST in muscle was observed. This study revealed that rohu fingerlings adapted well to feed deprivation up until 30 days, beyond which there was an overall deterioration in the metabolic functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Responses in Fishes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dietary Betaine and Fatty Acids Change Circulating Single-Carbon Metabolites and Fatty Acids in the Dog

by Dennis E. Jewell and Matthew I. Jackson

Animals 2022, 12(6), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060768 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3089

Abstract

In order to evaluate the interaction of betaine and n-3 PUFA in foods consumed by the dog, six extruded dry foods were formulated. The control food had no specific source of added betaine or n-3 fatty acids, while the test foods were supplemented [...] Read more.

In order to evaluate the interaction of betaine and n-3 PUFA in foods consumed by the dog, six extruded dry foods were formulated. The control food had no specific source of added betaine or n-3 fatty acids, while the test foods were supplemented with betaine, flax or fish oil in a 2 × 3 factorial design (no added n-3 source, added flax, added menhaden fish oil, and all with or without added betaine). Forty eight adult dogs were used in this study. All dogs were assigned to one of the six dietary treatments and consumed that food for the length of the 60-day study. Blood was analyzed for metabolomics (plasma), fatty acids and selected health-related analytes (serum) at the beginning and the end of the study. Added dietary betaine increased single-carbon metabolites (betaine, dimethyl glycine, methionine and N-methylalanine), decreased xenobiotics (stachydrine, N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine, 4-vinylguaiacol sulfate, pyrraline, 3-indoleglyoxylic acid, N-methylpipecolate and ectoine) and enhanced the production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Dietary betaine also decreased the concentration of circulating carnitine and a number of carnitine-containing moieties. The addition of the n-3 fatty acids alpha-linolenic, EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased their respective circulating concentrations as well as those of many subsequent moieties containing these fatty acids. The addition of alpha-linolenic acid increased the concentration of EPA when expressed as a ratio of EPA consumed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Animals, Volume 12, Issue 6 (March-2 2022) – 127 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI