Understanding of Colistin Usage in Food Animals and Available Detection Techniques: A Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Colistin Use in Veterinary Medicine
3. Dosing Regimen of Colistin in Animals
4. Negative Consequences of Colistin Consumption
5. Routine Methods for Colistin Detection in Animals and Its Associated Challenges
6. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Animal Species | Target Tissue | MRLs (Per Kg) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
All food producing animal spp. | Fat, muscle, liver | 150 µg, 150µg, 150 µg | [29] |
All food producing animal spp. | Kidney | 200 µg | [29] |
All food producing animal spp. | Milk | 50 µg | [29] |
All food producing animal spp. | Eggs | 300 µg | [29] |
Cattle, sheep’s | Fat, muscle, kidney, liver, milk | 150 µg, 150 µg, 200 µg, 150 µg, 50 µg | [30] |
Pig, goat, rabbit | Fat, muscle, liver, kidney | 150 µg, 150 µg, 150 µg, 200 µg | [30] |
Chicken | Fat, liver, kidney, eggs | 150 µg, 150 µg, 200 µg, 300 µg | [30] |
Turkey | Fat, muscle, liver, kidney | 150 µg, 150 µg, 150 µg, 200 µg | [30] |
Cattle, lamb | Milk | 50 µg | [31] |
Cattle, lamb, swine, chicken, rabbit | Fat, muscle, liver, kidney | 150 µg, 150 µg, 150 µg, 200 µg | [31] |
Bovine | Muscle, liver, kidney | 150 µg, 150 µg, 200 µg | [32] |
Porcine | Liver, kidney | 150 µg, 200 µg | [32] |
Poultry | Muscle, liver, kidney | 150 µg, 150 µg, 200 µg | [32] |
Pig, cattle, chicken | Muscle, fat, liver | 150 µg | [33] |
Cattle | Milk | 50 µg | [33] |
Pig, cattle, chicken | Kidney | 200 µg | [33] |
Country | Type of Animals | Type of Samples | Sample Size | Type of Microbes | Detection Basis | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nepal | Healthy chickens | Cloacal swabs | 324 | Escherichia coli | mcr-1 | [58] |
China | Healthy chickens | Lung, spleen | 644 | Escherichia coli | mcr-1 | [59] |
Pigs | Liver | 113 | ||||
Cows | Milk | 61 | ||||
Ducks | Liver | 44 | ||||
Iran | Healthy broilers | Cloacal swabs | 503 | Klebsiella pneumoniae | mcr-1, 2, 3, 4 | [60] |
Dead broilers | 388 | |||||
Dead lying hens | 30 | |||||
Dead turkeys | 23 | |||||
Vietnam | Healthy chickens | Cloacal swabs | NS | Escherichia coli | mcr-1 | [61] |
Pigs | ||||||
Brazil | Healthy chickens | Breast | 20 | Escherichia coli | mcr-1 | [62] |
Thigh | 20 | |||||
Liver | 1 | |||||
Denmark | Chicken meat | ND | NS | Escherichia coli | mcr-1 | [63] |
Spain | Swine | Lymph node | NS | Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli | mcr-1 | [64] |
Faeces | ||||||
Turkey | Faeces | NS | Escherichia coli | |||
Switzerland | Chicken meat | ND | 6 | Escherichia coli | mcr-1 | [65] |
Germany | Healthy chicken | Drumsticks | 500 | Cirobacter freundii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pantoea agglomerans | Disc diffusion | [66] |
Pork | Belly | 500 | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca | |||
Japan | Diseased swine | ND | NS | Escherichia coli | mcr-1 | [67] |
Algeria | Healthy chickens | ND | NS | Escherichia coli | Disc diffusion | [68] |
Taiwan | Diseased Chickens | ND | 450 | Salmonella spp. | mcr-1 | [69] |
Pigs | 279 | |||||
Ducks | 206 | |||||
Turkeys | 170 | |||||
Geese | 88 | |||||
Great Britain | Diseased pigs | Small intestine | 3 | Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium | mcr-1 | [70] |
Great Britain | Healthy Pigs | Cecums | 2509 | Escherichia coli | Disc diffusion | [71] |
Cattle | Distal rectums | 891 | ||||
Sheep | Distal rectums | 973 | ||||
Italy | Diseased pigs | Rectal swabs, faeces, intestines | NS | Escherichia coli | Disc diffusion, mcr-1 | [72] |
Great Britain | Healthy pigs | Cecal contents | NS | Moraxella spp. | MIC and mcr-1,2 | [52] |
France | Diseased pigs | Intestinal | 63 | Escherichia coli | Disc diffusion | [48] |
Septicemia | 2 | |||||
Nervous system | 1 | |||||
Lymph node | 1 | |||||
Urine | 1 | |||||
Botswana | Beef | Meat cubes | 134 | Escherichia coli O157: H7 | Disc diffusion | [73] |
Minced meat | 133 | |||||
Fresh sausages | 133 | |||||
India | Poultry | ND | NS | Salmonella spp. | Disc diffusion | [74] |
India | Chickens | Faecal, cecal | 434 | Salmonella enterica | Disc diffusion | [75] |
Ducks | Faecal | 38 | ||||
Emus | Faecal | 35 |
Country | Sample | Method Used | Chromatography Conditions Used | Detection Limit | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Column | Solvent | Flow Rate | |||||
China | Spiked bovine milk | HPLC–MS/MS | An HPLC (Hewlett-Packard HP 1100 series, Rockville, MD, USA) integrated system consisting of a 100-well auto-sampler, a 100 µL sample loop, a degasser, a quaternary pump and a thermostated column oven set at 25 °C was used | Chromatographic separation was performed in a 250 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 µm Alltima C18 separation column (Alltech, Deerfield, MA, USA) and a corresponding C18 guard column (7.5 mm × 4.6 mm) | Mobile phase A: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and mobile phase B: saturated ammonium formate:formic acid:acetonitrile:water (1:5:50:950, v/v/v/v) | Flow rate of 0.2 mL min−1 under a gradient elution program comprised of two mobile phases | 50 µg/Kg | [85] |
China | Spiked fishery products | UPLC–MS/MS | A UPLC–MS/MS system comprised an Acquity UPLC system connected online with a Quattro Premier tandem mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) | The column used was an ACQUITYTM BEH C18 reversed phase column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 µm particle size) maintained at 40 °C | Mobile phase was 0.2% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid in water | Flow rate and temperature of the drying gas (N2) were 750 L h−1 and 350 °C, respectively. The cone gas flow (N2) was 50 L h−1 | 10 µg/Kg (colistin A), 40 µg/Kg (colistin B) | [86] |
Hungary | Spiked pig feeds | HPLC–fluorescence detector | JASCO PU-980 high pressure pump (JASCO, Kyoto, Japan) | A TSK ODS 120T column (150 × 4.6 mmID, 5 µm) was used with an injection volume of 25 µL | Mobile phase was 22:78 v/v acetonitrile–50 mM sodium sulfate, 20 mM orthophosphoric acid, 25 mM triethylamine | Flow rate of the mobile phase and post-column reagent were 1.5 and 1.0 mL min−1, respectively | 20 mg/Kg | [87] |
Spain | Spiked animal feeds | HPLC–fluorescence detector | Thermo HPLC system equipped with a P200 gradient pump | Analytical column (150 × 4.6 mm i.d.) used was packed with Ultracarb 5 µm ODS 30%C. Guard columns (50 × 4.6 mm i.d.) were packed with dry 40 µm Pelliguard LC-18 | Mobile phases with methanol and acetonitile | Flow of 1.5 mL | 5 mg/Kg | [88] |
France | Spiked bovine milk and tissues (muscle, liver, kidney, fat) | HPLC–MS | The HPLC system consisted of a solvent delivery pump (model P2000, Thermo Separation Products, Les Ulis, France), an injection valve (model 7725i, Rheodyne, Cotati, CA, USA) | An analytical column (125 × 4 mm i.d.) pre-packed with 5 μmNucleosil C18 (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) | Mobile phase was acetonitrile and a 0.035 M triethylamine solution adjusted to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid and mixed in 17:83 (v/v) proportions | The flow rate was 1.5 mL/min | 25 µg/L (milk), 100 µg/Kg (tissues) | [89] |
China | Swine liver, chicken eggs, feed, swine muscles, chicken muscles, bovine muscles, sheep muscles, bovine raw milk | UHPLC–MS/MS | An Acquity ultra-performance liquid chromatography system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) | An Acquity BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 μm particle size) (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) | Mobile phases comprised of 0.5% formic acid in water (solvent A) and 0.5% formic acid in acetonitrile (solvent B) | Flow rate was 0.4 mL/min with the following gradient program: 0–0.5 min, 95% A; 0.5–3.0 min, 95–50% A; 3.0–4.0 min, 50–5% A; 4.0–4.1 min, 5–95% A; 4.1–5.5 min, 95% A | 5–30 µg/Kg | [90] |
Belgium | Spiked swine manure | UHPLC–MS/MS | An Acquity UPLC H-class system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) | Reversed-phase Kinetex C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 µm) with a SecurityGuard Ultra guard cartridge system (Phenomenex, Utrecht, The Netherlands) | The elution was performed gradually with changing amounts of H2O/MeCN (95/5) + 0.5% FA + 0.1% ammonium formate (solvent A) and MeCN + 0.1% FA (solvent B). The gradient (15 min) was initiated with 95% of solvent A (0–1 min), followed by a linear decrease of A to 75% (1–3 min). From min 3–5, there was a linear decrease of solvent A to 0% and this was held until min 7. Re-equilibration of the gradient at 95% A was held from min 7–15 | Flow at 400 µL/min | 20.2 µg/Kg (colistin A), 15 µg/Kg (colistin B) | [91] |
China | Spiked swine and poultry feeds | UHPLC–MS/MS | LC–MS/MS system (Thermo Electron Corp., Wyman, Waltham, MA, USA) consisting of a Finnigan Surveyor Plus system with an online degasser, a Surveyor autosampler and a TSQ Quantum triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operating in the positive mode (ESI+) | Separation was performed on 150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm Hypersil Gold C18 analytical columns (Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA) | Mobile phase A consist formic acid in water and mobile phase B formic acid in ACN | Flow-rate of 0.2 mL min−1 | 27.5 µg/Kg (colistin A), 25.7 µg/Kg (colistin B) | [92] |
China | Spiked piglet premix, pig feed additive, poultry complete feed, pig complete feed and fattening pig premix | UHPLC–MS/MS | Shimadzu liquid chromatography system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) | Separations were carried out on a Phenomenex Kinetex Biphenyl column (50 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 2.6 µm particle size, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) | Mobile phase consisted of 0.1% FA in ACN solution (A) and 0.1% FA in water solution (B) with the following gradient elution program: 0 min, 6% A; 2 min, 6% A; 5 min, 40% A; 14 min, 70% A; 14.1 min, 6% A; 18 min, 6% A | Flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. | 5–20 µg/Kg (colistin A), and (colistin B) | [93] |
Canada | Spiked chicken muscle | UPLC–MS/MS | Waters Acquity UPLC interfaced to a Waters Micromass triple quadrupole Premier mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI source and controlled by MassLynx 4.1 software(Waters, Milford, MA, USA) | Poroshell 120, 100 × 2.1 mm id, 2.7 μm (Agilent Technologies, Mississauga, ON Canada) | Mobile phase A (0.1% formic acid in water)and mobile phase B (methanol) | Flow rate of 0.40 mL/min | 39 µg/Kg (colistin A), 50 µg/Kg (colistin B) | [94] |
Italy | Spiked bovine milk, meat | HPLC–MS | Thermo Ultimate 3000 High Performance Liquid Chromatography system (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) | InfinityLab Poroshell 120 HILIC column (100 × 2.1 mm; 2.7 μm, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) connected with the InfinityLab Poroshell 120 HILIC guard column (5 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) | Eluent A was an aqueous solution containing 1% (v/v) formic acid (FA) and 1 mM ammonium formate (AF), eluent B was acetonitrile. The gradient was initiated with 20% eluent A for 2 min, continued with linear increase to 35% A in 5 min. In 1 min eluent A increased to 95% and this condition was maintained for 7 min. The system returned to 20% B in 0.1 min and was re-equilibrated for 4 min (run time: 17 min) | Flow rate was 0.25 mL min−1 | 33 µg/Kg | [95] |
Hong Kong | Spiked bovine milk and tissues | HPLC–MS/MS | An integrated HPLC system (Hewlett–Packard HP 1100series, Rockville, MD, USA) consisting of a 100-well autosampler, a degasser, two-channel binary pump, and atemperature control oven (set at 25 °C), and interfaced with a TSQ Quantum Discovery mass spectrometer (Thermo-Finnigan, San Jose, CA, USA) | 150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm Phenomenex Luna C18 analytical column (Torrance, CA, USA) connected to a 7.5 mm × 4.6 mm Alltech Alltima C18 guard column (Deerfield, IL, USA) | Mobile phases, which were comprised of a mixture of (A) 0.1% formic acid in water and (B) 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, were delivered under a gradient elution program (0–4 min: 95% A, 5% B; 4–8 min: 30% A, 70% B and held for 4 min; 12 min: 95% A, 5% B and held for 3 min to restore initial conditions before the next injection | Flow-rate of 0.25 mL min−1 | 1–16 µg/Kg (colistin A), 6–14 µg/Kg (colistin B) | [96] |
Switzerland | Spiked bovine liver, kidney, muscle, egg, milk | UHPLC–MS/MS | Acquity system (sample and solvent manager) from Waters (Millford, MA, USA) | Kinetex C18, 2.1 × 150 mm × 2.6 µm column with an installed pre-filter (Krud-katcher), both from Phenomenex (Torrance CA, USA) | Mobile phase A: 50 mL acetonitrile, 3 mL of formic acid and 0.1 mL of trifluoroacetic acid were transferred into a 1000 mL volumetricflask and diluted to volume with purified water; Mobile phase B: 50 mL of purified water, 3 mL of formic acidand 0.1 mL of trifluoroacetic acid were transferred into a 1000-mLvolumetric flask and diluted to volume with ACN | Linear gradient was used: 0–2 min with 8% B and flow0.4 mL min−1, 2–7 min with 8–20% B, 7–8 min with 20–30% B, 8–11 min with 30–100% B, 11–11.1 min with 100% B and flow 0.4–0.8 mL min−1, 11.1–12.5 min with 100%, 12.5–12.51 min with 100–8% B and flow 0.8–0.4 mL min−1. 12.51–14 min with 8% B and flow 0.4 mL min−1 | Muscle 15 µg/Kg (colistin A), 30 µg/Kg (colistin B); kidney 30 µg/Kg (colistin A), 30 µg/Kg (colistin B); liver 30 µg/Kg (colistin A), 30 µg/Kg (colistin B); egg 20 µg/Kg (colistin A), 30 µg/Kg (colistin B); milk 20 µg/Kg (colistin A), 40 µg/Kg (colistin B); | [97] |
France | Spiked milk | Disc diffusion method (STAR protocol) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 mg/L | [98] |
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Kumar, H.; Chen, B.-H.; Kuca, K.; Nepovimova, E.; Kaushal, A.; Nagraik, R.; Bhatia, S.K.; Dhanjal, D.S.; Kumar, V.; Kumar, A.; et al. Understanding of Colistin Usage in Food Animals and Available Detection Techniques: A Review. Animals 2020, 10, 1892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101892
Kumar H, Chen B-H, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Kaushal A, Nagraik R, Bhatia SK, Dhanjal DS, Kumar V, Kumar A, et al. Understanding of Colistin Usage in Food Animals and Available Detection Techniques: A Review. Animals. 2020; 10(10):1892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101892
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Harsh, Bing-Huei Chen, Kamil Kuca, Eugenie Nepovimova, Ankur Kaushal, Rupak Nagraik, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Vinod Kumar, Anil Kumar, and et al. 2020. "Understanding of Colistin Usage in Food Animals and Available Detection Techniques: A Review" Animals 10, no. 10: 1892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101892