Effects of Ensiling Oxytropis glabra with Whole-Plant Corn at Different Proportions on Fermentation Quality, Alkaloid Swainsonine Content, and Lactic Acid Bacteria Populations
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Silage Preparation
2.2. Microbial and Chemical Analysis
2.3. Species Identification by 16S rRNA Sequencing
2.4. Determination of the SW Removal Rate in OG Broth by LAB
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Microbial Populations of OG and Whole-Plant Corn Mixtures Prior to and after 60 d of Ensiling
3.2. Chemical Compositions of OG and Whole-Plant Corn Mixtures Prior to and after 60 d of Ensiling
3.3. Fermentation Characteristics of OG and Whole-Plant Corn Mixture Silages
3.4. Isolation, 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing, and Phylogenetic Analysis of LAB
3.5. SW Content and Removal Rate of OG and Whole-Plant Corn Mixture Silages
3.6. The SW Removal Rate in OG Broth by LAB Strains
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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OG:Corn (Percentage of FM) | Prior to Ensiling | 60 d of Ensiling | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LAB | CB | AB | Yeast | Mold | LAB | CB | AB | Yeast | Mold | |
OG silage (10:0) | 4.00 b | 5.16 | 6.24 a | 4.15 b | 2.40 | 6.97 | ND | 6.30 | 6.40 | ND |
9:1 | 4.64 ab | 5.27 | 6.47 a | 5.38 a | 2.70 | 6.58 | ND | 6.02 | 5.06 | ND |
8:2 | 5.45 a | 5.17 | 6.51 a | 5.68 a | 2.55 | 6.28 | ND | 5.80 | 5.56 | ND |
7:3 | 5.67 a | 5.25 | 6.65 a | 5.87 a | 2.40 | 6.88 | ND | 6.56 | 5.21 | ND |
6:4 | 5.71 a | 4.79 | 6.46 a | 5.78 a | 2.55 | 6.16 | ND | 6.04 | 4.80 | ND |
5:5 | 5.56 a | 4.93 | 6.24 a | 5.76 a | 2.40 | 6.31 | ND | 5.98 | 4.86 | ND |
4:6 | 5.44 a | 4.81 | 5.15 b | 5.69 a | 2.55 | 6.23 | ND | 5.43 | 5.55 | ND |
Corn silage (0:10) | 5.64 a | 4.70 | 5.33 b | 6.01 a | 2.85 | 6.24 | ND | 5.41 | 5.80 | ND |
SEM | 0.162 | 0.104 | 0.143 | 0.152 | 0.048 | 0.101 | - | 0.125 | 0.175 | - |
Linear | 0.001 | 0.169 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.165 | 0.048 | - | 0.061 | 0.493 | - |
Quadratic | 0.005 | 0.770 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.119 | 0.521 | - | 0.299 | 0.029 | - |
Cubic | 0.145 | 0.708 | 0.325 | 0.010 | 0.031 | 0.749 | - | 0.604 | 0.945 | - |
OG:Corn (Percentage of FM) | Prior to Ensiling | 60 d of Ensiling | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM | CP | NDF | ADF | WSC | DM | CP | NDF | ADF | WSC | |
OG silage (10:0) | 27.11 a | 19.10 a | 43.04 e | 37.36 a | 5.26 c | 26.31 a | 18.17 a | 42.64 e | 36.36 | 1.35 c |
9:1 | 27.15 a | 18.55 ab | 45.66 d | 35.91 ab | 5.16 c | 26.42 a | 18.15 a | 43.69 e | 35.18 | 2.21 b |
8:2 | 26.22 b | 18.19 b | 46.36 d | 35.14 b | 6.11 bc | 25.07 b | 16.30 b | 45.63 de | 35.78 | 2.23 b |
7:3 | 24. 70 c | 17.18 c | 47.13 cd | 36.21 ab | 7.27 b | 24.12 bc | 15.59 bc | 46.85 cd | 35.90 | 2.20 b |
6:4 | 23. 97 d | 15.27 d | 48.99 bc | 35.68 ab | 7.24 b | 23.24 cd | 14.45 cd | 49.04 bc | 35.12 | 2.60 b |
5:5 | 23.67 e | 13.79 e | 49.15 bc | 36.28 ab | 6.99 b | 22.40 de | 13.51 de | 50.22 b | 36.51 | 2.50 b |
4:6 | 23.33 f | 13.51 e | 50.31 b | 35.48 ab | 7.01 b | 22.30 de | 13.01 e | 50.75 b | 34.81 | 2.61 b |
Corn silage (0:10) | 22.60 g | 8.23 f | 57.73 a | 36.27 ab | 10.31 a | 21.31 e | 8.65 f | 58.33 a | 35.43 | 3.59 a |
SEM | 0.427 | 0.877 | 1.060 | 0.186 | 0.394 | 0.379 | 0.615 | 0.995 | 0.175 | 0.143 |
Linear | <0.001 | < 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.167 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.224 | <0.001 |
Quadratic | <0.001 | < 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.020 | 0.008 | 0.361 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.924 | 0.469 |
Cubic | <0.001 | < 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.071 | <0.001 | 0.089 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.303 | <0.001 |
OG: Corn (Percentage of FM) | pH | Lactic Acid | Acetic Acid | Propionic Acid | Butyric Acid | Ammonia-N (% TN) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(% DM) | ||||||
OG silage (10:0) | 4.46 a | 2.20 | 1.71 | 0.15 a | ND | 4.86 a |
9:1 | 4.22 ab | 3.15 | 1.39 | 0.05 b | ND | 4.31 b |
8:2 | 4.24 ab | 3.59 | 1.41 | 0.02 b | ND | 4.20 b |
7:3 | 4.24 ab | 4.01 | 1.26 | 0.06 b | ND | 4.27 b |
6:4 | 4.22 ab | 4.46 | 1.19 | 0.00 b | ND | 4.21 b |
5:5 | 4.21 b | 3.79 | 1.47 | 0.00 b | ND | 4.16 b |
4:6 | 4.21 b | 4.56 | 1.19 | 0.00 b | ND | 4.06 bc |
Corn silage (0:10) | 4.24 ab | 3.88 | 1.15 | 0.00 b | ND | 3.71 c |
SEM | 0.023 | 0.229 | 0.086 | 0.011 | - | 0.072 |
Linear | 0.022 | 0.013 | 0.199 | <0.001 | - | <0.001 |
Quadratic | 0.016 | 0.057 | 0.632 | 0.001 | - | 0.373 |
Cubic | 0.145 | 0.821 | 0.503 | 0.045 | - | <0.001 |
Source | OG: Corn (Percentage of FM) | Strains | Group |
---|---|---|---|
Fresh material | OG (10:0) | JD10B | Lac. lactis subsp. hordniae |
9:1 | JD7B | Lac. lactis subsp. hordniae | |
8:2 | JD5B | Lac. lactis subsp. hordniae | |
7:3 | JD3B | Lac. lactis subsp. hordniae | |
6:4 | JD1B | Lac. lactis subsp. hordniae | |
5:5 | JD9A | Lac. lactis subsp. hordniae | |
JD10A | Lac. taiwanensis | ||
4:6 | JD5A | Lac. lactis subsp. hordniae | |
Corn (0:10) | JD1A | Lac. lactis subsp. hordniae | |
JD4A | Lac. lactis subsp. lactis | ||
60 d silage | OG silage (10:0) | JD8E | L. plantarum |
JD10E | L. amylovorus | ||
9:1 | JD4E | L. amylovorus | |
JD5E | L. brevis | ||
JD7E | L. plantarum | ||
8:2 | JD1E | L. plantarum, L. pentosus, L. plantarum subsp. argentoratensis | |
JD2E | L. plantarum | ||
7:3 | JD8D | L. brevis | |
JD9D | L. plantarum | ||
6:4 | JD4D | L. plantarum | |
JD6D | L. brevis | ||
5:5 | JD9C | L. brevis | |
JD10C | L. plantarum | ||
4:6 | JD6C | L. plantarum | |
Corn silage (0:10) | JD2C | L. plantarum |
Source | OG: Corn (Percentage of FM) | Strains | Species | SW Removal Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh material | 5:5 | JD9A | Lac. lactis subsp. hordniae | 93.35 c |
4:6 | JD5A | Lac. lactis subsp. hordniae | 88.10 d | |
Corn (0:10) | JD4A | Lac. lactis subsp. lactis | 85.31 e | |
60 d silage | OG silage (10:0) | JD10E | L. amylovorus | 100.00 a |
6:4 | JD6D | L. brevis | 89.12 d | |
5:5 | JD9C | L. brevis | 94.96 bc | |
8:2 | JD1E | L. plantarum group | 96.72 b | |
8:2 | JD2E | L. plantarum | 100.00 a | |
6:4 | JD4D | L. plantarum | 100.00 a | |
5:5 | JD10C | L. plantarum | 100.00 a | |
4:6 | JD6C | L. plantarum | 100.00 a | |
SEM | - | - | 0.591 | |
p-value | - | - | <0.001 |
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Tao, Y.; Niu, D.; Li, F.; Zuo, S.; Sun, Q.; Xu, C. Effects of Ensiling Oxytropis glabra with Whole-Plant Corn at Different Proportions on Fermentation Quality, Alkaloid Swainsonine Content, and Lactic Acid Bacteria Populations. Animals 2020, 10, 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101733
Tao Y, Niu D, Li F, Zuo S, Sun Q, Xu C. Effects of Ensiling Oxytropis glabra with Whole-Plant Corn at Different Proportions on Fermentation Quality, Alkaloid Swainsonine Content, and Lactic Acid Bacteria Populations. Animals. 2020; 10(10):1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101733
Chicago/Turabian StyleTao, Ya, Dongze Niu, Feng Li, Sasa Zuo, Qizhong Sun, and Chuncheng Xu. 2020. "Effects of Ensiling Oxytropis glabra with Whole-Plant Corn at Different Proportions on Fermentation Quality, Alkaloid Swainsonine Content, and Lactic Acid Bacteria Populations" Animals 10, no. 10: 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101733