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Soc. Sci., Volume 11, Issue 4 (April 2022) – 39 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In the United States, support for lesbian and gay (LG) civil rights, especially same-sex marriage, has increased in recent decades, yet the number of anti-LGBT bills has also been increasing—up from 41 in 2018 to 238 in the first three months of 2022 alone. Additionally, heterosexism is still prevalent, particularly among highly religious populations. Evidence suggests, however, that it may not be affiliation, but rather conviction in one’s beliefs that relates to prejudicial attitudes. Understanding the underlying motivations and psychological correlates of these discriminatory beliefs is a critical area for research to develop strategies to intervene. We explored the relationship between religiosity and heterosexism and its impact on support for LG civil rights, and how this relationship might depend on an individual’s degree of religious fundamentalism. View this paper.
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13 pages, 307 KiB  
Article
Married and Cohabiting Finnish First-Time Parents: Differences in Wellbeing, Social Support and Infant Health
by Mirjam Kalland, Saara Salo, Laszlo Vincze, Jari Lipsanen, Simo Raittila, Johanna Sourander, Martina Salvén-Bodin and Marjaterttu Pajulo
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040181 - 18 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2503
Abstract
Cohabitation is more common than marriage when couples are expecting their first child in Finland. However, little is known about possible differences in wellbeing between the two groups. In this study, we examined differences in parental wellbeing, relationship satisfaction, infant health outcomes, and [...] Read more.
Cohabitation is more common than marriage when couples are expecting their first child in Finland. However, little is known about possible differences in wellbeing between the two groups. In this study, we examined differences in parental wellbeing, relationship satisfaction, infant health outcomes, and use of social support among cohabiting and married first-time parents. Survey data was collected from 903 parents during pregnancy and at one month postpartum. Cohabiting parents had more depressive symptoms than married parents. They were also less satisfied with their relationships and expressed less satisfaction with the quality of support they got from their partner. Cohabiting fathers did not use the cost-free support from maternity clinics as often as married fathers. Our results show differences in well-being between married and cohabiting first-time parents and that the support from maternity clinics should better acknowledge diversity and address the different needs of different types of families. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cohabitation: Race, Class, Gender and Nonmarital Unions)
20 pages, 866 KiB  
Article
Thai SMEs’ Response in the Digital Economy Age: A Case Study of Community-Based Tourism Policy Implementation
by Wannapa Tongdaeng and Chandra-nuj Mahakanjana
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040180 - 15 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3355
Abstract
The goals of this study were to identify factors affecting the responses of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the digital economy age, to examine the impact of policy implementation and stakeholders’ roles in the promotion of SMEs in the service sector of [...] Read more.
The goals of this study were to identify factors affecting the responses of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the digital economy age, to examine the impact of policy implementation and stakeholders’ roles in the promotion of SMEs in the service sector of community-based tourism (CBT), to analyze the competitiveness of CBT, and to reveal the gap in SMEs’ service quality. The research design consisted of both qualitative and quantitative methods. It was found that independent variables, i.e., the strategic management, the decision-making process, the structural contingency, perception, and the SMEs’ potential, together in the multiple regression model, could predict dependent variables. Policy actors can be divided into three levels. Politicians are at the national policy level, high-level bureaucrats are at the implementation level, and stakeholders in the community are at the local level. Policy instruments include projects to support SMEs. Local-level actors play a role in promoting SMEs through collaborative public management. The competitiveness analysis of CBT can be divided into five forces: the rivalry of CBT, the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of suppliers, and the bargaining power of customers. Meanwhile, there are some problems in assuring service quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Economics)
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17 pages, 854 KiB  
Article
What Do School Children Know about Climate Change? A Social Sciences Approach
by Álvaro-Francisco Morote and María Hernández
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040179 - 13 Apr 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3625
Abstract
One of the subject areas that is currently most prominent in the field of education (Social Science) is climate change, given its implications for raising awareness and training the present and future society. The objectives of this study, focused on school children (Primary [...] Read more.
One of the subject areas that is currently most prominent in the field of education (Social Science) is climate change, given its implications for raising awareness and training the present and future society. The objectives of this study, focused on school children (Primary Education—10 to 12 years old; third cycle, Secondary Education—12–16 years old; and pre-university, Baccalaureate—17–18 years old) in the Region of Valencia (Spain), are to analyse the following: the main information channels through which children receive information on climate change; the causes and consequences that they identify with respect to this phenomenon; and the main greenhouse gas that they believe is in the atmosphere. Based on the 575 students surveyed during the academic year 2020–2021, the results indicate that the three main information media are digital (TV—82.8%, Internet—56.2% and social networks—49.4%). With respect to the causes of the phenomenon identified by the students, particularly noteworthy was pollution (70.1%) and, in terms of the effects, the increase and changes in temperature (61.7%) were of particular note. Finally, with reference to greenhouse gases, the majority responded CO2 (63.5%). This is incorrect, as the main greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is water vapour. To sum up, we can highlight the role played by schools in training the future society and the risk arising from an increase in the information received from digital media by children as they grow older, due to the danger of misinformation. Full article
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12 pages, 472 KiB  
Article
Parental Digital Mediation According to the Age of Minors: From Restraint and Control to Active Mediation
by Rebeca Suárez-Álvarez, Tamara Vázquez-Barrio and Belinda de Frutos-Torres
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040178 - 12 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3406
Abstract
Research shows that parental mediation is essential for the introduction of minors into the digital environment and their development therein as well as to reduce their exposure to online risks. The present study examines parental strategies depending on whether minors are (dis)connected to [...] Read more.
Research shows that parental mediation is essential for the introduction of minors into the digital environment and their development therein as well as to reduce their exposure to online risks. The present study examines parental strategies depending on whether minors are (dis)connected to the Internet and whether they differ according to their age. The motivations for minors to connect are also examined in relation to the frequency to which they connect to the Internet (activities related to school or learning, interacting with friends, and being entertained). The sample consists of 776 Spanish families with minors aged 5–17. Results show that parental mediation depends on the age of the minor, parental mediation strategies are more restrictive when minors are younger, and as their age increases strategies become more dialogue and collaboration oriented. In adolescence, parents mainly control internet purchases, yet they become more flexible with minors’ presence on social networks. The conclusions reveal that parental mediation is in the process of evolving from a restrictive approach to one that is more empathetic. The change in mediation is due to a greater awareness of the relevance of proper use of the Internet for the well-being of their children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Child Protection Studies)
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16 pages, 821 KiB  
Article
Prevalence of Early Marriage and Its Underlying Causes in Nepal: A Mixed Methods Study
by Prakash C. Bhattarai, Deepak R. Paudel, Tikaram Poudel, Suresh Gautam, Prakash K. Paudel, Milan Shrestha, Janes I. Ginting and Dhruba R. Ghimire
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040177 - 11 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6361
Abstract
Early marriage is one of the major traditional practices that affects the life of both boys and girls in many different ways. In this context, this research assessed the prevalence of early marriage and derived its underlying causes. Adopting a mixed methods approach, [...] Read more.
Early marriage is one of the major traditional practices that affects the life of both boys and girls in many different ways. In this context, this research assessed the prevalence of early marriage and derived its underlying causes. Adopting a mixed methods approach, first, the study surveyed a sample of 1350 households of Nepal in which at least a marriage took place within the five years before the survey. Following a survey, secondly, the study explored 30 unique cases of early marriage, and ten among them were studied in more depth through face-to-face interviews. Logistic regression was applied to determine the factors that could influence the prevalence of early marriage. It was then followed by an analysis of the qualitative data. The research findings demonstrate that there is a high prevalence of early marriage (49.6%) among households within Nepal; nevertheless, the overall trend of early marriage is noted at a decreasing trend over the years. Undoubtedly, factors such as the level of education of the family members, the gender of the head of the household, and religion, influence the predisposition to early marriage within Nepal. Early marriage is undeniably a subjective phenomenon; however, such subjectivity is shaped by the socio-economic situation, as well as individual and family values. Thus, among others, the study implied that improving the strategies that promote higher formal schooling could reduce the prevalence of early marriage and thereby result in associated beneficial welfare effects in Nepal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gender Studies)
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22 pages, 636 KiB  
Article
Initial Validation of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory in a Military Setting
by Vesna Trut, Petra Sinovčić and Boris Milavić
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040176 - 11 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2976
Abstract
The military is a work environment in which the underrepresentation of women and the presence of gender prejudices continue to exist. The present study validated the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) for the Croatian military population. To determine the ASI scale’s basic metric characteristics, [...] Read more.
The military is a work environment in which the underrepresentation of women and the presence of gender prejudices continue to exist. The present study validated the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) for the Croatian military population. To determine the ASI scale’s basic metric characteristics, data were collected from a sample of 895 active-duty military personnel (445 men and 450 women). The study results determined satisfactory measurement characteristics for the ASI scale and confirmed the ambivalent sexism construct with its basic dimensions. Sexism in the military environment was found to a moderately high degree, and gender differences were observed. Three types of sexism endorsement were identified in both subsamples (egalitarian, moderate egalitarian and traditional for women, and moderate egalitarian, traditional and hostile for men), with additional differences detected in their socio–demographic and professional characteristics. The findings support the apparent exposure of women to sexism in the military environment, and suggest the need to raise awareness of the negative impact of gender prejudice on gender relations in the military. Full article
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15 pages, 331 KiB  
Article
Who Are the Protagonists of History? Exploratory Study on Historical Relevance after Completing Compulsory Secondary Education in Spain
by Pilar Rivero, Iñaki Navarro-Neri and Borja Aso
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040175 - 11 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3698
Abstract
Which historical figures do Spanish students think are relevant after completing their compulsory schooling in the subject of history? The main objective of this research is to discover which four historical figures students choose as the most important in human history after completing [...] Read more.
Which historical figures do Spanish students think are relevant after completing their compulsory schooling in the subject of history? The main objective of this research is to discover which four historical figures students choose as the most important in human history after completing their compulsory schooling, and the type of reasons they give to justify their answers. By means of a mixed study, this research involved asking 165 students, aged 16 to 17, which four figures they think are the most relevant in history and why. Based on this statement, a quantitative and qualitative analysis was conducted to explore the students’ discourses justifying their choices using the categories proposed by Partington, Hunt and Lévesque. The results show a clear tendency in students to choose key figures in Spain’s history, such as Christopher Columbus or Francisco Franco, or a prominent person, such as Adolf Hitler, as the most relevant historical figures, who appear in the curriculum in their last year of compulsory secondary education. Lastly, the argumentative approach regarding the level of historical significance focuses primarily on the impact of their actions on a large number of people during their historical moment, with no critical reflection on their long-term impact or consequences. Full article
17 pages, 355 KiB  
Article
Religiosity, Religious Fundamentalism, Heterosexism, and Support for Lesbian and Gay Civil Rights: A Moderated Mediation Approach
by Richard S. Henry, Paul B. Perrin and Erin R. Smith
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040174 - 11 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2856
Abstract
Support for lesbian and gay (LG) civil rights has increased in recent decades, but heterosexism is still prevalent, particularly among highly religious populations. Evidence suggests, however, that it may not be affiliation, but rather conviction in one’s beliefs that relates to prejudicial attitudes. [...] Read more.
Support for lesbian and gay (LG) civil rights has increased in recent decades, but heterosexism is still prevalent, particularly among highly religious populations. Evidence suggests, however, that it may not be affiliation, but rather conviction in one’s beliefs that relates to prejudicial attitudes. The aims of this study were to examine the relationships among religiosity, heterosexism, and level of support for LG civil rights, as well as potential moderating effects by religious fundamentalism. This study used Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (Mturk) to recruit a U.S. national sample (n = 407) to participate in an online survey. A mediation model was constructed with religiosity leading to heterosexism, which diminished support for LG civil rights. This mediation model was expanded into moderated mediations with three types of religious fundamentalism as moderators. Heterosexism fully mediated the relationship between religiosity and support for LG civil rights. A moderated mediation was observed for aspects of religious fundamentalism reflecting external authority and worldly rejection (but not fixed religion) such that the mediation was present only when participants had high levels of these types of religious fundamentalism. Despite the belief that religious people endorse higher levels of heterosexism and that this influences their support for LG civil rights, this is only true when religiosity is also coupled with fundamentalist belief systems reflecting external authority and worldly rejection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Policy and Welfare)
20 pages, 981 KiB  
Article
Being a Parent during COVID-19: Risk for Psychological Distress in the United States and Italy
by Jocelyn Lai, Phoebe T. Pham, Jordan Bate, Tracy A. Prout, Alessandro Carollo, Peipei Setoh, Gianluca Esposito and Jessica L. Borelli
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040173 - 08 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3096
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant effects on people worldwide, yet the psychological impact of collective traumas may differ at the individual and societal level. Parents may be exposed to greater pandemic-related stressors, yet also are more likely than non-parents to have social [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant effects on people worldwide, yet the psychological impact of collective traumas may differ at the individual and societal level. Parents may be exposed to greater pandemic-related stressors, yet also are more likely than non-parents to have social interactions during social distancing mandates. Furthermore, varying degrees of pandemic severity in countries may alter the adverse outcomes of pandemic stressors on psychopathology across nations. The purpose of this investigation was to cross-nationally explore how COVID-19 stress exposure relates to psychological distress and whether the association differed by parental status and nationality. Individuals from the United States (n = 2449) and Italy (n = 579) completed assessments measuring traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and COVID-19-related stressors. COVID-19-related stressors were positively associated with traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. The association between COVID-19-related stressors and psychological distress did not differ by parental status or nationality. We also found that being a young adult, having a lower educational status, not being a parent, and being Italian were related to exposure to COVID-19-related stressors. We discuss these findings and their implications for our understanding of unique contexts that may pose as risk or resiliency factors during a global collective trauma, particularly on parental psychological distress as a way of promoting whole-family wellness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Family Studies)
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18 pages, 1578 KiB  
Article
Liquid Science and Digital Transformation: How Knowledge between Researchers Flows in Their Scientific Networks
by Simone Belli and Ernesto Ponsot
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040172 - 08 Apr 2022
Viewed by 2120
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore how information and communication technologies have affected the way in which research groups are connected in their professional setting. It also analyses the techniques of interaction and cooperation of research groups, the exploration of [...] Read more.
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore how information and communication technologies have affected the way in which research groups are connected in their professional setting. It also analyses the techniques of interaction and cooperation of research groups, the exploration of information and the gateway to information, as well as the main tendencies and variations that researchers have observed during the last years. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was proposed to 305 scholars from different areas observing 159 variable responses. In order to complement and correctly interpret the information gathered within the survey, selected researchers were interviewed, and some of their opinions are reported in this work. Findings: Researchers see how their scientific networks expand thanks to digital tools, establishing professional relationships with other researchers. Moreover, researchers want to increase the amount of their scientific collaboration but they also need analogical meetings with others researchers, where face-to-face relations can accomplish the lack of this in digital communication. Originality: The dominance of tools used in scientific network activity is mixed, composed of analogical and digital ones. Researchers recognize the primary role assumed by digital practices in their work, increasing the quantity and the quality of it thanks to the efficiency and the access to information from different parts of the world. Social implication: Digital transformation has modified the research practices of researchers, from communication among them to the management of data. This new context of professional relations opens innovative implications and approaches for sharing knowledge between researchers and international collaborations. Full article
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31 pages, 2894 KiB  
Article
Voter Evaluations of Biracial-Identified Political Candidates
by Gregory John Leslie, Natalie Masuoka, Sarah E. Gaither, Jessica D. Remedios and A. Chyei Vinluan
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040171 - 07 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2964
Abstract
Today, identity expression and acceptance represent an important area of political advocacy and representation. Yet, how responsive are voters to new racial identity cues promoted by political leaders? Using candidates with interracial backgrounds as a case study, we assess whether voters are responsive [...] Read more.
Today, identity expression and acceptance represent an important area of political advocacy and representation. Yet, how responsive are voters to new racial identity cues promoted by political leaders? Using candidates with interracial backgrounds as a case study, we assess whether voters are responsive to candidates who assert a mixed-race identity or if voters primarily rely on other traits, such as the candidate’s family background, in determining their support of that candidate. Using an experimental design, this study presents participants with various hypothetical candidates who vary both in their racial heritages (i.e., candidates with Asian and White interracial parents or Black and White interracial parents) and identity choices (i.e., as single-race minority, single-race White, or biracial). We then compare how the mixed-race, single-race minority, and White participants evaluate the candidate. We expect that the mixed-race participants will be most supportive of candidates who signal a common in-group identity by identifying specifically as “biracial”. On the other hand, the single-race minority and White participants should be more likely to adhere to the one-drop rule or hypodescent in their evaluations, meaning they will provide more positive evaluations of interracial candidates who identify as a single-race minority. Our study finds that the single-race minority and White participants completely overlook racial identity cues and instead focus on the description of the candidate’s family heritage along with their own assumptions about hypodescent. The mixed-race participants, on the other hand, show strong support for biracial-identified, in-group political candidates This study adds to a burgeoning literature on racial perception and on political representation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiracial Identities and Experiences in/under White Supremacy)
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15 pages, 309 KiB  
Article
Effects of Network Size, Diversity, and Interaction Frequency on Individual Creativity: A Study from South Korea
by Grimm Noh
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040170 - 07 Apr 2022
Viewed by 1975
Abstract
Creativity is becoming a necessary core competence in nearly all businesses today, and firms are striving to find ways to promote the creativity of employees. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between an individual actor’s network characteristics and the actor’s creativity. More [...] Read more.
Creativity is becoming a necessary core competence in nearly all businesses today, and firms are striving to find ways to promote the creativity of employees. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between an individual actor’s network characteristics and the actor’s creativity. More specifically, this study assumed that actors qualitatively differentiate between their global and local networks depending on whether they perceive the other actors in the network as mere acquaintances or trusted persons to discuss life’s important issues with. This study used large-scale survey data collected from South Korea to empirically analyze the hypothesized relationships between network characteristics and creativity. The empirical analysis of the survey data showed that the size and diversity of the global network were positively related to creativity. However, the positive effect of global network diversity decreased with an increase in the size of the network. In the local network, frequent interactions had a positive effect on creativity, while the diversity of the local network had a moderate negative effect on creativity. Implications for the creativity literature are discussed. Full article
16 pages, 552 KiB  
Article
Life Course and Emerging Adulthood: Protestant Women’s Views on Intimate Partner Violence and Divorce
by Melissa K. Ochoa
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040169 - 07 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2413
Abstract
There are inconsistent findings on the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and religiosity or Biblical inerrancy. The Biblical text accepts divorce in cases of infidelity and desertion—but does not specify abuse or IPV as legitimate reasons. In this study, I interviewed twenty [...] Read more.
There are inconsistent findings on the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and religiosity or Biblical inerrancy. The Biblical text accepts divorce in cases of infidelity and desertion—but does not specify abuse or IPV as legitimate reasons. In this study, I interviewed twenty White Protestant women (ages 18–22) at a large southern university. In emerging adulthood, a critical period for young adults (ages 18–29), I examined their current levels of religious participation, beliefs in Biblical inerrancy, and their perceptions of IPV as a legitimate reason for divorce. During this process of identity formation as emerging adults, they may reevaluate their religious socialization and parents’ values as well as engage in various social relationships, including romantic ones. Emerging adult women are also at the highest risk for IPV. The findings suggest Protestant women in emerging adulthood reevaluated their religious socialization to formulate a more adaptive worldview. Their religious participation and belief in Biblical inerrancy declined during emerging adulthood and they all accepted divorce as acceptable in cases of IPV. It is an important finding because they are in a key period of potential IPV exposure in their life course. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divorce and Life Course)
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20 pages, 376 KiB  
Article
“From All Sides”: Black-Asian Reddit Communities Identify and Expand Experiences of the Multiracial Microaggression Taxonomy
by Tyler McCoy Gay, Oluyemi T. O. Farinu and Monisha Issano Jackson
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040168 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 53013
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the identity narratives of online Black-Asian communities concerning their multiracial microaggression experiences. As we are investigating an under-explored population, we utilize a purposive sampling method to narrow forum engagement by Black-Asian users on the popular [...] Read more.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the identity narratives of online Black-Asian communities concerning their multiracial microaggression experiences. As we are investigating an under-explored population, we utilize a purposive sampling method to narrow forum engagement by Black-Asian users on the popular social media network, Reddit. Our research is guided by multiracial critical theory (MultiCrit) which highlights monoracism as a ubiquitous element of the monoracial paradigm of race. In our research, we employ a content analysis using Black-Asian microaggression narratives to test the existing multiracial microaggression taxonomy. Our findings demonstrate that Black-Asian subreddit communities identified all of the existing multiracial microaggression categories: (1) exclusion or isolation; (2) exotification and objectification; (3) assumption of monoracial or mistaken identity; (4) denial of multiraciality; (5) pathologizing of identity and experiences; and (6) microaggressions based on racial stereotypes. Our analysis also found an emerging microaggression category entitled (7) white-mixed superiority. These multiracial microaggressions drew on monoracist ideologies and the monoracial paradigm of race, which exclude Black-Asian people and aid the maintenance of white supremacy in the United States. As such, we suggest further inquiry and expansion of the multiracial microaggression taxonomy to include how racism, particularly the monoracial paradigm of race, influences non-white multiracial identities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiracial Identities and Experiences in/under White Supremacy)
16 pages, 10400 KiB  
Article
The Increasing Frequency of Terms Denoting Political Extremism in U.S. and U.K. News Media
by David Rozado and Eric Kaufmann
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040167 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6692
Abstract
The term political extremism is commonly used to refer to political attitudes considered to be outside the ideological mainstream. This study leverages computational content analysis of big data to longitudinally examine (1970–2019) the prevalence of terms denoting far-right and far-left political extremism in [...] Read more.
The term political extremism is commonly used to refer to political attitudes considered to be outside the ideological mainstream. This study leverages computational content analysis of big data to longitudinally examine (1970–2019) the prevalence of terms denoting far-right and far-left political extremism in more than 30 million written news and opinion articles from 54 news media outlets popular in the United States and the United Kingdom. We find that the usage of terms denoting right and left political extremism has been increasing across news media outlets in both countries. This trend is particularly stark for far-right-denoting terms, which have been growing in prevalence since at least 2008. Most U.S. and U.K. news media outlets tend to use far-right-denoting terms substantially more often than they use far-left-denoting terms. The rising prevalence in news media of terms denoting political extremism is strongly correlated with similar growing usage of terms denoting prejudice and social justice discourse. Full article
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14 pages, 313 KiB  
Article
Reflecting on the Value of Community Researchers in Criminal Justice Research Projects
by Caroline Doyle, Sophie Yates and Jen Hargrave
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040166 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2609
Abstract
While the importance of community researchers has long been acknowledged in disability studies, inclusive research practices such as these are less common in research about another marginalised group: people who are in prison or have spent time in prison. Over the past decade [...] Read more.
While the importance of community researchers has long been acknowledged in disability studies, inclusive research practices such as these are less common in research about another marginalised group: people who are in prison or have spent time in prison. Over the past decade in Australia, the number and rate of people imprisoned has risen rapidly, and recidivism rates remain high, indicating a need for improved services. In this article, we draw on methodological reflections from two case studies on research with marginalised communities, one in disability studies and one in post-prison research. We apply insights from disability research to argue the importance of incorporating community researchers in qualitative research projects seeking to explore the experiences of people involved with the criminal justice system, such as people who have been released from prison. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inclusive Research: Is the Road More or Less Well Travelled?)
17 pages, 4423 KiB  
Article
Government, Premier Leader and Small Lakes’ People Vis-a-Vis Lake Governance
by Bing Baltazar C. Brillo
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040165 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2720
Abstract
Small lakes within social sciences’ conceptualisation are mostly wanting, less anchored and seldom scrutinised in academic literature as opposed to large lakes and natural sciences. Essentially, small lakes, from a social sciences’ perspective, are about people connecting and enhancing through lake governance. Thus, [...] Read more.
Small lakes within social sciences’ conceptualisation are mostly wanting, less anchored and seldom scrutinised in academic literature as opposed to large lakes and natural sciences. Essentially, small lakes, from a social sciences’ perspective, are about people connecting and enhancing through lake governance. Thus, the main argument is that a small lake’s people must accept, broaden and elevate the prospect of lake governance by focusing on and embracing the central concepts of government—the most compulsory and crucial constituent—as well as premier leader—the most pre-eminent and imperative function. Accordingly, lake governance refers to engaging with and intervening in the collective people of a small lake, to undertake economic development, pursue ecological conservation and manage government. Government refers to steering a small lake’s people towards emphasising executive authority and decision-making power, whether through solutions, policies, regulations and/or implementations. The premier leader refers to the person presiding over a small lake’s people in the critical aspects of resoluteness—in establishing and sustaining the rules—and decisiveness—in settling and determining a community’s issues. Overall, as small lakes’ people are political, lake governance is consequential, and a government/premier leader is evidently the most efficacious outcome, whether for addressing problems, choosing decisions or ameliorating society. Full article
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10 pages, 236 KiB  
Case Report
Being an Inclusive Researcher in a National Consultation Exercise—A Case Study
by Greta Westermann, Erin Louise Whittle, Susan Adrian, Suzanne Jessep, Melanie Nolan, Bruce O’Brien, Jasamit Pannu, Elizabeth Young and Mary-Ann O’Donovan
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040164 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2155
Abstract
This paper presents a case study of the Inclusive Research Network (IRN), an inclusive research group founded by the Centre for Disability Studies, contributing to a National Disability Research Agenda (NDRA) setting project. IRN members with ID carried out their own consultations with [...] Read more.
This paper presents a case study of the Inclusive Research Network (IRN), an inclusive research group founded by the Centre for Disability Studies, contributing to a National Disability Research Agenda (NDRA) setting project. IRN members with ID carried out their own consultations with disability stakeholders. This paper sets out the experiences of the IRN members in facilitating focus groups as part of phase 2 of the NDRA project. As this project took place during the COVID-19 pandemic and state lockdowns, this paper also provides a reflection on new ways of carrying out research and provides an insight into the process for other groups seeking to engage in inclusive research of this nature in a challenging and changing environment. IRN members showed great interest in being involved in the project, and their motivations aligned with the project’s objectives. Facilitating the focus groups on Zoom took some preparation and posed accessibility challenges but enabled a more diverse group of people to attend. IRN members with ID improved their online facilitation skills and confidence but concluded that they preferred working face to face. IRN members overcame the challenges presented by online focus groups, and their involvement added value to the NDRA project. Researchers are encouraged to continue practicing inclusive research in times of remote working and virtual interaction and to share their experiences for mutual learning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inclusive Research: Is the Road More or Less Well Travelled?)
14 pages, 278 KiB  
Article
“I Can See Myself in Them, but They Are Not Me”: Asian Boys’ Love (BL) Drama and Gay Male Viewers
by Collin Jerome, Ahmad Junaidi bin Ahmad Hadzmy and Ting Su Hie
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040163 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 11361
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed significant growth in research on the phenomenon of Asian Boys’ Love (BL) dramas, a new entertainment genre that features male characters who engage in same-sex love relations. However, much of this research has focused on, among others, heterosexual female [...] Read more.
Recent years have witnessed significant growth in research on the phenomenon of Asian Boys’ Love (BL) dramas, a new entertainment genre that features male characters who engage in same-sex love relations. However, much of this research has focused on, among others, heterosexual female viewers in terms of their knowledge of BL and their consumption patterns and motives. The present study aims at addressing this knowledge gap by gathering the views of gay male viewers regarding the BL that holds a place in their lives. In-depth interviews were conducted with six gay-identified participants living in Malaysia, with the study informed and guided by the framework of audience uses and appropriations of BL, and with the data collected and analyzed following the interpretative phenomenological approach (IPA) procedures. The findings revealed, on the one hand, polarized consumption patterns and, on the other hand, homogeneous motives, and reasons for consuming BL, including pure escapism, self-identification, and pure entertainment. The findings also revealed the participants’ views on whether the BL drama represented their identity and the real-life struggles of being a gay man in a country where homosexuality is still condemned and made illegal. These findings have implications that are relevant to the discussion of the role of the homoerotic media as a source of identity and livelihood among gay men. Full article
13 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
A Model for Engaging Students, Faculty, and Communities in Social Action through a Community-Based Curriculum and Admissions Process—A Case Study of the Honors Living-Learning Community at Rutgers University—Newark
by Engelbert Santana, Davy Julian du Plessis and Timothy K. Eatman
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040162 - 02 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3072
Abstract
The Honors Living-Learning Community (HLLC) at Rutgers University–Newark (RU-N) pushes the boundaries of academia’s possibilities by placing community-engaged scholarship as a critical pillar of student success. Established in 2015, the HLLC is pursuing its triumvirate rallying call—“revolutionizing honors, cultivating talent, and engaging communities”. [...] Read more.
The Honors Living-Learning Community (HLLC) at Rutgers University–Newark (RU-N) pushes the boundaries of academia’s possibilities by placing community-engaged scholarship as a critical pillar of student success. Established in 2015, the HLLC is pursuing its triumvirate rallying call—“revolutionizing honors, cultivating talent, and engaging communities”. The HLLC brings together dynamic students passionate about social justice issues, Rutgers University-Newark faculty and staff, and community partners aiming to tackle some of the nation’s most urgent social issues. Pivoting on a curriculum structured around what it means to be a local citizen in a global world, the HLLC brings students and faculty members from every school and college at Rutgers-Newark together with community-based partners to operationalize authentic experiential learning. With its emphasis on social action and issues of inequality, the HLLC brings together the academic sphere and community-based organizations to design and implement projects and courses that promote social justice in the community and enact ameliorative changes based on shared passions and mutual interests. Through a multimodal approach grounded in literature and best practices, the HLLC is built intentionally from the ground up on high-impact practices for student success and the principles of full participation. This paper highlights the HLLC’s efforts to engage students and community members through community-engaged courses and programs to address issues such as inequity. Furthermore, the authors offer a model that actively moves beyond theory to practice-based initiatives within an honor’s academic context. Examples of the HLLC’s initiatives are presented to enhance the discourse around collective knowledge building and community-engaged research by highlighting student and community partner-led initiatives. Given the HLLC’s resolve to develop a national model, the paper dedicates special attention to pedagogy and programs. Full article
7 pages, 254 KiB  
Article
Health Crisis and the Dual Reflexivity of Knowledge
by Denis Bernardeau-Moreau
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040161 - 02 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2070
Abstract
Although successive pandemic episodes adversely affect populations and it remains difficult to assess their long-term extent and impact, they may, paradoxically, have a positive effect. In fact, they can promote awareness by reviving a form of reflexivity with respect to public health, economic [...] Read more.
Although successive pandemic episodes adversely affect populations and it remains difficult to assess their long-term extent and impact, they may, paradoxically, have a positive effect. In fact, they can promote awareness by reviving a form of reflexivity with respect to public health, economic and social policies, and by driving in-depth reflection on the measures that must be taken to limit the current and future imbalances caused by human activity. Habermas emphasises that the reflexive “push” is no longer just a matter for experts; it is also collective, historical, and political, in the sense that it involves citizens who intend to weigh in on the debate and make their voices and wishes heard by policy-makers and economic actors. Reflecting upon the ethics of responsibility (Weber) is therefore essential. If we are to follow Giddens and Habermas’ thinking, this reflexivity represents an integral part of the modern age. Our intention, in this article, is to show how major events, beyond an initial period of shock, can help to awake different levels of reflexivity in individuals. Full article
21 pages, 579 KiB  
Article
Mixed-Race Ancestry ≠ Multiracial Identification: The Role Racial Discrimination, Linked Fate, and Skin Tone Have on the Racial Identification of People with Mixed-Race Ancestry
by Vanessa Gonlin
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040160 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 12210
Abstract
Mixed-race identification may be complex, in that people with mixed-race ancestry may or may not identify as multiracial. Social experiences, such as experiencing racial discrimination, believing that your fate is connected with specific racialized others, and personal characteristics, such as skin color, all [...] Read more.
Mixed-race identification may be complex, in that people with mixed-race ancestry may or may not identify as multiracial. Social experiences, such as experiencing racial discrimination, believing that your fate is connected with specific racialized others, and personal characteristics, such as skin color, all have been theorized to play a role in identification. The Mixed-Race Ancestry Survey (2019) conducted on Mechanical Turk allows me to ask unique questions with a large enough sample of this understudied population to disaggregate by racial ancestries. Only people with mixed-race ancestry are included in this study, but respondents may identify mono- or multiracially. Binary logistic regression models reveal that increased linked fate with a specific racial group is associated with greater odds of racially identifying, at least in part, with that group (e.g., among Asians, greater linked fate with Asians is associated with greater odds of identifying as mono- or multiracially Asian). Increased linked fate with multiracials as a group is also connected to greater odds of identifying as multiracial. In addition, personally experiencing racial discrimination is associated with a greater likelihood of identifying as Black and slightly lower odds of identifying as White or as Latinx. Finally, as skin tone darkens the odds of identifying as Black increase three-fold and the odds of identifying as multiracial increase by 1.3 times. I discuss these findings by racial ancestry groups, noting that being aware of having mixed-race ancestry does not in and of itself predict multiracial identification. Rather, in a social structure that uplifts Whiteness, feeling linked fate, experiencing discrimination, and having darker skin tone are important predictors of identification. These findings highlight the mechanisms connected to racial identification for a population that may feel tied to multiple racial groups and is navigating identification within a White-centric nation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiracial Identities and Experiences in/under White Supremacy)
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13 pages, 1801 KiB  
Article
Doing Research Inclusively: Understanding What It Means to Do Research with and Alongside People with Profound Intellectual Disabilities
by Catherine de Haas, Joanna Grace, Joanna Hope and Melanie Nind
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040159 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10247
Abstract
Positive developments in inclusion in line with ‘Nothing about us without us’ have rarely extended to people with profound intellectual disabilities. Advances in inclusive research are in danger of leaving this group (and their families and allies) on the outside, with researchers relying [...] Read more.
Positive developments in inclusion in line with ‘Nothing about us without us’ have rarely extended to people with profound intellectual disabilities. Advances in inclusive research are in danger of leaving this group (and their families and allies) on the outside, with researchers relying on proxies at best, or more often omitting this group as ‘too difficult’ to include in the research process at all. This paper argues that finding a way for people with profound intellectual disabilities to belong in inclusive research is important. Using examples, small stories and photographs, it explores and illustrates potential ways to research with and alongside those with profound intellectual disabilities that celebrate different kinds of agency and personhood and that support relational autonomy. The paper concludes that rather than starting from how inclusive research is currently conceived, the starting point should be a deep knowledge of people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. The way forward is likely to be an inclusive research culture that can accommodate ‘being with’ as core to its research approach. This will enable the voices of people with profound intellectual disabilities to inform the research in creating intersubjective knowledge together. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inclusive Research: Is the Road More or Less Well Travelled?)
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10 pages, 468 KiB  
Article
Meeting Up Together: Economic Embeddedness of Social Capital in America
by Tyler Horan
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040158 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1942
Abstract
Where do people meet? And how does their region’s wealth effect where they meet? Investigating these patterns across the United States, we explore community organization and association venues based on data provided from Meetup.com. Examining how individuals associate for business, social, and cultural [...] Read more.
Where do people meet? And how does their region’s wealth effect where they meet? Investigating these patterns across the United States, we explore community organization and association venues based on data provided from Meetup.com. Examining how individuals associate for business, social, and cultural reasons, we discover that a region’s median income significantly affects the type of venue for the meeting. However, certain types of associations centered on a select group of topics mitigate that effect. We discover that in the United States, personal social capital that is built and maintained “in person” is deeply embedded in commercial activities. As a result, access to various types of community is often limited to economically advantaged geographies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Economics)
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14 pages, 430 KiB  
Article
The Livelihood of Chinese Migrants in Timor-Leste
by Ajito Fernandes, Titi Susilowati Prabawa and Wilson M. A. Therik
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040157 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2720
Abstract
This article aims to describe, in depth, the experiences of migrant workers from China in maintaining their livelihoods in Timor-Leste through entrepreneurial activities before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this study discusses sustainable livelihoods with the knowledge of migration, adaptation, and entrepreneurship [...] Read more.
This article aims to describe, in depth, the experiences of migrant workers from China in maintaining their livelihoods in Timor-Leste through entrepreneurial activities before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this study discusses sustainable livelihoods with the knowledge of migration, adaptation, and entrepreneurship in Timor-Leste. To fulfill these aims, a qualitative methodology with a phenomenological approach was adopted by interviewing eight Chinese migrants who run businesses in Timor-Leste. Furthermore, the framework for the concept of sustainable livelihoods of the Department for International Development (DFID) was adapted to explain, in depth, the phenomena. The finding reveals that economic reasons encourage and attract Chinese migrant workers and entrepreneurs to Timor-Leste. The adaptation process of migrants in Timor-Leste relies on social capital to synergize with local communities in terms of culture, further affecting the comfort and security of entrepreneurship. From the perspective of sustainable livelihoods, migrant workers take advantage of human capital in the process of accumulation of financial capital to enhance their business activities. Meanwhile, migrant entrepreneurship expands their financial capital and human capital into social capital, physical capital, and natural capital. The findings also explain that the mobility and access to financial capital of Chinese migrants are supported through institutional structures, entrepreneurship activities, and policies. Furthermore, to ensure livelihood sustainability and business, Chinese migrants in Timor-Leste can carry out business intensification, extensification, diversification, and transformation strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Economics)
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15 pages, 482 KiB  
Article
Comparative Research and Critical Child Protection Studies
by Nigel Ashmore Parton
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040156 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3265
Abstract
This article argues that two interrelated factors have played important roles in the emergence of academic analyses of child protection policies and practices: the evidence of growing strains and crises in child protection systems over the last forty years; and the development of [...] Read more.
This article argues that two interrelated factors have played important roles in the emergence of academic analyses of child protection policies and practices: the evidence of growing strains and crises in child protection systems over the last forty years; and the development of comparative research on different systems. The latter has demonstrated that child protection policies and practices vary between different countries such that the differences could not be explained by differences in the nature of child maltreatment in the different societies—other political, social, and cultural factors were at play. This paper outlines the nature of these key developments and the conceptual frameworks which have emerged to explain the differences. A significant positive outcome is that such conceptual frameworks can be drawn upon for furthering our analyses of different policies, practices and systems and their possible reform and improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Child Protection Studies)
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16 pages, 374 KiB  
Article
Multicomponent Intervention Associated with Improved Emotional and Cognitive Outcomes of Marginalized Unemployed Youth of Latin America
by Cristina Crespo-Andrade, Ana Francisca Trueba, María Sol Garcés and Graham Pluck
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040155 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3239
Abstract
Mass migration and people seeking political refuge are critical social issues facing Latin America. Ecuador has the largest population of recognized refugees in the region. Youths from a migration background have an increased risk of becoming NEET (Young people not in employment, education, [...] Read more.
Mass migration and people seeking political refuge are critical social issues facing Latin America. Ecuador has the largest population of recognized refugees in the region. Youths from a migration background have an increased risk of becoming NEET (Young people not in employment, education, or training). Such youths struggle more with mental health problems than non-NEET peers. Being a refugee, NEET further increases the risk of having mental health problems and may be linked to lower cognitive functioning, which could maintain exclusion and unemployment. This intervention study was performed with a group of young people of different nationalities who were refugees or belonged to other vulnerable groups attending a six-week employability-support intervention in Ecuador. In order to assess the impact of the intervention, a range of measures of executive cognitive function, mental health, and the potential for positive change were used. We found that post-intervention, the group reported significantly less psychological distress and better self-esteem, self-efficacy, and cognitive response inhibition than before the intervention. We conclude that multicomponent interventions may effectively improve the psychological functioning of vulnerable NEET groups in the Latin American context. Full article
14 pages, 1617 KiB  
Article
Inclusive Research and the Use of Visual, Creative and Narrative Strategies in Spain
by Susana Rojas-Pernia and Ignacio Haya-Salmón
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040154 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2220
Abstract
In recent decades, there have been many works on inclusive research that provide a clear framework on its meaning and the implications it entails. They also highlight the importance of addressing outstanding challenges, among others, to inquire after research strategies that respond to [...] Read more.
In recent decades, there have been many works on inclusive research that provide a clear framework on its meaning and the implications it entails. They also highlight the importance of addressing outstanding challenges, among others, to inquire after research strategies that respond to the diversity of situations in which people with intellectual disabilities find themselves. This article presents a research project carried out in Spain over a period of eighteen months by a team of researchers with and without intellectual disabilities. Specifically, we explore how the construction of enabling relationships, both dialogic and horizontal, requires giving greater emphasis to visual and creative methodological strategies, such as photographs, image-theatre, body-mapping, murals or visual presentations. The findings reported by the researchers and co-researchers have encouraged us to review some methodological premises such as our role as researchers or the type of relationships we establish. They also demonstrate the value of using a variety of collaborative enquiry strategies that recognise the agency of all researchers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inclusive Research: Is the Road More or Less Well Travelled?)
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21 pages, 602 KiB  
Review
Association between Neighborhood and Racial Composition of Victims on Fatal Police Shooting and Police Violence: An Integrated Review (2000–2022)
by Hossein Zare, Nicholas S. Meyerson, Paul Delgado, Michelle Spencer, Darrell J. Gaskin and Roland J. Thorpe, Jr.
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040153 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5389
Abstract
Police violence is a multidimensional issue that requires consideration of the violent events and how these events reflect systemic oppression. Violence and policing practices are influenced by race and ethnicity, place/neighborhood, structural inequality, and racism. We performed an integrated literature review to critically [...] Read more.
Police violence is a multidimensional issue that requires consideration of the violent events and how these events reflect systemic oppression. Violence and policing practices are influenced by race and ethnicity, place/neighborhood, structural inequality, and racism. We performed an integrated literature review to critically evaluate the current evidence, focusing on the racial composition of communities and neighborhoods and its association with police-involved violence and fatal shootings between 2000 and 2022. We used Scopus and Web of Science to include peer-reviewed articles in English that studied racial/ethnic differences in police-involved violence in the United States between January 2000 and February 2022. We excluded prior systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and articles on drug-related arrests. Using a PRISMA approach from 651 identified articles, we included 37 articles. Our findings showed that racial/ethnic minorities are disproportionately stopped, experience a higher probability of arrest, and are more commonly subjected to police-involved fatal shootings. Victims are more likely to live in neighborhoods with lower income and distressed communities of color, higher poverty ratios, and the highest levels of criminal violence. Citizens reporting of negative interactions with police is strongly associated with race/ethnicity. Maintaining the highest standards of professional practice consistent with the law and protections guaranteed by the Constitution may reduce police violence. In addressing police violence, policymakers not only need to consider the multidisciplinary nature of vulnerability to address the needs of vulnerable populations and create a collaborative environment but also to control police violence. Considering community-based approaches, encouraging training to interact with minority individuals, and adjusting the racial composition of the police officers by the racial composition of communities are other strategies; more importantly, prioritizing strategies to reduce social inequality and structural racism are crucial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disparities in Criminal Justice, Race, Place and Police Violence)
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13 pages, 763 KiB  
Article
The Contribution of Parental Factors to Adolescents’ Deviant Behaviour in South Africa: Evidence from Three Rural Communities in South Africa
by Chinyakata Rachel, Nicolette Vanessa Roman and Gift T. Donga
Soc. Sci. 2022, 11(4), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040152 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4550
Abstract
Challenges associated with adolescents are prevalent in South African societies. During the adolescence stage, children may become involved in deviant behaviour. Although a significant number of studies have focused on the factors that contribute to adolescents’ deviant behaviour, including parental factors, there is [...] Read more.
Challenges associated with adolescents are prevalent in South African societies. During the adolescence stage, children may become involved in deviant behaviour. Although a significant number of studies have focused on the factors that contribute to adolescents’ deviant behaviour, including parental factors, there is paucity of research specifically in rural communities. This study explores the contribution of parental factors to adolescents’ deviant behaviour in rural communities in South Africa. Guided by the qualitative approach, the present study makes use of semi-structured interviews to collect data and thematic analysis to analyse data. The parental factors identified include less parental supervision, a lack of support, an absence of parental discipline, parent’s lack of concern and the inability of parents to be role models. These factors play a role in adolescent deviant behaviour, such as crime, dropping out of school and substance abuse. Therefore, by focusing on the family, especially parental behaviour, the potential to reduce adolescent deviant behaviour becomes possible. This is important in promoting the well-being of adolescents, their families and society. Full article
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