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Volume 8
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Metals, Volume 8, Issue 4 (April 2018) – 93 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The evolution of cutting force, surface roughness and chip breakability are considered principal machinability contributors. In case of lead-free brass alloys (such as CW510L), the inherent tendency for continuous chip formation, imposes explicitly the necessity for the optimization of machining process parameters. The elaboration of a Design-Of-Experiments (DOE) study indicated the most influential factors, along with their optimum combinations for the achievement of the assigned machining objectives (minimum cutting force and minimum surface roughness). View this paper
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12 pages, 2543 KiB  
Article
Carbon Dissolution Using Waste Biomass—A Sustainable Approach for Iron-Carbon Alloy Production
by Irshad Mansuri, Rifat Farzana, Ravindra Rajarao and Veena Sahajwalla
Metals 2018, 8(4), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040290 - 23 Apr 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4724
Abstract
This paper details the characterisation of char obtained by high-temperature pyrolysis of waste macadamia shell biomass and its application as carbon source in iron-carbon alloy production. The obtained char was characterised by ultimate and proximate analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared [...] Read more.
This paper details the characterisation of char obtained by high-temperature pyrolysis of waste macadamia shell biomass and its application as carbon source in iron-carbon alloy production. The obtained char was characterised by ultimate and proximate analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area via N2 isothermal adsorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that obtained char is less porous, low in ash content, and high in carbon content. Investigation of iron-carbon alloy formation through carbon dissolution at 1550 °C was carried out using sessile drop method by using obtained char as a carbon source. Rapid carbon pickup by iron was observed during first two minutes of contact and reached a saturation value of ~5.18 wt % of carbon after 30 min. The carbon dissolution rate using macadamia char as a source of carbon was comparatively higher using than other carbonaceous materials such as metallurgical coke, coal chars, and waste compact discs, due to its high percentage of carbon and low ash content. This research shows that macadamia shell waste, which has a low content of ash, is a valuable supplementary carbon source for iron-carbon alloy industries. Full article
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12 pages, 5628 KiB  
Article
Surface Nitridation of Aluminum Nanoparticles by Off-Line Operation and Its Kinetics Analysis
by Yong Yi, Dai Li, Daichuan Ma, Daibing Luo, Weizhong Yang and Wangjing Ma
Metals 2018, 8(4), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040289 - 23 Apr 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3444
Abstract
To improve combustion efficiency and anti-oxidation property of aluminum nanoparticles (ANs), surface nitridation of ANs was performed in a pipe furnace under the protection of nitrogen gas in a glove-operation hermetic box via an off-line nitridation process. The product was characterized by transmission [...] Read more.
To improve combustion efficiency and anti-oxidation property of aluminum nanoparticles (ANs), surface nitridation of ANs was performed in a pipe furnace under the protection of nitrogen gas in a glove-operation hermetic box via an off-line nitridation process. The product was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. A core-shell nanostructure with an aluminum nitride (AlN) coating on the ANs core was observed. The empirical kinetic triplets (Ea, A, and f(α)) for the nitridation of ANs, for the first time, were calculated and analyzed using five types of iso-conversional methods and a differentiation method. The effects of the kinetics of the reaction were investigated by simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetry (DSC-TG) and thermal analysis using linear programmed temperature at different heating rates. Full article
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10 pages, 3921 KiB  
Article
In Situ Formation of TiB2/Al2O3-Reinforced Fe3Al by Combustion Synthesis with Thermite Reduction
by Chun-Liang Yeh and Chih-Yao Ke
Metals 2018, 8(4), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040288 - 22 Apr 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3451
Abstract
Fabrication of Fe3Al–TiB2–Al2O3 composites with a broad range of phase compositions was studied by combustion synthesis involving aluminothermic reduction of oxide precursors. Two reaction systems composed of elemental Fe, amorphous boron, and a thermite mixture of [...] Read more.
Fabrication of Fe3Al–TiB2–Al2O3 composites with a broad range of phase compositions was studied by combustion synthesis involving aluminothermic reduction of oxide precursors. Two reaction systems composed of elemental Fe, amorphous boron, and a thermite mixture of Fe2O3/TiO2/Al were conducted in the mode of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). One was to produce the composites of 1.25Fe3Al + xTiB2 + Al2O3 with x = 0.3–1.0. The other was to fabricate the products of yFe3Al + 0.6TiB2 + Al2O3 with y = 1.0–1.6. Reduction of Fe2O3 by Al acted as an initiation step to activate the SHS process. Complete phase conversion from the reactants to Fe3Al–TiB2–Al2O3 composites was achieved. The variation of combustion front velocity with sample stoichiometry was consistent with that of the reaction exothermicity. Based on combustion wave kinetics, the activation energy of Ea = 86.8 kJ/mol was determined for formation of the Fe3Al–TiB2–Al2O3 composite through the thermite-based SHS reaction. In addition, with an increase in TiB2, the fracture toughness of the 1.25Fe3Al + xTiB2 + Al2O3 composite was found to increase from 5.32 to 7.92 MPa·m1/2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intermetallic Alloys)
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13 pages, 5143 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Zener-Holloman Parameter and Fracture Toughness of an Nb-Particles-Toughened TiAl-Nb Alloy
by Jianbo Li, Bin Liu, Yan Wang, Shan Tang, Yong Liu and Xiaofang Lu
Metals 2018, 8(4), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040287 - 21 Apr 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4643
Abstract
Hot compressive deformation behaviors of a powder metallurgy Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.4W/2Nb (at. %) were investigated at strain rates from 0.001 s−1 to 1 s−1 and temperatures from 1050 °C to 1200 °C. The Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter can affect the hot deformation [...] Read more.
Hot compressive deformation behaviors of a powder metallurgy Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.4W/2Nb (at. %) were investigated at strain rates from 0.001 s−1 to 1 s−1 and temperatures from 1050 °C to 1200 °C. The Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter can affect the hot deformation mechanism significantly. At a high Z condition, Nb particles played an important role in coordinating the deformation. At a low Z condition, deformation of Nb particles accompanied by dynamic recrystallization (DRX) can act as a dominant softening mechanism. The as-forged pancake exhibits a short rod-like particle-toughened equiaxed matrix. For notched three-point bending (3PB) tests, the fracture toughness of an Nb-particles-toughened high-Nb-containing duplex phase γ-TiAl alloy was hardly affected by the loading rate, presenting a peak fracture toughness of about 12.9 MPa·m1/2. The toughness of the present alloy can be improved by ductile Nb particles. A model based on the Griffith-Orowan-Irwin relation was constructed, which is quite accurate to predict the facture toughness of the present specimen using tensile properties. Full article
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14 pages, 3445 KiB  
Article
Parametric Effects of Mechanical Alloying on Carbon Nanofiber Catalyst Production in the Ni-Cu System
by Laura Guevara, Roger Welsh and Mark A. Atwater
Metals 2018, 8(4), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040286 - 20 Apr 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3959
Abstract
Mechanical alloying (MA) has been and continues to be thoroughly examined for creating structural materials, but the production of catalysts is relatively rare. This is especially true for catalysts used in the production of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), a versatile material for applications such [...] Read more.
Mechanical alloying (MA) has been and continues to be thoroughly examined for creating structural materials, but the production of catalysts is relatively rare. This is especially true for catalysts used in the production of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), a versatile material for applications such as energy storage, catalyst support, advanced composites and others. The application of MA to create CNFs presents a valuable tool in reducing their cost and complexity, and thereby may increase their commercial potential. In this study, the effects of milling duration on CNF deposition are studied by the complementary methods of X-ray diffraction, compositional mapping, electron microscopy, particle size analysis and surface area analysis. These were used to determine microstructural and macroscale evolution of the catalyst powder and its effects on the kinetics and characteristics of carbon deposition using Ni and Ni 30 at % Cu. The results have important implications for low cost catalyst production and provide general guidance on the development of catalytic materials in miscible systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying 2018)
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16 pages, 12273 KiB  
Article
Damage in Creep Aging Process of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy: Experiments and Modeling
by Chao Lei, Heng Li, Jin Fu, Nian Shi, Gaowei Zheng and Tianjun Bian
Metals 2018, 8(4), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040285 - 20 Apr 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4476
Abstract
In creep age forming (CAF), large integral panel components of high-strength aluminum alloy can be shaped and strengthened under external elastic loading at an elevated temperature through creep deformation and age hardening, simultaneously. However, the high ribbed structure on panel may induce stress [...] Read more.
In creep age forming (CAF), large integral panel components of high-strength aluminum alloy can be shaped and strengthened under external elastic loading at an elevated temperature through creep deformation and age hardening, simultaneously. However, the high ribbed structure on panel may induce stress concentration, inhomogeneous plastic deformation and even damage evolution on the bending rib, leading to the difficulty in controlling forming precision and material properties. Therefore, the generation and evolution of damage are necessary to be considered in the design of CAF. Taking 7050 aluminum alloy as the case material, the continuous and interrupted creep aging tests at 165 °C and three stress levels (300, 325, and 350 MPa) were conducted, and the corresponding material properties, precipitate, and damage microstructures were studied by mechanical properties tests, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterizations. With the increase of stress level, the creep deformation occurs easier, the precipitates grow up faster, the creep damage occurs earlier, the growth rate and the size of microvoids increase, the mechanical properties decrease more rapidly, and the dominant mechanism of creep fracture changes from shear to microvoid coalescence. To simulate creep aging behavior with damage, a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) based model is calibrated and numerically implemented into ABAQUS solver via CREEP subroutine. The CAF of 7050 aluminum alloy panels with different height ribs were conducted by experiment and FE simulation. The forming process presents a typical stress relaxation phenomenon. The creep damage mainly occurs on the bending rib due to the severe stress concentration. With the increase of rib height, the creep strain and damage degree increase, but the springback decreases. Full article
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21 pages, 6779 KiB  
Article
Growth Morphologies and Primary Solidification Modes in a Dissimilar Weld between a Low-Alloy Steel and an Austenitic Stainless Steel
by Fanny Mas, Catherine Tassin, François Roch, Miguel Yescas, Patrick Todeschini and Yves Bréchet
Metals 2018, 8(4), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040284 - 19 Apr 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5439
Abstract
Dissimilar welds close to the fusion boundary exhibit a variety of solidification microstructures that strongly impact their service behavior. Investigations were therefore undertaken to clarify the origins of the morphological and microstructural evolutions encountered in a 18MND5/309L dissimilar joint produced by submerged arc [...] Read more.
Dissimilar welds close to the fusion boundary exhibit a variety of solidification microstructures that strongly impact their service behavior. Investigations were therefore undertaken to clarify the origins of the morphological and microstructural evolutions encountered in a 18MND5/309L dissimilar joint produced by submerged arc welding, using a combination of microstructural characterizations, thermodynamic computations, and solidification modelling. An unexpected evolution was observed in the solidification mode, from primary austenite towards primary ferrite with increasing growth rate. Solidification of austenite at the fusion boundary was assigned to its epitaxial growth on the metastable austenitic structure of the base metal resulting from an incipient melting mechanism. The evolution of the solidification mode toward primary ferrite was explained based on computations of the solute built up between austenite cells followed using the so-called “interface response function model”. Analyzing macro- and microstructural characteristic lengths with the published solidification model and data enabled evaluation of local values of the solidification rate, thermal gradient, and cooling rate close to the fusion boundary, thus providing useful data for numerical modelling of the submerged arc-welding process. Full article
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10 pages, 2033 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Metalloid Elements on the Nanocrystallization Behavior and Soft Magnetic Properties of FeCBSiPCu Amorphous Alloys
by Zhichao Lu, Hongxiang Li, Zhifeng Lei, Chuntao Chang, Xianzhen Wang and Zhaoping Lu
Metals 2018, 8(4), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040283 - 19 Apr 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4332
Abstract
Soft magnetic properties of Fe-based metallic glasses (MGs) are dependent on their nanocrystallization behavior, particularly the precipitation of α-Fe embedded in the amorphous matrix. In this study, the effects of metalloid elements of C, B, Si, and P on thermal stability, nanocrystallization behavior, [...] Read more.
Soft magnetic properties of Fe-based metallic glasses (MGs) are dependent on their nanocrystallization behavior, particularly the precipitation of α-Fe embedded in the amorphous matrix. In this study, the effects of metalloid elements of C, B, Si, and P on thermal stability, nanocrystallization behavior, and soft magnetic properties of typical Fe-based amorphous alloys, i.e., the Fe-Cu-(CBSiP) glassy alloys, were investigated systematically. It is found that the addition of the metalloid elements can effectively retard the precipitation process of α-Fe during reheating of the Fe-based MGs due to the long-range diffusion of the metalloids; however, their individual effects on the compositional portioning and formation of other crystalline phases are varied. To achieve desirable soft magnetic properties, a species of metalloids and their concentrations have to be carefully controlled so that the formation of α-Fe does not interfere with that of other crystalline phases, especially those hard-magnetic phases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Glasses: Pathways to Viable Applications)
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20 pages, 6195 KiB  
Article
Skeletonization, Geometrical Analysis, and Finite Element Modeling of Nanoporous Gold Based on 3D Tomography Data
by Claudia Richert and Norbert Huber
Metals 2018, 8(4), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040282 - 19 Apr 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5773
Abstract
Various modeling approaches simplify and parametrize the complex network structure of nanoporous gold (NPG) for studying the structure–property relationship based on artificially generated structures. This paper presents a computational efficient and versatile finite element method (FEM) beam model that is based on skeletonization [...] Read more.
Various modeling approaches simplify and parametrize the complex network structure of nanoporous gold (NPG) for studying the structure–property relationship based on artificially generated structures. This paper presents a computational efficient and versatile finite element method (FEM) beam model that is based on skeletonization and diameter information derived from the original 3D focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) tomography data of NPG. The geometrical skeleton network is thoroughly examined for a better understanding of the NPG structure. A skeleton FEM beam model is derived that can predict the macroscopic mechanical behavior of the material. Comparisons between the mechanical response of this skeleton beam model and a solid FEM model are conducted. Results showed that the biggest-sphere diameter algorithm implemented in the open-source software FIJI, commonly used for geometrical analysis of microstructural data, overestimates the diameter of the curved NPG ligaments. The larger diameters lead to a significant overestimation of macroscopic stiffness and strength by the skeleton FEM beam model. For a parabolic shaped ligament with only 20% variation in its diameter, a factor of more than two was found in stiffness. It is concluded that improved algorithms for image processing are needed that provide accurate diameter information along the ligament axis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoporous Metals)
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13 pages, 8350 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ball Milling Parameters on the Refinement of Tungsten Powder
by Zaoming Wu, Yanxia Liang, Engang Fu, Jinlong Du, Peipei Wang, Yong Fan and Yunbiao Zhao
Metals 2018, 8(4), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040281 - 19 Apr 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6370
Abstract
The high-energy ball milling method was adopted to explore the influence of ball milling parameters, such as milling speed and additive amounts of process control agent (PCA) on tungsten powder. The morphology and microstructure of tungsten powder in the process of refinement were [...] Read more.
The high-energy ball milling method was adopted to explore the influence of ball milling parameters, such as milling speed and additive amounts of process control agent (PCA) on tungsten powder. The morphology and microstructure of tungsten powder in the process of refinement were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), field-emission transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Results revealed that the ball milling process and the refinement of tungsten particle and grain can be largely influenced by these two parameters. The milling efficiency was found to be highest with the milling speed of 700 rpm and additive amounts of 8% PCA. The mechanisms for the effect of these two parameters and milling time on the refinement process were discussed. Nanocrystalline tungsten powder with a particle size and grain size smaller than 100 nm was obtained, and the grain size of 5–15 nm was fabricated successfully under the highest milling efficiency conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying 2018)
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29 pages, 2730 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Phase Equilibria in Ni-H: Bridging the Atomistic with the Continuum Scale
by Dominique Korbmacher, Johann Von Pezold, Steffen Brinckmann, Jörg Neugebauer, Claas Hüter and Robert Spatschek
Metals 2018, 8(4), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040280 - 18 Apr 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3700
Abstract
In this paper, we present a model which allows bridging the atomistic description of two-phase systems to the continuum level, using Ni-H as a model system. Considering configurational entropy, an attractive hydrogen–hydrogen interaction, mechanical deformations and interfacial effects, we obtained a fully quantitative [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present a model which allows bridging the atomistic description of two-phase systems to the continuum level, using Ni-H as a model system. Considering configurational entropy, an attractive hydrogen–hydrogen interaction, mechanical deformations and interfacial effects, we obtained a fully quantitative agreement in the chemical potential, without the need for any additional adjustable parameter. We find that nonlinear elastic effects are crucial for a complete understanding of constant volume phase coexistence, and predict the phase diagram with and without elastic effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue First-Principles Approaches to Metals, Alloys, and Metallic Compounds)
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24 pages, 70863 KiB  
Article
Failure Analysis of PHILOS Plate Construct Used for Pantalar Arthrodesis Paper II—Screws and FEM Simulations
by Farah Hamandi, Richard Laughlin and Tarun Goswami
Metals 2018, 8(4), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040279 - 18 Apr 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8020
Abstract
A fractured stainless steel 3.5 mm proximal humerus internal locking system (PHILOS) plate and screws were investigated in this paper. This plate was used for ankle arthrodesis of a 68-year-old female with a right ankle deformity. Both the plate and screws were considered [...] Read more.
A fractured stainless steel 3.5 mm proximal humerus internal locking system (PHILOS) plate and screws were investigated in this paper. This plate was used for ankle arthrodesis of a 68-year-old female with a right ankle deformity. Both the plate and screws were considered in this investigation. Optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) were used to document fracture surface characteristics, such as extensive scratching, plastic deformation, rubbed surfaces, discoloration, and pitting, along with cleavage, secondary cracking, deposits of debris, striations, and dimples. Indications of these features show that the plate failed by corrosion fatigue, however, overloading separated the screw(s) in two parts. Radiographic evidence shows that the screws failed ahead of the plate from the proximal end. Three-dimensional models of the plate and the screws: cortical, locking, and cannulated, were constructed using Solidworks and imported in ANSYS Workbench 16.2 to simulate the loading conditions and regions of stress development. Statistical analysis was conducted to understand the impact of different factors on the maximum von Mises stresses of the locking compression plate. These factors were the load, screw design pattern, coefficient of friction between the plate and screws, and cortical screw displacement. In summary, the finite element simulation of the plate validates the fractographic examination results. The following observations were made: (a) as the angle between the screws and the plates increased, the von Mises stresses increased in the cortical screws; and (b) the stress in the locking screws was lower than that of the cortical screws, which may be due to locking the screws with fixed angles onto the plate. Finally, fractographic examination of the cortical and locking screws supports the mechanism of corrosion-fatigue fracture from crack initiation sites, pits, due to the presence of inclusion bodies for this material (ASTM standards F138-03 and F139-03) documented for the plate in Paper I. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Failure Analysis of Biometals)
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13 pages, 36127 KiB  
Article
Formation of Bimetallic Fe/Au Submicron Particles with Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis
by Peter Majerič, Darja Jenko, Bernd Friedrich and Rebeka Rudolf
Metals 2018, 8(4), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040278 - 18 Apr 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4345
Abstract
This article studies the synthesis of bimetallic Fe/Au submicron particles with Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP). The combination of Fe oxide particles’ ferromagnetism with Au nanoparticles’ (AuNPs) surface plasmon resonance has gained high interest in biomedical and various other applications. Initial investigations for producing [...] Read more.
This article studies the synthesis of bimetallic Fe/Au submicron particles with Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP). The combination of Fe oxide particles’ ferromagnetism with Au nanoparticles’ (AuNPs) surface plasmon resonance has gained high interest in biomedical and various other applications. Initial investigations for producing Fe/Au particles with USP were carried out in order to study the particle formation mechanisms. Firstly, three precursor salt solutions (Fe acetate, Fe nitrate and Fe chloride) were used to produce Fe oxide particles and to study their effect on particle morphology through characterization by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). These precursor salts produce three types of submicron particles, a mesh of primary nanoparticles, spherical particles and irregular particles, respectively. Next, different solution combinations of precursor salts of Fe and Au were used with the USP. The obtained particles were characterized, and similarities were then examined in the particle formation of pure Fe oxide and Fe/Au particles. The effects of using different salts were analyzed for the formation of favorable morphologies of Fe/Au particles. The combinations of Fe chloride/Au chloride and Fe chloride/Au nitrate in the precursor solution indicate potential in synthesizing bimetallic Fe/Au submicron particles with the USP process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Powder Synthesis and Processing)
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14 pages, 37576 KiB  
Article
A Method Based on Semi-Solid Forming for Eliminating Coarse Dendrites and Shrinkage Porosity of H13 Tool Steel
by Yifeng Guo, Weifeng Liu, Mingyue Sun, Bin Xu and Dianzhong Li
Metals 2018, 8(4), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040277 - 18 Apr 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4968
Abstract
A method called forging solidifying metal (FSM), which is applied for eliminating coarse dendrites and shrinkage porosity defects of ferrous alloys was proposed based on semi-solid forming technology (SSF). To verify its feasibility, the effects of liquid fraction (FL) on [...] Read more.
A method called forging solidifying metal (FSM), which is applied for eliminating coarse dendrites and shrinkage porosity defects of ferrous alloys was proposed based on semi-solid forming technology (SSF). To verify its feasibility, the effects of liquid fraction (FL) on the microstructure of the deformed H13 steel were investigated experimentally. The coarse dendrites structure still existed and cracks appeared when the 0.1/s 50% FSM method was carried out at ~20% FL. What is significantly different from that is, the elimination of the coarse dendrites structure and shrinkage porosity defects became more significant, when this method was conducted at the end of solidification (FL < 10%). The microstructure of H13 steel was significantly refined and also became dense in such condition. Full article
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10 pages, 5773 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Hardness and Compressive Response of Magnesium Using Complex Composition Alloy Reinforcement
by Khin Sandar Tun, Yuming Zhang, Gururaj Parande, Vyasaraj Manakari and Manoj Gupta
Metals 2018, 8(4), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040276 - 17 Apr 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3946
Abstract
The present study reports the development of new magnesium composites containing complex composition alloy (CCA) particles. Materials were synthesized using a powder metallurgy route incorporating hybrid microwave sintering and hot extrusion. The presence and variation in the amount of ball-milled CCA particles (2.5 [...] Read more.
The present study reports the development of new magnesium composites containing complex composition alloy (CCA) particles. Materials were synthesized using a powder metallurgy route incorporating hybrid microwave sintering and hot extrusion. The presence and variation in the amount of ball-milled CCA particles (2.5 wt %, 5 wt %, and 7.5 wt %) in a magnesium matrix and their effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-CCA composites were investigated. The use of CCA particle reinforcement effectively led to a significant matrix grain refinement. Uniformly distributed CCA particles were observed in the microstructure of the composites. The refined microstructure coupled with the intrinsically high hardness of CCA particles (406 HV) contributed to the superior mechanical properties of the Mg-CCA composites. A microhardness of 80 HV was achieved in a Mg-7.5HEA (high entropy alloy) composite, which is 1.7 times higher than that of pure Mg. A significant improvement in compressive yield strength (63%) and ultimate compressive strength (79%) in the Mg-7.5CCA composite was achieved when compared to that of pure Mg while maintaining the same ductility level. When compared to ball-milled amorphous particle-reinforced and ceramic-particle-reinforced Mg composites, higher yield and compressive strengths in Mg-CCA composites were achieved at a similar ductility level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Matrix Composites)
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11 pages, 5053 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Properties of Semi-solid ZCuSn10P1 Alloy Processed with an Enclosed Cooling Slope Channel
by Yongkun Li, Rongfeng Zhou, Lu Li, Han Xiao and Yehua Jiang
Metals 2018, 8(4), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040275 - 17 Apr 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4418
Abstract
Semi-solid ZCuSn10P1 alloy slurry was fabricated by a novel enclosed cooling slope channel (ECSC). The influence of pouring length of ECSC on the microstructures of ZCuSn10P1 alloy semi-solid slurry was studied with an optical microscope an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), [...] Read more.
Semi-solid ZCuSn10P1 alloy slurry was fabricated by a novel enclosed cooling slope channel (ECSC). The influence of pouring length of ECSC on the microstructures of ZCuSn10P1 alloy semi-solid slurry was studied with an optical microscope an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Liquid squeeze casting and semi-solid squeeze casting were performed under the same forming conditions, and the microstructure and properties were compared. The results show that primary α-Cu phase gradually evolved from dendrites to worm-like or equiaxed grains under the chilling action of the inner wall of the ECSC. The mass fraction of tin in the primary α-Cu phase increased from 5.85 to 6.46 after the ECSC process, and intergranular segregation was effectively suppressed. The finest microstructure can be obtained at 300 mm pouring length of ECSC; the equivalent diameter is 46.6 μm and its shape factor is 0.73. The average ultimate tensile strength and average elongation of semi-solid squeeze casting ZCuSn10P1 alloy reached 417 MPa and 12.6%, which were improved by 22% and 93%, respectively, as compared to that of liquid squeeze casting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites)
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17 pages, 9402 KiB  
Article
Characterizing the Soldering Alloy Type In–Ag–Ti and the Study of Direct Soldering of SiC Ceramics and Copper
by Roman Koleňák, Igor Kostolný, Jaromír Drápala, Martin Sahul and Ján Urminský
Metals 2018, 8(4), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040274 - 16 Apr 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5707
Abstract
The aim of the research was to characterize the soldering alloy In–Ag–Ti type, and to study the direct soldering of SiC ceramics and copper. The In10Ag4Ti solder has a broad melting interval, which mainly depends on its silver content. The liquid point of [...] Read more.
The aim of the research was to characterize the soldering alloy In–Ag–Ti type, and to study the direct soldering of SiC ceramics and copper. The In10Ag4Ti solder has a broad melting interval, which mainly depends on its silver content. The liquid point of the solder is 256.5 °C. The solder microstructure is composed of a matrix with solid solution (In), in which the phases of titanium (Ti3In4) and silver (AgIn2) are mainly segregated. The tensile strength of the solder is approximately 13 MPa. The strength of the solder increased with the addition of Ag and Ti. The solder bonds with SiC ceramics, owing to the interaction between active In metal and silicon infiltrated in the ceramics. XRD analysis has proven the interaction of titanium with ceramic material during the formation of the new minority phases of titanium silicide—SiTi and titanium carbide—C5Ti8. In and Ag also affect bond formation with the copper substrate. Two new phases were also observed in the bond interphase—(CuAg)6In5 and (AgCu)In2. The average shear strength of a combined joint of SiC–Cu, fabricated with In10Ag4Ti solder, was 14.5 MPa. The In–Ag–Ti solder type studied possesses excellent solderability with several metallic and ceramic materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Science, Characterization and Technology of Joining and Welding)
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10 pages, 31857 KiB  
Article
Effects of Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructure and Residual Stress of 7075 Aluminum Alloy
by Lijun Wei, Dawei Wang, Haisheng Li, Di Xie, Fan Ye, Ruokang Song, Gang Zheng and Sujun Wu
Metals 2018, 8(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040273 - 16 Apr 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4798
Abstract
The effect of cryogenic treatment (CT) on the microstructure, residual stress, and dimensional stability of 7075 aluminum alloy under temperatures of 0 °C, −60 °C, −120 °C, and −196 °C were studied, using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy [...] Read more.
The effect of cryogenic treatment (CT) on the microstructure, residual stress, and dimensional stability of 7075 aluminum alloy under temperatures of 0 °C, −60 °C, −120 °C, and −196 °C were studied, using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), an X-ray diffractometer, and an X-ray stress tester. The results indicated that CT can facilitate the dissolution of the coarse secondary phase into the α(Al) matrix, promote uniform distribution of Mg, Cu, Zn elements, and increase the density of fine secondary phases in the 7075 Al alloy. The CT can also induce the rotation of the α(Al) grain towards (200), through the processes of recovery and recrystallization. It was found that the residual stress was released, and a higher dimensional stability of the 7075 aluminum alloy was achieved, after CT. Experimental results demonstrated that the optimum CT temperature for the 7075 aluminum alloy is −120 °C. Full article
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3 pages, 182 KiB  
Editorial
Advances in Plastic Forming of Metals
by Myoung-Gyu Lee and Yannis P. Korkolis
Metals 2018, 8(4), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040272 - 16 Apr 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3074
Abstract
n/a Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plastic Forming of Metals)
15 pages, 57546 KiB  
Article
Microstructure of Semi-Solid Billets Produced by Electromagnetic Stirring and Behavior of Primary Particles during the Indirect Forming Process
by Chul Kyu Jin
Metals 2018, 8(4), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040271 - 15 Apr 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3879
Abstract
An A356 alloy semi-solid billet was fabricated using electromagnetic stirring. After inserting the semi-solid billet into an indirect die, a thin plate of 1.2 mm thickness was fabricated by applying compression. The microstructure of the semi-solid billets fabricated in various stirring conditions (solid [...] Read more.
An A356 alloy semi-solid billet was fabricated using electromagnetic stirring. After inserting the semi-solid billet into an indirect die, a thin plate of 1.2 mm thickness was fabricated by applying compression. The microstructure of the semi-solid billets fabricated in various stirring conditions (solid fraction and stirring force) were analyzed. The deformation and behavior of the primary α-Al particles were analyzed for various parameters (solid fraction, die friction, compression rate, and compression pressure). In the stirred billets, a globular structure was dominant, while a dendrite structure was dominant in the unstirred billets. As the solid fraction decreased and the stirring current increased, the equivalent diameter and roundness of the primary α-Al particles decreased. The primary α-Al particle sizes were reduced as the compressing velocity increased, while a greater number of particles could move as the compressing pressure increased. As the path over which the motion occurred became smoother, the fluidity of the particles improved. Under compression, bonded primary α-Al particles became separated into individual particles again, as the bonds were broken. As wearing caused by friction and collisions between the particles during this motion occurred, the particle sizes were reduced, and the particle shapes become increasingly spheroid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites)
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13 pages, 10961 KiB  
Article
The Low Strain Rate Response of As-Cast Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with an Initial Coarse Lamellar Structure
by Zhixiong Zhang, Shoujiang Qu, Aihan Feng, Xin Hu and Jun Shen
Metals 2018, 8(4), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040270 - 15 Apr 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3669
Abstract
The microstructure and microtexture evolution of the as-cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy with an initial lamellar microstructure was investigated in the temperature range of 900–1050 °C and the low strain rate range of 10−3–10−1 s−1. In the ranges 900–950 °C [...] Read more.
The microstructure and microtexture evolution of the as-cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy with an initial lamellar microstructure was investigated in the temperature range of 900–1050 °C and the low strain rate range of 10−3–10−1 s−1. In the ranges 900–950 °C and 10−3–10−2 s−1, globularization of the α lamellar structure took place; the initial α {0001} texture softened, and the {0001} texture rotated to the transverse direction. Additionally, the increasing strain rate led to more randomization. The globularization process was considered to be continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). At strain rates higher than 10−2 s−1 and temperatures between 900 and 950 °C, flow instabilities occurred. In the β range, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurred at a temperature of 1050 °C and a strain rate of 10−3 s−1. Full article
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21 pages, 47075 KiB  
Article
An Incremental Physically-Based Model of P91 Steel Flow Behaviour for the Numerical Analysis of Hot-Working Processes
by Alberto Murillo-Marrodán, Eli Saúl Puchi-Cabrera, Eduardo García, Mirentxu Dubar, Fernando Cortés and Laurent Dubar
Metals 2018, 8(4), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040269 - 14 Apr 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5644
Abstract
This paper is aimed at modelling the flow behaviour of P91 steel at high temperature and a wide range of strain rates for constant and also variable strain-rate deformation conditions, such as those in real hot-working processes. For this purpose, an incremental physically-based [...] Read more.
This paper is aimed at modelling the flow behaviour of P91 steel at high temperature and a wide range of strain rates for constant and also variable strain-rate deformation conditions, such as those in real hot-working processes. For this purpose, an incremental physically-based model is proposed for the P91 steel flow behavior. This formulation considers the effects of dynamic recovery (DRV) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) on the mechanical properties of the material, using only the flow stress, strain rate and temperature as state variables and not the accumulated strain. Therefore, it reproduces accurately the flow stress, work hardening and work softening not only under constant, but also under transient deformation conditions. To accomplish this study, the material is characterised experimentally by means of uniaxial compression tests, conducted at a temperature range of 900–1270 °C and at strain rates in the range of 0.005–10 s−1. Finally, the proposed model is implemented in commercial finite element (FE) software to provide evidence of the performance of the proposed formulation. The experimental compression tests are simulated using the novel model and the well-known Hansel–Spittel formulation. In conclusion, the incremental physically-based model shows accurate results when work softening is present, especially under variable strain-rate deformation conditions. Hence, the present formulation is appropriate for the simulation of the hot-working processes typically conducted at industrial scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Constitutive Modelling for Metals)
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10 pages, 23532 KiB  
Article
Influence of Sludge Particles on the Fatigue Behavior of Al-Si-Cu Secondary Aluminium Casting Alloys
by Lorella Ceschini, Alessandro Morri, Stefania Toschi, Anton Bjurenstedt and Salem Seifeddine
Metals 2018, 8(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040268 - 14 Apr 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6692
Abstract
Al-Si-Cu alloys are the most widely used materials for high-pressure die casting processes. In such alloys, Fe content is generally high to avoid die soldering issues, but it is considered an impurity since it generates acicular intermetallics (β-Fe) which are detrimental to the [...] Read more.
Al-Si-Cu alloys are the most widely used materials for high-pressure die casting processes. In such alloys, Fe content is generally high to avoid die soldering issues, but it is considered an impurity since it generates acicular intermetallics (β-Fe) which are detrimental to the mechanical behavior of the alloys. Mn and Cr may act as modifiers, leading to the formation of other Fe-bearing particles which are characterized by less harmful morphologies, and which tend to settle on the bottom of furnaces and crucibles (usually referred to as sludge). This work is aimed at evaluating the influence of sludge intermetallics on the fatigue behavior of A380 Al-Si-Cu alloy. Four alloys were produced by adding different Fe, Mn and Cr contents to A380 alloy; samples were remelted by directional solidification equipment to obtain a fixed secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) value (~10 μm), then subjected to hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Rotating bending fatigue tests showed that, at room temperature, sludge particles play a detrimental role on fatigue behavior of T6 alloys, diminishing fatigue strength. At elevated temperatures (200 °C) and after overaging, the influence of sludge is less relevant, probably due to a softening of the α-Al matrix and a reduction of stress concentration related to Fe-bearing intermetallics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light Weight Alloys: Processing, Properties and Their Applications)
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22 pages, 8394 KiB  
Article
Neural Network Modeling for the Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Eudialyte Concentrate by Dry Digestion and Leaching
by Yiqian Ma, Srecko Stopic, Lars Gronen, Milovan Milivojevic, Srdjan Obradovic and Bernd Friedrich
Metals 2018, 8(4), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040267 - 13 Apr 2018
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5834
Abstract
Eudialyte is a promising mineral for rare earth elements (REE) extraction due to its good solubility in acid, low radioactive, and relatively high content of REE. In this paper, a two stage hydrometallurgical treatment of eudialyte concentrate was studied: dry digestion with hydrochloric [...] Read more.
Eudialyte is a promising mineral for rare earth elements (REE) extraction due to its good solubility in acid, low radioactive, and relatively high content of REE. In this paper, a two stage hydrometallurgical treatment of eudialyte concentrate was studied: dry digestion with hydrochloric acid and leaching with water. The hydrochloric acid for dry digestion to eudialyte concentrate ratio, mass of water for leaching to mass of eudialyte concentrate ratio, leaching temperature and leaching time as the predictor variables, and the total rare earth elements (TREE) extraction efficiency as the response were considered. After experimental work in laboratory conditions, according to design of experiment theory (DoE), the modeling process was performed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Stepwise Regression (SWR), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The ANN model of REE extraction was adopted. Additional tests showed that values predicted by the neural network model were in very good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, the experiments were performed on a scaled up system under optimal conditions that were predicted by the adopted ANN model. Results at the scale-up plant confirmed the results that were obtained in the laboratory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaching Kinetics of Valuable Metals)
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13 pages, 40369 KiB  
Article
Optimizing the Gating System for Steel Castings
by Jan Jezierski, Rafał Dojka and Krzysztof Janerka
Metals 2018, 8(4), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040266 - 13 Apr 2018
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 9569
Abstract
The article presents the attempt to optimize a gating system to produce cast steel castings. It is based on John Campbell’s theory and presents the original results of computer modelling of typical and optimized gating systems for cast steel castings. The current state-of-the-art [...] Read more.
The article presents the attempt to optimize a gating system to produce cast steel castings. It is based on John Campbell’s theory and presents the original results of computer modelling of typical and optimized gating systems for cast steel castings. The current state-of-the-art in cast steel casting foundry was compared with several proposals of optimization. The aim was to find a compromise between the best, theoretically proven gating system version, and a version that would be affordable in industrial conditions. The results show that it is possible to achieve a uniform and slow pouring process even for heavy castings to preserve their internal quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization of Industrial Casting Processes)
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16 pages, 19250 KiB  
Article
Influence of Solution-Annealing Parameters on the Continuous Cooling Precipitation of Aluminum Alloy 6082
by Hannes Fröck, Benjamin Milkereit, Philipp Wiechmann, Armin Springer, Manuela Sander, Olaf Kessler and Michael Reich
Metals 2018, 8(4), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040265 - 13 Apr 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5799
Abstract
We use a systematic approach to investigate the influence of the specific solution condition on quench-induced precipitation of coarse secondary phase particles during subsequent cooling for a wide range of cooling rates. Commercially produced plate material of aluminum alloy EN AW-6082 was investigated [...] Read more.
We use a systematic approach to investigate the influence of the specific solution condition on quench-induced precipitation of coarse secondary phase particles during subsequent cooling for a wide range of cooling rates. Commercially produced plate material of aluminum alloy EN AW-6082 was investigated and the applied solution treatment conditions were chosen based on heating differential scanning calorimetry experiments of the initial T651 condition. The kinetics of the quench-induced precipitation were investigated by in situ cooling differential scanning calorimetry for a wide range of cooling rates. The nature of those quench-induced precipitates was analyzed by electron microscopy. The experimental data was evaluated with respect to the detrimental effect of incomplete dissolution on the age-hardening potential. We show that if the chosen solution temperature and soaking duration are too low or short, the solution treatment results in an incomplete dissolution of secondary phase particles. This involves precipitation during subsequent cooling to start concurrently with the onset of cooling, which increases the quench sensitivity. However, if the solution conditions allow the formation of a complete solid solution, precipitation will start after a certain degree of undercooling, thus keeping the upper critical cooling rate at the usual alloy-specific level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloys)
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11 pages, 50240 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of TiFe Hydrogen Absorbing Alloys Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and SPS Treatment
by Tohru Nobuki, Taro Moriya, Minoru Hatate, Jean-Claude Crivello, Fermin Cuevas and Jean-Marc Joubert
Metals 2018, 8(4), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040264 - 13 Apr 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4768
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the influence of the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method on structural morphology, mechanical properties and also functional characteristics, such as hydrogen absorbing properties, for titanium-iron intermetallic compounds. We could synthesize B2-TiFe phase using mechanical alloying (MA) during [...] Read more.
This study aims to clarify the influence of the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method on structural morphology, mechanical properties and also functional characteristics, such as hydrogen absorbing properties, for titanium-iron intermetallic compounds. We could synthesize B2-TiFe phase using mechanical alloying (MA) during 3 h and SPS treatment of 5 min at 500–1000 °C, which was confirmed by XRD and Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA) measurements. In addition, the synthesized TiFe intermetallic compound has been found to absorb hydrogen with high kinetics in both high pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Pressure-Composition-Temperature (PCT) measurements. Therefore, we have successfully developed TiFe alloy in bulk form from initial raw powders by using a combination of short period mechanical alloying and SPS heat treatment. This combined route enhances the potential of the SPS method to synthesize new materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spark Plasma Sintering-A Key Technology towards the Development of New Materials)
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18 pages, 28885 KiB  
Article
Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Welding of Low Carbon, Medium Manganese TWIP/TRIP Steel
by Pavel Podany, Christopher Reardon, Martina Koukolikova, Radek Prochazka and Ales Franc
Metals 2018, 8(4), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040263 - 12 Apr 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4599
Abstract
Manganese twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are attractive materials for the automotive industry thanks to their combination of strength and excellent toughness. This article deals with basic microstructural and mechanical properties of sheet metal of two heats of low-carbon medium-manganese steel with different [...] Read more.
Manganese twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are attractive materials for the automotive industry thanks to their combination of strength and excellent toughness. This article deals with basic microstructural and mechanical properties of sheet metal of two heats of low-carbon medium-manganese steel with different aluminium levels. Microstructure observation was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction were used for phase analysis. In an experiment that focused on the weldability of both materials, sheet metals were laser-welded using various laser power settings, with and without shielding gas. Various combinations of joints between materials of the two heats and sheet metal conditions were tested (work-hardened upon cold rolling + annealed). Mechanical properties of the weld joints were determined using miniature tensile testing and conventional hardness measurement. The strengths of miniature specimens of the weld metal were very close to the strength of the base material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medium-Mn Steels, a Promising Type of the 3rd Generation Steels)
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11 pages, 18410 KiB  
Article
Temperature Dependence of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel
by Flavio De Barbieri, Felipe Castro Cerda, Juan Pérez-Ipiña, Alfredo Artigas and Alberto Monsalve
Metals 2018, 8(4), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040262 - 12 Apr 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3354
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of a twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel at different temperatures. For this purpose, tensile tests were performed on a Fe-22Mn-0.65C TWIP steel in a temperature range between 25 °C and [...] Read more.
The objective of the present study is to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of a twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel at different temperatures. For this purpose, tensile tests were performed on a Fe-22Mn-0.65C TWIP steel in a temperature range between 25 °C and 400 °C. The microstructure after deformation was characterized via optical microscopy. It was observed that the microstructure consists of mainly deformation twins at low temperatures, whereas dislocation bands are the predominating feature at high temperatures. The analysis of mechanical data suggests a transition of the deformation mechanism from twinning at low temperatures to dislocation slip at high temperatures. The work-hardening rate and area reduction variation with temperature are discussed and correlated to the decrease of twinning contribution to the deformation mechanism. The role of other processes, such as dynamic strain aging and precipitation hardening, are discussed. A thermodynamic-based description for the dependence of yield stress with temperature was developed, suggesting two acting work-hardening mechanisms. Full article
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11 pages, 5243 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties and Degradation Behavior of Mg(100−7x)Zn6xYx(x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) Alloys
by Hanqing Xiong, Zhuofan Liang, Zhifeng Wang, Chunling Qin, Weimin Zhao and Hui Yu
Metals 2018, 8(4), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8040261 - 11 Apr 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3366
Abstract
The mechanical properties and degradation behavior of both as-cast and extruded Mg(100−7x)Zn6xYx alloys (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 at %) were systematically studied in this paper. The results indicated that with the increase in x value, the [...] Read more.
The mechanical properties and degradation behavior of both as-cast and extruded Mg(100−7x)Zn6xYx alloys (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 at %) were systematically studied in this paper. The results indicated that with the increase in x value, the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the Mg(100−7x)Zn6xYx alloys were improved. The extruded Mg95.8Zn3.6Y0.6 alloy exhibited excellent mechanical properties, showing a tensile strength of 320 MPa, yield strength of 240 MPa, and elongation of 16%, which is much higher than that of commercially extruded AZ31 alloy. The weight loss experiment presented a higher degradation rate for the extruded Mg95.8Zn3.6Y0.6 alloy compared with the wrought AZ31 alloy, indicating a good bioactivity and biocompatibility. More detailed and long-term studies for evaluating and further controlling the degradation behavior of Mg–Zn–Y-based alloys remain to be performed. Full article
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