Lubricants

45 pages, 21373 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Element Doping on the Structure and Properties of Diamond-like Carbon Films: A Review

by Haibo Sun, Lv Yang, Huaichao Wu and Limei Zhao

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040186 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2578

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with excellent anti-friction and wear resistance, can effectively reduce the energy loss of tribosystems and the wear failure of parts, but the high residual stress limits their application and service life. Researchers found that doping heterogeneous elements in the [...] Read more.

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with excellent anti-friction and wear resistance, can effectively reduce the energy loss of tribosystems and the wear failure of parts, but the high residual stress limits their application and service life. Researchers found that doping heterogeneous elements in the carbon matrix can alleviate the defects in the microstructure and properties of DLC films (reduce the residual stress; enhance adhesion strength; improve tribological, corrosion resistance, hydrophobic, biocompatibility, and optical properties), and doping elements with different properties will have different effects on the structure and properties of DLC films. In addition, the comprehensive properties of DLC films can be coordinated by controlling the doping elements and their contents. In this paper, the effects of single element and co-doping of carbide-forming elements (Nb, W, Mo, Cr, Ti, Si) and non-carbide-forming elements (Cu, Al, Ag, Ni) on the properties of microstructure, mechanical, tribological, optical, hydrophobic, corrosion resistance, etc. of DLC films are reviewed. The mechanisms of the effects of doping elements on the different properties of DLC films are summarized and analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Coatings/Films)

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20 pages, 12533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sonochemical Synthesis of CuO Nanoplatelets and Their Tribological Properties as an Additive in Synthetic Oil Using Reciprocating Tribometer

by Siraj Azam and Sang-Shin Park

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040185 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1337

Abstract

This Research aimed to improve the tribological properties of commercially available lubricating oil (5W-40) by incorporating CuO nanoplatelets (NPs) synthesized using a simple and cost-effective sonochemical method. To evaluate the performance of the nanolubricant, a reciprocating tribometer was indigenously designed and developed to [...] Read more.

This Research aimed to improve the tribological properties of commercially available lubricating oil (5W-40) by incorporating CuO nanoplatelets (NPs) synthesized using a simple and cost-effective sonochemical method. To evaluate the performance of the nanolubricant, a reciprocating tribometer was indigenously designed and developed to measure the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear tracks between two AISI 1045 steel surfaces. The CuO NPs were characterized using XRD to confirm their purity and phase, while SEM and FE-TEM were utilized to study their morphology and composition. Raman spectroscopy was used to reveal three distinct Raman active peaks of CuO at 283, 330, and 616 cm⁻¹. Zeta potential measurements demonstrated good dispersion quality, with a value of 92.0 mV for 0.1% concentration. SEM and FE-TEM analysis of the nanolubricant showed the formation of a tribo-film over the CuO NPs and adding 0.1% CuO NPs reduced COF by 32%. These findings suggest that incorporating synthesized CuO NPs in commercially available lubricating oil can enhance its tribological properties, leading to improved machine efficiency and lifespan, as well as reduced energy demand. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential benefits of using CuO nanoplatelets as an additive in lubricating oil, which could have significant implications for the development of more efficient nanolubricants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the K-TRIB2023)

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19 pages, 5768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Third-Particle Material and Contact Mode on Tribology Contact Characteristics at Interface

by Jeng-Haur Horng, Chia-Chun Yu and Yang-Yuan Chen

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040184 - 20 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1353

Abstract

A moving pair with two-body contact is the ideal situation assumed in previous analyses. However, all moving pairs are in a three-body contact state at the start of operation or immediately after the start of operation, such as bearings, ball-screws, gears and engines. [...] Read more.

A moving pair with two-body contact is the ideal situation assumed in previous analyses. However, all moving pairs are in a three-body contact state at the start of operation or immediately after the start of operation, such as bearings, ball-screws, gears and engines. This work studies the influence of wear particles (SUJ2), environmental particles (SiO₂ and Al₂O₃) and nano-additives (CuO) on the tribological contact characteristics under different particle concentrations, particle sizes, surface roughnesses and contact modes. The three-body microcontact analysis revealed that the differences in the real contact area, particle contact area and separation of the four-particle materials in the three-body s–s and p–s contact modes are rather small. Under the three-body hybrid contact mode, the difference is relatively large and the sequence of the real contact area value obtained due to the elastic modulus for the four-particle material at this interface is Al₂O₃ > SUJ2 > CuO > SiO₂. The order of the other two contact characteristics is reversed. The difference increases as the particle size or particle concentration increases. The order of the critical load required to transform three kinds of contact modes is SiO₂ > CuO > SUJ2 > Al₂O₃. On the nearly initial three-body hybrid contact mode, the plastic contact area ratio at the interface first increases to a critical value and then decreases as the load increases because the original plastic contact spot area and contact spot number increases with the increase in load. At the same time, the elasto-plastic contact area ratio decreases to a low value and then increases. The elastic contact area ratio at the interface decreases as the load increases. Among the four third-particle materials, the experimental results and theoretical predictions show that the environmental particles, Al₂O₃, cause the maximum friction and wear observed at the interface. Full article

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20 pages, 4736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Ad Hoc Post-Processing Parameters on the Lubricant Viscosity Calculated with Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations

by Gözdenur Toraman, Toon Verstraelen and Dieter Fauconnier

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040183 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1386

Abstract

Viscosity is a crucial property of liquid lubricants, and it is theoretically a well-defined quantity in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. However, no standardized protocol has been defined for calculating this property from equilibrium MD simulations. While best practices do exist, the actual calculation [...] Read more.

Viscosity is a crucial property of liquid lubricants, and it is theoretically a well-defined quantity in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. However, no standardized protocol has been defined for calculating this property from equilibrium MD simulations. While best practices do exist, the actual calculation depends on several ad hoc decisions during the post-processing of the raw MD data. A common protocol for calculating the viscosity with equilibrium MD simulations is called the time decomposition method (TDM). Although the TDM attempts to standardize the viscosity calculation using the Green–Kubo method, it still relies on certain empirical rules and subjective user observations, e.g., the plateau region of the Green–Kubo integral or the integration cut-off time. It is known that the TDM works reasonably well for low-viscosity fluids, e.g., at high temperatures. However, modified heuristics have been proposed at high pressures, indicating that no single set of rules works well for all circumstances. This study examines the effect of heuristics and ad hoc decisions on the predicted viscosity of a short, branched lubricant molecule, 2,2,4-trimethylhexane. Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were performed at various operating conditions (high pressures and temperatures), followed by post-processing with three levels of uncertainty quantification. A new approach, “Enhanced Bootstrapping”, is introduced to assess the effects of individual ad hoc parameters on the viscosity. The results show a strong linear correlation (with a Pearson correlation coefficient of up to 36%) between the calculated viscosity and an ad hoc TDM parameter, which determines the integration cut-off time, under realistic lubrication conditions, particularly at high pressures. This study reveals that ad hoc decisions can lead to potentially misleading conclusions when the post-processing is performed ambiguously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Accuracy and Reliability of Computational Modelling of Thermo-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication)

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13 pages, 15168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) under Dry Sliding Conditions

by Zhitao Hu and Yuzhou Du

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040182 - 18 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1137

Abstract

In the current investigation, a vertically continuous casting technique was used to produce a ductile iron pipe. The ductile iron was austempered, and the tribological behavior of austempered ductile iron (ADI) was examined under various service conditions. The finding demonstrated that ADI’s tribological [...] Read more.

In the current investigation, a vertically continuous casting technique was used to produce a ductile iron pipe. The ductile iron was austempered, and the tribological behavior of austempered ductile iron (ADI) was examined under various service conditions. The finding demonstrated that ADI’s tribological behaviors were significantly affected by normal loads and sliding speeds. Spheroidal graphite was preferential to be transferred from the matrix to the tribosurface in ADI under high normal loads, and high sliding speed accelerated the formation of the graphite lubricating layer on the tribosurface. Consequently, ADI’s friction coefficient dropped with the increase in normal load and sliding speed. When compared with the friction coefficient, the wear rate of ADI displayed a similar tendency in that it increased with an increase in normal load and reduced with an increase in sliding speed. The worn surface indicated that adhesive wear at low sliding speeds and abrasive wear at high sliding speeds were the primary wear mechanisms for ADI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frictional Behavior and Wear Performance of Cast Irons)

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22 pages, 8878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Leakage Prediction Calculation Method for Dynamic Seal Ring in Underground Equipment

by Xiaohui Xu, Xin Li, Fengtao Wang and Chunmiao Xia

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040181 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1126

Abstract

The leakage prediction calculation method for dynamic seal rings in underground equipment is presented in this paper. The framework of the method is given. The leakage prediction model is built. The non-Newtonian fluid interface element is brought in. The leakage prediction calculation method [...] Read more.

The leakage prediction calculation method for dynamic seal rings in underground equipment is presented in this paper. The framework of the method is given. The leakage prediction model is built. The non-Newtonian fluid interface element is brought in. The leakage prediction calculation method was developed based on the thermal–structural coupled method and the fluid–structural coupled method. A test is performed to validate the proposed method. It is proved that the film thickness of an O-ring made of nitrile rubber in pulling-in travel is thicker than that in pushing-out travel. The leakage of an O-ring made of fluororubber is larger than that of an O-ring made of nitrile rubber in the same environmental condition. The presented method is useful for predicting the sealing ability of dynamic seal rings in underground equipment. Evaluation costs will be reduced with the given leakage prediction calculation method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid–Structure Interaction in Bearings and Seals)

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18 pages, 11773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Static Stiffness Properties of High Load Capacity Non-Pneumatic Tires with Different Tread Structures

by Weidong Liu, Shuo Liu, Xiujuan Li, Qiushi Zhang, Chen Wang and Keqiang Li

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040180 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1497

Abstract

A high load capacity non-pneumatic tire (HC tire) was designed and manufactured to solve the problems of air leakage, puncture, blowout, shoulder void, and delamination, which occur in traditional high load capacity tires, as well as significantly increase the unit load of tires. [...] Read more.

A high load capacity non-pneumatic tire (HC tire) was designed and manufactured to solve the problems of air leakage, puncture, blowout, shoulder void, and delamination, which occur in traditional high load capacity tires, as well as significantly increase the unit load of tires. Experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the static stiffness properties of the HC tire. Additionally, the manufacturing process of the tire was highlighted. The tire mainly comprised polyurethane and silicon manganese steel, and a ‘π’-shaped support substructure was adopted. The tread structure was made up of a built-in spiral steel ring and a non-steel ring. The uniaxial tensile mechanical properties of the used metal and elastomer materials were tested, and the linear elastic constitutive model and Marlow constitutive model, respectively, were used to describe their mechanical characteristics. The stiffness properties of the HC tire, including torsional, longitudinal, vertical, and lateral stiffnesses, were evaluated using a tire comprehensive stiffness tester. Nonlinear finite element models of the HC tire were established, and their accuracies were verified through vertical stiffness tests. The stiffness properties of the HC tire in other directions were simulated as well. An in-depth comparative analysis of the simulation and experimental data was performed. The results demonstrated that the unit load of the unreinforced HC tire was 2.972 times and 1.615 times higher than that of the solid tire and pneumatic tire, respectively. The spiral steel ring embedded in the tread increased the vertical and longitudinal stiffness but reduced the torsional stiffness of the HC tire, thus reversing the variation trend of the lateral stiffness at the 0° and 5° test points. The findings can serve as a reference for theoretical research on, and the structural optimization of, non-pneumatic tires with a high load capacity. Full article

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25 pages, 10756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Investigation of the Tribological Performance and Dispersibility of 2D Nanoparticles as Oil Additives

by Kishan Nath Sidh, Dharmender Jangra and Harish Hirani

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040179 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1537

Abstract

The present study aims to investigate the tribological performance of 2D nanoparticles such as graphene (G), molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as gear lubricant additives. A new method of additive doping in gear lubricants [...] Read more.

The present study aims to investigate the tribological performance of 2D nanoparticles such as graphene (G), molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as gear lubricant additives. A new method of additive doping in gear lubricants was proposed and examined in terms of the degradation of lubricants. The additives were energized by ultrasonication, thermal agitation, and mechanical shearing to enhance the dispersibility and stability, which were confirmed using visual and rheological analysis. Further, the tribological performance of the nano-additives was studied by doping them in fresh lubricants, chemically degraded lubricants, and chemically degraded lubricants with surfactants. The results indicate that surface roughness and the method of mixing play a crucial role in reducing wear. The nano-additives exhibit an inverse relationship with the roughness, and their agglomeration results in a decline in performance. To mitigate agglomeration, oleic acid surfactant was employed, which diminished the effects of nano-additives and degraded the lubricant. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis revealed that the oleic acid and deteriorating reagent work synergistically, leading to enhanced wear volume and reduced friction. The nano-additives were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Overall, the study presents a comprehensive plan for new method of additive mixing, stability, dispersibility and tribological performance of the selected 2D nanoparticles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology of 2D Nanomaterials)

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28 pages, 8744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Various Shear-Thinning Models for Squalane Using Traction Measurements, TEHD and NEMD Simulations

by Thomas Neupert and Dirk Bartel

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040178 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1865

Abstract

The accurate prediction of friction in highly loaded concentrated contacts is one of the most challenging aspects of thermal elastohydrodynamic (TEHD) simulation. The correct modelling of fluid behaviour on the macroscale, in particular non-Newtonian flow behaviour, is an essential prerequisite. For many years, [...] Read more.

The accurate prediction of friction in highly loaded concentrated contacts is one of the most challenging aspects of thermal elastohydrodynamic (TEHD) simulation. The correct modelling of fluid behaviour on the macroscale, in particular non-Newtonian flow behaviour, is an essential prerequisite. For many years, shear-thinning models have been developed and validated with different approaches and controversially discussed. In basic research, model fluids are often used in this context, which have a similar behaviour to practical lubricants. Accompanied by earlier research results, this paper carries out comprehensive investigations on the rheometric behaviour of the model fluid squalane. Based on traction measurements at four different tribometers, an overall parameter optimisation and performance evaluation of three different shear-thinning models is performed using numerical TEHD simulations. In order to additionally validate the theoretical viscosity behaviour, the optimised shear-thinning curves are then compared with comprehensive non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations. The key aspect of this paper is the simultaneous consideration of the shear-thinning models in terms of rheometric, experimental, and simulative investigations without changing the parameters. All investigations show that the Eyring model, despite its simplicity, provides the best agreement in both the numerical contact simulation and the NEMD simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheological Characteristics of Lubricants and Soft Tribo-Materials)

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17 pages, 4659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Load Distribution Model for Gear Transmission in Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

by Ruxin Lu, Wencheng Tang, Qi Huang and Junjie Xie

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040177 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1258

Abstract

The gear drive generally operates in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) contacts, and the existence of oil film effectively reduces wear and improves transmission stability. However, little research has been devoted to studying the effect of lubrication characteristics on load distribution of gear transmissions. In [...] Read more.

The gear drive generally operates in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) contacts, and the existence of oil film effectively reduces wear and improves transmission stability. However, little research has been devoted to studying the effect of lubrication characteristics on load distribution of gear transmissions. In order to investigate the coupling effect between the lubrication behavior and load distribution, an analytical load distribution model suitable for EHL contact spur gear pairs is proposed. The non-Newtonian transient thermal EHL solution, flexibility of meshing teeth, structural coupling deformation of the gear body and extended tooth contact are considered in the deformation compatibility condition for iteratively solving the load distribution. A parametric analysis is performed to determine the influence of load torque and rotation speed on load sharing ratio and loaded static transmission error. The transient lubrication behaviors based on the proposed load distribution model is compared with that obtained from the traditional model. A series of comparisons with different models demonstrated the correctness, significance and generality of the present model. The results show that it is necessary to consider the thermal EHL calculation into the iterative solution procedure of load distribution model for EHL contact gear pairs. The proposed model is a useful supplement for an accurate study of thermal EHL characteristics of gear transmissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology and Reliability of Mechanical Transmission)

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17 pages, 6211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lubricity Properties of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends with Petroleum Diesel and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

by Nur Allif Fathurrahman, Ahmad Syihan Auzani, Rizal Zaelani, Riesta Anggarani, Lies Aisyah, Maymuchar and Cahyo Setyo Wibowo

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040176 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2007

Abstract

While the methyl ester structure in biodiesel is responsible for lubrication improvement in base fuels with poor lubricity properties such as ultra-low sulfur diesel and non-upgraded HVO, relatively little is known about its effect on all-level blends, which would provide higher energy security [...] Read more.

While the methyl ester structure in biodiesel is responsible for lubrication improvement in base fuels with poor lubricity properties such as ultra-low sulfur diesel and non-upgraded HVO, relatively little is known about its effect on all-level blends, which would provide higher energy security for biodiesel utilization. In this study, binary blends of palm oil biodiesel (POB) with commercial petroleum diesel fuel (DF) and HVO at every 10%-v/v blend point were analyzed using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) according to the standard method of ASTM D6079. It was found that the addition of POB successfully improved the lubricating properties of DF-CN48 and DF-CN51 and efficiently acted as a lubricity improver that showed a minimum friction coefficient and improved the specific wear rate. The adsorption of ester molecules on the metallic surfaces acted as a protective layer during the rubbing process, resulting in lubricity improvement for the diesel fuel. Interestingly, the 60–90%-v/v POB blend with HVO showed a lubricity capacity that competed determinatively and attractively, resulting in a non-ideal contribution to the changes in the friction coefficient, WSD formation, and specific wear rate. Full article

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23 pages, 12471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dry and MQL Milling of AISI 1045 Steel with Vegetable and Mineral-Based Fluids

by Vitor Baldin, Leonardo Rosa Ribeiro da Silva, Rahul Davis, Mark James Jackson, Fred Lacerda Amorim, Celso Ferraz Houck and Álisson Rocha Machado

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040175 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1577

Abstract

The use of mineral-based cutting fluids in machining has the drawback of affecting the environment and industries are under pressures to reduce its use in favor of cleaner productions. In this regard, the vegetal-based cutting fluids can be a superior alternative, provided they [...] Read more.

The use of mineral-based cutting fluids in machining has the drawback of affecting the environment and industries are under pressures to reduce its use in favor of cleaner productions. In this regard, the vegetal-based cutting fluids can be a superior alternative, provided they improve the technical outcomes. In the milling process, dry cutting is commonly performed, however, the application of cutting fluids using the minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL) method has proven advantageous when compared with dry machining. Furthermore, in the midst of the availability of several cutting fluids in the market, the testing of their individual performance can ascertain their potential and effectiveness for a particular application. This study examined the performances of two vegetable-based and one mineral-based oils applied by the MQL method, followed by their comparison with dry cutting amid end milling of AISI 1045 steel with TiAlN-coated cemented carbide inserts. The cutting temperature, machining forces, power consumption, workpiece surface roughness, tool life, and tool wear mechanisms were chosen as the output parameters. The experiments were conducted using two cutting speeds (150 and 200 m/min) and feed rates (0.07 and 0.14 mm/tooth), and constant axial (1 mm) and radial depths of the cut (25 mm). The temperature was measured using a K-type thermocouple soldered to the part and an infrared camera. The power was monitored with a Fluke 435 energy analyzer, and the machining force components with a Kistler dynamometer. The worn inserts were inspected under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyze the tool wear mechanism. The MQL-assisted application of the cutting fluids notably lowered the cutting temperature and increased the tools’ lives. However, the cutting fluids did not reflect any significant effect on the machining force, power consumption, or surface roughness. Among all the analyzed cutting conditions, the abrasive wear mechanism dominated, damaging the cutting edges, flank, and rake surfaces of the cutting tools. In addition, adhesive and diffusion wear mechanisms were also observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methods of Application of Cutting Fluids in Machining)

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29 pages, 4767 KiB

Open AccessReview

Corrosion Inhibitors: Natural and Synthetic Organic Inhibitors

by Ahmed A. Al-Amiery, Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak and Waleed Khalid Al-Azzawi

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040174 - 11 Apr 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9623

Abstract

Corrosion is a major challenge in various industries and can cause significant damage to metal structures. Organic corrosion inhibitors are compounds that are used to reduce or prevent corrosion by forming a protective film on metal surfaces. The present review article focuses on [...] Read more.

Corrosion is a major challenge in various industries and can cause significant damage to metal structures. Organic corrosion inhibitors are compounds that are used to reduce or prevent corrosion by forming a protective film on metal surfaces. The present review article focuses on natural and synthetic organic corrosion inhibitors and their classifications, active functional groups, and efficiency estimations. Furthermore, previous studies on the use of natural and synthetic organic inhibitors are discussed, along with adsorption isotherms and mechanisms of organic corrosion inhibitors. The kinetics of corrosion modeling are also discussed, providing insights into the effectiveness of organic inhibitors at reducing corrosion. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on organic corrosion inhibitors, with the aim of promoting their wider use in corrosion protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Corrosion Inhibitors: Natural and Synthetic Organic Inhibitors)

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25 pages, 8598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Modified Finite Length Journal Bearing under Position Perturbation

by Hazim U. Jamali, Hakim S. Sultan, Oday I. Abdullah, Adnan Naji Jameel Al-Tamimi, Murtadha M. Al-Masoudy, Alessandro Ruggiero and Maria Cristina Valigi

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040173 - 11 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1107

Abstract

The performance of journal bearings is significantly affected by the presence of misalignment, which is usually an accompanying problem for this type of bearing. This includes exceeding the design limits for the maximum pressure and the minimum film thickness levels, which affect, in [...] Read more.

The performance of journal bearings is significantly affected by the presence of misalignment, which is usually an accompanying problem for this type of bearing. This includes exceeding the design limits for the maximum pressure and the minimum film thickness levels, which affect, in other words, the load-carrying capacity of the system. In addition, it raises the possibility of increasing the wear rate at the bearing edges and increases the friction coefficient at high levels of misalignment. This paper deals with the problem of finite-length misaligned journal bearings, considering a novel comparison between two cases of misalignments: the general 3D misalignment and the vertical misalignment problems for modified bearings. The effect of introducing a variable axial bearing profile on the bearing characteristics and the time responses of the rotor bearing system under position perturbation has also been investigated. The numerical solution of this hydrodynamic problem is based on the finite difference method using Reynolds boundary conditions method. Results show that using a variable bearing profile improves bearing characteristics, such as increasing the minimum film thickness significantly and reducing the pressure levels in addition to reducing the friction coefficient. Furthermore, the modification enhances the rotor-bearing stability under position perturbation, extending the speed range for a safe operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Tribology: New Insights toward a Sustainable World 2023)

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17 pages, 3575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Analysis of Thermophoresis and Variable Density Effects on Heat Transfer Assessment along a Porous Stretching Sheet and Their Applications in Nanofluid Lubrication

by Zia Ullah and Musaad S. Aldhabani

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040172 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1167

Abstract

Nanofluids are engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in the base fluids. At very low particle concentration, nanofluids have a much higher and strongly temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, which enables them to enhance the performance of machining applications such as the cooling and lubrication of [...] Read more.

Nanofluids are engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in the base fluids. At very low particle concentration, nanofluids have a much higher and strongly temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, which enables them to enhance the performance of machining applications such as the cooling and lubrication of the cutting zone during any machining process, the vehicle’s braking system, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), engine oil, and the drilling process of crude oil. In the current work, the density is assumed as an exponential function of temperature due to larger temperature differences. The main focus of this mechanism is the variable density effects on heat and mass characteristics of nanoparticles across the stretching porous sheet with thermophoresis and Brownian motion to reduce excessive heating in high-temperature systems. This is the first temperature-dependent density problem of nanofluid across the stretching surface. The coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) of the present nanofluid mechanism are changed into nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with defined stream functions and similarity variables for smooth algorithm and integration. The changed ODEs are again converted in a similar form for numerical outcomes by applying the Keller Box approach. The numerical outcomes are deduced in graphs and tabular form with the help of the MATLAB (R2013a created by MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) program. In this phenomenon, the velocity, temperature, and concentration profile, along with their slopes, have been plotted for various parameters pertaining to the current issue. The range of parameters has been selected according to the Prandtl number

0.07 \leq P r \leq 70.0

and buoyancy parameter

0 < λ < \infty

, respectively. The novelty of the current work is its use of nanoparticle fraction along the porous stretching sheet with temperature-dependent density effects for the improvement of lubrication and cooling for any machining process and to reduce friction between tool and work piece in the cutting zone by using nanofluid. Moreover, nanoparticles can also be adsorbed on the oil/water surface, which alters the oil/water interfacial tension, resulting in the formation of emulsions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology of Polymer-Based Composites)

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26 pages, 5568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimal Design Model for a New Type of Scraper and Research on Its Material Properties

by Jian Hao, Yingchao Song, Haojie Liu, Peizhe Zhang, Lin Chen, Na Zhang, Shun Jia and Yang Liu

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040171 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1394

Abstract

Mining scrapers as an important part of scraper conveyors are highly prone to wear and fatigue failure. A new scraper capable of turning sliding friction into rolling friction was designed to limit wear and reduce failure rate. To determine the safety and reliability [...] Read more.

Mining scrapers as an important part of scraper conveyors are highly prone to wear and fatigue failure. A new scraper capable of turning sliding friction into rolling friction was designed to limit wear and reduce failure rate. To determine the safety and reliability of the new scraper, numerical pulling force measurement was conducted on its physical model and finite element analysis was performed on its 3D model based on SolidWorks Simulation. The results were then compared with data of the traditional scraper. Numerical pulling force measurement results indicated impressively lower friction for the new scraper. Stress, strain, and displacement distributions obtained by static stress analysis based on SolidWorks Simulation proved conformance with the strength and deflection standards. Damage percentage and total life nephograms yielded from fatigue analysis indicated no significant life reduction. Numerical pulling force measurement combined with analysis based on SolidWorks Simulation can help reduce the production cost and development cycle. It plays a great role in determining the safety, reliability, and stability of the new scraper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Adhesive Wear)

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14 pages, 24416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Ni–WC–TiC Alloy Coating Fabricated by Laser

by Yu Liu, Zeyu Li, Guohui Li, Fengming Du and Miao Yu

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040170 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1419

Abstract

In this study, a Ni–WC–TiC alloy coating was fabricated by laser to improve the wear resistance and service life of Cr12MoV die steel. The microstructures and phases of the coating were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), [...] Read more.

In this study, a Ni–WC–TiC alloy coating was fabricated by laser to improve the wear resistance and service life of Cr12MoV die steel. The microstructures and phases of the coating were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The properties of the coating were tested by a hardness and friction wear tester. The results show that the coating has a good metallurgical bond with the substrate. The microstructures from top to bottom are mainly equiaxed crystal, columnar dendrite, and cellular dendrite. Combined with the physical phase analysis and elemental distribution of the coating, there are some phases, such as γ~(Fe, Ni), Cr₂₃C₆, WC, TiC, Fe₃W₃C, and Cr₂Ti. Compared with the Cr12MoV steel substrate, the Ni–WC–TiC alloy coating has good properties of hardness and wear resistance. In the coating, the background region of the grains is γ~(Fe, Ni). From the EDS results, it can be seen that there are some rod-like particles, Cr₂₃C₆, which are uniformly distributed on the top of the coating. Some W and Ti carbides form in grains. The addition of TiC particles improves the WC particles refinement. The highest hardness of the coating is 770.7 HV_0.5, which is approximately 3.3 times higher than that of the substrate. The wear volume is 0.26 mm³, or approximately 8.6% of the substrate, which is contributed to the reinforced phases and finer microstructure of the coating. The wear volumes of the Cr12MoV substrate are 1.8 and 4.5 mm³ at 20 and 60 min, respectively. While the wear volumes of the Ni–WC–TiC coating are 0.2 and 0.7 mm³ at 20 and 60 min, respectively. The increased amplitude of the coating’s wear volume is smaller than that of the substrate. The results show that this Ni–WC–TiC alloy coating is helpful for improving the properties and service life of Cr12MoV die steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Anti-wear Properties and Numerical Simulation of Lubricants)

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16 pages, 6804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pressure-Assisted Lubrication of DC01 Steel Sheets to Reduce Friction in Sheet-Metal-Forming Processes

by Tomasz Trzepieciński, Krzysztof Szwajka and Marek Szewczyk

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040169 - 08 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1515

Abstract

Friction in sheet-metal-forming processes not only affects the values of the force parameters of the process but also determines the quality of the surface of the drawpieces. This paper presents an approach to reducing the coefficient of friction by directly applying pressurized oil [...] Read more.

Friction in sheet-metal-forming processes not only affects the values of the force parameters of the process but also determines the quality of the surface of the drawpieces. This paper presents an approach to reducing the coefficient of friction by directly applying pressurized oil to the contact zone. For this purpose, a special test stand was built to carry out the strip draw test, commonly used to model the phenomenon of friction in the deep-drawing process. This test consisted of pulling a strip between flat countersamples made of 145Cr6 cold-work tool steel covered with an abrasion-resistant Mtec (AlTiN) coating. During the pilot tests, various contact pressures, lubricants with different viscosities, and different lubricant pressures were used. The influence of friction conditions on the surface roughness of the samples and the relationship between the friction conditions and the value of the coefficient of friction were determined. The supply of the lubricant under pressure into the contact zone has a beneficial effect on reducing friction. The coefficient of friction decreases with increasing lubricant pressure for contact pressures of 2–6 MPa. For a contact pressure of 8 MPa, the lubricant pressure is the least favorable for reducing the coefficient of friction. At higher lubricant pressures (12 and 18 bar), the lubrication efficiency depends on the viscosity of the lubricant and decreases with increasing contact pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction, Wear and Lubrication of Tool Steels in Metal Forming and Machining)

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15 pages, 5205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of the Mixed-Lubrication Performance of Staved Stern Tube Bearings Lubricated with Water

by Dongxing Tang, Yanfeng Han, Lei Yin and Yi Chen

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040168 - 08 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1311

Abstract

The present study aims to establish a mixed lubrication model for staved stern tube bearings lubricated with water, in which the average Reynolds equation and a KE elastic–plastic contact model are introduced to calculate the hydrodynamic pressure and contact pressure, respectively. The difference [...] Read more.

The present study aims to establish a mixed lubrication model for staved stern tube bearings lubricated with water, in which the average Reynolds equation and a KE elastic–plastic contact model are introduced to calculate the hydrodynamic pressure and contact pressure, respectively. The difference in the mixed lubrication behaviors between circular- and flat-staved bearings is compared; moreover, the effects of the number of staves on the mixed-lubrication performance of these two kinds of staved bearing are investigated. The mechanism of action of the number of staves in staved bearings on the mixed-lubrication performance is revealed. The numerical results show that the number of staves has a significant effect on the mixed-lubrication performance in circular- and flat-staved bearings. Furthermore, there is an optimal value for the number of staves, shown to be 30 in the current simulation, for improving the mixed-lubrication performance of flat-staved stern tube bearings lubricated with water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water-Lubricated Bearings)

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3 pages, 165 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Industrial Lubricants and Future Development Trends of Tribo-Systems for Tribological Performance Evaluation

by Simon C. Tung, George Totten and Undrakh Mishigdorzhiyn

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040167 - 07 Apr 2023

Viewed by 846

Abstract

It is possible to solve challenges in the global automotive and manufacturing industries by using a multidisciplinary approach to advanced industrial lubricants, their tribological performance evaluation, and new surface engineering techniques for prospective tribo-systems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Industrial Lubricants and Future Development Trends of Tribo-Systems for Tribological Performance Evaluation)

17 pages, 8950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functionalized Graphene from Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite toward Improving Lubrication Function of Base Oil

by Chunfeng Zhang, Xiaojun Zhang, Wei Zhang, Zhuang Zhao and Xiaoqiang Fan

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040166 - 07 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1977

Abstract

Electrochemical exfoliation of graphene is an environmentally friendly method, which enables mass production. Herein, three ionic liquids (ILs) with the same imidazole cation were used to exfoliate graphite into functionalized graphene, as a lubricant additive in an acetonitrile solution. Chemical and structural characterization [...] Read more.

Electrochemical exfoliation of graphene is an environmentally friendly method, which enables mass production. Herein, three ionic liquids (ILs) with the same imidazole cation were used to exfoliate graphite into functionalized graphene, as a lubricant additive in an acetonitrile solution. Chemical and structural characterization revealed the relationship between the functionalization density of graphene and the concentration of IL, showing higher concentrations with higher densities. The exfoliated graphene hybrid oil displayed good dispersion because of a high functionalization density. More importantly, the different anions affected the tribological properties of the exfoliated graphene. Among them, the exfoliated graphene with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIm][PF₆]) possessed the best tribological performance, and the average friction coefficient and wear volume were reduced by 32% and 39%, respectively. Through the characterization of worn surfaces and wear debris, the lubrication mechanism and structural evolution of the functionalized graphene were illustrated in detail. The good lubrication function was attributed to the formation of a tribo-film and the disorder transformation of the graphene structure. The simultaneous exfoliation and functionalization of graphene offers a promising advanced lubricant for industrial fabrication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing and Nano-Structured Surfaces in Tribology)

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16 pages, 2413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Ammonia Fuel on Marine Engine Lubrication: An Artificial Lubricant Ageing Approach

by Adam Agocs, Maria Rappo, Nicolas Obrecht, Christoph Schneidhofer, Marcella Frauscher and Charlotte Besser

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040165 - 06 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2903

Abstract

Ammonia is a prospective zero-carbon-emission fuel for use in large marine diesel engines. Current research focuses on several technical aspects, such as injection strategies or exhaust gas aftertreatment options, but investigations regarding the impact of ammonia on engine oil degradation are largely absent [...] Read more.

Ammonia is a prospective zero-carbon-emission fuel for use in large marine diesel engines. Current research focuses on several technical aspects, such as injection strategies or exhaust gas aftertreatment options, but investigations regarding the impact of ammonia on engine oil degradation are largely absent from the literature. This study provides a methodology with which to evaluate this phenomenon via artificial oil alteration. By using an admixture of various contaminations to air, such as ammonia and its partial combustion product nitrogen dioxide, their respective impacts on chemical oil degradation were assessed. Subsequently, the lubricating performance of altered oils was investigated, with a focus on corrosion properties, deposit formation, and load-bearing capability. Although the application of a stoichiometric ammonia–air mixture resulted in less pronounced thermo-oxidative degradation compared to alteration with neat air, static and dynamic deposit formation as well as corrosion properties and load-bearing capability were severely impacted by the presence of ammonia. On the contrary, nitrogen dioxide contamination resulted in higher oxidation and acidification of the oil, but altered samples performed considerably better than ammonia-altered aliquots in terms of coking tendencies, corrosivity, and load bearing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology in Mobility, Volume II)

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28 pages, 9242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Influence of Electrical Discharges on the Formation of White Etching Cracks in Oil-Lubricated Rolling Contacts and Their Detection Using Electrostatic Sensing Technique

by Kamran Esmaeili, Ling Wang, Terry J. Harvey, Neil M. White and Walter Holweger

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040164 - 03 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1663

Abstract

In bearing applications, the presence of stray and parasitic currents in combination with lubricants has been studied for almost a century and has been found to cause fluting and corrugation damages under high current densities. However, recent research has suggested that at low [...] Read more.

In bearing applications, the presence of stray and parasitic currents in combination with lubricants has been studied for almost a century and has been found to cause fluting and corrugation damages under high current densities. However, recent research has suggested that at low current densities (<1 mA/mm²) under specific operating conditions, electrical discharges can substantially reduce bearing life due to the formation of white etching cracks (WECs). To date, limited studies have investigated the critical operating and electrical conditions for WEC formation and demonstrated effective fault detection techniques. This study uses a novel monitoring technique known as the electrostatic sensing technique to detect, monitor and characterise electrical discharges in an oil-lubricated steel–steel rolling contact on a TE74 twin-roller machine. The findings demonstrate that WECs can be formed under the influence of electrical discharges in less than 50 h, and the electrostatic sensors are effective for the early detection of critical electrical discharges related to WEC-induced failures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rolling Contact Fatigue and White Etching Cracks of Bearings)

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0 pages, 6391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Thermal Properties of Oil-Film Viscosity in Squeeze Film Dampers

by Hailun Zhou, Gangyi Cao, Xi Chen, Yuqi Zhang and Yangguang Cang

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040163 - 01 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1451

Abstract

Considering the variation in temperature of the oil film in squeeze film dampers (SFDs) caused by squeezing, a more comprehensive analysis of SFD can be obtained. Aiming to investigate the viscosity thermal effect of the oil film in SFDs, this study established a [...] Read more.

Considering the variation in temperature of the oil film in squeeze film dampers (SFDs) caused by squeezing, a more comprehensive analysis of SFD can be obtained. Aiming to investigate the viscosity thermal effect of the oil film in SFDs, this study established a 3D CFD solution model. Based on the total energy model, the viscosity thermal effect was performed. With the mixture multi–phase flow model, the Zwart–Gerber–Belamri (Z–G–B) cavitation model, and the use of the additional mass coefficient, the two–phase flow phenomenon in SFDs was discussed. The oil film at various temperatures and the temperature distribution of different oil types under different working conditions were analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of the SFD thermal effect on the two–phase flow phenomenon were particularly carried out. Meanwhile, the simulation results of the SFD thermal effect were experimentally verified. The results revealed that the maximum temperature of the SFD oil film was enhanced with the increase in the eccentricity ratio and precession frequency. The temperature of the oil film was closely related to the oil dynamic viscosity. The dynamic viscosity of the oil was reduced, which was caused by the SFD thermal effect, thus leading to decreased oil–film damping, enlarging the vaporization level and the range of vapor cavitation, as well as the ingested air amount. CFD simulation results of the thermal effect were in good agreement with the experimental data, which verified the accuracy of the proposed model. Full article

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17 pages, 10516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Temperature and Asphaltene Content on the Lubricating Properties of Fuel Oils

by Trinity Thobejane and Philip L. de Vaal

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040162 - 01 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1584

Abstract

During coal-based power generation, fuel oil is used to assist with ignition of pulverised coal. Fuel oil passes through several pieces of equipment on its way to the burner section of the boiler. In this article the focus is on the lubricity behaviour [...] Read more.

During coal-based power generation, fuel oil is used to assist with ignition of pulverised coal. Fuel oil passes through several pieces of equipment on its way to the burner section of the boiler. In this article the focus is on the lubricity behaviour of three representative fuel oil types and on the potential blocking of filters and nozzles caused by the presence of unwanted components in these fuel oils. The high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) (ISO 12156-1) was used to determine the lubricity of these fuel oils at different temperatures. Results indicate that the presence of asphaltenes (components of heavy fuel oils with complex aromatic structures) changes the viscosities of fuel oils, which, in turn affect their lubricity behaviour. Medium wax-blend fuel oil (MFO) containing high molecular weight paraffins (wax), low concentrations of asphaltenes and solid particles caused less friction and wear (with coefficient of friction (COF) values below 0.1) and good high temperature performance. Crude-derived heavy fuel oil (HFO), containing high concentrations of asphaltenes and solid particles caused very high coefficients of friction (COF peaks above 0.3) and severe abrasive wear at high temperatures. Although the third fuel oil tested was a light cycle oil (LFO) and did not contain any asphaltenes, results indicated a sensitivity to oxidation, increasing with temperature, which can have an adverse effect on in situ performance. Full article

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17 pages, 5937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Load-Sharing Technology of Toroidal Planetary Worm Based on Sliding Oil Film Supporting Roller

by Meijiao Mao, Shiping Yang, Mengyu Dong, Min Li, Xiaogao Chen, Xin Liu and Changjiang Qin

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040161 - 31 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1004

Abstract

In the manufacturing and assembly of a toroidal drive mechanism, errors have a great influence on the load sharing of the mechanism. In order to improve the load-sharing characteristics of the mechanism, a floating oil film structure system is designed to support the [...] Read more.

In the manufacturing and assembly of a toroidal drive mechanism, errors have a great influence on the load sharing of the mechanism. In order to improve the load-sharing characteristics of the mechanism, a floating oil film structure system is designed to support the planetary gear and to compensate for inaccuracies in the manufacturing and assembly of the mechanism parts in this paper. The elasticity and hydrodynamic effect of the floating oil film allow the planetary gear to achieve its own small floatation and produce a certain axial displacement, which compensates for the influence of error and achieves load sharing. To examine the effect of the floating oil film structure, the floating oil film bearing is simulated by FLUENT, the characteristics of the floating oil film are analyzed, and the stiffness and damping coefficients of the floating oil film are calculated. In ADAMS, the method of equivalent replacement of the floating oil film with spring damping is adopted to conduct a dynamic analysis on the toroidal drive mechanism with the floating oil film load-sharing structure, and the results show that the system with a floating oil film structure can effectively compensate the influence of errors and improve the uniform load performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Trends in Tribological Research: Fundamentals and Applications–The 10th Anniversary of Lubricants)

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31 pages, 4349 KiB

Open AccessReview

Conventional and Recent Advances of Vegetable Oils as Metalworking Fluids (MWFs): A Review

by Inês S. Afonso, Glauco Nobrega, Rui Lima, José R. Gomes and João E. Ribeiro

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040160 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4933

Abstract

Vegetable oils have been used as metalworking fluids (MWFs) for many years, particularly in small-scale metalworking operations and in industries where environmental regulations are strict. Before the development of modern MWFs, vegetable oils were one of the most common lubricants used for metalworking [...] Read more.

Vegetable oils have been used as metalworking fluids (MWFs) for many years, particularly in small-scale metalworking operations and in industries where environmental regulations are strict. Before the development of modern MWFs, vegetable oils were one of the most common lubricants used for metalworking tools. The use of vegetable oils can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where olive oil was commonly used to lubricate metal tools and weapons. Today, vegetable oils are used as MWFs in a variety of applications. They are often combined with additives or nanoparticles to enhance their performance, such as improving the lubricity, cooling properties, and stability of the oil, as well as reducing friction and wear on the cutting tool. Additives, such as antioxidants, anti-wear agents, and extreme pressure (EP) additives, can be used to improve the performance of vegetable oils as cutting fluids. Compared to standard MWFs, vegetable oils are generally more biodegradable and environmentally friendly, and can be more cost-effective. However, MWFs may offer superior performance in certain areas, such as lubrication and cooling. Ultimately, the choice of MWFs will depend on the specific requirements of the metalworking operation and the balance between performance, cost, and environmental considerations. As the demand for sustainability and environmental responsibility continues, the use of vegetable oils as MWFs is likely to become even more popular in the future. Overall, vegetable oils offer a viable and potentially attractive alternative to standard MWFs in certain applications. This review highlights both conventional and most recent advances in vegetal oils frequently used as lubricant fluids in manufacturing processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction, Wear and Lubrication of Tool Steels in Metal Forming and Machining)

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12 pages, 35009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Nano Fluids with Minimum Quantity Lubrication in Turning of Ni-Base Superalloy UDIMET 720

by Onur Özbek

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040159 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1353

Abstract

This article focuses on turning superalloy Udimet 720, which is difficult to work with, using different coolant/lubricant methods. The study includes delivering Graphene and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes nanopowders homogeneously dispersed in vegetable oil to the cutting area with the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) [...] Read more.

This article focuses on turning superalloy Udimet 720, which is difficult to work with, using different coolant/lubricant methods. The study includes delivering Graphene and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes nanopowders homogeneously dispersed in vegetable oil to the cutting area with the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method. Experiments at different cutting speeds and feed rates were repeated in four different cutting environments. Compared to dry turning, the cutting zone temperature of the cutting fluid delivered to the cutting zone by MQL methods decreased. In addition, thanks to the nanopowders, it formed an oil film by better penetrating the cutting tool-chip interface and reducing the cutting tool’s wear. With the reduced cutting tool wear, the cutting tool could maintain its form for a longer period of time, so better quality surfaces were obtained on the workpiece surface. As a result of the study, it was found that cutting zone temperature improved by 30%, tool wear by 51.8% and surface roughness by 43.9%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Research and Development on Tribology and Lubrication in Materials and Manufacturing)

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14 pages, 4611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Difference in Tribological Characteristics between CFRPEEK and Stainless Steel under Water Lubrication in Friction Testing Machine and Axial Piston Pump

by Donglin Li, Xianshuai Ma, Shuai Wang, Junhua Wang, Fang Yang and Yinshui Liu

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040158 - 26 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1566

Abstract

A water lubricating axial piston pump (WLPP) is the core power component of a green and environmentally friendly water hydraulic system. The friction and wear of the friction pairs of a WLPP are the key factors that restrict its development. In order to [...] Read more.

A water lubricating axial piston pump (WLPP) is the core power component of a green and environmentally friendly water hydraulic system. The friction and wear of the friction pairs of a WLPP are the key factors that restrict its development. In order to explore the friction and wear mechanism of materials, the tribological properties of CFRPEEK against 316L and 1Cr17Ni2 under water lubrication were investigated in a friction testing machine and an axial piston pump, respectively. An environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy and a surface profiler were used to analyze the morphology of the samples. In a friction testing machine, two different metals are paired with CFRPEEK, and the friction coefficient and wear rate barely show any differences. The wear rate of CFRPEEK is two orders of magnitude higher than that of metal. In the WLPP, 316L can hardly be paired with CFRPEEK, while 1Cr17Ni2 works well. The wear of 1Cr17Ni2 in the WLPP is greater than that of CFRPEEK. The high-pressure water film lubrication friction pairs cause the wear of the metal and show the difference in these two test methods. The wear mechanism is mainly abrasive wear. Improving the wear resistance of metals is very important for the development of WLPP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water-Lubricated Bearings)

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24 pages, 19417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Wear Behaviour of Bush Drive Chains: Part II—Performance Screening of Pin Materials and Lubricant Effects

by Florian Summer, Philipp Bergmann and Florian Grün

Lubricants 2023, 11(4), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11040157 - 25 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1187

Abstract

In this second part of the paper series, parameter investigations of the tribological system chain pin/bush contact, carried out on a specifically developed pin on bush plate model test technique, are presented. Both the pin material and the lubricant varied widely. In case [...] Read more.

In this second part of the paper series, parameter investigations of the tribological system chain pin/bush contact, carried out on a specifically developed pin on bush plate model test technique, are presented. Both the pin material and the lubricant varied widely. In case of the pin materials, a Cr-N monolayer coating and a Cr-N-Fe-based multilayer coating were investigated. As for the lubricants used, two different performing engine oils from the field were tested as well as fresh oils, some of which were diluted with a soot surrogate (carbon black) and diesel fuel in different amounts. The results show, among other things, that friction and wear performance strongly depend on the combination of pin material and lubricant used. In this context, especially the Cr-N-Fe in combination with the used engine oils showed a high wear resistance and low friction losses compared to the Cr-N reference. In the case of fresh oils with soot, the friction losses were higher but comparable between the pin materials, and a slightly better wear performance of the Cr-N was observed due to an agglomeration effect of the soot surrogate. In general, it was found that especially soot-free oils show clear wear advantages independent of the pin material used. Thus, soot clearly has a wear-promoting component. The investigations of this study suggest that a leading mechanism that is based on a corrosive–abrasive effect in the tested system, but this is more related to the soot surrogate carbon black than engine soot. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology in Mobility, Volume II)

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