Life | June 2022 - Browse Articles

16 pages, 1707 KiB

Open AccessReview

Production and Characterization of a Bioemulsifier Derived from Microorganisms with Potential Application in the Food Industry

by Jaffar Z. Thraeib, Ammar B. Altemimi, Alaa Jabbar Abd Al-Manhel, Tarek Gamal Abedelmaksoud, Ahmed Ali Abd El-Maksoud, Chandu S. Madankar and Francesco Cacciola

Life 2022, 12(6), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060924 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3296

Abstract

There is a growing interest in the development and use of natural emulsifiers, which provide biodegradability as well as non-toxicity along with giving better performance compared to existing emulsifying agents used in the food industry. A large variety of sources of starting material, [...] Read more.

There is a growing interest in the development and use of natural emulsifiers, which provide biodegradability as well as non-toxicity along with giving better performance compared to existing emulsifying agents used in the food industry. A large variety of sources of starting material, i.e., the microorganisms, are available to be used, hence giving a diverse range of applications. The focus of this review paper is on the production of bioemulsifiers, which are said to be “green surfactants”, from fungi, bacteria and yeasts; furthermore, an overview pertaining to the knowledge gained over the years in terms of characterization techniques is reported. The methods used for the characterization and isolation such as TLC, GC-MS, HPLC, NMR have also been studied. The end-application products such as cookies, muffins, and doughs along with the methods used for the incorporation of bioemulsifiers, microorganisms from which they are derived, properties imparted to the product with the use of a particular bioemulsifier and comparison with the existing food grade emulsifiers has been discussed in detail. The future prospects indicate that newer bioemulsifiers with anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and stabilization properties will prove to have a larger impact, and emphasis will be on improving the performance at an economically viable methodology. Full article

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8 pages, 461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the C-Reactive Protein Level and Visual Analog Scale Scores between Piezosurgery and Rotatory Osteotomy in Mandibular Impacted Third Molar Extraction

by Lakshmi Shetty, Khushal Gangwani, Uday Londhe, Swati Bharadwaj, Mohammed Mousa H. Bakri, Ahmed Alamoudi, Rodolfo Reda, Shilpa Bhandi, A. Thirumal Raj, Shankargouda Patil and Luca Testarelli

Life 2022, 12(6), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060923 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1739

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the C-reactive protein level and visual analog scale scores of piezo- and rotatory-based surgical extraction of the third molar. As a split-mouth study, the comparative groups consisted of 25 patients, each of whom underwent surgical removal of the [...] Read more.

This study aimed to compare the C-reactive protein level and visual analog scale scores of piezo- and rotatory-based surgical extraction of the third molar. As a split-mouth study, the comparative groups consisted of 25 patients, each of whom underwent surgical removal of the third molar by piezo on one side and rotatory bur on the other side. C-reactive protein levels were quantitatively assessed (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) before and immediately post-extraction. The immediate postoperative blood sample (baseline) C-reactive protein levels were compared with 24 h and 72 h post-op samples, both within and between the groups. Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale at 24 h and 72 h post-operatively. The C-reactive protein levels were lower in the piezo group than in the rotatory group, although the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The visual analog scale score was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the piezo group than in the rotatory group. The C-reactive protein levels increased in both the rotary and piezo groups from the pre-op to the immediate post-op value, but in the piezo group, the levels dropped back after 24 h. On the contrary, in the rotatory group, the C-reactive level kept increasing until 24 h; the visual analog scale score dropped significantly from 24 to 72 h for both the rotatory and piezo groups. Surgical techniques that could spare the surrounding soft tissues, such as the piezo, could aid in reducing overall postoperative morbidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Applications & Fundamental Researches in Dentistry)

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12 pages, 2770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Malignancy on Semen Parameters

by Guy Shrem, Liat Azani, Ido Feferkorn, Tamar Listovsky, Sofia Hussaini, Benjamin Farber, Michael H. Dahan and Mali Salmon-Divon

Life 2022, 12(6), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060922 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1560

Abstract

Purpose: We aimed to examine how various types of cancer, classified histologically, affect semen quality. Methods: The study group included 313 patients who were diagnosed with cancer and reached for a sperm cryopreservation before a gonadotoxic treatment (PG-Tx group). Their semen parameters were [...] Read more.

Purpose: We aimed to examine how various types of cancer, classified histologically, affect semen quality. Methods: The study group included 313 patients who were diagnosed with cancer and reached for a sperm cryopreservation before a gonadotoxic treatment (PG-Tx group). Their semen parameters were compared to those of two control groups: (a) individuals who attended a fertility investigation and were found to be above the limit of the lower reference value of the WHO 2010 manual (ARL group), and (b) fertile men, whose semen parameters were obtained from the dataset of the WHO 2020 manual. Results: Semen quality was significantly poorer in the PG-Tx group than in the ARL group. Differences included a 65.6% decrease in concentration, a 12.1% decrease in volume, a 72.7% decrease in total count, and a 33.0%, 22.2%, and 24.7% decrease in total motility, rapid motility, and progressive motility, respectively. Linear regression models comparing the PG-Tx and ARL groups revealed that the maximum reduction in total motility and concentration was in men with germ-cell tumors, whereas the minimum reduction was in hematological tumors. Similarly, all sperm quality parameters were significantly lower in the PG-Tx group than in the fertile-men group (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: While the effect of malignancy on semen parameters is debatable, we found that all examined types of cancer significantly impaired sperm quality parameters. Although the median of most semen parameters of patients with cancer were still in the normal WHO range, their fifth percentile, represents men with a delayed time to pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Male Infertility: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)

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19 pages, 5257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Seed Pretreatment with MgSO₄ in Response to Salinity Stress

by Wei Ren, Li Chen, Qian Wang and Yanping Ren

Life 2022, 12(6), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060921 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2185

Abstract

Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a salt-tolerant crop that can withstand high salinity levels without showing signs of harm to the plant. However, the plant is more prone to salinity stress at the germination stage and a poor germination as well [...] Read more.

Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a salt-tolerant crop that can withstand high salinity levels without showing signs of harm to the plant. However, the plant is more prone to salinity stress at the germination stage and a poor germination as well as poor crop stand lead to a weak productivity. It is possible to obtain a comprehensive picture of the cotton seedling germination and establishment against salt stress by examining dynamic changes in the transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles. The reported study employed a pretreatment of cotton seeds by soaking them in 0.2% Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO₄) solution at room temperature for 4, 8, and 12 h. The analysis of variance based on the studied traits emergence rate, above and underground plant parts’ fresh weight measured, displayed significant differences of the three treatments compared with the control. A total of 28,801 and 264 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were discovered to code for biological processes such as response to salt stress, cellular response to salt stress, abscisic acid receptor PYR/PYL, regulation of seed growth and germination, and auxin-activated signaling pathways. A large amount of ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERF) was identified (1235) as differentially expressed, followed by bHLH (252), WRKY (96), MYB (202), GATA (81), RABA (64), DIVARICATA (28), and MADs-box (26) in treated seedling samples. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the significant roles in the hormones and signal transduction, carbohydrates metabolism, and biosynthesis of amino acids, promoting salt stress tolerance. Our results indicated positive effects of MgSO₄ at 4 h treatment on seedling germination and growth, seemingly by activating certain growth-regulating enzymes (auxins, gibberellins, jasmonates, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid) and metabolites (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and akaloids). Such pretreatment of MgSO₄ on seeds would be beneficial in future cotton management under saline conditions to enhance good crop stand and productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Signaling and Responses in Plants)

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16 pages, 1342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Steps towards the Development of Epigenetic Biomarkers in Female Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)

by Alexandra Weyrich, Tania P. Guerrero-Altamirano, Selma Yasar, Gábor Á. Czirják, Bettina Wachter and Jörns Fickel

Life 2022, 12(6), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060920 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2379

Abstract

Free-ranging cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) are generally healthy, whereas cheetahs under human care, such as those in zoological gardens, suffer from ill-defined infectious and degenerative pathologies. These differences are only partially explained by husbandry management programs because both groups share low genetic [...] Read more.

Free-ranging cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) are generally healthy, whereas cheetahs under human care, such as those in zoological gardens, suffer from ill-defined infectious and degenerative pathologies. These differences are only partially explained by husbandry management programs because both groups share low genetic diversity. However, mounting evidence suggests that physiological differences between populations in different environments can be tracked down to differences in epigenetic signatures. Here, we identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between free-ranging cheetahs and conspecifics in zoological gardens and prospect putative links to pathways relevant to immunity, energy balance and homeostasis. Comparing epigenomic DNA methylation profiles obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight free-ranging female cheetahs from Namibia and seven female cheetahs living in zoological gardens within Europe, we identified DMRs of which 22 were hypermethylated and 23 hypomethylated. Hypermethylated regions in cheetahs under human care were located in the promoter region of a gene involved in host-pathogen interactions (KLC1) and in an intron of a transcription factor relevant for the development of pancreatic β-cells, liver, and kidney (GLIS3). The most canonical mechanism of DNA methylation in promoter regions is assumed to repress gene transcription. Taken together, this could indicate that hypermethylation at the promoter region of KLC1 is involved in the reduced immunity in cheetahs under human care. This approach can be generalized to characterize DNA methylation profiles in larger cheetah populations under human care with a more granular longitudinal data collection, which, in the future, could be used to monitor the early onset of pathologies, and ultimately translate into the development of biomarkers with prophylactic and/or therapeutic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Outlooks in Ecological Research: The Use of Physiological Biomarkers in Wildlife and Applied Ecology)

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14 pages, 3933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suilyin Disrupts the Blood–Brain Barrier by Activating Group III Secretory Phospholipase A2

by Yutong Sui, Ying Chen, Qingyu Lv, Yuling Zheng, Decong Kong, Hua Jiang, Wenhua Huang, Yuhao Ren, Peng Liu and Yongqiang Jiang

Life 2022, 12(6), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060919 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1565

Abstract

Serious diseases caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) include septicaemia and meningitis, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Proliferation in the blood can result in a breach of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and provide entry into the [...] Read more.

Serious diseases caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) include septicaemia and meningitis, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Proliferation in the blood can result in a breach of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and provide entry into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where bacteria cause inflammation of the meningeal membranes resulting in meningitis. The molecular mechanisms of how this pathogen crosses the BBB remain unclear. Suilysin (SLY) has been identified as an important secreted virulence factor of S. suis 2 and may play a vital role in provoking meningitis. In this investigation, we demonstrate that SLY can increase the paracellular permeability of BBB, both in vivo and in vitro, via the activation of group III secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2G3). Our results indicate that at lower, sublytic concentrations, the toxin can stimulate cerebral microvascular endothelial cells to release TNF-α, thereby inducing high level expressions of PLA2G3. Abnormal elevations of PLA2G3 might further injure tissues through direct cytolytic effectors or other responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Pathogenesis and Controlling of Streptococcus suis)

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10 pages, 1589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Subjective Tinnitus Treatment Results Using a Prototype Device for Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation of the Ear-Preliminary Study

by Jurek Olszewski, Marzena Bielińska and Andrzej Julian Kowalski

Life 2022, 12(6), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060918 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2565

Abstract

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of subjective tinnitus treatment in patients with cochlear sensorineural hearing loss with magnetic ear stimulation using a prototype device. Since the 1970s, studies have been conducted on the use of electrical [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of subjective tinnitus treatment in patients with cochlear sensorineural hearing loss with magnetic ear stimulation using a prototype device. Since the 1970s, studies have been conducted on the use of electrical stimulation of the ear in the treatment of tinnitus. The available literature contains various hypotheses about the influence of electrical stimulation of the ear on tinnitus. Material and Methods: Preclinical studies were performed for 100 patients, 40 women and 60 men (124 ears in total), aged 38–72 years, treated for tinnitus. A subjective assessment of the loudness of tinnitus was performed, and the frequency and intensity as well as hearing threshold were determined using a prototype device for electro-magnetic stimulation of the ear. The treatment cycle consisted of 10 five-minute stimulations performed daily 5 times a week. Results: Before treatment, persistent tinnitus was found in 100 ears (80.6%) and periodic tinnitus in 24 ears (19.4%). Immediately after treatment, persistent tinnitus was present only in 50 ears (40.3%) and periodic tinnitus in 40 ears (32.3%). Complete resolution of tinnitus was noted in 34 ears (27.4%). On the other hand, the examination performed 3 months after the treatment showed persistent tinnitus in 40 ears (32.3%) and periodic tinnitus in 50 ears (40.3%), and complete resolution of tinnitus was recorded in 34 ears (27.4%). Based on the VAS analog scale, there was an improvement in tinnitus in 98 ears (79.0%) immediately after treatment and no improvement in 26 ears (20.0%). The mean VAS scale before treatment was 4.9 points, after treatment it was 2.1 points and 3 months after treatment it was 1.9 points. Conclusions: The preliminary research results show the high effectiveness of magnetic stimulation in the treatment of tinnitus with the use of a prototype device for electromagnetic stimulation of the ear. There was no negative effect of the stimulation on hearing or tinnitus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of ENT Diseases: Otological and Sinus Disorders - Volume II)

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18 pages, 4831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Ficus sycomorus (Sycamore Fig) Extract on Intestinal Coccidiosis in Experimentally Infected Rabbits

by Ahmed Dawod, Said Fathalla, Hesham R. El-Seedi, Mohamed A. Hammad, Noha Osman, Nagwa Abosheriba, Anis Anis, Awad A. Shehata and Ahmed Elkhatam

Life 2022, 12(6), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060917 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2140

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the Ficus sycomorus extract on Eimeria intestinalis in experimentally infected rabbits. For this purpose, forty male 30-day-old rabbits (Blanc de Bouscat) were divided into four groups (n = 10 in each [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the Ficus sycomorus extract on Eimeria intestinalis in experimentally infected rabbits. For this purpose, forty male 30-day-old rabbits (Blanc de Bouscat) were divided into four groups (n = 10 in each group). Rabbits kept in the first group served as negative control (non-treated-non-infected). Rabbits kept in the second, third, and fourth groups were challenged at 10 weeks old with 3 × 10⁴E. intestinalis sporulated oocysts. The third and fourth groups were treated orally with diclazuril 10% (0.05 mg/kg body weight) and F. sycomorus (100 mg/Kg) for three consecutive days, respectively. The efficacy was assessed based on the growth performance parameters, clinical symptoms, oocyst shedding, histopathological findings, and hematological parameters for 16 days post challenge. The study revealed that rabbits treated with F. sycomorus methanolic extract and diclazuril showed mild clinical symptoms with a significant decrease in oocyst shedding compared with the positive control. Moreover, the diclazuril-treated group showed the highest leukocytic count and the lowest monocytes percentage compared with other groups. Furthermore, the lowest lymphocytes percentage was recorded in the control positive group. Histopathologically, moderate coccidia infestation in the intestinal mucosa and moderate hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes were observed in the diclazuril treated group compared with the negative control. However, mild coccidia infestation in the intestinal mucosa and slight coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes was found in the F. sycomorus treated group. In conclusion, F. sycomorus methanolic extract had promising effects on the live performance, oocyst count, and blood variables, while it possesses adverse consequences on the hepatic tissues. Further studies are required to optimize the dose and extraction method to mitigate its side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eimeria and the Future of Coccidiosis Control)

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31 pages, 1153 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microbial Community Composition of the Antarctic Ecosystems: Review of the Bacteria, Fungi, and Archaea Identified through an NGS-Based Metagenomics Approach

by Vesselin V. Doytchinov and Svetoslav G. Dimov

Life 2022, 12(6), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060916 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3898

Abstract

Antarctica represents a unique environment, both due to the extreme meteorological and geological conditions that govern it and the relative isolation from human influences that have kept its environment largely undisturbed. However, recent trends in climate change dictate an unavoidable change in the [...] Read more.

Antarctica represents a unique environment, both due to the extreme meteorological and geological conditions that govern it and the relative isolation from human influences that have kept its environment largely undisturbed. However, recent trends in climate change dictate an unavoidable change in the global biodiversity as a whole, and pristine environments, such as Antarctica, allow us to study and monitor more closely the effects of the human impact. Additionally, due to its inaccessibility, Antarctica contains a plethora of yet uncultured and unidentified microorganisms with great potential for useful biological activities and production of metabolites, such as novel antibiotics, proteins, pigments, etc. In recent years, amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) has allowed for a fast and thorough examination of microbial communities to accelerate the efforts of unknown species identification. For these reasons, in this review, we present an overview of the archaea, bacteria, and fungi present on the Antarctic continent and the surrounding area (maritime Antarctica, sub-Antarctica, Southern Sea, etc.) that have recently been identified using amplicon-based NGS methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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12 pages, 2457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Heat Stress and Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis in Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm

by Yanru Hu, Qianqian Chai, Yue Wang, Yujie Chen, Haozhe Dong, Jinwen Shen, Yuancheng Qi, Haiyou Yu, Fengqin Wang and Qing Wen

Life 2022, 12(6), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060915 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1726

Abstract

Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm has high medicinal value, but few studies exist on regulating secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Environmental factors play a substantial role in the accumulation of microbial secondary metabolites. In this study, the effects of heat stress (24 h) and salicylic [...] Read more.

Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm has high medicinal value, but few studies exist on regulating secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Environmental factors play a substantial role in the accumulation of microbial secondary metabolites. In this study, the effects of heat stress (24 h) and salicylic acid (0.05 mmol/L) treatment on the secondary metabolism of P. ostreatus were analyzed by metabolome, transcriptome, and gene differential expression analysis. Metabolome and transcriptome analyses showed that salicylic acid significantly increased the accumulation of antibiotics and polyketones, while heat stress increased the accumulation of flavonoids, polyketones, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. The content and the biosynthetic genes expression of heparin were markedly increased by heat stress, and the former was increased by 4565.54-fold. This study provides a reference for future studies on secondary metabolite accumulation in edible fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Secondary Metabolism: Regulation and Function)

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21 pages, 2521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Licorice Extract Supplementation Affects Antioxidant Activity, Growth-Related Genes, Lipid Metabolism, and Immune Markers in Broiler Chickens

by Magda I. Abo-Samaha, Youssef S. Alghamdi, Set A. El-Shobokshy, Sarah Albogami, Eman M. Abd El-Maksoud, Foad Farrag, Mohamed M. Soliman, Mustafa Shukry and Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack

Life 2022, 12(6), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060914 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3159

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Glycyrrhiza glabra effect on growth performance, blood parameters, antioxidant and lysosomal activity, histology and immunohistochemistry of liver and intestine, and the gene expression profile of broiler chickens. A total of 180 Cobb500 broiler chicks [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Glycyrrhiza glabra effect on growth performance, blood parameters, antioxidant and lysosomal activity, histology and immunohistochemistry of liver and intestine, and the gene expression profile of broiler chickens. A total of 180 Cobb500 broiler chicks (one-week-old) were used in this study. Chicks were distributed randomly into three treatment groups; the first group received drinking water without any supplementation (control group). In contrast, birds in groups 2 and 3 received licorice supplementation in drinking water with 0.4 and 0.8 g licorice/liter, respectively. Results revealed that licorice at a 0.4 g/L of water level improved body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and FCR. Licorice also exhibits a broad range of biological activities such as hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant, and antioxidant effects. The morphometric analysis of different parameters of the intestine revealed a significant increase in the intestinal villi length, width, and villi length/crypt depth in the group supplemented with licorice 0.4 gm/L compared to other groups. The number of CD3 positive in both duodenum and ileum was increased in the licorice 0.4 gm/L group compared to other groups. The expression of growth-related genes was significantly increased with licorice supplementation and modulation of the lipid metabolism genes in the liver and upregulated to the mRNA expression of both superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and Catalase (CAT). Our results revealed that licorice supplementation increased the growth performance of broiler chickens and impacted the birds’ antioxidant activity through modulation of the growth-related genes, lipid metabolic markers, and antioxidant-related pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunology and Animal Nutrition: Benefits and Challenges)

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22 pages, 2988 KiB

Open AccessReview

Healthcare Professionals’ Experience of Performing Digital Care Visits—A Scoping Review

by Ieva Lampickienė and Nadia Davoody

Life 2022, 12(6), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060913 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1891

Abstract

The use of digital care visits has been increasing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Learning more about healthcare professionals’ technology experiences provides valuable insight and a basis for improving digital visits. This study aimed to explore the existing literature on healthcare professionals’ experience performing [...] Read more.

The use of digital care visits has been increasing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Learning more about healthcare professionals’ technology experiences provides valuable insight and a basis for improving digital visits. This study aimed to explore the existing literature on healthcare professionals’ experience performing digital care visits. A scoping review was performed following Arksey & O’Malley’s proposed framework using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses. The collected data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Five main themes were identified in the literature: positive experiences/benefits, facilitators, negative experiences/challenges, barriers, and suggestions for improvement. Healthcare professionals mostly reported having an overall positive experience with digital visits and discovered benefits for themselves and the patients. However, opinions were mixed or negative regarding the complexity of decision making, workload and workflow, suitability of this type of care, and other challenges. The suggestions for improvement included training and education, improvements within the system and tools, along with support for professionals. Despite overall positive experiences and benefits for both professionals and patients, clinicians reported challenges such as physical barriers, technical issues, suitability concerns, and others. Digital care visits could not fully replace face-to-face visits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Digital Health in the Pandemic Era)

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10 pages, 911 KiB

Open AccessReview

Very-Low-Dose Radiation and Clinical Molecular Nuclear Medicine

by Chi-Jung Tsai, Kang-Wei Chang, Bang-Hung Yang, Ping-Hsiu Wu, Ko-Han Lin, Ching Yee Oliver Wong, Hsin-Lun Lee and Wen-Sheng Huang

Life 2022, 12(6), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060912 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4407

Abstract

Emerging molecular and precision medicine makes nuclear medicine a de facto choice of imaging, especially in the era of target-oriented medical care. Nuclear medicine is minimally invasive, four-dimensional (space and time or dynamic space), and functional imaging using radioactive biochemical tracers in evaluating [...] Read more.

Emerging molecular and precision medicine makes nuclear medicine a de facto choice of imaging, especially in the era of target-oriented medical care. Nuclear medicine is minimally invasive, four-dimensional (space and time or dynamic space), and functional imaging using radioactive biochemical tracers in evaluating human diseases on an anatomically configured image. Many radiopharmaceuticals are also used in therapies. However, there have been concerns over the emission of radiation from the radionuclides, resulting in wrongly neglecting the potential benefits against little or any risks at all of imaging to the patients. The sound concepts of radiation and radiation protection are critical for promoting the optimal use of radiopharmaceuticals to patients, and alleviating concerns from caregivers, nuclear medicine staff, medical colleagues, and the public alike. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionizing Radiation: Health Effects, Radiological Protection and Medical Applications)

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14 pages, 1798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arthrospira platensis Mutagenesis for Protein and C-Phycocyanin Improvement and Proteomics Approaches

by Wanida Pan-utai, Siriluck Iamtham, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Sarn Settachaimongkon, Ladda Sangduean Wattanasiritham, Sumitra Boonbumrung, Juta Mookdasanit and Sayamon Sithtisarn

Life 2022, 12(6), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060911 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2651

Abstract

Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis is known for its use as a food supplement, with reported therapeutic properties including antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Arthrospira is also an excellent source of proteins and C-phycocyanin. The latter is a light-harvesting pigment-protein complex in cyanobacteria, located on [...] Read more.

Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis is known for its use as a food supplement, with reported therapeutic properties including antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Arthrospira is also an excellent source of proteins and C-phycocyanin. The latter is a light-harvesting pigment-protein complex in cyanobacteria, located on the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane and comprising 40 to 60% of the total soluble protein in cells. Random mutagenesis is a useful tool as a non-genetically modified mutation method that has been widely used to generate mutants of different microorganisms. Exposure of microalgae or cyanobacteria to chemical stimuli affects their growth and many biological processes. Chemicals influence several proteins, including those involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolisms, photosynthesis and stress-related proteins (oxidative stress-reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes). Signal transduction pathways and ion transportation mechanisms are also impacted by chemical treatment, with changes causing the production of numerous biomolecules and stimulation of defence responses. This study compared the protein contents of A. platensis control and after mutagenesis using diethyl sulphate (DES) under various treatment concentrations for effective mutation of A. platensis. Results identified 1152 peptides using proteomics approaches. The proteins were classified into 23 functional categories. Random mutagenesis of A. platensis by DES was found to be highly effective for C-phycocyanin and protein production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalgae Metabolites)

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24 pages, 1345 KiB

Open AccessReview

Crosstalk of Astrocytes and Other Cells during Ischemic Stroke

by Tingting He, Guo-Yuan Yang and Zhijun Zhang

Life 2022, 12(6), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060910 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4742

Abstract

Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Astrocytes structurally compose tripartite synapses, blood–brain barrier, and the neurovascular unit and perform multiple functions through cell-to-cell signaling of neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. The crosstalk of astrocytes and other cells is [...] Read more.

Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Astrocytes structurally compose tripartite synapses, blood–brain barrier, and the neurovascular unit and perform multiple functions through cell-to-cell signaling of neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. The crosstalk of astrocytes and other cells is complicated and incompletely understood. Here we review the role of astrocytes in response to ischemic stroke, both beneficial and detrimental, from a cell–cell interaction perspective. Reactive astrocytes provide neuroprotection through antioxidation and antiexcitatory effects and metabolic support; they also contribute to neurorestoration involving neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis by crosstalk with stem cells and cell lineage. In the meantime, reactive astrocytes also play a vital role in neuroinflammation and brain edema. Glial scar formation in the chronic phase hinders functional recovery. We further discuss astrocyte enriched microRNAs and exosomes in the regulation of ischemic stroke. In addition, the latest notion of reactive astrocyte subsets and astrocytic activity revealed by optogenetics is mentioned. This review discusses the current understanding of the intimate molecular conversation between astrocytes and other cells and outlines its potential implications after ischemic stroke. “Neurocentric” strategies may not be sufficient for neurological protection and recovery; future therapeutic strategies could target reactive astrocytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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9 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

An Outbreak of Human Systemic Anthrax, including One Case of Anthrax Meningitis, Occurred in Calabria Region (Italy): A Description of a Successful One Health Approach

by Maurizio Guastalegname, Valeria Rondinone, Giuseppe Lucifora, Alfredo Vallone, Laura D’Argenio, Giovanni Petracca, Antonia Giordano, Luigina Serrecchia, Viviana Manzulli, Lorenzo Pace, Antonio Fasanella, Domenico Simone, Dora Cipolletta and Domenico Galante

Life 2022, 12(6), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060909 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6103

Abstract

In this report, three cases of human cutaneous anthrax are described, one complicated by meningitis, and all were linked to a single infected bullock. A 41-year-old male truck driver, along with two male slaughterhouse workers, 45 and 42, were hospitalized for necrotic lesions [...] Read more.

In this report, three cases of human cutaneous anthrax are described, one complicated by meningitis, and all were linked to a single infected bullock. A 41-year-old male truck driver, along with two male slaughterhouse workers, 45 and 42, were hospitalized for necrotic lesions of the arm associated with edema of the limb and high fever. All three patients were involved in transporting a bullock to the slaughterhouse. Microbiological examination on the prescapular lymph node and a piece of muscle from the bullock carcass showed the presence of Bacillus anthracis. The three patients underwent a biopsy of the affected tissues, and all samples tested positive for B. anthracis DNA using PCR. Furthermore, the truck driver also complained of an intense headache, and a CSF sampling was performed, showing him positive for B. anthracis by PCR, confirming the presumptive diagnosis of meningitis. Fast diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for the management of human anthrax. Cooperation between human and veterinary medicine proved successful in diagnosing and resolving three human anthrax cases, confirming the reliability of the One Health approach for the surveillance of zoonoses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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19 pages, 4588 KiB

Open AccessReview

Temporomandibular Joint Disk Displacements in Class II Malocclusion and Cervical Spine Alterations: Systematic Review and Report of a Hypodivergent Case with MRI Bone and Soft Tissue Changes

by Oana Almășan, Andreea Kui, Ioana Duncea, Avram Manea and Smaranda Buduru

Life 2022, 12(6), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060908 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2822

Abstract

(1) Background: This study aimed to perform a literature review related to disk displacement (DD) in class II malocclusion or cervical vertebrae position alterations and to report a hypodivergent case with cervical pain and right anterolateral DD with reduction, left anterolateral DD with [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This study aimed to perform a literature review related to disk displacement (DD) in class II malocclusion or cervical vertebrae position alterations and to report a hypodivergent case with cervical pain and right anterolateral DD with reduction, left anterolateral DD with reduction, and left joint effusion. (2) Methods: A structured electronic search was conducted between March 2022 and April 2022, without time limits, following PRISMA guidelines, in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane; the terms “disc displacement”, “disk displacement”, “temporomandibular joint”, “class II malocclusion” and “cervical vertebrae” are searched. (3) Results: the following thirteen publications are included in this review: two prospective studies and eleven cross-sectional studies; for evaluating disk position, eight included publications used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whilst six studies used lateral cephalogram to determine craniofacial morphology and relationships between the cranial base, vertical skeletal pattern, maxilla and mandible. (4) Conclusions: although the literature still shows contradictory opinions, a relationship between temporomandibular disorders and cervical posture has been shown in the presented case as well as in the literature review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temporomandibular Joint Imaging)

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13 pages, 1647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy-Ion-Induced Lung Tumors: Dose- & LET-Dependence

by Polly Y. Chang, James Bakke, Chris J. Rosen, Kathleen A. Bjornstad, Jian-Hua Mao and Eleanor A. Blakely

Life 2022, 12(6), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060907 - 17 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1770

Abstract

There is a limited published literature reporting dose-dependent data for in vivo tumorigenesis prevalence in different organs of various rodent models after exposure to low, single doses of charged particle beams. The goal of this study is to reduce uncertainties in estimating particle-radiation-induced [...] Read more.

There is a limited published literature reporting dose-dependent data for in vivo tumorigenesis prevalence in different organs of various rodent models after exposure to low, single doses of charged particle beams. The goal of this study is to reduce uncertainties in estimating particle-radiation-induced risk of lung tumorigenesis for manned travel into deep space by improving our understanding of the high-LET-dependent dose-response from exposure to individual ion beams after low particle doses (0.03–0.80 Gy). Female CB6F1 mice were irradiated with low single doses of either oxygen, silicon, titanium, or iron ions at various energies to cover a range of dose-averaged LET values from 0.2–193 keV/µm, using ¹³⁷Cs γ-rays as the reference radiation. Sham-treated controls were included in each individual experiment totally 398 animals across the 5 studies reported. Based on power calculations, between 40–156 mice were included in each of the treatment groups. Tumor prevalence at 16 months after radiation exposure was determined and compared to the age-matched, sham-treated animals. Results indicate that lung tumor prevalence is non-linear as a function of dose with suggestions of threshold doses depending on the LET of the beams. Histopathological evaluations of the tumors showed that the majority of tumors were benign bronchioloalveolar adenomas with occasional carcinomas or lymphosarcomas which may have resulted from metastases from other sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Radiobiology)

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14 pages, 965 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Maternal Obesity as a Risk Factor for Caesarean Delivery in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

by Jessica B. Brizan and Emmanuel Amabebe

Life 2022, 12(6), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060906 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2108

Abstract

Background: Maternal obesity is associated with several adverse reproductive outcomes. It is a growing public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa, a region with low resources and capacity to care for the large, affected population. Objectives: To assess the evidence of maternal obesity as [...] Read more.

Background: Maternal obesity is associated with several adverse reproductive outcomes. It is a growing public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa, a region with low resources and capacity to care for the large, affected population. Objectives: To assess the evidence of maternal obesity as a risk factor for caesarean delivery in women in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: A systematic review of relevant original articles using PubMed, MEDLINE, and CINAHL was performed. Google Scholar and the reference lists of relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses were also searched for other eligible studies. Observational studies assessing maternal body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m² before or during gestation and caesarean delivery as birth outcome were included. Results: All 17 studies were published between 2009 and 2021 and included 227,675 (236–153,102) participants. The prevalence of maternal obesity ranged from 3.9 to 44%. All except two studies (88%) indicated an association of obesity and risk of caesarean delivery in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Overweight/obese women had up to 4-fold increased risk of caesarean delivery compared to normal weight women. Three studies also reported a direct relationship between morbid obesity and prevalence of caesarean delivery in the sub-region. The risk of caesarean delivery appears to increase with increasing BMI e.g., >5 times in women with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m² than in normal weight women. Conclusions: In sub-Saharan Africa, increased BMI in pregnancy is a risk factor for subsequent caesarean delivery. The risk of caesarean delivery appears to increase with increasing BMI. A robust meta-analysis and other patho-mechanistic studies can be conducted to confirm causal association. Culturally appropriate weight management and nutritional interventions should be implemented to reduce the incidence of obesity-induced caesarean delivery in sub-Saharan Africa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Role of Immunity and Inflammation in Pregnancy and Parturition)

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8 pages, 404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of the Hydrolate Byproduct from the Industrial Extraction of Purple Alium sativum Essential Oil as a Source of Nematicidal Products

by Alberto Galisteo, Azucena González-Coloma, Purificación Castillo and María Fe Andrés

Life 2022, 12(6), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060905 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1979

Abstract

The hydrolate byproduct resulting from the industrial essential oil extraction of Spanish purple garlic has been studied against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The essential oil, the hydrolate and its organic fraction caused high mortality of [...] Read more.

The hydrolate byproduct resulting from the industrial essential oil extraction of Spanish purple garlic has been studied against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The essential oil, the hydrolate and its organic fraction caused high mortality of juveniles, suppressed egg hatch, and reduced nematode infection and reproduction on tomato plants. The nematicidal compounds of garlic oil, diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, were the major components of the hydrolate organic fraction. These findings have important implications for the development of new nematode control products based on garlic hydrolate compounds and highlight the recovery of waste from essential oils extraction, promoting a circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploiting the Biochemical Properties of Essential Oils for Healthy Products)

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2 pages, 191 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Alpha-Synuclein and Parkinson’s Disease Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms: What Is New?

by Jessica Grigoletto and Emanuela Colla

Life 2022, 12(6), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060904 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1405

Abstract

Although it was discovered about 25 years ago, alpha-synuclein (αS) misfolding and accumulation in neuronal tissues is still recognized as one of the most crucial aspects in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alpha-Synuclein and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease)

28 pages, 3452 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bone Tissue Engineering through 3D Bioprinting of Bioceramic Scaffolds: A Review and Update

by Ahmad Taha Khalaf, Yuanyuan Wei, Jun Wan, Jiang Zhu, Yu Peng, Samiah Yasmin Abdul Kadir, Jamaludin Zainol, Zahraa Oglah, Lijia Cheng and Zheng Shi

Life 2022, 12(6), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060903 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4603

Abstract

Trauma and bone loss from infections, tumors, and congenital diseases make bone repair and regeneration the greatest challenges in orthopedic, craniofacial, and plastic surgeries. The shortage of donors, intrinsic limitations, and complications in transplantation have led to more focus and interest in regenerative [...] Read more.

Trauma and bone loss from infections, tumors, and congenital diseases make bone repair and regeneration the greatest challenges in orthopedic, craniofacial, and plastic surgeries. The shortage of donors, intrinsic limitations, and complications in transplantation have led to more focus and interest in regenerative medicine. Structures that closely mimic bone tissue can be produced by this unique technology. The steady development of three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone tissue engineering scaffold therapy has played an important role in achieving the desired goal. Bioceramic scaffolds are widely studied and appear to be the most promising solution. In addition, 3D printing technology can simulate mechanical and biological surface properties and print with high precision complex internal and external structures to match their functional properties. Inkjet, extrusion, and light-based 3D printing are among the rapidly advancing bone bioprinting technologies. Furthermore, stem cell therapy has recently shown an important role in this field, although large tissue defects are difficult to fill by injection alone. The combination of 3D-printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds with stem cells has shown very promising results. Therefore, biocompatible artificial tissue engineering with living cells is the key element required for clinical applications where there is a high demand for bone defect repair. Furthermore, the emergence of various advanced manufacturing technologies has made the form of biomaterials and their functions, composition, and structure more diversified, and manifold. The importance of this article lies in that it aims to briefly review the main principles and characteristics of the currently available methods in orthopedic bioprinting technology to prepare bioceramic scaffolds, and finally discuss the challenges and prospects for applications in this promising and vital field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Biomaterials and Metallic Implants in Tissue Engineering)

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9 pages, 555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complex Aortic Interventions Can Be Safely Introduced to the Clinical Practice by Physicians Skilled in Basic Endovascular Techniques

by Sarolta Borzsák, András Szentiványi, András Süvegh, Daniele Mariastefano Fontanini, Milán Vecsey-Nagy, Péter Banga, Zoltán Szeberin, Péter Sótonyi and Csaba Csobay-Novák

Life 2022, 12(6), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060902 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1902

Abstract

Our purpose was to evaluate the risk associated with the learning curve of starting a complex aortic programme in an Eastern European country. A retrospective study was conducted involving the initial 20 patients (16 males, mean age: 65 ± 11 years) undergoing fenestrated/branched [...] Read more.

Our purpose was to evaluate the risk associated with the learning curve of starting a complex aortic programme in an Eastern European country. A retrospective study was conducted involving the initial 20 patients (16 males, mean age: 65 ± 11 years) undergoing fenestrated/branched endovascular aortic repair in a single centre. Demographic, anatomical, procedural, and postoperative variables were collected. Our elective patient cohort consisted of 9 pararenal aneurysms (45%) and 11 thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (55%), with the latter including 4 chronic dissection cases (20%). A total of 71 branch vessels were incorporated (3.5 ± 0.9 per patient). The per vessel technical success rate was 100%. In-hospital mortality was 5% (1/20). At an average follow-up of 14 ± 22 months, the primary clinical success rate was 45% (9/20) and the secondary clinical success was achieved in 75% of cases (15/20). All-cause mortality at 14 months was 20% (4/20; aortic related: 1/20, 5%). Four bridging stent occlusions were found (5.6%). Mortality and reintervention rates were comparable to the initial results of high-volume centres, while the complexity of our cases and the per vessel technical success rate was comparable to the values reported as late experience. The morbidity of the learning curve could be decreased if operators are skilled in basic endovascular procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Aortic Diseases)

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13 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Reported Long COVID in the General Population: Sociodemographic and Health Correlates in a Cross-National Sample

by Tore Bonsaksen, Janni Leung, Daicia Price, Mary Ruffolo, Gary Lamph, Isaac Kabelenga, Hilde Thygesen and Amy Østertun Geirdal

Life 2022, 12(6), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060901 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2903

Abstract

We aimed to gain knowledge of possible sociodemographic predictors of long COVID and whether long COVID was associated with health outcomes almost two years after the pandemic outbreak. There were 1649 adults who participated in the study by completing a cross-sectional online survey [...] Read more.

We aimed to gain knowledge of possible sociodemographic predictors of long COVID and whether long COVID was associated with health outcomes almost two years after the pandemic outbreak. There were 1649 adults who participated in the study by completing a cross-sectional online survey disseminated openly in Norway, the UK, the USA, and Australia between November 2021 and January 2022. Participants were defined as having long COVID based on self-reports that they had been infected by COVID-19 and were experiencing long-lasting COVID symptoms. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine possible sociodemographic predictors, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine whether long COVID status was associated with health outcomes. None of the sociodemographic variables was significantly associated with reporting long COVID. Having long COVID was associated with higher levels of psychological distress, fatigue, and perceived stress. The effect of long COVID on health outcomes was greater among men than among women. In conclusion, long COVID appeared across sociodemographic groups. People with long COVID reported worsened health outcomes compared to those who had had COVID-19 but without long-term symptoms. Men experiencing long COVID appear to be particularly vulnerable to experiencing poorer health outcomes; health services may pay extra attention to potentially unnoticed needs for support among men experiencing long COVID. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and Long-COVID-19: Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestation, and Therapeutic Options)

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10 pages, 5173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effect of Wheat Germ Oil and Olmutinib on the Thioacetamide-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Mice

by Salman Alamery, Seema Zargar, Fatimah Yaseen, Tanveer A. Wani and Abdulaziz Siyal

Life 2022, 12(6), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060900 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1934

Abstract

Thioacetamide (TAA) intoxication produces a reproducible standard animal model of induced liver and kidney injuries where free radicals are produced by phase I oxidation reactions, which eventually leads to liver and kidney failure. Wheat germ oil (WGO) is a unique food supplement with [...] Read more.

Thioacetamide (TAA) intoxication produces a reproducible standard animal model of induced liver and kidney injuries where free radicals are produced by phase I oxidation reactions, which eventually leads to liver and kidney failure. Wheat germ oil (WGO) is a unique food supplement with concentrated nutrient efficiency and has remarkable antioxidant functions. Olmutinib, on the other hand, is a chemotherapy drug considered safe for kidneys and the liver. Therefore, in this study, WGO and olmutinib were investigated for their effect on TAA-induced liver and kidney damage. Inflammatory markers; interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β); IL-6; and the levels of enzymatic markers ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate aminotransferase), LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase), and CK (creatinine kinase) in serum for liver and kidney were analyzed and evaluated along with histopathological changes in the tissue. Thirty male mice 4–6 weeks of age were grouped into five groups of six animals: the control group (saline) and the other groups (Groups II to V), which were given thioacetamide for two weeks. In addition, Group II continued with TAA; Group III was given olmutinib (30 mg/kg), Group IV was given the wheat germ oil (WGO) (1400 mg/kg), and Group V was given (olmutinib (30 mg/kg) + WGO (1400 mg/kg)) for five days. The results suggested that olmutinib treatment potentiated TAA-induced liver and kidney injury. At the same time, WGO efficiently alleviated TAA and TAA–olmutinib toxicity in Groups IV and V. The histological studies also showed reduced damage with WGO in the animal model. Hence, it was concluded that WGO could significantly reduce liver and kidney damage caused by TAA and olmutinib in mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products and Their Applications in Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Cosmetic Products)

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15 pages, 3643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Characterization of the Human Skeletal Stem Cell-like Properties of Primary Bone-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Patients with Late and Early Hip Osteoarthritis

by Lara Jasenc, Klemen Stražar, Anže Mihelič, Rene Mihalič, Rihard Trebše, Gregor Haring, Matjaž Jeras and Janja Zupan

Life 2022, 12(6), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060899 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1964

Abstract

Human skeletal stem cells (hSSCs) were recently identified as podoplanin (PDPN)/CD73/CD164-positive and CD146-negative cells that decline with age, and play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to identify the hSSC-like properties of bone-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal [...] Read more.

Human skeletal stem cells (hSSCs) were recently identified as podoplanin (PDPN)/CD73/CD164-positive and CD146-negative cells that decline with age, and play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to identify the hSSC-like properties of bone-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) of patients with late and early OA. Methods: First, we performed gene expression profiling for the hSSC markers in 32 patients with late and early OA, and donors without OA. Having identified the low expression of hSSC markers in late OA patients, we further performed trilineage differentiation and immunophenotyping for hSSC makers in the selected subsets from each donor group. Results: Our results show no differences in osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and adipogenesis between the MSCs from the three groups. However, the immunophenotyping shows lower CD164 in MSCs from early OA patients in comparison with late and no OA subjects (p = 0.002 and p = 0.017). Conclusions: Our study shows that the in vitro hSSC-like properties of bone-derived MSCs are similar in patients with early and late OA, and in donors without OA. However, the lower percentage of CD164-positive MSCs in early OA patients indicates the potential of CD164 as a marker of the onset of OA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osteoarthritis: How to Manage Joint Degeneration)

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11 pages, 1994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transbronchial Cryobiopsy Compared to Forceps Biopsy for Diagnosis of Acute Cellular Rejection in Lung Transplants: Analysis of 63 Consecutive Procedures

by Carolin Steinack, Ariana Gaspert, Fiorenza Gautschi, René Hage, Bart Vrugt, Alex Soltermann, Macé Matthew Schuurmans and Daniel Franzen

Life 2022, 12(6), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060898 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1855

Abstract

Background: Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a complication after lung transplantation (LTx). The diagnosis of ACR is based on histologic findings using transbronchial forceps biopsy (FB). However, its diagnostic accuracy is limited because of the small biopsy size and crush artifacts. Transbronchial cryobiopsy [...] Read more.

Background: Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a complication after lung transplantation (LTx). The diagnosis of ACR is based on histologic findings using transbronchial forceps biopsy (FB). However, its diagnostic accuracy is limited because of the small biopsy size and crush artifacts. Transbronchial cryobiopsy (CB) provides a larger tissue size compared with FB. Methods: FB and CB were obtained consecutively during the same bronchoscopy (February 2020–April 2021). All biopsies were scored according to the ISHLT criteria by three pathologists. Interobserver agreement was scored by the kappa index. We assessed the severity of bleeding and the presence of pneumothorax. Results: In total, 35 lung transplant recipients were included, and 126 CBs and 315 FBs were performed in 63 consecutive bronchoscopies. ACR (A1–A3, minimal–moderate) was detected in 18 cases (28.6%) by CB, whereas ACR was detected in 3 cases (4.8%) by FB. Moderate and severe bleeding complicated FB and CB procedures in 23 cases (36.5%) and 1 case (1.6%), respectively. Pneumothorax occurred in 6.3% of patients. The interobserver agreement was comparable for both CB and FB. Conclusions: CB provided an improved diagnostic yield for ACR diagnosis, leading to reclassification and changes in treatment strategies in 28.6% of cases. Prospective studies should better define the role of CB after LTx. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Lung Transplantation)

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20 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessReview

Multidrug Resistance of Cancer Cells and the Vital Role of P-Glycoprotein

by Chenmala Karthika, Raman Sureshkumar, Mehrukh Zehravi, Rokeya Akter, Faraat Ali, Sarker Ramproshad, Banani Mondal, Priti Tagde, Zubair Ahmed, Farhat S. Khan, Md. Habibur Rahman and Simona Cavalu

Life 2022, 12(6), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060897 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4112

Abstract

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a major factor in the multidrug resistance phenotype in cancer cells. P-gp is a protein that regulates the ATP-dependent efflux of a wide range of anticancer medicines and confers resistance. Due to its wide specificity, several attempts have been made [...] Read more.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a major factor in the multidrug resistance phenotype in cancer cells. P-gp is a protein that regulates the ATP-dependent efflux of a wide range of anticancer medicines and confers resistance. Due to its wide specificity, several attempts have been made to block the action of P-gp to restore the efficacy of anticancer drugs. The major goal has been to create molecules that either compete with anticancer medicines for transport or function as a direct P-gp inhibitor. Despite significant in vitro success, there are presently no drugs available in the clinic that can “block” P-gp–mediated resistance. Toxicity, unfavourable pharmacological interactions, and a variety of pharmacokinetic difficulties might all be the reason for the failure. On the other hand, P-gp has a significant effect in the body. It protects the vital organs from the entry of foreign bodies and other toxic chemicals. Hence, the inhibitors of P-gp should not hinder its action in the normal cells. To develop an effective inhibitor of P-gp, thorough background knowledge is needed in this field. The main aim of this review article was to set forth the merits and demerits of the action of P-gp on cancer cells as well as on normal cells. The influence of P-gp on cancer drug delivery and the contribution of P-gp to activating drug resistance were also mentioned. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Science)

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13 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects of Natural Supplements on Patients with FMF-Related AA Amyloidosis: A Non-Randomized 24-Week Open-Label Interventional Study

by Micol Romano, Facundo Garcia-Bournissen, David Piskin, Ulkumen Rodoplu, Lizzy Piskin, Abdelbaset A. Elzagallaai, Tunc Tuncer, Siren Sezer, Didar Ucuncuoglu, Tevfik Honca, Dimitri Poddighe, Izzet Yavuz, Peter Stenvinkel, Mahmut Ilker Yilmaz and Erkan Demirkaya

Life 2022, 12(6), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060896 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7551

Abstract

We aimed to evaluate the effect of a combination of natural products on parameters related to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in a cohort of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients with Serum Amyloid A amyloidosis, in a non-randomized, 24-week open-label interventional study. [...] Read more.

We aimed to evaluate the effect of a combination of natural products on parameters related to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in a cohort of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients with Serum Amyloid A amyloidosis, in a non-randomized, 24-week open-label interventional study. Morinda citrifolia (anti-atherosclerotic-AAL), omega-3 (anti-inflammatory-AIC), and extract with Alaskan blueberry (antioxidant-AOL) were given to patients with FMF-related biopsy-proven AA amyloidosis. Patients were >18 years and had proteinuria (>3500 mg/day) but a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Arterial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), and serum biomarkers asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), pentraxin (PTX3), malondialdehyde (MDA), Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were studied at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. A total of 67 FMF-related amyloidosis patients (52 male (77.6%); median age 36 years (range 21–66)) were enrolled. At the end of a 24-week treatment period with AAL, AIC, and AOL combination therapy, ADMA, MDA, PTX3, hsCRP, cholesterol, and proteinuria were significantly decreased compared to baseline, while CuZn-SOD, GSH-Px, and FMD levels were significantly increased. Changes in inflammatory markers PTX3, and hsCRP were negatively correlated with FMD change, and positively correlated with decreases in proteinuria, ADMA, MDA, cholesterol, and CIMT. Treatment with AAL, AIC and AOL combination for 24 weeks were significantly associated with reduction in inflammatory markers, improved endothelial functions, and oxidative state. Efficient control of these three mechanisms can have long term cardiovascular and renal benefits for patients with AA amyloidosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Proteomics)

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11 pages, 1619 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Influence of Different Light-Emitting Diode Colors on Growth and Phycobiliprotein Generation of Arthrospira platensis

by Conrad H. G. Jung, Peter Waldeck, Shadi Sykora, Steffen Braune, Ingolf Petrick, Jan-Heiner Küpper and Friedrich Jung

Life 2022, 12(6), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060895 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1792

Abstract

Light-emitting diodes (LED) can be utilized as tailorable artificial light sources for the cultivation of cyanobacteria such as Arthrospira platensis (AP). To study the influence of different LED light colors on phototrophic growth and biomass composition, AP was cultured in closed bioreactors and [...] Read more.

Light-emitting diodes (LED) can be utilized as tailorable artificial light sources for the cultivation of cyanobacteria such as Arthrospira platensis (AP). To study the influence of different LED light colors on phototrophic growth and biomass composition, AP was cultured in closed bioreactors and exposed to red, green, blue, or white LED lights. The illumination with red LED light resulted in the highest cell growth and highest cell densities compared to all other light sources (order of cell densities: red > white > green > blue LED light). In contrast, the highest phycocyanin concentrations were found when AP was cultured under blue LED light (e.g., order of concentrations: blue > white > red > green LED light). LED-blue light stimulated the accumulation of nitrogen compounds in the form of phycobiliproteins at the expense of cell growth. The results of the study revealed that exposure to different LED light colors can improve the quality and quantity of the biomass gained in AP cultures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria and Their Biotechnological Potential)

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