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Article

Apatite U-Pb Dating and Composition Constraints for Magmatic–Hydrothermal Evolution in the Giant Renli Nb-Ta Deposit, South China

1
Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2
School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
3
Hunan Institute of Geological Survey, Changsha 410116, China
4
Hunan Institute of Geological Disaster Investigation and Monitoring, Changsha 410100, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2022, 12(3), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12030344
Submission received: 28 December 2021 / Revised: 9 March 2022 / Accepted: 10 March 2022 / Published: 11 March 2022

Abstract

:
Apatite is a nearly ubiquitous accessory phase in igneous rocks that crystallizes during the entire magma evolution process and has great implications for geochronology and petrogenesis. Previous studies suggested that Nb-Ta mineralization in the giant Renli deposit was genetically related to Late Jurassic two-mica monzogranite or Early Cretaceous muscovite monzogranite. Moreover, the magmatic–hydrothermal evolution of these two stages is poorly understood. In our study, we confirm that the muscovite monzogranite, biotite monzogranite, and two-mica monzogranite are all spatially associated with Nb-Ta pegmatites. We present new apatite U-Pb ages to constrain the timing of Nb-Ta mineralization and related magmatism. The results show that apatite from the two-mica pegmatite yield a lower intercept age of 130 ± 2 Ma (2σ), and apatite grains from two two-mica pegmatite samples yield a lower intercept age of 135 ± 8 Ma (2σ) and 134 ± 3 Ma (2σ), respectively. Apatite and whole-rock geochemistry suggest the oxidation degree of the Nb-Ta mineralization increases from north (RL-6) to south (RL-16) in the giant Renli deposit. This study demonstrates that a combination of apatite composition and U-Pb ages can be used to constrain the magmatic–hydrothermal evolution of granite and pegmatite-type Nb-Ta deposits.

1. Introduction

The Nb-Ta deposits represent an important source of critical metals and minerals, and therefore they play an important role in the national defense industry, the aerospace industry, the nuclear industry, super-hard materials industry, and other industries [1,2]. Apatite is a ubiquitous accessory mineral in granite and pegmatite-type Nb-Ta deposits and can carry many trace elements during the entire magmatic–hydrothermal evolution process [3,4]. The occurrence of trace elements (e.g., U, Th, Sr, and REE) in apatite is controlled by melt/phosphate mineral equilibria, the composition of the host rock, and physico-chemical conditions [4,5,6,7]. Therefore, apatite can be used to decipher petrogenesis and constrain magmatic processes. The crystal structure of apatite and the radioactive decay of U and Th make it an ideal mineral for thermochronology and yields crystallization ages of rapidly cooled plutonic rocks using the U–Pb system [8,9,10,11]. LA-ICP-MS (Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass) apatite U-Pb dating can exhibit weighted mean age uncertainties as low as 1–2% [12]. Therefore, apatite U-Pb geochronology can provide valuable information on the timing of thermal events.
The Renli ore field is an important resource area of rare elements in the Mufushan region, South China [13]. The relationship between Nb-Ta mineralization and granite (two-mica monzogranite or muscovite monzogranite) in the giant Renli Nb-Ta deposit has been reported [14,15]. However, it continues to be a controversial topic. Moreover, the magmatic–hydrothermal evolution of the mineralization in this giant Renli Nb-Ta deposit is poorly understood. Three interspersed pegmatite veinlets with various compositions in the granite of the Renli Nb-Ta deposit were identified. In this study, we investigate the textures and composition of apatites of granites from the giant Renli Nb-Ta deposit to constrain the Renli granite ages and the magmatic–hydrothermal evolution.

2. Geological Setting

2.1. Regional Geological Setting

The giant Renli Nb-Ta deposit is located at the southwestern margin of the Mufushan composite granite, which belongs to the central Jiangnan Orogen in South China (Figure 1a). It is considered a continent–continent collisional belt between the Yangtze Block and Cathaysia Block [16,17,18,19]. The exposed strata in the area are the Qingbaikou, the Sinian, the Cambrian, the Cretaceous, and the Quaternary system [20]. The Lengjiaxi group of the Qingbaikou system is a set of shallow metamorphic clastic rock series, which are exposed in the southwest of the Mufushan complex and belong to the metamorphic basement of the Yangtze block (Figure 1b). The Jiangnan Orogen belt is characterized by a series of NE-, EW-, and WNW-trending faults, including the NE-trending Taolin fault, the Jiujitou–Sugujian deep fault, the Zhangguchong–Fenglin compressive torsional fault, the Tianbaoshan–Shijiang compressive torsional fault, the NW-trending Changtang–Yuetian–Nanjiang deep fault, and the Baowan–Yaojiadong compressive torsional fault [21,22]. Regional-scale NE-trending faults control the distribution of Late Mesozoic granites along them, which are the most common type of pluton.
Four major magmatic events have been documented in South China; in particular, magmatic rocks formed during the Early Cretaceous (130–129 Ma) exhibit similar geological characteristics [14,19,23,24,25,26]. The Mufushan composite granite in the middle of the Jiangnan orogenic belt was formed during the Yanshanian stage and is closely related to rare-metals mineralization (Figure 1). It consists of complex intrusions, such as monzogranite, biotite granodiorite, biotite monzogranite, and two-mica monzogranite, which are Neoproterozoic-Late Mesozoic rocks [27]. Abundant rare-metal deposits have been discovered to be associated with the Mufushan composite granite, including the Renli Nb-Ta, Chuanziyuan Li-Nb-Ta, and Baishawo Be-Nb-Ta deposits [20,28,29,30].

2.2. Geological Setting of the Renli Nb-Ta Deposit

The Renli Nb-Ta deposit is hosted within the pegmatite that is one part of the Mufushan composite granite [31] (Figure 2). It is a high-grade Nb-Ta rare-metal deposit (14,057 t of Nb2O5, average grade at 0.047 wt.%; 10,791 t of Ta2O5, average grade at 0.036 wt.%; [15,32]). The strata exposed in the mining area, from young to old, are the Quaternary sequences and the Neoproterozoic Pingyuan formation of the Lengjiaxi group, respectively. The Lengjiaxi group includes mainly banded slate, sericite schist, and garnet-bearing mica schist [32]. The main structures in the mining area are the NE-trending Tianbaoshan-Shijiang fault, the NNE-trending Jiangjiafang–Nanjiang fault, the Tuozhuangqiao–Jiangbei fault, and the SN-trending Huangboshan fault (Figure 2). The NE-trending Tianbaoshan–Shijiang fault and the Huangboshan fault control the Renli–Chuanziyuan deposit (Figure 2 [14]).
The magmatic activity in the area was intense, and the outcropping magmatic rocks contain the Neoproterozoic and Yanshanian granitic rocks. The magmatic rocks can be divided into three types: (1) The large-size Yanshanian Mufushan granitoid found in the north, and composed of the Late Jurassic coarse- to medium-grained biotite monzogranite and Early Cretaceous fine-to-medium-grained muscovite monzogranite. Biotite monzogranites appear in a large area of the batholith and are divided into marginal and transitional phases. The muscovite monzogranite is in a rocky area and has a clear boundary with the first stage intrusion, generally sericitization and albitization [30]. They are closely related to rare-metal mineralization [19]. (2) The Neoproterozoic coarse-to-medium-grained biotite monzonitic granite is outcropped in the west (including the Meixian and Sandun plutons). (3) The Neoproterozoic medium-to-fine-grained two-mica plagioclase granite is developed in the southeast (Figure 2). The biotite monzogranite and two-mica monzogranite are closely spatially related to pegmatites (Figure 3a,b). The biotite monzogranites show a porphyritic structure in hand specimens and consist of quartz (35–45 vol.%); K-feldspar (15–20 vol.%); plagioclase (15–20 vol.%); biotite (8–10 vol.%); and minor amounts of zircon, chlorite, apatite, and pyrite (Figure 3a). The two-mica monzogranites consist of quartz (30–35 vol.%), K-feldspar (25–30 vol.%), plagioclase (20–25 vol.%), muscovite (5–10 vol.%), and biotite (5–10 vol.%) (Figure 3b and Figure 4c).
A total of 926 pegmatite veinlets have been discovered in the Renli Nb-Ta deposit, and 712 and 214 veinlets crosscut into the granite intrusions and the Lengjiaxi group schist, respectively [15,19]. Nb-Ta pegmatite veinlets occur mostly in the Lengjiaxi group adjacent to the contact zone and cut the slate and schist of the Lengjiaxi group and the Mufushan composite granite (Figure 3c,d and Figure 4f). The occurrences of Nb-Ta-rich pegmatite dikes are controlled by the bedded structure of sedimentary rocks and Mesozoic granite [14]. From the northeast to the southwest of the Renli Nb-Ta deposit, the volume of the veins decreases, and the mineralization type become complex (Be → Be + Nb + Ta → Be + Nb + Ta + Li) [13,27].

3. Samples and Methods

Samples RL-6 and RL-10 were collected from the No. 2 pegmatite, and RL-16 was collected from the No. 3 pegmatite in the Renli deposit (Figure 2). Other samples were all collected near the central part of deposit. All samples were analyzed for whole-rock geochemistry, LA-ICP MS apatite U-Pb dating, and apatite geochemistry. After crushing the rock samples, apatite grains were separated by standard heavy liquid and magnetic separation techniques, and then handpicked under a binocular microscope, mounted in an epoxy resin, and polished. Before apatite U-Pb dating and analysis of major and trace elements, samples were polished into thin sections (50 μm thickness) for microscopic observation; backscattered electron (BSE) and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of the apatite grains was undertaken at the Guangzhou Tuoyan Analytical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China.

3.1. Whole-Rock Geochemistry Analyses

The whole-rock geochemistry was analyzed at the Guangzhou Tuoyan Analytical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China. All the samples from pegmatites were ground to a c. 200 mesh size in an agate mortar. Major element content was determined using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer (XRF-1500) and fused glass discs. Ferric and ferrous iron measurements were performed via wet chemical analyses: acid decomposition and titration with potassium dichromate [15]. The analytical precisions were ≤0.01 wt.% for major elements analyses. An Agilent 7500a system was used to determined trace element concentrations by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The detailed experimental procedure can be found in Xiong et al. [14]. The analytical precisions were ≤5% for the trace element and rare-earth element (REE) analyses.

3.2. Major and Trace Element Analyses of Apatite

The chemical compositions of apatite were analyzed at the Guangzhou Tuoyan Analytical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China, with a JEOL JXA-8100 Electron Micro Probe Analyzer (EMPA) equipped with four wavelength-dispersive spectrometers (WDS). Before the analysis, the samples were first coated with a thin conductive carbon film. We used an accelerating voltage of 15 kV, a beam current of 20 nA, and a 5 µm spot size. The peak counting time was 10 s for Ca and P, and 20 s for Na, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn, Sr, F, and Cl. The following standards were used: olivine (Fe), rhodonite (Mn), diopside (Mg), celestite (Sr), phlogopite (F), tugtupite (Cl), apatite (Ca, P), and jadeite (Na, Si). Precision was generally better than 5% for element content > 0.5 wt.% and better than 1% for element content > 10 wt.% [4]. LA-ICP-MS analysis of trace elements in apatite was also carried out at the Guangzhou Tuoyan Analytical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China, using an Agilent 7500a ICP-MS and Geolas 193 nm laser. The SRM 610 glass standards and the two MAD glasses were repeatedly analyzed after every eight apatite samples. A 33 μm spot size, a 10 Hz repetition rate, and a corresponding energy density of ~3 J/cm2 were used. The Ca measured by EMPA was used as the internal standard to correct the low and high content of trace elements in apatite.

3.3. LA-ICP-MS Apatite U-Pb Dating

Apatite U-Pb dating was conducted at the Guangzhou Tuoyan Analytical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China, by a laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) instrument using a Resolution 193 nm laser-ablation system coupled to a Thermo iCAP RQ ICP-MS instrument. The Madagascar apatite (MAD) U-Pb ages of 485.0 ± 1.7 Ma were used as the external isotopic calibration reference material [33]. The 206Pb/238U ratio is 0.0762 and 207Pb/235U ratio is 0.6013 for the MAD measurements. Each set of eight or nine sample analyses was followed by one measurement of SRM 610 and three measurements of MAD. Before analysis, single apatite grains were mounted in epoxy and polished. Then, they were ablated in a continuous He stream. Before entering a Thermo iCAP RQ ICP-MS, the He stream was mixed with N2 and Ar downstream. Samples and standards were ablated with a 33 μm laser spot, a repetition rate of 8 Hz, and a 4 J/cm2 energy density. Furthermore, the 206Pb/238U ages are reported at an uncertainty level of 2σ [19]. The detailed data reduction process can be found in Chew et al. and Petrus et al. [34,35].

4. Results

4.1. Apatite Texture

The micrograph and backscattered electron (BSE) images of apatite from the Renli Nb-Ta deposit are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. The pegmatite consists of quartz, K-feldspar, albite, muscovite, beryl, garnet, tourmaline, and lepidolite and has a figurative structure (Figure 3e–i and Figure 4a,b,d,e). Apatites from pegmatite of the Renli Nb-Ta deposit is subhedral to anhedral and up to 50–100 μm in length (Figure 4g–i). The apatites also show homogeneous texture without obvious fractures and inclusions in BSE images (Figure 4g–i and Figure 5). They usually occur as a single mineral or as an inclusion in other minerals.

4.2. Whole-Rock Geochemistry

Major and trace elements composition of pegmatite from the Renli Nb-Ta deposit are listed in Table 1 and Table 2. The levels of loss on ignition (LOI) of most samples are less than 1 wt.%, indicating that post-magmatic alteration or weathering is not obvious. The pegmatite has a relatively wide range of chemical compositions in the Renli Nb-Ta deposit. Al2O3 and K2O content broadly decrease with increasing SiO2; the content of Na2O increases with increasing SiO2, whereas Cao, MgO, and Fe2O3 content do not show an obvious correlation with SiO2 (Figure 6).
The chondrite- and primitive-mantle-normalized REE [36] and trace element patterns for the studied pegmatite are shown in Figure 7. The average total rare earth element (ΣREE) contents of pegmatite in Renli is 56.63 ppm. The (La/Yb)N ratios range from 1.37 to 24.72, and the Eu/Eu* ratios range from 0.11 to 2.49 in the Renli deposit. The pegmatite from Renli has high LREE/HREE (3.03–43.63). The pegmatites from Renli are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and depleted in medium (MREEs) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) slightly.

4.3. Compositions of Apatite

4.3.1. Major Elements

The major element composition of apatite from the RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 samples are summarized in Table 3. The apatite from the RL-6 and RL-16 samples has a narrow variation range of 47.39–48.83 wt.% and 47.58–49.99 wt.% P2O5 content, respectively, and a range of 50.31–51.76 wt.% and 49.18–51.86 wt.% CaO content, respectively. However, the RL-10 sample has a wide variation range of 44.22–49.18 wt.% P2O5 content and a range of 49.91–54.77 wt.% CaO content. The Na2O content of apatite from all the samples has the same average content (0.12 wt.% in RL-6, 0.13 wt.% in RL-10, and 0.11 wt.% in RL-16), but RL-16 has a wide variation range of 0.03–0.16 wt.%.

4.3.2. Trace Elements

The trace element composition of apatite from the RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 samples are shown in Table 4 and plotted in Figure 7 and Figure 8. The total REE (ΣREE) of RL-6 ranges from 3209 to 5179 ppm, and the Eu anomalies are >0.10 (Eu/Eu* = 0.10–0.16). The total REE (ΣREE) of RL-10 ranges from 3381 to 4812 ppm, and the total REE (ΣREE) of RL-16 ranges from 2872 to 7030 ppm. The apatite of RL-10 and RL-16 cannot be distinguished by their respective Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*) because the Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*) of almost all the spots are in the range below 0.1. Apatite is enriched in LREEs and depleted in (HREE), and the LREE/HREE ratio ranges from 3.61 to 24.07. The REE patterns of RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 are generally flat ((La/Yb)N = 0.78–8.69). In general, the RL-10 apatite has transitional geochemical characteristics between RL-6 and RL-16 apatite. The Y/Ho ratio of RL-6 ranges from 28.41 to 40.58, and RL-16 ranges from 37.51 to 65.45, but RL-10 has a narrow variation range from 30.55 to 32.69 (Figure 8). The Sr content of RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 decrease in turn, and RL-6 ranges from 59.16 to 77.04; RL-10 ranges from 24.42 to 74.24; and RL-16 ranges from 10.29 to 17.48. Yttrium and high-field-strength element (HFSE; U, Th, Ta, and Hf) content have a wide variation range.

4.4. Apatite U-Pb Ages

The results of apatite U-Pb dating are listed in Table 5 and plotted in Figure 9. There are 45 spots along a discordia in the Tera–Wasserburg Concordia diagram of RL-6, and they yield a lower intercept age of 130 ± 2 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.2, Figure 9a, [37]). There are 25 spots along a discordia in the Tera–Wasserburg Concordia diagram of RL-10, and they yield a lower intercept age of 135 ± 8 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.8, Figure 9b, [37]). There are 40 spots along a discordia in the Tera–Wasserburg Concordia diagram of RL-16, and they yield a lower intercept age of 134 ± 3 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.3, Figure 9c, [37]).

5. Discussion

5.1. Origin of the Apatite from the Renli Deposit

Many studies have considered that the apatite includes magmatic (mixing, inheritance, and composition variation of the host magma) and hydrothermal apatite [38,39,40,41,42]. Among these, magma mixing and inheritance can lead to sudden changes in the composition of apatite, but the REE in apatite is not easily redistributed [4,43]. RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 apatite show similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns and a gradual decrease in ΣREE. Therefore, magma mixing and inheritance are unlikely.
The levels of LOI of RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 are less than 1 wt.%, and they do not have porosity, which indicates that post-magmatic alteration or weathering is not obvious [44]. The unsaturated fluid of REE infiltrates through apatite, and monazite inclusions will be formed in apatite [45,46]. Monazite will extract LREE from the more fractionated melts, resulting in the depletion of these elements in apatite [47]. The contents of LREE in RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 are enriched, and the LREE/HREE ranges from 3.61 to 24.07 (Figure 8i). Therefore, hydrothermal alteration is unlikely. Moreover, the apatites have a subhedral to anhedral structure and the surface of backscattered electron (BSE) images are homogeneous without fractures (Figure 4g–i). The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 apatite vary systematically and are similar to those of pegmatite in the Renli deposit (Figure 7), suggesting that is the result of gradually magmatic evolution. Cl in apatite will preferentially combine with LREE, resulting in the separation of LREE and HREE [48,49]. However, the separation degree of LREE and HREE is low, especially in the RL-6 and RL-10 samples (Figure 8). In brief, according to apatite texture and composition of apatite, we confirm that the origin of the RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 apatite is magmatic.

5.2. Time of Nb-Ta Mineralization and Tectonic Environment

Many studies have been conducted on the geochronology of the Renli Nb-Ta deposit. The Zircon U-Pb age obtained by Xiong et al. (2020) from biotite monzogranite was 154 ± 3 Ma, and this represents the crystallization age of biotite monzogranite in the Renli Nb-Ta deposit [14]. The zircon U-Pb age obtained by Xiong et al. (2020) from muscovite monzogranite was 141 ± 2 Ma, and a SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb age obtained by Li et al. (2017) was ca. 137 Ma [13]. Regarding the time of mineralization, a muscovite 40Ar–39Ar age range obtained by Li et al. (2017) for the Mufushan complex granite ore-bearing pegmatite was 131–128 Ma, and a coltan U-Pb age obtained by Xiong et al. (2020) was ~140 Ma [13,14]. Because of extensive mineralization, many studies confirm that biotite monzogranite and muscovite monzogranite from the Mufushan granite are spatially and genetically related to the Renli Nb-Ta deposit [14]. The new LA-ICP-MS apatite U-Pb ages obtained from the two-mica pegmatite were approximately 130 Ma, which is consistent with the muscovite 40Ar–39Ar age reported by Li et al. (2017) [13]. South China was in a lithospheric extension system during the period around 140 Ma [50,51,52]. Therefore, the Renli deposit likely formed in an extensional environment, and the Nb-Ta mineralization of Renli deposit lasted until approximately 130 Ma.
The apatite U-Pb system is characterized by a relatively low closure temperature ranging from 350 to 550 °C, so the system can be easily reset during heating [3]. For the RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 samples, the LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of apatite are almost the same (within the uncertainty range), and the mean value is approximately 130 Ma. The LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of zircon from the columbite-bearing albite pegmatite is 131 ± 2 Ma, which represents the age of new magmatic–hydrothermal growth and recrystallization in the giant Renli Nb-Ta deposit [19]. The youngest LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of zircon from columbite-bearing albite pegmatite and the apatite U-Pb age under LA-ICP-MS are similar. Therefore, one possible explanation is that the U-Pb system in apatite crystals is subsequently disturbed throughout the block, which is the result of the inflow of the youngest mantle-related granitic magma and the growth and recrystallization of the new magmatic–hydrothermal solution [3]. This suggests that there was no younger thermal event (above 350 °C) in the Renli area [3].

5.3. Oxidation State of Nb-Ta Mineralization

Apatite is an important accessory mineral in various magmatic rocks, and Ca2+ can be occupied by a number of cations, such as Na+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Sr2+, rare earth elements (REE2+/3+), and Y3+ [4,53,54,55,56]. The trace elements in apatite depend on the characteristics of the host rock, so the geochemical characteristics of apatite can be used to interpret the mineralogical and geological conditions [57,58,59,60,61,62,63]. Large quantities of elements (Ce, Eu, and Mn) enter apatite, and due to the variable oxidation of these elements, their anomalies in apatite can be used to indicate the redox state of magma [47,64,65].
In this study, the RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 samples do not have significant Ce anomalies; the Ce anomalies range from 1.02 to 1.22. All the analyzed apatite has strong negative Eu anomalies (Figure 7). Eu anomalies are strongly controlled by feldspar crystallization prior to or simultaneously with apatite crystallization, so it is difficult to explain the oxidation state of the host felsic magma [47,66,67]. The Sr content of apatite has nothing to do with oxidation state [68]. The Sr content of pegmatite is lower than the Sr content of apatite, which also supports the plagioclase crystallization. Previous studies have used Mn anomalies to indicate the redox state of magma, because the radius of Mn2+ is more similar to that of Ca2+; reduced magmas have a higher content of Mn than oxidized magma [47]. Because the Mn contents of the whole rock are >100 ppm, this effect will be obscured during the fractionation of granitoid magmas [47]. In contrast to Mn, the content of Ga in apatite is independent of the host rock; because the radius of Ga2+ is more similar to that of Ca2+, reduced magmas a have higher content of Ga than oxidized magmas [69]. We found that the Ga content decreases successively from the RL-6 and RL-10 rock to the RL-16 rock, so the degree of oxidation gradually increases. In addition, compared with rocks with a lower oxidation degree, apatite in the rocks with a higher oxidation degree has a lower Y/ΣREE ratio, a higher La/Sm ratio, and a higher Ce/Th ratio [47]. The Y/ΣREE ratio ranges from 0.44 to 0.69 in RL-6 apatite and ranges from 0.05 to 0.46 in RL-16 apatite (Figure 8d). The gradual reduction in the Y/ΣREE ratio in apatite from the Renli pegmatites indicates an increase in the oxidation degree of the Nb-Ta mineralization in the giant Renli deposit. Compare to pegmatite, the apatite has higher content of Y and HREE, suggesting that the apatite is product of water-poor melts [68]. Highly evolved and volatile rich magmas have a non-chondrite Y/Ho ratio [25]. The mostly Y/Ho ratio of RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 are >34, which indicate that its host pegmatite is formed in a transitional magmatic-hydrothermal system [1]. In brief, the REE behavior of apatite can be used to constrain the oxidation state of Nb-Ta mineralization, and apatite has great potential as an exploration indicator.

6. Conclusions

(1)
The origin of the apatite is magmatic, and the oxidation degree of the Nb-Ta mineralization increases in the giant Renli deposit.
(2)
The Renli Nb-Ta deposit likely formed in an extensional environment, the Nb-Ta mineralization lasted until approximately 130 Ma, and there was no younger thermal event (above 350 °C) in the Renli deposit.
(3)
The host pegmatite of apatite from Renli deposit is formed in a transitional magmatic-hydrothermal system. The combination of the composition and U-Pb ages of apatite can be used to constrain the magmatic–hydrothermal evolution of granite and pegmatite-type Nb-Ta deposits.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.C. and Z.X.; methodology, Y.C., Z.X. and H.D.; formal analysis, Z.X. and H.D.; investigation, Y.C., Z.X., Z.Z., C.M., F.Z., L.Z. and J.C.; resources, H.T., J.H., F.Z., L.Z., J.C. and C.W.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.C., Z.X. and H.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by The National Natural Science Foundation of China Project (42130810), National Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province (2019SK2261), The Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project of Hunan Province (2020RC4003), The Scientific and Technological Talents Support Engineering Project of Hunan Province (202TJ-Q01), and The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (2021RC4055).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. The location of the study area (a) and geological map (b) of the Mufushan area (modified after [19,27]).
Figure 1. The location of the study area (a) and geological map (b) of the Mufushan area (modified after [19,27]).
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Figure 2. Geological map of the Renli Nb-Ta deposit (modified after [14]). RL is the abbreviation for Renli.
Figure 2. Geological map of the Renli Nb-Ta deposit (modified after [14]). RL is the abbreviation for Renli.
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Figure 3. Field photographs showing features of granites and pegmatites in the Renli Nb-Ta deposit: (a) biotite monzogranites with porphyritic structure; (b) weakly gneissic two-mica monzogranites; (c) pegmatite contact with schist of the Lengjiaxi group; (d) three pegmatite veinlets with various compositions interspersed in the granite; (eh) beryl pegmatite, garnet pegmatite, elbaite pegmatite, and lepidolite pegmatite in the Renli deposit; (i) pegmatite with graphic structure.
Figure 3. Field photographs showing features of granites and pegmatites in the Renli Nb-Ta deposit: (a) biotite monzogranites with porphyritic structure; (b) weakly gneissic two-mica monzogranites; (c) pegmatite contact with schist of the Lengjiaxi group; (d) three pegmatite veinlets with various compositions interspersed in the granite; (eh) beryl pegmatite, garnet pegmatite, elbaite pegmatite, and lepidolite pegmatite in the Renli deposit; (i) pegmatite with graphic structure.
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Figure 4. Photomicrographs showing the features of granite and pegmatite from the Renli Nb-Ta deposit: (a) lithium mica pegmatite; (b) microcline pegmatite; (c) two-mica monzogranites; (d) beryl pegmatite; (e) garnet pegmatite; (f) garnet-bearing schist; (gi) BSE images of apatite in pegmatite. Ab = albite; Bi = biotite; Grt = garnet; Kfs = K-feldspar; Lpd = lepidolite; Mc = microcline; Ms = muscovite; Qz = quartz.
Figure 4. Photomicrographs showing the features of granite and pegmatite from the Renli Nb-Ta deposit: (a) lithium mica pegmatite; (b) microcline pegmatite; (c) two-mica monzogranites; (d) beryl pegmatite; (e) garnet pegmatite; (f) garnet-bearing schist; (gi) BSE images of apatite in pegmatite. Ab = albite; Bi = biotite; Grt = garnet; Kfs = K-feldspar; Lpd = lepidolite; Mc = microcline; Ms = muscovite; Qz = quartz.
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Figure 5. The (A) micrograph and (B) backscattered electron (BSE) images of apatite from RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16.
Figure 5. The (A) micrograph and (B) backscattered electron (BSE) images of apatite from RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16.
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Figure 6. Variation diagram of Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, Cao, MgO, and Fe2O3 content versus the SiO2 content.
Figure 6. Variation diagram of Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, Cao, MgO, and Fe2O3 content versus the SiO2 content.
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Figure 7. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of apatite from the RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 samples [36]. Pale yellow area is the REE pattern of host pegmatite.
Figure 7. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of apatite from the RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 samples [36]. Pale yellow area is the REE pattern of host pegmatite.
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Figure 8. Scatter diagram of apatite in the RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 samples: (a) REE vs. Eu/Eu*; (b) REE vs. (La/Yb)N; (c) REE vs. Y/Ho; (d) REE vs. Y; (e) REE vs. U; (f) REE vs. Th; (g) REE vs. Ta; (h) REE vs. Hf; and (i) LREE vs. HREE.
Figure 8. Scatter diagram of apatite in the RL-6, RL-10, and RL-16 samples: (a) REE vs. Eu/Eu*; (b) REE vs. (La/Yb)N; (c) REE vs. Y/Ho; (d) REE vs. Y; (e) REE vs. U; (f) REE vs. Th; (g) REE vs. Ta; (h) REE vs. Hf; and (i) LREE vs. HREE.
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Figure 9. Apatite U-Pb lower intercept ages of the (a) RL-6, (b) RL-10, and (c) RL-16 samples.
Figure 9. Apatite U-Pb lower intercept ages of the (a) RL-6, (b) RL-10, and (c) RL-16 samples.
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Table 1. Major elements composition of the pegmatite from Renli Nb-Ta deposit (wt.%).
Table 1. Major elements composition of the pegmatite from Renli Nb-Ta deposit (wt.%).
SampleSiO2TiO2Al2O3Fe2O3MnOMgOCaONa2OK2OP2O5BaOLOI
RL-172.26 0.01 14.74 0.38 0.01 0.02 0.08 2.25 9.60 0.04 0.01 0.19
RL-276.28 0.04 14.26 0.93 0.03 0.10 0.71 5.29 1.67 0.08 <0.010.84
RL-573.80 0.01 14.20 0.56 0.04 0.03 0.19 2.89 6.95 0.04 0.01 0.55
RL-676.30 0.05 14.48 0.82 0.02 0.12 1.11 4.92 1.49 0.02 0.01 0.76
RL-774.68 0.04 14.72 0.64 0.02 0.09 0.78 3.64 4.41 0.02 0.01 0.81
RL-871.86 <0.0114.94 0.32 0.01 0.01 0.06 1.62 10.35 0.02 0.02 0.38
RL-1073.93 0.03 15.01 0.71 0.03 0.07 0.19 3.78 4.73 0.01 0.01 0.83
RL-1174.61 0.02 14.53 0.96 0.03 0.09 0.11 2.51 5.99 0.02 0.01 1.00
RL-1666.04 <0.0118.66 0.11 0.01 <0.010.03 2.29 12.25 0.05 <0.010.50
RL-1964.69 <0.0118.88 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.02 1.94 13.35 0.04 0.01 0.27
RL-2072.36 0.01 17.03 0.45 0.03 0.04 0.76 7.98 0.84 0.03 <0.010.65
RL-2168.04 0.69 15.62 5.75 0.13 1.62 0.51 1.16 3.39 0.13 0.06 2.74
RL-2270.47 0.71 14.27 5.81 0.11 1.40 0.38 0.86 3.65 0.10 0.07 2.16
RL-2374.50 0.03 14.38 0.90 0.04 0.06 0.26 3.04 5.67 0.02 <0.010.86
RL-2465.13 <0.0118.92 0.20 0.01 <0.010.04 2.46 12.90 0.05 <0.010.33
RL: abbreviation of “Renli deposit”; <0.01 indicate that the value is under MDL.
Table 2. Trace elements composition for the pegmatite from Renli Nb-Ta deposit (ppm).
Table 2. Trace elements composition for the pegmatite from Renli Nb-Ta deposit (ppm).
SampleRL-1RL-2RL-5RL-6RL-7RL-8RL-10RL-11RL-16RL-19RL-20RL-21RL-22RL-23RL-24
Li21.178.741.811159.324.114116311522218819425817648.2
Be1.9210.410.76.748.411.077.276.923.762.4512.33.202.265.562.40
Sc0.100.800.402.001.700.201.400.500.10<0.10.2014.613.20.80<0.1
Cr5.007.0014.07.004.005.008.0015.03.003.007.0058.056.05.002.00
Co0.100.200.600.300.300.200.200.20<0.1<0.10.1012.913.60.200.10
Ni0.300.301.300.300.400.400.300.70<0.2<0.20.5027.525.20.30<0.2
Cu1.002.302.700.801.203.204.401.300.800.306.801.1045.611.52.10
Zn9.0030.012.014.012.03.0026.056.04.00<224.011310337.02.00
Ga15.125.722.629.425.915.124.734.020.822.630.422.220.629.021.1
Rb716174724139294566370820165033901521973376751290
Sr40.624.417.173.365.012117.57.8012.66.604.8010470.36.3012.3
Y6.5029.44.802.0018.72.2029.80.900.600.301.8036.234.05.802.10
Zr4.0059.018.03.0032.02.0039.03.00<2<25.0021323311.0<2
Nb2.0012.710.411.811.21.008.4034.81.300.3011.213.513.220.00.50
Mo0.500.841.140.730.400.500.831.280.340.340.630.660.411.020.34
Cs27.16.9425.65.5712.817.213.430.81328358.4025.974.629.441.3
Ba40.015.234.49.3041.818137.740.416.23.502.7049749711.614.3
Ta0.803.702.101.601.800.301.103.600.900.601.201.001.004.500.10
Bi0.280.190.200.150.140.090.600.1518.53.788.200.320.3712.10.74
Pb65.019.932.419.737.684.346.120.857.162.017.628.921.438.857.1
Th2.7513.33.041.1316.52.349.390.500.16<0.050.8814.013.92.370.16
U1.184.230.910.632.520.504.080.310.550.141.042.972.782.230.18
P20036020011010011050.0110230190150570430110230
Mn55.015627011097.044.017818150.021.016489978928663.0
Tl4.190.744.090.511.383.131.924.2510.925.70.660.831.613.757.58
Ag0.070.060.010.060.020.090.120.090.070.140.140.030.040.290.23
As9.409.709.9010.98.909.9011.210.910.218.39.509.708.9011.18.80
Ge0.140.160.140.130.130.150.170.160.110.120.120.230.240.170.13
La1.5013.43.103.4014.04.108.600.801.100.601.9036.538.12.502.10
Ce2.8026.65.505.6027.26.6016.12.301.600.503.2075.579.95.203.20
Pr0.242.810.560.462.760.661.700.130.190.050.358.969.330.560.30
Nd0.809.001.801.408.802.105.300.500.600.201.0033.6034.401.801.10
Sm0.342.820.430.312.200.481.740.120.170.040.307.137.170.580.23
Eu0.160.110.070.190.240.360.150.040.03<0.020.021.461.320.030.05
Gd0.533.220.440.322.190.382.310.120.110.050.236.646.540.510.30
Tb0.120.650.100.060.390.060.520.020.020.010.041.091.020.110.05
Dy0.824.350.610.332.760.303.930.130.10<0.050.246.436.050.650.26
Ho0.190.880.130.060.590.070.860.030.020.010.051.351.230.120.05
Er0.622.800.390.171.830.212.920.070.05<0.030.153.913.460.370.12
Tm0.100.490.080.020.280.030.540.01<0.01<0.010.030.590.520.070.02
Yb0.743.410.630.141.890.153.610.070.03<0.030.293.643.230.560.15
Lu0.100.520.100.020.270.020.570.01<0.01<0.010.040.560.530.100.03
Hf0.202.501.000.201.100.101.200.10<0.1<0.10.205.706.300.50<0.1
LREE5.3451.811.010.952.813.531.73.733.491.356.4515516210.16.70
MREE2.1612.01.781.278.371.659.510.460.450.110.8824.123.32.000.94
HREE1.769.722.200.555.370.518.840.260.080.000.7114.414.01.600.32
LREE/HREE3.035.334.9819.79.8226.43.5914.343.6-9.0810.711.56.2920.9
REE+Y15.810319.714.785.217.879.95.354.621.769.8422923319.510.1
REE9.2673.5614.9412.6866.5015.6250.054.454.021.468.0419319913.77.96
(La/Sm)N2.782.994.536.904.005.373.114.194.079.443.983.223.342.715.74
(Gd/Yb)N0.580.760.561.840.942.040.521.382.96-0.641.471.630.731.61
(La/Yb)N1.372.653.3216.44.9918.41.617.7124.7-4.426.767.953.019.44
Ce/Ce*1.020.990.930.940.990.880.961.560.780.530.880.980.991.020.86
Eu/Eu*1.150.110.491.830.332.490.231.010.63-0.220.640.580.170.58
Notes: <: under detection limit; -: beyond number.
Table 3. Major element composition for the apatite from pegmatite of Renli Nb-Ta deposit (wt.%).
Table 3. Major element composition for the apatite from pegmatite of Renli Nb-Ta deposit (wt.%).
SpotNa2OP2O5K2OCaOTiO2TotalNa(apfu)P(apfu)K(apfu)Ca(apfu)Ti(apfu)Total
RL-6@10.12 48.24 0.00 50.95 0.00 99.30 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.93
RL-6@20.11 48.27 0.00 50.93 0.00 99.32 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.93
RL-6@30.11 48.01 0.00 51.19 0.00 99.31 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.56 0.00 7.95
RL-6@40.12 48.28 0.00 50.91 0.00 99.31 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.93
RL-6@50.11 48.27 0.00 50.92 0.00 99.31 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.93
RL-6@60.11 48.11 0.00 51.11 0.00 99.33 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.55 0.00 7.94
RL-6@70.13 48.16 0.00 50.88 0.00 99.18 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.94
RL-6@80.13 48.25 0.00 50.81 0.00 99.19 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.52 0.00 7.93
RL-6@90.14 48.16 0.00 50.88 0.00 99.17 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.94
RL-6@100.12 48.14 0.00 51.04 0.00 99.30 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.54 0.00 7.94
RL-6@110.12 47.77 0.00 51.31 0.00 99.20 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.58 0.00 7.96
RL-6@120.12 47.94 0.00 51.19 0.00 99.25 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.56 0.00 7.95
RL-6@130.11 48.22 0.00 50.95 0.00 99.28 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.93
RL-6@140.11 48.26 0.00 50.89 0.00 99.26 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.93
RL-6@150.12 47.85 0.00 51.36 0.00 99.33 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.58 0.00 7.96
RL-6@160.12 47.75 0.00 51.37 0.00 99.24 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.59 0.00 7.97
RL-6@170.12 47.73 0.00 51.42 0.00 99.27 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.59 0.00 7.97
RL-6@180.13 48.01 0.00 51.08 0.00 99.22 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.55 0.00 7.95
RL-6@190.14 47.62 0.00 51.38 0.00 99.13 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.59 0.00 7.97
RL-6@200.11 47.91 0.00 51.28 0.00 99.30 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.57 0.00 7.96
RL-6@210.12 48.17 0.00 51.04 0.00 99.32 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.54 0.00 7.94
RL-6@220.11 48.16 0.00 51.00 0.00 99.27 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.54 0.00 7.94
RL-6@230.12 48.23 0.00 50.96 0.00 99.31 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.93
RL-6@240.15 48.00 0.00 50.90 0.00 99.04 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.54 0.00 7.94
RL-6@250.12 48.83 0.00 50.31 0.00 99.26 0.02 3.41 0.00 4.46 0.00 7.89
RL-6@260.13 48.17 0.00 50.90 0.00 99.19 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.94
RL-6@270.12 48.26 0.00 50.82 0.00 99.21 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.52 0.00 7.93
RL-6@280.12 47.99 0.00 51.09 0.00 99.21 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.55 0.00 7.95
RL-6@290.12 48.32 0.00 50.84 0.00 99.27 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.52 0.00 7.93
RL-6@300.12 47.93 0.00 51.22 0.00 99.27 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.57 0.00 7.95
RL-6@310.12 48.20 0.00 51.00 0.00 99.33 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.54 0.00 7.94
RL-6@320.12 48.17 0.00 50.99 0.00 99.28 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.54 0.00 7.94
RL-6@330.13 48.16 0.00 50.92 0.00 99.21 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.53 0.00 7.94
RL-6@340.12 47.68 0.00 51.46 0.00 99.26 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.59 0.00 7.97
RL-6@350.12 47.71 0.00 51.46 0.00 99.29 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.59 0.00 7.97
RL-6@360.14 47.71 0.00 51.18 0.00 99.03 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.58 0.00 7.96
RL-6@370.12 47.39 0.00 51.73 0.00 99.24 0.02 3.34 0.00 4.63 0.00 7.99
RL-6@380.12 47.51 0.00 51.64 0.00 99.27 0.02 3.35 0.00 4.62 0.00 7.99
RL-6@390.12 47.55 0.00 51.60 0.00 99.27 0.02 3.35 0.00 4.61 0.00 7.98
RL-6@400.12 47.39 0.00 51.76 0.00 99.27 0.02 3.34 0.00 4.63 0.00 7.99
RL-6@410.12 48.04 0.00 51.09 0.00 99.25 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.55 0.00 7.95
RL-6@420.12 48.32 0.00 50.85 0.00 99.30 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.52 0.00 7.93
RL-6@430.12 47.95 0.00 51.22 0.00 99.29 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.56 0.00 7.95
RL-6@440.12 48.39 0.00 50.79 0.00 99.29 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.51 0.00 7.92
RL-6@450.12 47.78 0.00 51.35 0.00 99.24 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.58 0.00 7.96
RL-10@10.13 47.22 0.00 51.86 0.00 99.21 0.02 3.34 0.00 4.65 0.00 8.01
RL-10@20.14 47.05 0.00 52.00 0.00 99.19 0.02 3.33 0.00 4.67 0.00 8.02
RL-10@30.14 47.31 0.00 51.73 0.00 99.18 0.02 3.34 0.00 4.63 0.00 8.00
RL-10@40.13 46.94 0.00 52.14 0.00 99.21 0.02 3.32 0.00 4.68 0.00 8.03
RL-10@50.13 47.48 0.00 51.60 0.00 99.21 0.02 3.35 0.00 4.62 0.00 7.99
RL-10@60.14 47.40 0.00 51.68 0.00 99.22 0.02 3.35 0.00 4.62 0.00 7.99
RL-10@70.13 47.81 0.00 51.25 0.00 99.19 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.57 0.00 7.96
RL-10@80.14 47.42 0.00 51.56 0.00 99.12 0.02 3.35 0.00 4.62 0.00 7.99
RL-10@90.13 47.76 0.00 51.32 0.00 99.22 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.58 0.00 7.97
RL-10@100.12 47.82 0.00 51.30 0.00 99.25 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.58 0.00 7.96
RL-10@110.13 47.14 0.00 51.91 0.00 99.19 0.02 3.33 0.00 4.65 0.00 8.01
RL-10@120.12 47.57 0.00 51.54 0.00 99.23 0.02 3.35 0.00 4.61 0.00 7.98
RL-10@130.14 47.23 0.00 51.83 0.00 99.21 0.02 3.34 0.00 4.64 0.00 8.00
RL-10@140.14 47.93 0.00 51.15 0.00 99.23 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.56 0.00 7.95
RL-10@150.14 47.74 0.00 51.30 0.00 99.18 0.02 3.36 0.00 4.58 0.00 7.97
RL-10@160.14 47.81 0.00 51.23 0.00 99.18 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.57 0.00 7.96
RL-10@170.12 47.30 0.00 51.87 0.00 99.28 0.02 3.34 0.00 4.64 0.00 8.00
RL-10@180.13 48.03 0.00 51.05 0.00 99.21 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.55 0.00 7.95
RL-10@190.12 48.61 0.00 50.57 0.00 99.30 0.02 3.40 0.00 4.49 0.00 7.91
RL-10@200.14 44.22 0.00 54.77 0.00 99.14 0.02 3.19 0.00 5.01 0.00 8.23
RL-10@210.12 48.46 0.00 50.68 0.00 99.27 0.02 3.40 0.00 4.50 0.00 7.92
RL-10@220.12 48.45 0.00 50.67 0.00 99.24 0.02 3.40 0.00 4.50 0.00 7.92
RL-10@230.12 48.51 0.00 50.59 0.00 99.22 0.02 3.40 0.00 4.49 0.00 7.91
RL-10@240.13 48.51 0.00 50.58 0.00 99.22 0.02 3.40 0.00 4.49 0.00 7.91
RL-10@250.13 49.18 0.00 49.91 0.00 99.23 0.02 3.43 0.00 4.41 0.00 7.86
RL-16@10.13 49.69 0.00 49.43 0.00 99.24 0.02 3.45 0.00 4.36 0.00 7.83
RL-16@20.13 49.58 0.00 49.53 0.00 99.24 0.02 3.45 0.00 4.37 0.00 7.84
RL-16@30.11 49.99 0.00 49.18 0.00 99.29 0.02 3.47 0.00 4.32 0.00 7.81
RL-16@40.11 49.12 0.00 50.05 0.00 99.29 0.02 3.43 0.00 4.43 0.00 7.87
RL-16@50.13 49.67 0.00 49.48 0.00 99.28 0.02 3.45 0.00 4.36 0.00 7.83
RL-16@60.13 49.51 0.00 49.57 0.00 99.21 0.02 3.45 0.00 4.37 0.00 7.84
RL-16@70.11 49.08 0.00 50.13 0.00 99.31 0.02 3.42 0.00 4.43 0.00 7.87
RL-16@80.13 49.69 0.00 49.42 0.00 99.24 0.02 3.45 0.00 4.36 0.00 7.83
RL-16@90.12 49.53 0.00 49.63 0.00 99.28 0.02 3.45 0.00 4.38 0.00 7.84
RL-16@100.10 49.22 0.00 50.01 0.00 99.33 0.02 3.43 0.00 4.42 0.00 7.86
RL-16@110.04 49.21 0.00 50.45 0.00 99.71 0.01 3.42 0.00 4.45 0.00 7.87
RL-16@120.12 48.87 0.00 50.32 0.00 99.32 0.02 3.41 0.00 4.46 0.00 7.89
RL-16@130.13 48.73 0.00 50.33 0.00 99.19 0.02 3.41 0.00 4.46 0.00 7.90
RL-16@140.13 48.60 0.00 50.49 0.00 99.23 0.02 3.40 0.00 4.48 0.00 7.91
RL-16@150.12 48.83 0.00 50.35 0.00 99.30 0.02 3.41 0.00 4.46 0.00 7.89
RL-16@160.12 48.28 0.00 50.86 0.00 99.27 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.52 0.00 7.93
RL-16@170.11 48.80 0.00 50.44 0.00 99.36 0.02 3.41 0.00 4.47 0.00 7.89
RL-16@180.16 49.03 0.00 49.66 0.00 98.84 0.03 3.43 0.00 4.41 0.00 7.86
RL-16@190.12 48.17 0.00 51.01 0.00 99.30 0.02 3.38 0.00 4.54 0.00 7.94
RL-16@200.07 47.58 0.00 51.86 0.00 99.51 0.01 3.35 0.00 4.63 0.00 7.98
RL-16@210.08 48.41 0.00 50.97 0.00 99.46 0.01 3.39 0.00 4.52 0.00 7.92
RL-16@220.11 47.99 0.00 51.16 0.00 99.26 0.02 3.37 0.00 4.56 0.00 7.95
RL-16@230.04 49.16 0.00 50.50 0.00 99.70 0.01 3.42 0.00 4.45 0.00 7.88
RL-16@240.05 48.30 0.00 51.26 0.00 99.62 0.01 3.38 0.00 4.55 0.00 7.94
RL-16@250.12 48.38 0.00 50.70 0.00 99.20 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.51 0.00 7.92
RL-16@260.14 49.38 0.00 49.68 0.00 99.20 0.02 3.44 0.00 4.39 0.00 7.85
RL-16@270.14 49.19 0.00 49.85 0.00 99.18 0.02 3.43 0.00 4.41 0.00 7.86
RL-16@280.12 49.20 0.00 49.99 0.00 99.30 0.02 3.43 0.00 4.42 0.00 7.87
RL-16@290.11 49.45 0.00 49.77 0.00 99.33 0.02 3.44 0.00 4.39 0.00 7.85
RL-16@300.14 49.33 0.00 49.71 0.00 99.17 0.02 3.44 0.00 4.39 0.00 7.85
RL-16@310.13 49.34 0.00 49.77 0.00 99.23 0.02 3.44 0.00 4.40 0.00 7.85
RL-16@320.11 49.73 0.00 49.44 0.00 99.28 0.02 3.45 0.00 4.35 0.00 7.83
RL-16@330.16 49.21 0.00 49.59 0.00 98.96 0.03 3.44 0.00 4.39 0.00 7.86
RL-16@340.16 49.54 0.00 49.25 0.00 98.94 0.03 3.45 0.00 4.35 0.00 7.83
RL-16@350.13 49.64 0.00 49.44 0.00 99.21 0.02 3.45 0.00 4.36 0.00 7.83
RL-16@360.03 49.22 0.00 50.54 0.00 99.79 0.00 3.42 0.00 4.45 0.00 7.87
RL-16@370.12 49.17 0.00 49.99 0.00 99.28 0.02 3.43 0.00 4.42 0.00 7.87
RL-16@380.10 49.31 0.00 50.01 0.00 99.41 0.02 3.43 0.00 4.41 0.00 7.86
RL-16@390.13 49.47 0.00 49.62 0.00 99.22 0.02 3.44 0.00 4.38 0.00 7.84
RL-16@400.11 48.31 0.00 50.85 0.00 99.28 0.02 3.39 0.00 4.52 0.00 7.93
Table 4. Trace element composition for apatite of the pegmatite from the Renli Nb-Ta deposit (ppm).
Table 4. Trace element composition for apatite of the pegmatite from the Renli Nb-Ta deposit (ppm).
SpotScRbSrYLaCePrNdSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaPbThUY/Ho
RL-6@10.00 0.15 74.2226829488912456823511.729760.238272.319528.117921.90.19 0.04 10.19.036.431.4
RL-6@20.02 0.18 74.1223528386712055123011.729859.737671.019127.917721.90.22 0.04 5.98.535.431.5
RL-6@30.07 0.16 73.9224428887612155123011.629959.937972.619528.317922.20.20 0.03 9.78.735.730.9
RL-6@40.07 0.09 73.5223529490112457423711.830260.137872.119428.418022.50.12 0.04 8.89.236.931.0
RL-6@50.11 0.14 73.8220129390112357323211.630060.237472.319328.217921.70.19 0.03 7.29.437.430.4
RL-6@60.24 0.18 71.7222328385111552221412.127656.936371.119829.719324.50.17 0.03 5.14.315.031.3
RL-6@70.09 0.07 61.52478383116015973629110.536471.444285.222330.918923.10.16 0.06 6.018.539.329.1
RL-6@80.09 0.18 64.22490371111815470828210.436470.643784.122331.019323.30.19 0.05 7.417.335.829.6
RL-6@90.31 0.16 63.32471395119816576229410.937572.344285.322631.219123.30.18 0.03 5.013.838.029.0
RL-6@100.00 0.13 74.3225529287512057023911.830861.938874.019928.618522.80.14 0.05 7.07.233.230.5
RL-6@110.00 0.09 69.32442369111815471627710.734668.142281.621530.919824.10.26 0.05 10.918.152.929.9
RL-6@120.19 0.07 69.52289348106814968026710.133164.740576.920428.217220.90.15 0.03 7.212.441.029.8
RL-6@130.21 0.16 67.7218333210271426562539.730861.038172.519026.816119.20.12 0.04 7.59.737.230.1
RL-6@140.00 0.18 70.4236731696413261225112.332064.340378.521331.120024.70.19 0.04 9.013.242.830.1
RL-6@150.20 0.12 70.920633129591336102369.929358.135168.217825.415919.10.14 0.04 5.95.323.030.3
RL-6@160.13 0.25 72.9249032096013059624814.031665.242282.822434.022127.60.20 0.05 6.926.142.530.1
RL-6@170.00 0.21 72.6236630593713161225410.731864.240477.920629.718722.80.12 0.05 7.79.936.930.4
RL-6@180.12 0.18 10.3198047114411917654262.146491.741648.89010.4555.50.21 0.07 9.919.625.040.6
RL-6@190.16 0.21 68.12563420126017178430311.138675.546789.823432.820224.10.17 0.04 9.230.359.628.5
RL-6@200.08 0.11 73.0227429689212055322911.629560.538274.220029.519224.10.16 0.04 7.39.037.730.7
RL-6@210.14 0.20 71.5223729486211552721512.427255.936670.719730.019524.20.14 0.04 8.08.632.631.6
RL-6@220.19 0.11 72.12261326101113762824611.430259.838574.220029.519023.50.19 0.04 5.913.043.130.5
RL-6@230.02 0.16 70.8217731093912858923310.529258.237170.819228.217922.30.19 0.05 8.57.631.630.8
RL-6@240.12 0.15 74.52636554157220893133913.841079.249492.824132.718922.70.20 0.06 6.934.752.928.4
RL-6@250.33 0.14 71.62309332101914063325410.932563.640075.920429.618222.40.16 0.04 6.612.745.630.4
RL-6@260.00 0.27 74.12551331105214567727412.334768.644183.222734.823230.40.17 0.03 8.141.957.230.7
RL-6@270.18 0.22 72.92462356107614565626712.634168.643381.121732.020625.30.20 0.07 6.828.455.430.4
RL-6@280.10 0.19 77.02504344105014264426313.534169.043983.322533.221325.80.14 0.05 8.931.556.630.1
RL-6@290.16 0.19 73.4236730492112758524912.231964.040777.320631.019624.40.17 0.04 7.513.445.930.6
RL-6@300.00 0.13 74.12265335100213963924712.530560.738273.319728.417821.70.16 0.02 7.29.434.230.9
RL-6@310.00 0.15 74.3216829687412055123011.829059.237269.918727.817822.00.12 0.04 7.54.922.531.0
RL-6@320.06 0.16 73.3224732199913662524811.431162.039173.720129.618522.50.18 0.05 7.712.442.630.5
RL-6@330.00 0.15 67.62253426125817075827711.133764.940076.520127.716419.80.13 0.05 7.115.642.629.5
RL-6@340.32 0.12 71.02237338106414666826210.532463.339675.219827.917020.70.13 0.04 7.411.842.029.7
RL-6@351.06 0.18 70.6221132499713862124910.031261.138173.919427.116719.70.21 0.07 7.28.236.329.9
RL-6@360.05 0.16 59.23196416126717274530510.737280.1524100.028645.831038.90.16 0.04 5.447.976.532.0
RL-6@370.01 0.18 76.92384369105614163725512.732164.340377.820931.020224.70.17 0.04 6.410.338.230.6
RL-6@380.07 0.20 71.1230931698513561324510.231563.239876.220630.218923.00.16 0.03 8.410.439.330.3
RL-6@390.00 0.24 75.12244333102214264825411.731963.439674.119827.716820.30.22 0.05 7.69.837.930.3
RL-6@400.00 0.12 74.4237629790812456923711.930462.040078.021632.822228.30.14 0.04 8.711.340.830.5
RL-6@410.00 0.13 76.32346327100814064126412.333566.141178.220729.418622.40.19 0.13 7.515.546.730.0
RL-6@420.01 0.13 75.52146328100613862224612.130659.937270.318926.516319.80.17 0.03 6.98.634.430.5
RL-6@430.10 0.15 72.6235329689712255323212.230262.540077.021031.720425.00.20 0.04 9.09.732.530.6
RL-6@440.00 0.13 70.6231630292012456322711.729659.738675.520731.220325.20.23 0.04 5.99.531.930.7
RL-6@450.12 0.21 76.82332375106714265125513.631662.439676.220430.019223.50.19 0.03 6.311.332.730.6
RL-10@10.00 0.11 27.025402979491426713456.341683.047880.820629.919223.20.23 0.04 8.65.520.931.4
RL-10@20.14 0.16 37.226343069561436933386.242384.749485.221832.520625.30.26 0.05 8.05.924.730.9
RL-10@30.12 0.16 37.726663109691456983445.942085.449784.921932.320825.50.19 0.05 8.86.029.431.4
RL-10@40.10 0.19 27.0245130410081527243565.541882.146878.519728.417921.40.22 0.05 8.26.47.131.2
RL-10@50.10 0.20 27.1247030510151537203555.641782.047277.819628.317721.40.27 0.04 5.86.617.731.7
RL-10@60.19 0.15 26.626662658371276033485.841585.749683.622033.422527.70.20 0.06 7.84.512.031.9
RL-10@70.18 0.16 26.726293089691446913556.642885.349384.321831.920324.70.18 0.03 9.36.822.831.2
RL-10@80.08 0.13 28.2246547214562068633655.839078.244875.719930.020024.10.18 0.05 7.77.713.132.6
RL-10@90.00 0.09 26.925942878981326113547.244688.249480.620329.518622.50.22 0.04 8.64.014.832.2
RL-10@100.06 0.16 27.025172838541235713166.939680.046879.620830.520024.90.26 0.05 5.84.67.531.6
RL-10@110.00 0.23 52.927022979431416703396.241683.548883.121731.520525.40.22 0.05 7.75.322.232.5
RL-10@120.12 0.16 74.224742979621386453256.239076.945077.420228.618423.20.23 0.04 7.74.818.831.9
RL-10@130.28 0.17 27.825823019681446803345.840180.447182.421431.320224.90.18 0.05 7.73.713.631.3
RL-10@140.02 0.15 29.625562838971346393306.240481.247380.821031.020225.00.20 0.04 8.32.711.231.6
RL-10@150.26 0.20 27.4262630610021497043446.041882.248884.822131.720424.80.16 0.06 8.04.917.931.0
RL-10@160.01 0.23 27.826793089951507053426.142083.749585.822232.320424.80.23 0.04 8.25.017.331.2
RL-10@170.02 0.21 28.222452498751356463575.441480.744369.416924.215016.80.22 0.03 7.96.210.532.3
RL-10@180.21 0.16 24.425942899011305973756.747995.250979.419428.017621.80.16 0.04 4.75.815.232.7
RL-10@190.29 0.17 28.823852718111125102826.835273.243575.219930.120025.00.26 0.05 8.65.87.931.7
RL-10@200.00 0.19 29.229303159221366663617.746193.054795.924936.223228.80.19 0.03 10.17.917.930.6
RL-10@210.12 0.13 25.324712317821195663367.142284.647377.719428.017421.10.17 0.05 6.43.89.331.8
RL-10@220.00 0.12 25.823322999851497093515.240478.945175.619126.916820.30.16 0.05 8.66.418.130.8
RL-10@230.07 0.16 25.624503009871497013505.541080.646678.219828.317721.40.21 0.04 9.86.316.131.3
RL-10@240.15 0.12 25.926532568141246043465.940584.749183.021833.422026.80.24 0.05 8.84.611.631.9
RL-10@250.14 0.09 25.224882959341396613376.040180.047279.820329.518823.00.14 0.04 7.15.622.531.2
RL-16@10.00 0.13 11.2188647914211897444052.044088.239946.98710.2535.20.24 0.02 8.419.124.440.2
RL-16@20.04 0.12 11.1187248614351907534052.044388.139946.28710.1535.20.16 0.07 10.420.125.540.5
RL-16@30.04 0.06 11.8170845513811816923772.139980.336241.9779.0454.50.16 0.02 12.620.129.940.8
RL-16@40.00 0.06 11.5166750214321857023762.340079.735340.3748.8434.30.20 0.02 10.516.723.241.4
RL-16@50.03 0.00 10.3188439212621737054022.044788.540146.7879.9525.00.16 0.03 10.212.117.640.4
RL-16@60.09 0.07 11.0197949014691977744292.246090.741648.38910.6565.60.13 0.02 9.918.223.441.0
RL-16@70.04 0.00 12.0159847413751806843592.339076.534840.9758.7444.40.16 0.02 8.517.321.639.1
RL-16@80.06 0.13 11.1186148614581917403962.142986.439646.08710.0545.20.17 0.02 10.320.223.740.5
RL-16@90.00 0.06 11.4168347014111877253912.042883.437842.8778.8444.50.16 0.03 10.218.623.939.4
RL-16@100.00 0.00 11.8158051314191705702842.728162.130235.6729.5545.40.03 0.00 13.0143.861.044.4
RL-16@110.00 0.09 16.345643390084222863.87015.6727.6151.9101.00.15 0.02 14.715.915.059.9
RL-16@120.00 0.03 11.2163443413191746803752.041480.136541.9778.7444.30.11 0.04 11.29.618.039.0
RL-16@130.04 0.03 11.2202748514581957794351.948896.043651.59911.3605.80.13 0.03 16.018.423.639.3
RL-16@140.06 0.00 11.7187649515021967664102.444287.940947.08710.6545.30.17 0.02 9.518.122.439.9
RL-16@150.00 0.08 12.0163246613961826993792.141080.236041.9788.7464.30.19 0.02 11.716.923.239.0
RL-16@160.00 0.00 11.6175246613971847304072.044386.538944.6839.3484.50.12 0.02 10.413.821.039.3
RL-16@170.05 0.20 11.3155040012421626333572.038575.633838.8717.8413.90.28 0.10 9.59.416.839.9
RL-16@180.00 0.03 13.22572829244332211836283.8642130.658665.111512.9646.10.19 0.02 11.821.725.739.5
RL-16@190.06 0.00 11.1173042113131736903812.141482.137042.8809.4484.50.14 0.03 9.611.519.140.4
RL-16@200.00 0.05 13.3116834710661334622302.622549.423427.4526.5343.30.10 0.03 8.29.229.442.7
RL-16@210.00 0.07 13.2130936411451404842452.524453.525930.3607.7403.90.16 0.04 8.114.244.243.2
RL-16@220.14 0.00 12.3173748114241867414142.445187.239244.8829.3474.40.01 0.00 11.815.019.538.8
RL-16@230.00 0.00 14.010951411411113061082.77310.6312.120.210.10.04 0.00 13.740.624.952.9
RL-16@240.00 0.04 15.325156213451444461673.212219.2695.580.840.30.15 0.03 11.919.917.745.6
RL-16@250.00 0.06 11.1202749314731997774312.247793.643350.19510.7565.80.23 0.03 11.918.530.340.4
RL-16@260.00 0.10 10.8195747714732008034452.149295.143150.09210.6555.40.19 0.03 9.317.621.339.1
RL-16@270.18 0.06 11.0207247314871997934482.049595.944252.610011.8626.20.17 0.02 9.218.122.139.4
RL-16@280.00 0.07 11.9159148214181826993802.041578.935341.3778.9464.40.18 0.03 10.918.024.138.5
RL-16@290.16 0.24 11.7155343813341756693652.239976.734640.5738.4424.10.16 0.03 10.111.318.338.4
RL-16@300.00 0.09 11.8197758116942157874232.843990.440846.3849.7504.80.18 0.03 7.621.125.442.7
RL-16@310.03 0.09 11.3187747714761957484052.144087.239846.18610.0545.20.21 0.02 10.419.524.640.7
RL-16@320.00 0.00 12.0166146214011857183912.143083.937244.3829.3484.70.27 0.03 12.616.021.637.5
RL-16@330.00 0.01 12.02376780219028310165353.4555115.051658.010612.0625.80.21 0.05 9.637.531.941.0
RL-16@340.15 0.13 12.12386780220828710505563.6576119.453659.910712.2626.00.16 0.03 12.334.330.839.8
RL-16@350.06 0.00 11.2196946014511967714232.046992.942551.09611.2606.00.02 0.00 10.116.420.238.6
RL-16@360.05 0.05 17.521236766954122414.5276.1293.271.180.90.15 0.03 12.088.833.865.5
RL-16@370.00 0.06 10.8180244513741836993852.041382.638144.2829.7514.90.11 0.02 12.318.827.240.8
RL-16@380.01 0.02 10.7146541712301515212662.126657.827832.9658.3464.50.19 0.03 12.019.633.444.6
RL-16@390.19 0.06 11.0198447214431937584112.145590.342349.99611.4616.00.16 0.04 9.313.920.439.8
RL-16@400.00 0.15 11.8166448814241837213962.342782.637443.2788.6444.30.19 0.04 11.319.724.938.5
Table 5. Apatite U-Pb dating by LA-ICP-MS.
Table 5. Apatite U-Pb dating by LA-ICP-MS.
SampleU (ppm)2s ErrorTh (ppm)2s Error207Pb/206Pb2s Error206Pb/238U2s Error207Pb/235U2s ErrorRho 206Pb/238U vs. 207Pb/235U206Pb/238U Age±2σ (Ma)
RL-6
RL-6@134.60.313.10.30.66060.01350.08810.00138.10280.13360.0523544±8
RL-6@233.90.312.60.30.66380.01450.09080.00158.39650.14710.2789560±9
RL-6@334.50.212.70.30.64940.01490.08960.00128.04080.15480.2727553±7
RL-6@435.60.213.60.30.68180.01830.08670.00138.13300.17740.2154536±8
RL-6@535.70.313.60.30.65100.01430.08710.00107.79980.1480−0.0191538±6
RL-6@614.10.26.00.20.77960.02160.17330.002618.58110.46270.17631030±14
RL-6@735.50.425.60.40.65990.02150.08020.00137.27030.2017−0.0405497±8
RL-6@832.30.723.90.50.68230.01920.08700.00168.14540.16460.0812538±10
RL-6@935.40.319.50.30.65100.01650.08510.00167.71930.12610.1398526±10
RL-6@1029.80.39.70.30.67260.02030.08730.00148.29090.22040.3026540±9
RL-6@1147.10.524.60.40.60880.01350.06600.00095.54820.10480.1460412±5
RL-6@1236.50.416.80.30.63440.01660.08140.00117.08600.13690.0357504±6
RL-6@1334.90.413.80.20.67530.01660.08290.00137.72790.16630.1655513±8
RL-6@1439.90.418.60.40.62380.01530.07610.00146.50770.14950.1842472±8
RL-6@1521.50.37.50.20.72780.02020.12480.002112.51010.2990−0.0100758±12
RL-6@1639.50.636.61.20.61950.02300.06970.00205.92950.17110.1646434±12
RL-6@1733.70.513.60.30.66520.01540.08450.00107.79800.16110.1600523±6
RL-6@1822.20.326.70.50.73070.01470.13880.002013.96680.22750.1487838±12
RL-6@1953.10.742.10.70.59940.01600.06530.00115.38040.13690.2736408±7
RL-6@2034.50.412.50.40.64370.01400.07970.00147.07900.13480.1700494±8
RL-6@2129.80.211.70.30.67690.01560.09040.00168.38640.19640.3722558±9
RL-6@2238.80.418.20.30.64180.01510.07620.00116.80830.0994−0.0189473±6
RL-6@2327.40.210.20.20.68070.02070.09630.00219.06170.21020.1901592±13
RL-6@2445.11.244.72.00.61710.01550.06890.00135.94180.19640.7627430±8
RL-6@2543.50.518.20.40.63390.01300.07520.00106.55380.11520.3359468±6
RL-6@2651.70.741.01.50.59770.02740.06640.00195.54300.1670−0.2308415±12
RL-6@2752.10.443.00.70.58130.02090.06080.00135.01840.1505−0.0930381±8
RL-6@2851.90.543.70.50.58540.01150.06450.00105.22760.08830.3909403±6
RL-6@2939.70.417.80.40.62260.01400.07170.00126.08120.12980.2910446±7
RL-6@3029.00.312.00.30.67470.01460.09440.00188.76990.16810.2039581±11
RL-6@3114.90.75.30.30.75130.02300.15900.006416.43330.71630.6630957±34
RL-6@3238.40.517.00.30.65170.01560.07930.00127.13400.13790.1444492±7
RL-6@3339.80.422.00.40.63060.01800.07600.00116.63170.14390.0511472±7
RL-6@3439.00.516.60.30.63520.01570.08140.00137.08240.14750.1249506±8
RL-6@3531.50.210.80.30.64570.01770.08990.00138.05070.17460.0284555±8
RL-6@3671.71.070.23.00.49420.01650.04590.00073.16670.10010.0097290±5
RL-6@3732.60.313.30.30.66440.01880.08570.00127.80620.17880.0230530±7
RL-6@3834.10.213.80.20.64870.01720.08370.00157.47850.15570.0326518±9
RL-6@3932.50.412.80.30.65220.01480.08230.00137.51140.15170.1683510±8
RL-6@4034.90.514.70.30.64730.01670.07920.00127.08120.1288−0.3071492±7
RL-6@4141.80.221.20.50.62940.01540.07250.00136.25640.13360.0788451±8
RL-6@4230.90.711.50.30.66850.01620.09250.00208.56400.21170.4642570±12
RL-6@4328.30.212.80.30.69130.01420.09410.00209.00870.16930.4342579±12
RL-6@4428.81.213.30.40.68940.02050.09810.00299.42850.37420.6249603±17
RL-6@4527.50.614.40.50.69550.01770.09440.00229.03360.26430.4968581±13
RL-10
RL-10@119.20.17.60.20.73960.01710.15250.002815.54480.42800.5396915±16
RL-10@222.20.27.70.20.70530.01770.13540.002913.19010.25170.1212818±16
RL-10@326.20.27.70.30.72470.01610.12150.002712.17110.32920.6569739±15
RL-10@416.50.18.60.30.75720.01860.16510.003217.20350.38410.2938985±18
RL-10@516.10.48.90.20.73260.01780.16150.003916.59960.35380.4433965±22
RL-10@610.70.15.80.20.79000.01760.23730.004725.88210.56850.35471372±25
RL-10@720.50.310.00.60.72830.01790.13820.002513.98190.32170.4278834±14
RL-10@811.50.210.00.30.80060.01910.21540.003923.33220.65760.37861257±21
RL-10@913.20.35.20.20.78690.01800.18900.003920.32460.42740.39321119±22
RL-10@106.70.16.10.20.80750.01980.30280.005733.69700.74180.28691704±28
RL-10@1118.70.16.60.30.73710.02360.12630.003412.83500.35330.2646767±19
RL-10@1214.30.55.50.30.76120.02460.14840.004415.46420.53040.5559892±24
RL-10@1312.70.15.00.20.77740.01930.22070.004123.61860.43410.13281285±22
RL-10@1410.10.13.50.10.77440.01920.25870.005427.46320.50910.22971482±28
RL-10@1516.20.26.60.20.74750.01590.15990.002916.45800.37850.4966956±16
RL-10@1614.90.26.30.20.75310.01880.16090.003616.63420.49970.6277965±21
RL-10@179.90.18.80.30.80640.01900.23430.003825.86510.62910.27871356±20
RL-10@1814.50.28.20.20.76900.02420.18730.003719.82750.45470.01031106±20
RL-10@197.20.18.00.20.81440.02100.33200.005837.89860.73570.05231847±28
RL-10@2016.10.310.50.30.77110.01760.17110.002918.15430.44840.45251018±16
RL-10@218.50.15.30.10.78340.01930.24890.004426.68560.56510.28911432±23
RL-10@2217.20.39.30.30.75900.02320.15650.002915.97790.32450.0706937±16
RL-10@2313.00.37.60.20.74690.02150.18040.004118.61700.37820.12431068±22
RL-10@249.60.15.60.10.78440.02270.22980.004425.16640.5404−0.02501333±23
RL-10@2520.60.27.90.20.74470.01800.12790.002013.13210.26240.1494777±11
RL-16
RL-16@122.70.326.90.40.73650.01940.14060.002714.25260.26910.0711848±15
RL-16@223.40.228.30.40.75490.01420.13850.001814.37590.22930.2176836±10
RL-16@328.60.329.70.60.73870.01360.13620.002513.93040.26190.4542823±14
RL-16@421.90.224.20.40.77330.01450.15280.002516.45730.27270.3427916±14
RL-16@516.70.617.60.60.77500.01530.19050.006420.22020.59540.78441123±35
RL-16@621.20.225.40.40.74380.01580.13900.001814.39270.30160.1958841±10
RL-16@720.00.324.50.40.77890.02080.16850.003417.76750.36860.34651003±19
RL-16@822.10.228.60.40.76800.01700.14860.002415.52020.26430.1403893±14
RL-16@922.50.226.70.30.75460.01410.16280.002616.87590.28220.2469972±14
RL-16@1055.21.2199.55.60.65910.01140.08750.00197.92630.19730.7213541±11
RL-16@1113.10.820.70.80.81520.01820.28930.016332.40161.99920.91531634±82
RL-16@1215.70.112.80.30.78490.01690.18480.003019.86630.35430.25891093±16
RL-16@1319.70.323.20.50.76520.02900.18740.007420.25131.29490.84931107±41
RL-16@1419.70.224.20.40.73970.01770.14980.001815.17540.32570.2091900±10
RL-16@1520.10.222.30.30.75220.01410.17680.002818.45910.33290.25401049±15
RL-16@1617.70.217.70.40.76970.01340.19220.003020.37650.36170.39371133±16
RL-16@1715.90.313.70.30.79110.02370.19640.004221.66640.54470.31161156±23
RL-16@1823.70.330.50.50.73720.01600.14910.002414.95830.21680.0247896±14
RL-16@1917.00.115.50.30.77430.02130.18070.002919.22280.3690−0.07861071±16
RL-16@2029.84.113.01.60.70300.02520.11250.012811.23171.62030.9769681±73
RL-16@2138.14.622.02.50.67370.03520.08960.00978.29891.03440.9446552±57
RL-16@2215.80.318.30.50.78290.02850.19510.005520.92830.53500.29841149±29
RL-16@2321.40.255.80.90.76020.02330.16240.003217.09320.44070.1861970±18
RL-16@2415.20.126.00.30.76790.01750.23140.003324.47090.39090.12531344±18
RL-16@2520.81.421.11.10.76420.01640.16990.011717.46311.20660.92901007±64
RL-16@2619.10.123.90.40.76340.01830.15280.002316.23110.3000−0.0402916±13
RL-16@2720.10.125.00.40.73560.01710.14720.002114.93300.29180.1032885±12
RL-16@2822.30.225.30.40.74670.01700.15390.002715.90570.31290.2983922±15
RL-16@2917.10.216.10.30.77860.01430.18850.003020.26670.36210.41251113±16
RL-16@3022.10.328.20.30.75610.02120.14490.002515.07070.28800.0467872±14
RL-16@3122.20.226.90.50.72440.01530.13900.002714.05070.21400.1358841±16
RL-16@3219.80.322.40.40.76060.01500.18050.002918.54720.34400.55141069±16
RL-16@3329.30.352.80.70.72920.01550.12330.001912.52200.21850.1750749±11
RL-16@3427.80.347.30.60.73910.01360.12780.001713.07780.21640.1945775±10
RL-16@3517.60.222.10.50.74300.01770.16830.003517.35730.43960.41801002±20
RL-16@3629.50.2119.21.10.71800.01860.13040.002213.12680.2351−0.0181790±13
RL-16@3724.60.925.80.70.72980.01750.13280.004313.47430.54060.8162803±24
RL-16@3829.00.625.60.60.73300.01740.12460.002812.66320.30290.5166757±16
RL-16@3917.90.218.40.30.77500.01480.18940.003520.24820.34590.44341118±19
RL-16@4021.70.225.80.40.76170.01540.15860.002616.47780.29500.3053949±14
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MDPI and ACS Style

Cheng, Y.; Xu, Z.; Di, H.; Zhang, Z.; Mao, C.; Tan, H.; Huang, J.; Zhou, F.; Zhang, L.; Chen, J.; et al. Apatite U-Pb Dating and Composition Constraints for Magmatic–Hydrothermal Evolution in the Giant Renli Nb-Ta Deposit, South China. Minerals 2022, 12, 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12030344

AMA Style

Cheng Y, Xu Z, Di H, Zhang Z, Mao C, Tan H, Huang J, Zhou F, Zhang L, Chen J, et al. Apatite U-Pb Dating and Composition Constraints for Magmatic–Hydrothermal Evolution in the Giant Renli Nb-Ta Deposit, South China. Minerals. 2022; 12(3):344. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12030344

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cheng, Yongsheng, Zhuobin Xu, Hongfei Di, Zewen Zhang, Chunwang Mao, Huajie Tan, Jianzhong Huang, Fangchun Zhou, Liping Zhang, Jianfeng Chen, and et al. 2022. "Apatite U-Pb Dating and Composition Constraints for Magmatic–Hydrothermal Evolution in the Giant Renli Nb-Ta Deposit, South China" Minerals 12, no. 3: 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12030344

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