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Volume 15
Issue 8
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Water, Volume 15, Issue 8 (April-2 2023) – 196 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Many saline lakes worldwide are shrinking at alarming rates. In addition to endangering habitats and ecosystems, such phenomena could lead to human health hazards as these lakes deteriorate. It is worth noting, however, that detecting, let alone understanding, the cause of such deterioration is a challenging task. An interesting angle is incorporating data mining methods such as artificial neural networks (ANN) to monitor these patterns from a more numeric-oriented perspective. The added benefit to such an approach would be that the results obtained from the ANN models would complement the statistical-based analysis. On that note, this study utilizes both statistical and data mining-oriented analysis to evaluate hydro-climatic and remote sensing (RS)-based data as a potential means to unveil hidden depletion patterns in inland water bodies. View this paper
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19 pages, 6945 KiB  
Article
Application of Deep Learning in Drainage Systems Monitoring Data Repair—A Case Study Using Con-GRU Model
by Li He, Shasha Ji, Kunlun Xin, Zewei Chen, Lei Chen, Jun Nan and Chenxi Song
Water 2023, 15(8), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081635 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1885
Abstract
Hydraulic monitoring data is critical for optimizing drainage system design and predicting system performance, particularly in the establishment of data-driven hydraulic models. However, anomalies in monitoring data, caused by sensor failures and network fluctuations, can severely impact their practical application. Such anomalies can [...] Read more.
Hydraulic monitoring data is critical for optimizing drainage system design and predicting system performance, particularly in the establishment of data-driven hydraulic models. However, anomalies in monitoring data, caused by sensor failures and network fluctuations, can severely impact their practical application. Such anomalies can persist for long periods, and existing data repair methods are primarily designed for short-term time series data, with limited effectiveness in repairing long-term monitoring data. This research introduces the DSMDR, a deep learning framework designed for repairing monitored data in drainage systems. Within this framework, a deep learning model named Con-GRU is proposed for repairing water level monitoring data with long-term anomalies (i.e., 288 consecutive time points) in the pump station forebay. The model iteratively predicts 36 time points at each iteration and uses an iterative approach to achieve the repair process for long-term abnormal monitoring data. The Con-GRU model integrates analysis of forebay water levels, pump status, and rainfall features related to repair, and captures both long-term and local time-dependent features via one-dimensional convolution (Conv1D) and gated recurrent units (GRU). The proposed model improves the accuracy and authenticity of repaired water level data. The results indicate that, compared to existing long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models, the Con-GRU model has significantly better performance in repairing water level data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)
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19 pages, 4583 KiB  
Article
Hydrogeochemical Study of Hot Springs along the Tingri—Nyima Rift: Relationship between Fluids and Earthquakes
by Deyang Zhao, Xiaocheng Zhou, Yongxian Zhang, Miao He, Jiao Tian, Junfeng Shen, Ying Li, Guilan Qiu, Fang Du, Xiaoming Zhang, Yao Yang, Jun Zeng, Xuelian Rui, Feng Liao and Zhijun Guan
Water 2023, 15(8), 1634; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081634 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1622
Abstract
Studying the hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot springs provides essential geochemical information for monitoring earthquake precursors and understanding the relationship between fluids, fractures, and earthquakes. This paper investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot springs along the Tingri–Nyima Rift (TNR) in southern Tibet, a seismically [...] Read more.
Studying the hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot springs provides essential geochemical information for monitoring earthquake precursors and understanding the relationship between fluids, fractures, and earthquakes. This paper investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot springs along the Tingri–Nyima Rift (TNR) in southern Tibet, a seismically active zone at the collision front of the Indian and Asian-European plates. The major elements, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes of seven thermal springs were analyzed from July 2019 to September 2021. The findings indicate that Mount Everest’s meteoric water, which has a recharge elevation of roughly 7.5–8.4 km, is the main source of recharge for the hot springs. The water samples have two main hydrochemical types: HCO3-Na and Cl-Na. The temperature of the geothermal reservoir is between 46.5 and 225.4 °C, while the circulation depth is between 1.2 and 5.0 km based on silica-enthalpy mixing models and traditional geothermometers. Furthermore, continuous measurements of major anions and cations at the Yundong Spring (T06) near Mount Everest reveal short-term (8 days) seismic precursor anomalies of hydrochemical compositions before an ML4.7 earthquake 64.36 km away from T06. Our study suggests that seismicity in the northern section of the TNR is controlled by both hydrothermal activity and tectonic activity, while seismicity in the southern section is mainly influenced by tectonic activity. In addition to magnitude and distance from the epicenter, geological forces from deep, large fissures also affect how hot springs react to seismic occurrences. A fluid circulation model is established in order to explain the process of groundwater circulation migration. The continuous hydrochemical monitoring of hot springs near Everest is critical for studying the coupling between hot springs, fractures, and earthquakes, as well as monitoring information on earthquake precursory anomalies near Everest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)
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11 pages, 2907 KiB  
Article
Study on the Head Loss of the Inlet Gradient Section of the Aqueduct
by Jian Chen, Yangyang Tian, Huijie Zhang and Shanju Zhang
Water 2023, 15(8), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081633 - 21 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1122
Abstract
The form of the inlet section of aqueducts that connect the upstream channel and the downstream channel affects the flow pattern and head loss. In order to provide a reference for the design of the gradient section of water-transfer channels, a typical three-dimensional [...] Read more.
The form of the inlet section of aqueducts that connect the upstream channel and the downstream channel affects the flow pattern and head loss. In order to provide a reference for the design of the gradient section of water-transfer channels, a typical three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is established in this paper based on existing results. The results show that the local head loss coefficient is related to the cross-sectional area of the inlet and outlet of the gradient section, the water surface contraction angle of the gradient section, and the elevation difference between the bottoms of the inlet and outlet of the gradient section, and a functional relationship is provided; when changing the width of the inlet and outlet bottoms, the local head loss coefficient is negatively related to the water surface contraction angle and increases with the increase in Wup/Wdown; the local head loss coefficient has a good exponential function with Wup/Wdown. The research results can provide a reference for the design of the inlet gradient section and the solution of the head loss coefficient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Hydraulics and River Dynamics)
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12 pages, 1298 KiB  
Review
Web-Based Platforms for Landslide Risk Mitigation: The State of the Art
by Giulia Bossi, Luca Schenato and Gianluca Marcato
Water 2023, 15(8), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081632 - 21 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1399
Abstract
Web-based platforms (WBPs) are online spaces where the user can interrogate and analyze data series gathered in quasi-real time from monitoring network/s. These online tools are increasingly used by government agencies, local authorities, contractors, and researchers for visualization, management, control, and analysis of [...] Read more.
Web-based platforms (WBPs) are online spaces where the user can interrogate and analyze data series gathered in quasi-real time from monitoring network/s. These online tools are increasingly used by government agencies, local authorities, contractors, and researchers for visualization, management, control, and analysis of monitoring data. In the risk mitigation framework, WBPs must incorporate specific tools and functions to be integral to non-structural mitigation activities. This is particularly important for the mitigation of landslide-related hazards, that sometimes are challenging to address with structural solutions. The state-of-the-art paper considers the evolution of WBPs for risk mitigation from a pioneering research topic of a decade ago to the current applications that are sometimes comprised within commercial packages. First, we describe what nowadays represents the WBP requirements regarding usability and data visualization for proper data communication. Next, tools for data management and solution regarding interoperability and data analysis are discussed. Lastly, considerations on data filtering in the context of alert and alarm triggering are presented. To be a reasonable alternative to structural mitigation works, non-structural solutions such as monitoring for alarm triggering or early warning must be dependable and stable. We have synthesized the fundamental requirements of monitoring networks devoted to risk mitigation with the expression “5 Rs”: robustness, redundancy, reliability, resilience, and responsiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)
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17 pages, 3198 KiB  
Article
Performance of Sand and Mixed Sand–Biochar Filters for Treatment of Road Runoff Quantity and Quality
by Harri Koivusalo, Maria Dubovik, Laura Wendling, Eero Assmuth, Nora Sillanpää and Teemu Kokkonen
Water 2023, 15(8), 1631; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081631 - 21 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1526
Abstract
Nature-based solutions and similar natural water retention measures to manage urban runoff are often implemented by cities in order to reduce runoff peaks, catch pollutants, and improve sustainability. However, the performance of these stormwater management solutions is relatively rarely assessed in detail prior [...] Read more.
Nature-based solutions and similar natural water retention measures to manage urban runoff are often implemented by cities in order to reduce runoff peaks, catch pollutants, and improve sustainability. However, the performance of these stormwater management solutions is relatively rarely assessed in detail prior to their construction, or monitored and evaluated following implementation. The objective of this study was to investigate the field-scale performance of road runoff filters with respect to the management of stormwater quantity and quality. This study synthesizes data from two intensive measurement surveys after the construction of sand and biochar-amended road runoff filters. The filters were able to strongly control the runoff volume and shape of the hydrograph. The long-term retention was about half that of the water inflow, and a hydrographic analysis showed the significant but strong event-size-dependent detention of runoff in both the sand and the sand–biochar filters. The biochar amendment in the filter showed no clear hydrological impact. The pollutant attenuation of the implemented road runoff filters was modest in comparison with that observed under controlled conditions. The impact of the biochar layer on the effluent water quality was observed as the levels of phosphorous, organic carbon, K, Ca and Mg in the sand–biochar filter effluent increased in comparison with the sand filter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Stormwater Control, Utilization, and Treatment)
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17 pages, 2616 KiB  
Article
Factorial Design Statistical Analysis and Optimization of the Adsorptive Removal of COD from Olive Mill Wastewater Using Sugarcane Bagasse as a Low-Cost Adsorbent
by Fatima Elayadi, Mounia Achak, Wafaa Boumya, Sabah Elamraoui, Noureddine Barka, Edvina Lamy, Nadia Beniich and Chakib El Adlouni
Water 2023, 15(8), 1630; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081630 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2116
Abstract
This work highlights the elimination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from olive mill wastewater using sugarcane bagasse. A 25−1 fractional factorial design of experiments was used to obtain the optimum conditions for each parameter that influence the adsorption process. The influence of [...] Read more.
This work highlights the elimination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from olive mill wastewater using sugarcane bagasse. A 25−1 fractional factorial design of experiments was used to obtain the optimum conditions for each parameter that influence the adsorption process. The influence of the concentration of sugarcane bagasse, solution pH, reaction time, temperature, and agitation speed on the percent of COD removal were considered. The design experiment describes a highly significant second-order quadratic model that provided a high removal rate of 55.07% by employing optimized factors, i.e., a temperature of 60 °C, an adsorbent dose of 10 g/L, a pH of 12, a contact time of 1 h, and a stirring speed of 80 rpm. The experimental data acquired at optimal conditions were confirmed using several isotherms and kinetic models to assess the solute interaction behavior and kind of adsorption. The results indicated that the experimental data were properly fitted with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, whereas the Langmuir model was the best model for explaining the adsorption equilibrium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatments)
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3 pages, 163 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial: Advances in Aquaculture Ecology Research
by Xiangli Tian and Li Li
Water 2023, 15(8), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081629 - 21 Apr 2023
Viewed by 896
Abstract
This Special Issue describes the advances in the last decades in the research fields of individual ecology of commercial aquatic organisms, the ecology of aquaculture systems, interactions between aquaculture activities and the environment, the structure and function of the microbial community, principles of [...] Read more.
This Special Issue describes the advances in the last decades in the research fields of individual ecology of commercial aquatic organisms, the ecology of aquaculture systems, interactions between aquaculture activities and the environment, the structure and function of the microbial community, principles of environment management in aquaculture ecosystems, etc [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquaculture Ecology Research)
3 pages, 170 KiB  
Editorial
A Summary of China’s Water Security Status and Issues from a Special Issue
by Qiting Zuo, Fuqiang Wang, Jiaqi Zhai, Xiuyu Zhang, Dunxian She, Lei Zou, Rong Gan and Zengliang Luo
Water 2023, 15(8), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081628 - 21 Apr 2023
Viewed by 980
Abstract
Affected by global climate change and rapid socio-economic development, China faces serious water security issues, especially in terms of water shortages, flood disasters, and water-related ecological and environmental problems [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2022)
16 pages, 3564 KiB  
Article
Perovskite LaMnO3 Composite Graphene Carbon Nitride g-C3N4 Improves the Photocatalytic Performance of Tetracycline Degradation
by Ming Lu, Jiaqi Dong, Mingzhu Hu, Guofeng Cheng and Juan Lv
Water 2023, 15(8), 1627; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081627 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1892
Abstract
With the extensive use and improper treatment of antibiotics, antibiotic pollution in aquaculture wastewater has become increasingly severe. Tetracycline antibiotics have become one of the most commonly used fishery antibiotics. In this study, a Z-scheme heterostructure LaMnO3/g-C3N4 was [...] Read more.
With the extensive use and improper treatment of antibiotics, antibiotic pollution in aquaculture wastewater has become increasingly severe. Tetracycline antibiotics have become one of the most commonly used fishery antibiotics. In this study, a Z-scheme heterostructure LaMnO3/g-C3N4 was constructed by the sol–gel method as a photocatalyst to degrade tetracycline, and the influence of anions on the degradation effect was investigated. The LaMnO3/g-C3N4 hybrid was successfully constructed by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and X-ray diffraction. The results of degradation experiments demonstrated that the maximum tetracycline degradation efficiency of LaMnO3/g-C3N4-10 (LMO/CN-10) was 80%, the removal rate of TC decreased from 71% to 48% when the concentration of chloride ions increased from 0 mM to 10 mM, and the removal rate of TC decreased from 75% to 28% when the concentration of carbonate ions increased from 0 mM to 10 mM. This enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to the formation of a Z-scheme structure that promoted the separation of photoinduced electron holes while maintaining its own strong redox ability. Finally, the photocatalytic mechanism was designed based on the free radical trapping experiment, electrochemical impedance, and photoluminescence spectra, providing an opportunity for the construction of a new photocatalyst for the treatment of aquaculture tailwater in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquaculture Water Safety)
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47 pages, 2214 KiB  
Review
Emerging Contaminants and Their Removal from Aqueous Media Using Conventional/Non-Conventional Adsorbents: A Glance at the Relationship between Materials, Processes, and Technologies
by Cristina E. Almeida-Naranjo, Víctor H. Guerrero and Cristina Alejandra Villamar-Ayala
Water 2023, 15(8), 1626; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081626 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4711
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are causing negative effects on the environment and even on people, so their removal has become a priority worldwide. Adsorption and the associated technologies where this process occurs (filtration/biofiltration) have gained great interest, due to its low cost, easy operation, [...] Read more.
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are causing negative effects on the environment and even on people, so their removal has become a priority worldwide. Adsorption and the associated technologies where this process occurs (filtration/biofiltration) have gained great interest, due to its low cost, easy operation, and effectiveness mainly in the removal (up to 100%) of lipophilic ECs (log Kow > 4). Activated carbon continues to be the most efficient material in the removal of ECs (>850 mg/g). However, other conventional materials (activated carbon, clays, zeolites) and non-conventional materials (agro-industrial/forestry/industrial residues, nanomaterials, among others) have shown efficiencies greater than 90%. Adsorption depends on the physicochemical properties of the materials and ECs. Thus, physical/chemical/thermal modifications and nanomaterial synthesis are the most used procedures to improve adsorption capacity. A material with good adsorptive properties could be used efficiently in filtration/biofiltration technologies. Agro-industrial residues are promising alternatives to be used in these technologies, due to their high availability, low toxicity, and adsorption capacities (up to 350 mg/g). In filtration/biofiltration technologies, the material, in addition to acting as adsorbent, plays a fundamental role in operation and hydraulics. Therefore, selecting the appropriate material improves the efficiency/useful life of the filter/biofilter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Engineering and Wastewater Treatment III)
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21 pages, 35527 KiB  
Article
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and a Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network for Surface Water Quality Prediction of the Xiaofu River, China
by Lan Luo, Yanjun Zhang, Wenxun Dong, Jinglin Zhang and Liping Zhang
Water 2023, 15(8), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081625 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1603
Abstract
Water quality prediction is an important part of water pollution prevention and control. Using a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to predict water quality can solve the problem that comprehensive water quality models are too complex and difficult to apply. However, as [...] Read more.
Water quality prediction is an important part of water pollution prevention and control. Using a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to predict water quality can solve the problem that comprehensive water quality models are too complex and difficult to apply. However, as water quality time series are generally multiperiod hybrid time series, which have strongly nonlinear and nonstationary characteristics, the prediction accuracy of LSTM for water quality is not high. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method can decompose the multiperiod hybrid water quality time series into several simpler single-period components. To improve the accuracy of surface water quality prediction, a water quality prediction model based on EEMD–LSTM was developed in this paper. The water quality time series was first decomposed into several intrinsic mode function components and one residual item, and then these components were used as the input of LSTM to predict water quality. The model was trained and validated using four water quality parameters (NH3-N, pH, DO, CODMn) collected from the Xiaofu River and compared with the results of a single LSTM. During the validation period, the R2 values when using LSTM for NH3-N, pH, DO and CODMn were 0.567, 0.657, 0.817 and 0.693, respectively, and the R2 values when using EEMD–LSTM for NH3-N, pH, DO and CODMn were 0.924, 0.965, 0.961 and 0.936, respectively. The results show that the developed model outperforms the single LSTM model in various evaluation indicators and greatly improves the model performance in terms of the hysteresis problem. The EEMD–LSTM model has high prediction accuracy and strong generalization ability, and further development may be valuable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section New Sensors, New Technologies and Machine Learning in Water Sciences)
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13 pages, 12129 KiB  
Article
Influence of Biological Manganese Oxides on the Removal of Organic Matter and Ammonia in Micro-Polluted Source Water
by Lichao Nengzi, Ying Jiang, Zhirong Fang, Qiyuan Hu, Guanglei Qiu and Haitao Li
Water 2023, 15(8), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081624 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1311
Abstract
In order to improve the removal efficiency of refractory organic matters in micro-polluted source water, biological manganese oxides (BMOs) were generated in situ in the biological aerated filter (BAF) (BAF 2#), which could oxidize the refractory organic matters into biodegradable organic [...] Read more.
In order to improve the removal efficiency of refractory organic matters in micro-polluted source water, biological manganese oxides (BMOs) were generated in situ in the biological aerated filter (BAF) (BAF 2#), which could oxidize the refractory organic matters into biodegradable organic matters. CODMn and NH4+-N in the effluent of BAF 2# both stabilized on the 39th day, while CODMn and NH4+-N in the effluent of the control BAF (BAF 1#) stabilized on the 38th and 42nd days, respectively. In the steady phase, the removal rates of CODMn and NH4+-N in BAF 1# were 41.51% and 94.79%, respectively, while in BAF 2#, they were 54.52% and 95.55%, respectively. BMOs generated in BAF 2# evidently improved the efficiency of CODMn removal. With the increase in the influent Mn2+ in BAF 2#, the rate of CODMn removal was gradually improved to 63.60%, while the efficiency of NH4+-N removal was slightly improved, CODMn was evidently removed in each section of the filter layer, and ammonia was mainly removed in the 0~0.8 m layer of the filter. CODMn was evidently removed in each section of the filter layer, and NH4+-N was mainly removed in the 0~0.8 m layers of the filter. Biological CODMn, Mn2+, and NH4+-N removal all followed the first-order kinetic reaction. As the influent Mn2+ gradually increased from 0 to about 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L, the efficiency of CODMn removal along the filter layer was significantly improved, but the efficiency of NH4+-N removal was slightly improved. The kinetic constant k of biological CODMn removal significantly increased, while the kinetic constant k of biological Mn2+ and NH4+-N removal gradually increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Functional Materials for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Recent Advances and Challenges)
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30 pages, 4682 KiB  
Review
Overview of the (Smart) Stormwater Management around the Baltic Sea
by Kristjan Suits, Ivar Annus, Nils Kändler, Tobias Karlsson, Antonius Van Maris, Antti Kaseva, Nika Kotoviča and Gunaratna Kuttuva Rajarao
Water 2023, 15(8), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081623 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3006
Abstract
In this review paper, we investigate the management of the quality of stormwater in the Baltic Sea region. Current stormwater management practices, standards, and legislation do not accurately depict stormwater quality, resulting in an underestimation of its environmental impact. The digitalization and harmonization [...] Read more.
In this review paper, we investigate the management of the quality of stormwater in the Baltic Sea region. Current stormwater management practices, standards, and legislation do not accurately depict stormwater quality, resulting in an underestimation of its environmental impact. The digitalization and harmonization of stormwater management through the implementation of e-monitoring (online or continuous monitoring) allow for the collection of data. This data can be used to improve stormwater quality and quantity management, thereby reducing the environmental harm induced by anthropogenic activities. Based on the literature review, supporting tables and matrices are proposed to assist decision-makers and other interested parties in developing and implementing “smart” stormwater management solutions. In this article, we demonstrate that such systems can enhance stormwater management and system performance by leveraging data-driven operation and maintenance. Another advantage of the approach is that it contributes to a healthier urban environment and ecosystem well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers of Urban Water Management 2023)
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14 pages, 1024 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Eating Habits of Romanian Residents on the Water Footprint
by Teodora Maria Rusu, Tania Mihăiescu, Antonia Odagiu and Laura Paulette
Water 2023, 15(8), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081622 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1471
Abstract
Water footprint assessment is an analytical tool that helps us understand how activities, actions, and products from human activity influence the scarcity and pollution of water resources. The objectives of the paper are to study the water footprint that is necessary for the [...] Read more.
Water footprint assessment is an analytical tool that helps us understand how activities, actions, and products from human activity influence the scarcity and pollution of water resources. The objectives of the paper are to study the water footprint that is necessary for the production of food for human consumption as an effective way to determine how food habits put pressure on water resources and to identify ways to reduce the stress found on them. To calculate the water footprint of food products consumed by Romanian residents, two types of data were used: information on the average annual net food consumption of each type of food considered during the research and the water footprint per unit of food consumed. In addition, an analysis was carried out based on the structure of the water footprint and the structure of food consumption. In terms of the structure of the water footprint, the contribution rate of the green water footprint is the highest, reaching 83.5%. This is followed by the blue water footprint and the gray water footprint, accounting for 9.04% and 7.46%, respectively. From the perspective of the structure of food consumption, the consumption of cereals, meat, milk, and dairy products contributed the most to the water footprint of residents’ food consumption, reaching 21.8% and 26.6%, respectively, and contributing 24.2% to the total water footprint of food consumption. Our research is useful for water management, improving the efficiency of use in agricultural technologies, and optimizing the structure of food consumption, such as reducing grain and meat consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Use/Footprint for Agricultural Products during Production, Trade and Consumption Processes)
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20 pages, 4640 KiB  
Article
Water Distribution Network Partitioning Based on Complex Network Theory: The Udine Case Study
by Federico Spizzo, Giovanni Venaruzzo, Matteo Nicolini and Daniele Goi
Water 2023, 15(8), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081621 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1809
Abstract
Water Distribution Network Partitioning (WDNP), which is the partitioning of the existing Water distribution Network (WDN) into smaller and more homogeneous portions called District Metered Areas (DMAs), is an effective strategy that allows water utilities to improve network management through water balance, pressure [...] Read more.
Water Distribution Network Partitioning (WDNP), which is the partitioning of the existing Water distribution Network (WDN) into smaller and more homogeneous portions called District Metered Areas (DMAs), is an effective strategy that allows water utilities to improve network management through water balance, pressure control, water loss detection, and protection from contamination. The partitioning is realized physically, closing the pipes between two different districts, or virtually, installing flow meters which measure the districts inflow and outflow. Pipe closures lead to a considerable network performance worsening, reducing minimum pressure, resilience, and redundancy; on the other hand, flow meters allow us to avoid these issues but involve a higher investing cost. Hence, the DMAs’ definition could become a hard task because both network performance and maximum investing cost must be respected. This paper presents the application of an optimization approach, based on complex network theory, coupled with an optimization technique based on genetic algorithms (GA). The methodology, implemented in Python environment, consists of a clustering phase carried out with two different algorithms (Girvan–Newman and spectral clustering) and a dividing phase which defines whether a gate valve or a flow meter should be installed in a pipe. The last phase is fulfilled with the GA which allows us to optimize one or more objectives in order to minimize the cost and maximize the network performance. The methodology has been applied on the Udine water distribution system, whose hydraulic model has been calibrated with a recent measure campaign. The results produced with the different clustering algorithms and objective functions have been compared to show their pros and cons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Studies for Water Distribution Systems)
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18 pages, 49982 KiB  
Article
Spatial Inequalities in Access to Safe Drinking Water in an Upper-Middle-Income Country: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Brazil
by Fernanda Santos Mota de Jesus, Antonio Miguel Vieira Monteiro and Javier Tomasella
Water 2023, 15(8), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081620 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1772
Abstract
Access to drinking water is recognized as a human right, meaning that it is necessary to guarantee its universal and equitable access. Since analyzing only the average access rates to drinking water may obscure inequalities, studies have adapted socioeconomic inequalities indices to assess [...] Read more.
Access to drinking water is recognized as a human right, meaning that it is necessary to guarantee its universal and equitable access. Since analyzing only the average access rates to drinking water may obscure inequalities, studies have adapted socioeconomic inequalities indices to assess disparities. This research evaluated the Safe Drinking Water Access Index (SDWA) and inequalities access in all Brazilian municipalities using microdata from the 2010 Demographic Census. The inequalities were analyzed adapting indices derived from the Lorenz curve (Gini index, concentration coefficient and dissimilarity index). The results showed that the lowest SDWA rates and the highest inequality index values occurred in the north and northeast regions. The municipalities with significant inequality indexes values were rural with reduced gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. It was possible to punctuate municipalities that do not fit these rules but still need attention to safe water access guarantee. The amplitude of inequality index results reveals significant inequalities in the same regions or SDWA ranges. The inequalities in safe drinking water access were made more evident by the adapted Gini Index. This research contributes to the literature with an unprecedented analysis of Brazil and could be adapted to other countries and replicated to assess inequalities in sanitation access. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance)
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17 pages, 2613 KiB  
Article
Effects of Climate Change on the Habitat Suitability and Distribution of Endemic Freshwater Fish Species in Semi-Arid Central Anatolian Ecoregion in Türkiye
by Mustafa Korkmaz, Fatih Mangıt, İlayda Dumlupınar, Mehmet Arda Çolak, Mustafa Berkay Akpınar, Meltem Koru, Juan Pablo Pacheco, Arely Ramírez-García, Gültekin Yılmaz, Cihelio Alves Amorim, İbrahim Kaan Özgencil, Deniz İnnal, Sedat Vahdet Yerli, Korhan Özkan, Zuhal Akyürek, Meryem Beklioğlu and Erik Jeppesen
Water 2023, 15(8), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081619 - 21 Apr 2023
Viewed by 2916
Abstract
Climate change is affecting freshwater ecosystems globally, particularly those in semi-arid and arid regions. The Central Anatolian Ecoregion (CAE) in Türkiye has a semi-arid climate and is home to numerous endemic fish species. We used species distribution modelling to elucidate the distribution of [...] Read more.
Climate change is affecting freshwater ecosystems globally, particularly those in semi-arid and arid regions. The Central Anatolian Ecoregion (CAE) in Türkiye has a semi-arid climate and is home to numerous endemic fish species. We used species distribution modelling to elucidate the distribution of sixteen endemic fish species in CAE and predicted their potential distributions for 2041–2060 and 2081–2100 based on the CMIP6 climate model. Half of the species are predicted to experience a significant loss of climatically suitable areas. Anatolichthys fontinalis, Gobio gymnostethus, Gobio hettitorum, and Pseudophoxinus burduricus will face a complete loss of suitable areas by 2081–2100 under a high emissions climate scenario, whereas Cobitis bilseli, Egirdira nigra, Gobio intermedius, and Squalius anatolicus will experience a significant loss. The other eight species can potentially benefit from climate warming if all other stressors remain equal. Anthropogenic stressors, such as water abstraction for irrigation, pollution, invasive species introductions, and dam construction, are already putting endemic fish populations in CAE under extreme pressure. Climate change is expected to exacerbate these threats. Regular monitoring of freshwater ecosystems and fish fauna in the CAE and protecting the region from key anthropogenic stressors are recommended to successfully conserve these endemic freshwater fishes under climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Freshwater Fish, Volume II)
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18 pages, 4638 KiB  
Article
Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Spring Maize Drought in Songnen Plain, Northeast China
by Zhifang Pei and Bin Wu
Water 2023, 15(8), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081618 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1355
Abstract
With the intensification of global warming, food production will face serious drought risk. In view of the insufficient applicability of the existing crop drought index, a standardized crop water deficit index (SCWDI) was constructed based on the construction idea of the standardized precipitation [...] Read more.
With the intensification of global warming, food production will face serious drought risk. In view of the insufficient applicability of the existing crop drought index, a standardized crop water deficit index (SCWDI) was constructed based on the construction idea of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and the crop water deficit index (CWDI) in this study. On this basis, the spatial and temporal characteristics of spring maize drought in Songnen Plain were explored by the slope trend analysis and Morlet wavelet analysis methods. The results show the following: (1) Compared with the existing drought index, the SCWDI shows obvious advantages in drought monitoring of spring maize. (2) In the whole growth stage of spring maize, the change trend of SCWDI was small in the temporal series (−0.012/10a). Spatially, the drought trend of spring maize was mainly decreasing (−0.14~0/10a). The drought frequency of spring maize in each growth stage was mainly light drought in most regions. (3) The three main drought cycles of spring maize in Songnen Plain were 29 years, 10 years, and 4 years. In the next few years, the drought of spring maize in Songnen Plain was controlled by the first main cycle, and the drought years may increase, which should be prevented. The research was expected to provide technical support for crop drought monitoring and agricultural disaster prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrology and Water Resources in Agriculture and Ecology)
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17 pages, 3209 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Effectiveness of the Use of the InVEST Annual Water Yield Model for the Rivers of Colombia: A Case Study of the Meta River Basin
by Jhon B. Valencia, Vladimir V. Guryanov, Jeison Mesa-Diez, Jeimar Tapasco and Artyom V. Gusarov
Water 2023, 15(8), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081617 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2482
Abstract
This paper presents the results of one of the hydrological models, the InVEST “Annual Water Yield” (InVEST–AWY), applied to the Meta River basin in Colombia, which covers an area of 113,981 km². The study evaluates the performance of the model in different subbasins [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of one of the hydrological models, the InVEST “Annual Water Yield” (InVEST–AWY), applied to the Meta River basin in Colombia, which covers an area of 113,981 km². The study evaluates the performance of the model in different subbasins of the Meta River basin. The model’s accuracy was assessed using different statistical measures, including Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) coefficient, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), correlation coefficients for the calibration (rcal) and validation (rval) periods. The overall performance of the model in the Meta River basin is relatively poor as indicated by the low NSE value of 0.07 and high RMSE value of 1071.61. In addition, the model explains only a 7% of the variance in the observed data. The sensitivity analysis revealed that a 30% reduction in crop coefficient (Kc) values would result in a 10.7% decrease in water yield. The model estimated, for example, the annual average water yield of the river in 2018 as 1.98 × 1011 m3/year or 6273.4 m3/s, which is 1.3% lower than the reported value. The upper Meta River subbasin shows the highest NSE value (0.49), indicating a good result between observed and simulated water discharge. In contrast, the South Cravo River subbasin shows a negative NSE value of −1.29, indicating poor model performance. The Yucao River subbasin and the upper Casanare River subbasin also show lower NSE values compared to the upper Meta River subbasin, indicating less accurate model performance in these subbasins. The correlation coefficients in calibration (rcal) and validation (rval) for the upper Meta River, Yucao River, South Cravo River, and upper Casanare River subbasins were 0.79 and 0.83, 0.4 and 0.22, 0.5 and −0.25, and 0 and 0.18, respectively. These results provide useful insights into the limitations for the proper use of the InVEST–AWY model in Colombia. This study is the first to use the InVEST–AWY model on a large scale in the territory of Colombia, allowing to evaluate its effectiveness in hydrological modeling for water management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Various Hydrological Modeling Techniques and Methods in River Basin Management)
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14 pages, 2898 KiB  
Article
Phage-Based Biocontrol of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterium Isolated from Livestock Wastewater Treatment Plant
by Rojarani Pallavali, Donghyeok Shin and Jeongdong Choi
Water 2023, 15(8), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081616 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2036
Abstract
The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in receiving water can severely threaten the aquatic environment and human health. The treated effluent containing ARB in some livestock wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is returned to the municipal WWTP to reduce the residual ammonia and phosphorus [...] Read more.
The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in receiving water can severely threaten the aquatic environment and human health. The treated effluent containing ARB in some livestock wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is returned to the municipal WWTP to reduce the residual ammonia and phosphorus concentrations. ARBs are widespread through wastewater treatment processes and are discharged into river and lake. This study highlights that the isolated lytic phage could reduce ARB isolated from livestock WWTPs and apply phage-based biocontrol in mixed cultures. ARB and lytic phages were isolated from livestock wastewater and used in a batch reactor with diverse cultures. The isolated bacterium was from the Aeromonas species and was resistant to various antibiotics (penicillin, tetracycline, colistin, and kanamycin), indicating multi-drug resistance and biofilm formation. The isolated lytic phage successfully infected Aeromonas species in pure culture and was relatively stable in terms of pH, temperature, and toxic chemicals. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) was examined to determine the proper phage number to kill the host bacterium. The optimal number to control the isolated ARB was a 1:100 phage-to-host ratio. Scanning electron microscopy showed that lytic phages reduced bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Phage-mediated biocontrol was applied in a batch reactor with mixed cultures. Pyrosequencing data from the batch reactor indicated that lytic phages reduced the proportion of the isolated ARB from 65.7 to 20% in 24 h. This study provides evidence for the possible application of lytic phages to control ARB in treated wastewater and an alternative method to prevent the widespread exposure of ARB without producing chemical byproducts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistant Genes in Aquatic Environments: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Fate)
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19 pages, 2219 KiB  
Review
Advanced Oxidation Processes for Degradation of Water Pollutants—Ambivalent Impact of Carbonate Species: A Review
by Manoj P. Rayaroth, Grzegorz Boczkaj, Olivier Aubry, Usha K. Aravind and Charuvila T. Aravindakumar
Water 2023, 15(8), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081615 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3869
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) hold great promise in the removal of organic contaminants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in AOPs react with target pollutants to initially form several intermediate compounds that finally undergo complete mineralization. Such observations are reported, especially for laboratory-scale experiments [...] Read more.
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) hold great promise in the removal of organic contaminants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in AOPs react with target pollutants to initially form several intermediate compounds that finally undergo complete mineralization. Such observations are reported, especially for laboratory-scale experiments performed in pure water. On the other hand, while considering real contaminated wastewater matrices, particularly industrial effluents, there are many co-existing ions. Carbonate ions are one of the major inorganic ions commonly existing in water resources. Hence, these ions have a significant impact on the respective water treatment processes. This review focused on the effect of carbonate ions on the degradation of pollutants in AOPs. In AOPs, carbonate radicals are formed by the scavenging reaction of the respective ions with ROS. The reactivity of these radicals towards the pollutant varies with respect to the structure and functionality. Therefore, depending on the functionalities of the contaminants, these ions show both positive and negative effects. Thus, this review aims to summarize the effects of carbonate species on the degradation of organic contaminants during AOPs and their environmental impacts. The carbonates enhanced the degradation of several emerging organic pollutants, including aniline, bisphenol A, rhodamine B, acid orange 7, naphthalene, and phenol derivatives. Carbonate presence was also revealed to have a positive contribution in cases of drug degradation, including sulfamethoxazole, propranolol, sulfamethazine, salbutamol, trimethoprim, azithromycin, naproxen, oxcarbazepine, and oxytetracycline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Wastewater Management in the Context of Circular Economy)
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38 pages, 11932 KiB  
Review
Sustainability of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Times and the Future
by Andreas N. Angelakis, Andrea G. Capodaglio, Cees W. Passchier, Mohammad Valipour, Jens Krasilnikoff, Vasileios A. Tzanakakis, Gül Sürmelihindi, Alper Baba, Rohitashw Kumar, Benoît Haut, Maria G. Roubelakis, Zhang Min and Nicholas Dercas
Water 2023, 15(8), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081614 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4435
Abstract
Contaminated water and poor sanitation are associated with disease transmission. Absent, inadequate, or improperly managed water resources and sanitation systems expose individuals to preventable health risks. Billions of people lack access to these basic services today and will remain in this condition for [...] Read more.
Contaminated water and poor sanitation are associated with disease transmission. Absent, inadequate, or improperly managed water resources and sanitation systems expose individuals to preventable health risks. Billions of people lack access to these basic services today and will remain in this condition for decades to come. As we are usually thinking and talking about water, sanitation and hygiene services have changed. Looking back at the history of water, sanitation, and hygiene can help us understand the challenges and opportunities of these issues and draw lessons to achieve sustainable development in the future. Throughout history, civilizations have successfully experimented with treating water and using it for drinking, sanitation, and agriculture. For example, the Minoan civilizations originally focused on water treatment and cleaning to improve the aesthetic properties of drinking water. During prehistoric times, Minoan and Indus Valley civilizations, dating back to about 2000 BC, were the first to focus on the treatment of water supplies. From the early Minoan period, they relied on rainwater collection. During historic times, Hippocrates was the first to invent and used a water filter in the form of a cloth bag, at about 400 BC, known today as the Hippocrates Sleeve. The Romans perfected existing water technologies on a larger scale and initiated their spread throughout the Empire. Hygiene in ancient Rome was promoted by the famous public baths and toilets, which were supplied with water through widely branched aqueducts that had a high standard of cleanliness for the time and were regularly maintained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Scarcity)
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16 pages, 5911 KiB  
Article
Acid Mine Drainage Discrimination Using Very High Resolution Imagery Obtained by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in a Stone Coal Mining Area
by Xiaomei Kou, Dianchao Han, Yongxiang Cao, Haixing Shang, Houfeng Li, Xin Zhang and Min Yang
Water 2023, 15(8), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081613 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2025
Abstract
Mining of mineral resources exposes various minerals to oxidizing environments, especially sulfide minerals, which are decomposed by water after oxidation and make the water in the mine area acidic. Acid mine drainage (AMD) from mining can pollute surrounding rivers and lakes, causing serious [...] Read more.
Mining of mineral resources exposes various minerals to oxidizing environments, especially sulfide minerals, which are decomposed by water after oxidation and make the water in the mine area acidic. Acid mine drainage (AMD) from mining can pollute surrounding rivers and lakes, causing serious ecological problems. Compared with traditional field surveys, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has advantages in terms of real-time imagery, security, and image accuracy. UAV technology can compensate for the shortcomings of traditional technology in mine environmental surveys and effectively improve the implementat ion efficiency of the work. UAV technology has gradually become one of the important ways of mine environmental monitoring. In this study, a UAV aerial photography system equipped with a Red, Green, Blue (RGB) camera collected very-high-resolution images of the stone coal mining area in Ziyang County, northwest China, and classified the very-high-resolution images by support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and U-Net methods, and detected the distribution of five types of land cover, including AMD, roof, water, vegetation, and bare land. Finally, the accuracy of the recognition results was evaluated based on the land-cover map using the confusion matrix. The recognition accuracy of AMD using the U-Net method is significantly better than that of SVM and RF traditional machine-learning methods. The results showed that a UAV aerial photography system equipped with an RGB camera and the depth neural network algorithm could be combined for the competent detection of mine environmental problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine and Water)
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19 pages, 3809 KiB  
Article
Evaluation and Prediction of Water Quality of Typical Wetlands in the Source Region of the Yangtze River
by Sujin Lu, Jianming Li, Jianhua Si, Yan Miao, Xuejiao Qi, Xiuzhi Zhang, Wenjin Bao, Xiaoyan Zhang, Shipeng Zhou, Cheng Jin, Lijuan Qi, Yue Qi, Xiaojing Zheng, Yanhong Gong, Zhanqing Wang, Yujing Wang, Bingyu Yi and Huiming Qi
Water 2023, 15(8), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081612 - 20 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1645
Abstract
Wetlands play an important role in water storage and water conservation, but with global climate change, the degradation of wetland ecosystems is accelerating. In this study, we conducted research on the current situation and future prediction of water quality in typical wetlands in [...] Read more.
Wetlands play an important role in water storage and water conservation, but with global climate change, the degradation of wetland ecosystems is accelerating. In this study, we conducted research on the current situation and future prediction of water quality in typical wetlands in the source region of the Yangtze River to provide a scientific basis for the protection and restoration of wetlands in the source region of the Yangtze River. The Bayesian water quality assessment method and Yao Zhiqi evaluation method were used to evaluate the water quality of typical wetlands in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2016 to 2021 and based on the climate change scenarios of three RCPs (Representative Concentration Pathways) under the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) global climate model and SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) hydrological model, the wetland water quality in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2022 to 2100 was predicted. The results show that the inter-annual changes in CODMn, NH3-N, and TN in a typical wetland show a downward trend, while the temperature and DO concentration show an upward trend from 2016–2021. The changes in CODMn, temperature, and conductivity within the year are abundant season > flat season > dry season; and DO, NH3-A, TN, and TP concentrations within the year are opposite. The water quality of typical wetlands in the source region of the Yangtze River has reached Class II and above. From 2022 to 2100, under climate change in the future, TN, TP, CODMn, NH3-N, and temperature in the wetland water in the source region of the Yangtze River will continue to rise, and the concentration of DO will continue to decline. Therefore, the pressure on water resources in the source region of the Yangtze River is further aggravated, so it is urgent to strengthen water resources protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Water and Soil Management in Adaptation to Climate Change)
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16 pages, 12306 KiB  
Article
Experiments and Simulations to Describe Alkalinity Release from Particle-Containing Oil-in-Water Emulsions and Particle Suspensions
by Katherine A. Muller and C. Andrew Ramsburg
Water 2023, 15(8), 1611; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081611 - 20 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1103
Abstract
Among the most common amendments added to groundwater during site remediation are compounds used to adjust or maintain the pH. This research describes an approach to encapsulate mineral particles (MgO and CaCO3) within oil droplets suspended within an aqueous phase for [...] Read more.
Among the most common amendments added to groundwater during site remediation are compounds used to adjust or maintain the pH. This research describes an approach to encapsulate mineral particles (MgO and CaCO3) within oil droplets suspended within an aqueous phase for the purpose of delivery to the subsurface environment. A series of batch experiments was combined with mathematical modeling to illustrate the encapsulation and understand the influence of particle encapsulation on rates and extents of alkalinity release. The encapsulation of the alkalinity-releasing particles results in slower rates of amendment release as compared to rates obtained using suspensions of bare mineral particles, allowing for the possibility of control as a function of the pH. The results indicate that the alkalinity release from particle suspensions followed a mineral dissolution mechanism that could not explain the rate of the alkalinity release of the encapsulated particles. The reduction in mineral dissolution rates observed with the encapsulated particles was found to result from a mass transfer limitation. This limitation was well described using a linear driving force expression to account for the resistance to mass transfer at the oil–water interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Engineered Phenomena Impacting the Fate, Transport and Treatment of Environmental Contaminants)
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11 pages, 4424 KiB  
Article
Research Progress and Trend of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution from Non-Irrigated Farming Based on Bibliometrics
by Dan Liu, Zhongkai Yao, Xiaoxia Yang, Chunmei Xiong and Qingyu Nie
Water 2023, 15(8), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081610 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2029
Abstract
The agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution caused by non-irrigated farming, such as heavy metals, nitrogen and phosphorus, has posed an extreme threat to the security of agricultural product quality and watershed ecology. Thus, it is urgent to sort out the latest research progress [...] Read more.
The agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution caused by non-irrigated farming, such as heavy metals, nitrogen and phosphorus, has posed an extreme threat to the security of agricultural product quality and watershed ecology. Thus, it is urgent to sort out the latest research progress and future development trend to effectively guide future scientific research and technological updates in this field. This study integrates the relevant literature of the Web of Science from 1976 to 2021 and analyzes the research hotspots and development trends in the field of agricultural NPS pollution from non-irrigated farming in combination with CiteSpace. The results showed that the proportion of publications from the United States and China accounted for 58.4%. Science of the Total Environment, Water Science and Technology and Journal of the American Water Resources Association were the most published journals. The research topics and hotspots mainly involve agricultural NPS pollution prevention technology, pollution source identification, pollution load and management and landscape pattern evolution. In the future, agricultural NPS pollution research in non-irrigated farming should combine agricultural big data platforms, spectroscopic methods, artificial intelligence technology, etc. and focus on strengthening soil testing formula fertilization management, the efficient use of livestock and poultry breeding manure, climate change and risk early warning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastic Pollutants in Aquatic Ecosystems: Present and Future Challenges)
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13 pages, 9000 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Dams’ Failure and Flood Wave Hazards on the Downstream Countries: A Case Study of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)
by Hazem M. Eldeeb, Ali Ibrahim, Magdy H. Mowafy, Martina Zeleňáková, Hany F. Abd-Elhamid, Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik and Mahmoud T. Ghonim
Water 2023, 15(8), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081609 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2304
Abstract
Dams are built for different purposes, but failure of a dam could result in extreme disasters such as floods. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) was mainly built for power generation, but concerns about its safety, location and site conditions have led the [...] Read more.
Dams are built for different purposes, but failure of a dam could result in extreme disasters such as floods. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) was mainly built for power generation, but concerns about its safety, location and site conditions have led the downstream countries to investigate the GERD’s stability. This paper aims to investigate the impact of the failure of the dam on the downstream countries using the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). Outflow hydrographs and flood inundation maps were provided through a hypothetical dam break scenario. An unsteady flow hydrodynamic routing with a 2D model was used to simulate the failure of the dam. A sensitivity analysis study of the output’s findings against breach parameters was also performed. The breach outflow discharge increases as the breach dimension increases. However, the peak discharge decreases with increasing breach formation time. Moreover, to prepare emergency action plans, it is important to predict the inundation depth, levels, arrival of flood waves, flood coverage area and water velocity. Furthermore, the results showed that Khartoum would turn into lakes within about 10 days and flood water depth would exceed 11 m at some locations in residential areas. Moreover, the flood waves overtopped the Roseires, Sennar and Merowe dams by 11, 7 and 20 m, respectively. In addition, the level of Lake Nasser would reach 188 m above sea level and the Aswan High Dam might be in great danger. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Ecosystem: Problems and Benefits)
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20 pages, 1315 KiB  
Review
The Socio-Environmental and Human Health Problems Related to the Use of Pesticides and the Use of Advanced Oxidative Processes for Their Degradation: Brazil
by Anna Karla Santos Pereira, Lívia Fernandes Silva, Gustavo Antonio Figueredo Barbosa, Thaynara Guimarães Miranda, Rayane Reis Sousa, Renato Almeida Sarmento, Nelson Luís Gonçalves Dias Souza, Douglas Henrique Pereira and Grasiele Soares Cavallini
Water 2023, 15(8), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081608 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2076
Abstract
The present study reviews the quantitative data on the use of pesticides and their relationship to environmental and human health problems in Brazil. The detection of residual concentrations of pesticides in food and water consumed by humans has raised questions regarding the overuse [...] Read more.
The present study reviews the quantitative data on the use of pesticides and their relationship to environmental and human health problems in Brazil. The detection of residual concentrations of pesticides in food and water consumed by humans has raised questions regarding the overuse of pesticides and their consequences. This global concern was registered as the second goal of sustainable development by the United Nations, which refers to sustainable agriculture and alternatives to pesticides. However, besides recognizing the harmful effects of these contaminants on the environment and human health, there is also a need to understand treatment techniques that can remedy the existing conditions and thus alleviate the problems that affect water treatment plants. In this context, this study compiles information pertinent to the use of pesticides and highlights the prospects for the degradation of these persistent pollutants with emphasis on Brazilian data, one of the countries that had the greatest increase in the consumption of pesticides in the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physicochemical Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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15 pages, 3622 KiB  
Article
Research on Intelligent Grading Evaluation of Water Conservancy Project Safety Risks Based on Deep Learning
by Feifei Tao, Yanling Pi, Menghua Deng, Yongjun Tang and Chi Yuan
Water 2023, 15(8), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081607 - 20 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1375
Abstract
With the rise of artificial intelligence and big data technologies, it is increasingly significant to apply these emerging technologies to scientific decision-making in water conservancy project construction management in the face of many problems in the process of water conservancy project construction. Different [...] Read more.
With the rise of artificial intelligence and big data technologies, it is increasingly significant to apply these emerging technologies to scientific decision-making in water conservancy project construction management in the face of many problems in the process of water conservancy project construction. Different from using traditional assessment methods for risk classification of water conservancy construction hazards, this paper integrates a priori attention and constructs a transformer risk prediction model based on a sliding window, which deeply explores the data value of water conservancy construction hazards information, further predicts the risk level of water conservancy construction hazards and realizes efficient and intelligent management of water conservancy project construction hazard identification management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section New Sensors, New Technologies and Machine Learning in Water Sciences)
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29 pages, 32199 KiB  
Article
Influence of Radial Installation Deviation on Hydraulic Thrust Characteristics of a 1000 MW Francis Turbine
by Yifan Wang, Kun Jin, Xingxing Huang, Peng Lin, Zhengwei Wang, Wenliang Wang and Lingjiu Zhou
Water 2023, 15(8), 1606; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081606 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1183
Abstract
In this paper, a 1000 MW Francis turbine was used to study the influences of uneven clearance distribution caused by various radial installation deviations on the hydraulic thrust of a runner under the rated operating condition with steady-state CFD analysis. Then, the influences [...] Read more.
In this paper, a 1000 MW Francis turbine was used to study the influences of uneven clearance distribution caused by various radial installation deviations on the hydraulic thrust of a runner under the rated operating condition with steady-state CFD analysis. Then, the influences of radial installation deviation on the pressure pulsations of the runner and the fluid domains most affected by the deviation were investigated via unsteady CFD calculation. The results show that the radial hydraulic force on the chambers increased linearly with the increase in the radial installation deviation. Additionally, the high-pressure zone was not located in the same position as the radial deviation. With increasing values of the radial installation deviation, the high-pressure zone rotated along the opposite direction of the rotating direction of the runner. This study also found that the flow in the upper crown chamber was most affected by radial installation deviation and that the percentage of high frequencies of the pressure pulsations increased with the flow in the clearances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Technology of Full Lifecycle Service for Hydraulic Machinery)
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