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Genes, Volume 11, Issue 1 (January 2020) – 115 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Astronaut Dr. Peggy Whitson turns the maintenance work area (MWA, blue surface) into a research bench aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Enabled by the miniPCR (Amplyus) and the MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies), pictured side-by-side on the MWA, Whitson prepared and sequenced DNA from bacteria collected from, and cultured aboard, the ISS. The agar slide used for bacterial culture was returned to the ground for standard laboratory processing and identification. The identifications obtained aboard the ISS matched those determined on the ground down to the species level, marking the first ever identification of microbes entirely off Earth. View this paper.
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12 pages, 4516 KiB  
Article
Phylogenetic Analysis and Substitution Rate Estimation of Colonial Volvocine Algae Based on Mitochondrial Genomes
by Yuxin Hu, Weiyue Xing, Zhengyu Hu and Guoxiang Liu
Genes 2020, 11(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010115 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3537
Abstract
We sequenced the mitochondrial genome of six colonial volvocine algae, namely: Pandorina morum, Pandorina colemaniae, Volvulina compacta, Colemanosphaera angeleri, Colemanosphaera charkowiensi, and Yamagishiella unicocca. Previous studies have typically reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship between colonial volvocine algae based [...] Read more.
We sequenced the mitochondrial genome of six colonial volvocine algae, namely: Pandorina morum, Pandorina colemaniae, Volvulina compacta, Colemanosphaera angeleri, Colemanosphaera charkowiensi, and Yamagishiella unicocca. Previous studies have typically reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship between colonial volvocine algae based on chloroplast or nuclear genes. Here, we explore the validity of phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial protein-coding genes. We found phylogenetic incongruence of the genera Yamagishiella and Colemanosphaera. In Yamagishiella, the stochastic error and linkage group formed by the mitochondrial protein-coding genes prevent phylogenetic analyses from reflecting the true relationship. In Colemanosphaera, a different reconstruction approach revealed a different phylogenetic relationship. This incongruence may be because of the influence of biological factors, such as incomplete lineage sorting or horizontal gene transfer. We also analyzed the substitution rates in the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes between colonial volvocine algae. Our results showed that all volvocine species showed significantly higher substitution rates for the mitochondrial genome compared with the chloroplast genome. The nonsynonymous substitution (dN)/synonymous substitution (dS) ratio is similar in the genomes of both organelles in most volvocine species, suggesting that the two counterparts are under a similar selection pressure. We also identified a few chloroplast protein-coding genes that showed high dN/dS ratios in some species, resulting in a significant dN/dS ratio difference between the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Genetics and Genomics)
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13 pages, 1086 KiB  
Article
Contribution of Known Genetic Risk Variants to Dyslipidemias and Type 2 Diabetes in Mexico: A Population-Based Nationwide Study
by Alicia Huerta-Chagoya, Hortensia Moreno-Macías, Magdalena Sevilla-González, Rosario Rodríguez-Guillén, María L. Ordóñez-Sánchez, Donají Gómez-Velasco, Liliana Muñóz-Hernández, Yayoi Segura-Kato, Olimpia Arellano-Campos, Ivette Cruz-Bautista, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas and Teresa Tusié-Luna
Genes 2020, 11(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010114 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4184
Abstract
Dyslipidemias are common risk factors for the development of chronic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Over 100 associated loci have been identified but few reports have evaluated the population attributable fraction captured by them in population-based nationwide surveys. Therefore, we determined the [...] Read more.
Dyslipidemias are common risk factors for the development of chronic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Over 100 associated loci have been identified but few reports have evaluated the population attributable fraction captured by them in population-based nationwide surveys. Therefore, we determined the population contribution of a set of known genetic risk variants to the development of dyslipidemias and T2D in Mexico. This study included 1665 participants from a Mexican National Health Survey carried out in the year 2000. It is a probabilistic complex sample survey of households, which comprises representative data at a national level. 103 previously reported SNPs associated with different dyslipidemias or T2D were genotyped and used to compute polygenic risk scores. We found that the previously known variants associated with dyslipidemias explain at most 7% of the total risk variance of lipid levels. In contrast, the known genetic risk component for T2D explained a negligible amount of variance (0.1%). Notably, variants derived from the Native-American ancestry have the strongest effect and contribute with a high proportion of the variance. These results support the need for additional studies aimed to identify specific genetic risk variants for Mexican population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Genomics and Genetic Diseases)
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16 pages, 5344 KiB  
Article
Expression Analysis of XTH in Stem Swelling of Stem Mustard and Selection of Reference Genes
by Mengyao Li, Fangjie Xie, Qi He, Jie Li, Jiali Liu, Bo Sun, Ya Luo, Yong Zhang, Qing Chen, Fen Zhang, Ronggao Gong, Yan Wang, Xiaorong Wang and Haoru Tang
Genes 2020, 11(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010113 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3384
Abstract
Accurate analysis of gene expression requires selection of appropriate reference genes. In this study, we report analysis of eight candidate reference genes (ACTIN, UBQ, EF-1α, UBC, IF-4α, TUB, PP2A, and HIS), which were screened from [...] Read more.
Accurate analysis of gene expression requires selection of appropriate reference genes. In this study, we report analysis of eight candidate reference genes (ACTIN, UBQ, EF-1α, UBC, IF-4α, TUB, PP2A, and HIS), which were screened from the genome and transcriptome data in Brassica juncea. Four statistical analysis softwares geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder were used to test the reliability and stability of gene expression of the reference genes. To further validate the stability of reference genes, the expression levels of two CYCD3 genes (BjuB045330 and BjuA003219) were studied. In addition, all genes in the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family were identified in B. juncea and their patterns at different periods of stem enlargement were analyzed. Results indicated that UBC and TUB genes showed stable levels of expression and are recommended for future research. In addition, XTH genes were involved in regulation of stem enlargement expression. These results provide new insights for future research aiming at exploring important functional genes, their expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms for mustard development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)
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16 pages, 1854 KiB  
Article
SNP Diversity in CD14 Gene Promoter Suggests Adaptation Footprints in Trypanosome Tolerant N’Dama (Bos taurus) but not in Susceptible White Fulani (Bos indicus) Cattle
by Olanrewaju B. Morenikeji, Anna L. Capria, Olusola Ojurongbe and Bolaji N. Thomas
Genes 2020, 11(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010112 - 19 Jan 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2972
Abstract
Immune response to infections has been shown to be mediated by genetic diversity in pattern recognition receptors, leading to disease tolerance or susceptibility. We elucidated naturally occurring variations within the bovine CD14 gene promoter in trypanosome-tolerant (N’Dama) and susceptible (White Fulani) cattle, with [...] Read more.
Immune response to infections has been shown to be mediated by genetic diversity in pattern recognition receptors, leading to disease tolerance or susceptibility. We elucidated naturally occurring variations within the bovine CD14 gene promoter in trypanosome-tolerant (N’Dama) and susceptible (White Fulani) cattle, with genomic and computational approaches. Blood samples were collected from White Fulani and N’Dama cattle, genomic DNA extracted and the entire promoter region of the CD14 gene amplified by PCR. We sequenced this region and performed in silico computation to identify SNP variants, transcription factor binding sites, as well as micro RNAs in the region. CD14 promoter sequences were compared with the reference bovine genome from the Ensembl database to identify various SNPs. Furthermore, we validated three selected N’Dama specific SNPs using custom Taqman SNP genotyping assay for genetic diversity. In all, we identified a total of 54 and 41 SNPs at the CD14 promoter for N’Dama and White Fulani respectively, including 13 unique SNPs present in N’Dama only. The significantly higher SNP density at the CD14 gene promoter region in N’Dama may be responsible for disease tolerance, possibly an evolutionary adaptation. Our genotype analysis of the three loci selected for validation show that mutant alleles (A/A, C/C, and A/A) were adaptation profiles within disease tolerant N’Dama. A similar observation was made for our haplotype analysis revealing that haplotypes H1 (ACA) and H2 (ACG) were significant combinations within the population. The SNP effect prediction revealed 101 and 89 new transcription factor binding sites in N’Dama and White Fulani, respectively. We conclude that disease tolerant N’Dama possessing higher SNP density at the CD14 gene promoter and the preponderance of mutant alleles potentially confirms the significance of this promoter in immune response, which is lacking in susceptible White Fulani. We, therefore, recommend further in vitro and in vivo study of this observation in infected animals, as the next step for understanding genetic diversity relating to varying disease phenotypes in both breeds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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17 pages, 2542 KiB  
Article
The Expression of Decidual Protein Induced by Progesterone (DEPP) Is Controlled by Three Distal Consensus Hypoxia Responsive Element (HRE) in Hypoxic Retinal Epithelial Cells
by Katrin Klee, Federica Storti, Jordi Maggi, Vyara Todorova, Duygu Karademir, Wolfgang Berger, Marijana Samardzija and Christian Grimm
Genes 2020, 11(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010111 - 18 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3516
Abstract
Hypoxia affects the development and/or progression of several retinopathies. Decidual protein induced by progesterone (DEPP) has been identified as a hypoxia-responsive gene that may be part of cellular pathways such as autophagy and connected to retinal diseases. To increase our understanding [...] Read more.
Hypoxia affects the development and/or progression of several retinopathies. Decidual protein induced by progesterone (DEPP) has been identified as a hypoxia-responsive gene that may be part of cellular pathways such as autophagy and connected to retinal diseases. To increase our understanding of DEPP regulation in the eye, we defined its expression pattern in mouse and human retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Interestingly, DEPP expression was increased in an age-dependent way in the central human RPE. We showed that DEPP was regulated by hypoxia in the mouse retina and eyecup and that this regulation was controlled by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors 1 and 2 (HIF1 and HIF2). Furthermore, we identified three hypoxia response elements (HREs) about 3.5 kb proximal to the transcriptional start site that were responsible for hypoxic induction of DEPP in a human RPE cell line. Comparative genomics analysis suggested that one of the three HREs resides in a highly conserved genomic region. Collectively, we defined the molecular elements controlling hypoxic induction of DEPP in an RPE cell line, and provided evidence for an enrichment of DEPP in the aged RPE of human donors. This makes DEPP an interesting gene to study with respect to aging and age-related retinal pathologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Genetics of Retinal Dystrophies)
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25 pages, 1364 KiB  
Review
Understanding the Relevance of DNA Methylation Changes in Immune Differentiation and Disease
by Carlos de la Calle-Fabregat, Octavio Morante-Palacios and Esteban Ballestar
Genes 2020, 11(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010110 - 18 Jan 2020
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7972
Abstract
Immune cells are one of the most complex and diverse systems in the human organism. Such diversity implies an intricate network of different cell types and interactions that are dependently interconnected. The processes by which different cell types differentiate from progenitors, mature, and [...] Read more.
Immune cells are one of the most complex and diverse systems in the human organism. Such diversity implies an intricate network of different cell types and interactions that are dependently interconnected. The processes by which different cell types differentiate from progenitors, mature, and finally exert their function requires an orchestrated succession of molecular processes that determine cell phenotype and function. The acquisition of these phenotypes is highly dependent on the establishment of unique epigenetic profiles that confer identity and function on the various types of effector cells. These epigenetic mechanisms integrate microenvironmental cues into the genome to establish specific transcriptional programs. Epigenetic modifications bridge environment and genome regulation and play a role in human diseases by their ability to modulate physiological programs through external stimuli. DNA methylation is one of the most ubiquitous, stable, and widely studied epigenetic modifications. Recent technological advances have facilitated the generation of a vast amount of genome-wide DNA methylation data, providing profound insights into the roles of DNA methylation in health and disease. This review considers the relevance of DNA methylation to immune system cellular development and function, as well as the participation of DNA methylation defects in immune-mediated pathologies, illustrated by selected paradigmatic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Methylation in Health and Diseases)
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27 pages, 3745 KiB  
Article
Population Genomics in Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae, Siluriformes) Reveals Deep Divergence and Adaptation in the Neotropical Region
by Néstor Ríos, Adrián Casanova, Miguel Hermida, Belén G. Pardo, Paulino Martínez, Carmen Bouza and Graciela García
Genes 2020, 11(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010109 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3717
Abstract
Rhamdia quelen, a Neotropical fish with hybridization between highly divergent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages, represents an interesting evolutionary model. Previous studies suggested that there might be demographic differences between coastal lagoons and riverine environments, as well as divergent populations that could be [...] Read more.
Rhamdia quelen, a Neotropical fish with hybridization between highly divergent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages, represents an interesting evolutionary model. Previous studies suggested that there might be demographic differences between coastal lagoons and riverine environments, as well as divergent populations that could be reproductively isolated. Here, we investigated the genetic diversity pattern of this taxon in the Southern Neotropical Basin system that includes the La Plata Basin, Patos-Merin lagoon basin and the coastal lagoons draining to the SW Atlantic Ocean, through a population genomics approach using 2b-RAD-sequencing-derived single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genomic scan identified selection footprints associated with divergence and suggested local adaptation environmental drivers. Two major genomic clusters latitudinally distributed in the Northern and Southern basins were identified, along with consistent signatures of divergent selection between them. Population structure based on the whole set of loci and on the presumptive neutral vs. adaptive loci showed deep genomic divergence between the two major clusters. Annotation of the most consistent SNPs under divergent selection revealed some interesting candidate genes for further functional studies. Moreover, signals of adaptation to a coastal lagoon environment mediated by purifying selection were found. These new insights provide a better understanding of the complex evolutionary history of R. quelen in the southernmost basin of the Neotropical region. Full article
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11 pages, 479 KiB  
Review
ATM Serine/Threonine Kinase and its Role in Pancreatic Risk
by Neha Nanda and Nicholas J. Roberts
Genes 2020, 11(1), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010108 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4045
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has led to the recent discovery of several novel pancreatic cancer susceptibility genes. These genes include ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a serine/threonine kinase that is an integral component of DNA repair. Pathogenic germline ATM variants are frequently identified in [...] Read more.
Next-generation sequencing has led to the recent discovery of several novel pancreatic cancer susceptibility genes. These genes include ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a serine/threonine kinase that is an integral component of DNA repair. Pathogenic germline ATM variants are frequently identified in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with and without a family history of the disease. Loss of ATM is also a frequent somatic event in the development of PDAC. These discoveries have advanced our understanding of the genetic basis of pancreatic cancer risk and will impact patient care through appropriate patient–risk stratification; personalized screening and early detection efforts; and, for some, targeted therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Markers in Pancreatic Cancer)
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12 pages, 3482 KiB  
Article
High-Concentrate Feeding to Dairy Cows Induces Apoptosis via the NOD1/Caspase-8 Pathway in Mammary Epithelial Cells
by Zain ul Aabdin, Xiaoye Cheng, Hongyu Dai, Yan Wang, Benazir Sahito, Animesh Chandra Roy, Meena Arif Memon and Xiangzhen Shen
Genes 2020, 11(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010107 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2575
Abstract
(1) Background: The effects of a high-concentrate (HC) diet in inducing mammary epithelial cell apoptosis in dairy cows via the NOD1/Caspase-8 pathway have never been investigated before the current study. (2) Methods: Twelve Holstein Frisian cows at mid-lactation were selected to conduct this [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The effects of a high-concentrate (HC) diet in inducing mammary epithelial cell apoptosis in dairy cows via the NOD1/Caspase-8 pathway have never been investigated before the current study. (2) Methods: Twelve Holstein Frisian cows at mid-lactation were selected to conduct this research. The animals were randomly allocated to two groups (n = 6), and both groups received one of two diets: a low-concentrate (LC) (forage: concentrate 6:4) or a high-concentrate (HC) (forage: concentrate 4:6) diet. Furthermore, an enzyme activity assay, tunnel cell assay, RT-qPCR, western blotting, and an immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay were performed to elucidate the effect of an HC diet in the mammary gland of dairy cows. (3) Results: The tunnel cell assay revealed a significant number of apoptotic cells in HC group, and the concentration of Caspase-3, and Caspase-8 was higher in the HC group than in the LC group. NOD1, Rip-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, and Bax mRNA expressions, and NOD1, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Bax protein expressions, in the HC group were markedly higher than those in the LC group. Furthermore, Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expressions were markedly decreased in the HC compared to those in the LC group. (4) Conclusions: A HC diet fed to dairy cows incites subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), which increases the iE-DAP concentration and induces apoptosis in the mammary gland via the NOD1/Caspase-8 pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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14 pages, 3234 KiB  
Review
Hormonal and Molecular Regulation of Phallus Differentiation in a Marsupial Tammar Wallaby
by Yu Chen and Marilyn B. Renfree
Genes 2020, 11(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010106 - 16 Jan 2020
Viewed by 3064
Abstract
Congenital anomalies in phalluses caused by endocrine disruptors have gained a great deal of attention due to its annual increasing rate in males. However, the endocrine-driven molecular regulatory mechanism of abnormal phallus development is complex and remains largely unknown. Here, we review the [...] Read more.
Congenital anomalies in phalluses caused by endocrine disruptors have gained a great deal of attention due to its annual increasing rate in males. However, the endocrine-driven molecular regulatory mechanism of abnormal phallus development is complex and remains largely unknown. Here, we review the direct effect of androgen and oestrogen on molecular regulation in phalluses using the marsupial tammar wallaby, whose phallus differentiation occurs after birth. We summarize and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying phallus differentiation mediated by sonic hedgehog (SHH) at day 50 pp and phallus elongation mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), as well as multiple phallus-regulating genes expressed after day 50 pp. We also identify hormone-responsive long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are co-expressed with their neighboring coding genes. We show that the activation of SHH and IGF1, mediated by balanced androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) signalling, initiates a complex regulatory network in males to constrain the timing of phallus differentiation and to activate the downstream genes that maintain urethral closure and phallus elongation at later stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marsupial Genetics and Genomics)
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23 pages, 16608 KiB  
Article
Findings from a Genotyping Study of over 1000 People with Inherited Retinal Disorders in Ireland
by Laura Whelan, Adrian Dockery, Niamh Wynne, Julia Zhu, Kirk Stephenson, Giuliana Silvestri, Jacqueline Turner, James J. O’Byrne, Matthew Carrigan, Peter Humphries, David Keegan, Paul F. Kenna and G. Jane Farrar
Genes 2020, 11(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010105 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7107
Abstract
The Irish national registry for inherited retinal degenerations (Target 5000) is a clinical and scientific program to identify individuals in Ireland with inherited retinal disorders and to attempt to ascertain the genetic cause underlying the disease pathology. Potential participants first undergo a clinical [...] Read more.
The Irish national registry for inherited retinal degenerations (Target 5000) is a clinical and scientific program to identify individuals in Ireland with inherited retinal disorders and to attempt to ascertain the genetic cause underlying the disease pathology. Potential participants first undergo a clinical assessment, which includes clinical history and analysis with multimodal retinal imaging, electrophysiology, and visual field testing. If suitable for recruitment, a sample is taken and used for genetic analysis. Genetic analysis is conducted by use of a retinal gene panel target capture sequencing approach. With over 1000 participants from 710 pedigrees now screened, there is a positive candidate variant detection rate of approximately 70% (495/710). Where an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern is observed, an additional 9% (64/710) of probands have tested positive for a single candidate variant. Many novel variants have also been detected as part of this endeavor. The target capture approach is an economic and effective means of screening patients with inherited retinal disorders. Despite the advances in sequencing technology and the ever-decreasing associated processing costs, target capture remains an attractive option as the data produced is easily processed, analyzed, and stored compared to more comprehensive methods. However, with decreasing costs of whole genome and whole exome sequencing, the focus will likely move towards these methods for more comprehensive data generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Inherited Eye Disease)
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11 pages, 2342 KiB  
Review
Transmission of Functional, Wild-Type Mitochondria and the Fittest mtDNA to the Next Generation: Bottleneck Phenomenon, Balbiani Body, and Mitophagy
by Waclaw Tworzydlo, Malgorzata Sekula and Szczepan M. Bilinski
Genes 2020, 11(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010104 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3178
Abstract
The most important role of mitochondria is to supply cells with metabolic energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As synthesis of ATP molecules is accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly vulnerable to impairment [...] Read more.
The most important role of mitochondria is to supply cells with metabolic energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As synthesis of ATP molecules is accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly vulnerable to impairment and, consequently, accumulation of deleterious mutations. In most animals, mitochondria are transmitted to the next generation maternally, i.e., exclusively from female germline cells (oocytes and eggs). It has been suggested, in this context, that a specialized mechanism must operate in the developing oocytes enabling escape from the impairment and subsequent transmission of accurate (devoid of mutations) mtDNA from one generation to the next. Literature survey suggest that two distinct and irreplaceable pathways of mitochondria transmission may be operational in various animal lineages. In some taxa, the mitochondria are apparently selected: functional mitochondria with high inner membrane potential are transferred to the cells of the embryo, whereas those with low membrane potential (overloaded with mutations in mtDNA) are eliminated by mitophagy. In other species, the respiratory activity of germline mitochondria is suppressed and ROS production alleviated leading to the same final effect, i.e., transmission of undamaged mitochondria to offspring, via an entirely different route. Full article
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12 pages, 1686 KiB  
Article
The velvet Regulator VosA Governs Survival and Secondary Metabolism of Sexual Spores in Aspergillus nidulans
by Min-Ju Kim, Mi-Kyung Lee, Huy Quang Pham, Myeong Ju Gu, Bohan Zhu, Sung-Hun Son, Dongyup Hahn, Jae-Ho Shin, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Hee-Soo Park and Kap-Hoon Han
Genes 2020, 11(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010103 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3812
Abstract
The velvet regulator VosA plays a pivotal role in asexual sporulation in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. In the present study, we characterize the roles of VosA in sexual spores (ascospores) in A. nidulans. During ascospore maturation, the deletion [...] Read more.
The velvet regulator VosA plays a pivotal role in asexual sporulation in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. In the present study, we characterize the roles of VosA in sexual spores (ascospores) in A. nidulans. During ascospore maturation, the deletion of vosA causes a rapid decrease in spore viability. The absence of vosA also results in a lack of trehalose biogenesis and decreased tolerance of ascospores to thermal and oxidative stresses. RNA-seq-based genome-wide expression analysis demonstrated that the loss of vosA leads to elevated expression of sterigmatocystin (ST) biosynthetic genes and a slight increase in ST production in ascospores. Moreover, the deletion of vosA causes upregulation of additional gene clusters associated with the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, including asperthecin, microperfuranone, and monodictyphenone. On the other hand, the lack of vosA results in the downregulation of various genes involved in primary metabolism. In addition, vosA deletion alters mRNA levels of genes associated with the cell wall integrity and trehalose biosynthesis. Overall, these results demonstrate that the velvet regulator VosA plays a key role in the maturation and the cellular and metabolic integrity of sexual spores in A. nidulans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics Studies Focused on Fungal Secondary Metabolism)
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9 pages, 514 KiB  
Communication
Enhancing Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Activity on Substrates with 3′ Terminal Structures for Enzymatic De Novo DNA Synthesis
by Sebastian Barthel, Sebastian Palluk, Nathan J. Hillson, Jay D. Keasling and Daniel H. Arlow
Genes 2020, 11(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010102 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9000
Abstract
Enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis methods based on the template-independent polymerase terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) promise to enable the de novo synthesis of long oligonucleotides under mild, aqueous conditions. Intermediates with a 3′ terminal structure (hairpins) will inevitably arise during synthesis, but TdT has poor [...] Read more.
Enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis methods based on the template-independent polymerase terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) promise to enable the de novo synthesis of long oligonucleotides under mild, aqueous conditions. Intermediates with a 3′ terminal structure (hairpins) will inevitably arise during synthesis, but TdT has poor activity on these structured substrates, limiting its usefulness for oligonucleotide synthesis. Here, we described two parallel efforts to improve the activity of TdT on hairpins: (1) optimization of the concentrations of the divalent cation cofactors and (2) engineering TdT for enhanced thermostability, enabling reactions at elevated temperatures. By combining both of these improvements, we obtained a ~10-fold increase in the elongation rate of a guanine-cytosine hairpin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue eGenetics)
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21 pages, 871 KiB  
Review
Hybridization Facilitates Adaptive Evolution in Two Major Fungal Pathogens
by Himeshi Samarasinghe, Man You, Thomas S. Jenkinson, Jianping Xu and Timothy Y. James
Genes 2020, 11(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010101 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4752
Abstract
Hybridization is increasingly recognized as an important force impacting adaptation and evolution in many lineages of fungi. During hybridization, divergent genomes and alleles are brought together into the same cell, potentiating adaptation by increasing genomic plasticity. Here, we review hybridization in fungi by [...] Read more.
Hybridization is increasingly recognized as an important force impacting adaptation and evolution in many lineages of fungi. During hybridization, divergent genomes and alleles are brought together into the same cell, potentiating adaptation by increasing genomic plasticity. Here, we review hybridization in fungi by focusing on two fungal pathogens of animals. Hybridization is common between the basidiomycete yeast species Cryptococcus neoformans × Cryptococcus deneoformans, and hybrid genotypes are frequently found in both environmental and clinical settings. The two species show 10–15% nucleotide divergence at the genome level, and their hybrids are highly heterozygous. Though largely sterile and unable to mate, these hybrids can propagate asexually and generate diverse genotypes by nondisjunction, aberrant meiosis, mitotic recombination, and gene conversion. Under stress conditions, the rate of such genetic changes can increase, leading to rapid adaptation. Conversely, in hybrids formed between lineages of the chytridiomycete frog pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the parental genotypes are considerably less diverged (0.2% divergent). Bd hybrids are formed from crosses between lineages that rarely undergo sex. A common theme in both species is that hybrids show genome plasticity via aneuploidy or loss of heterozygosity and leverage these mechanisms as a rapid way to generate genotypic/phenotypic diversity. Some hybrids show greater fitness and survival in both virulence and virulence-associated phenotypes than parental lineages under certain conditions. These studies showcase how experimentation in model species such as Cryptococcus can be a powerful tool in elucidating the genotypic and phenotypic consequences of hybridization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genome Plasticity of Human and Plant Pathogenic Fungi)
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11 pages, 1640 KiB  
Article
Mitochondrial DNA Haplotypes Influence Energy Metabolism across Chicken Transmitochondrial Cybrids
by Minghua Kong, Hai Xiang, Jikun Wang, Jian Liu, Xiben Zhang and Xingbo Zhao
Genes 2020, 11(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010100 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3574
Abstract
The association between mitochondrial DNA haplotype and productive performances has been widely reported in chicken breeds. However, there has not been physiological evidence of this seen previously. In this study, chicken transmitochondrial cells were generated using the nucleus of the DF-1 cell line [...] Read more.
The association between mitochondrial DNA haplotype and productive performances has been widely reported in chicken breeds. However, there has not been physiological evidence of this seen previously. In this study, chicken transmitochondrial cells were generated using the nucleus of the DF-1 cell line and mitochondria of primary cell lines derived from two native chicken breeds, Tibetan chicken and Shouguang chicken. Generally, Tibetan chicken primary cells showed a stronger metabolic capacity than Shouguang chicken primary cells. However, the Tibetan chicken cybrids had a dramatic drop in relative mtDNA copies and oxygen consumption. Higher rates of oxygen consumption (OCR) and expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion genes were observed in Shouguang chicken cybrids, potentially reflecting that the mitochondrial DNA haplotype of Shouguang chicken had better coordination with the DF-1 nucleus than others. Meanwhile, mitonuclear incompatibility occurred in Tibetan chicken cybrids. The results demonstrate functional differences among mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and may shed light on the interaction between the mitochondria and nucleus in Gallus gallus domesticus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Genomics Applied to Livestock Production)
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17 pages, 1783 KiB  
Review
Clustered DNA Double-Strand Breaks: Biological Effects and Relevance to Cancer Radiotherapy
by Jac A. Nickoloff, Neelam Sharma and Lynn Taylor
Genes 2020, 11(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010099 - 15 Jan 2020
Cited by 109 | Viewed by 7357
Abstract
Cells manage to survive, thrive, and divide with high accuracy despite the constant threat of DNA damage. Cells have evolved with several systems that efficiently repair spontaneous, isolated DNA lesions with a high degree of accuracy. Ionizing radiation and a few radiomimetic chemicals [...] Read more.
Cells manage to survive, thrive, and divide with high accuracy despite the constant threat of DNA damage. Cells have evolved with several systems that efficiently repair spontaneous, isolated DNA lesions with a high degree of accuracy. Ionizing radiation and a few radiomimetic chemicals can produce clustered DNA damage comprising complex arrangements of single-strand damage and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). There is substantial evidence that clustered DNA damage is more mutagenic and cytotoxic than isolated damage. Radiation-induced clustered DNA damage has proven difficult to study because the spectrum of induced lesions is very complex, and lesions are randomly distributed throughout the genome. Nonetheless, it is fairly well-established that radiation-induced clustered DNA damage, including non-DSB and DSB clustered lesions, are poorly repaired or fail to repair, accounting for the greater mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of clustered lesions compared to isolated lesions. High linear energy transfer (LET) charged particle radiation is more cytotoxic per unit dose than low LET radiation because high LET radiation produces more clustered DNA damage. Studies with I-SceI nuclease demonstrate that nuclease-induced DSB clusters are also cytotoxic, indicating that this cytotoxicity is independent of radiogenic lesions, including single-strand lesions and chemically “dirty” DSB ends. The poor repair of clustered DSBs at least in part reflects inhibition of canonical NHEJ by short DNA fragments. This shifts repair toward HR and perhaps alternative NHEJ, and can result in chromothripsis-mediated genome instability or cell death. These principals are important for cancer treatment by low and high LET radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Damage and Repair after Radiation)
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13 pages, 285 KiB  
Article
The Effect Sizes of PPARγ rs1801282, FTO rs9939609, and MC4R rs2229616 Variants on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk among the Western Saudi Population: A Cross-Sectional Prospective Study
by Sherin Bakhashab, Najlaa Filimban, Rana M. Altall, Rami Nassir, Safaa Y. Qusti, Mohammed H. Alqahtani, Adel M. Abuzenadah and Ashraf Dallol
Genes 2020, 11(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010098 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3135
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common polygenic disease with associated comorbidities. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of T2DM. The aim of this study is to determine the allele and genotype frequency of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ( [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common polygenic disease with associated comorbidities. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of T2DM. The aim of this study is to determine the allele and genotype frequency of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) rs1801282, fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) rs9939609, and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) rs2229616 polymorphisms and their association with risk of T2DM in the western Saudi population as mediators of adiposity phenotypes. In a cross-sectional prospective study, genomic DNA from control and T2DM patients were isolated and genotyped for these single-nucleotide polymorphisms. There was a significant association of the MC4R rs2229616 variant with T2DM, but no association with T2DM was detected with PPARγ rs1801282 or FTO rs9939609. The combination of C/C for PPARγ rs1801282, A/A for FTO rs9939609, and C/C for MC4R rs2229616 increased the risk of T2DM by 1.82. The A/T genotype for FTO rs9939609 was predicted to decrease the risk of T2DM when combined with C/C for PPARγ rs1801282 and C/C for MC4R rs2229616 or C/C for PPARγ rs1801282 and C/T MC4R rs2229616. In conclusion, our study showed the risk of the assessed variants for the development of T2DM in the Saudi population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Genomics and Genetic Diseases)
11 pages, 1052 KiB  
Review
Reworking GWAS Data to Understand the Role of Nongenetic Factors in MS Etiopathogenesis
by Rosella Mechelli, Renato Umeton, Grazia Manfrè, Silvia Romano, Maria Chiara Buscarinu, Virginia Rinaldi, Gianmarco Bellucci, Rachele Bigi, Michela Ferraldeschi, Marco Salvetti and Giovanni Ristori
Genes 2020, 11(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010097 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3645
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 200 multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated loci across the human genome over the last decade, suggesting complexity in the disease etiology. This complexity poses at least two challenges: the definition of an etiological model including the impact of [...] Read more.
Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 200 multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated loci across the human genome over the last decade, suggesting complexity in the disease etiology. This complexity poses at least two challenges: the definition of an etiological model including the impact of nongenetic factors, and the clinical translation of genomic data that may be drivers for new druggable targets. We reviewed studies dealing with single genes of interest, to understand how MS-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants affect the expression and the function of those genes. We then surveyed studies on the bioinformatic reworking of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data, with aggregate analyses of many GWAS loci, each contributing with a small effect to the overall disease predisposition. These investigations uncovered new information, especially when combined with nongenetic factors having possible roles in the disease etiology. In this context, the interactome approach, defined as “modules of genes whose products are known to physically interact with environmental or human factors with plausible relevance for MS pathogenesis”, will be reported in detail. For a future perspective, a polygenic risk score, defined as a cumulative risk derived from aggregating the contributions of many DNA variants associated with a complex trait, may be integrated with data on environmental factors affecting the disease risk or protection. Full article
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12 pages, 2044 KiB  
Article
Identification of a Novel Imprinted Transcript in the Porcine GNAS Complex Locus Using Methylome and Transcriptome of Parthenogenetic Fetuses
by Jinsoo Ahn, Huiguang Wu, Joonbum Lee, In-Sul Hwang, Debing Yu, Jin-Seop Ahn, Jeong-Woong Lee, Seongsoo Hwang and Kichoon Lee
Genes 2020, 11(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010096 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2689
Abstract
Genomic imprinting in domestic animals contributes to the variance of performance traits. However, research remains to be done on large-scale detection of epigenetic landscape of porcine imprinted loci including the GNAS complex locus. The purpose of this study was to generate porcine parthenogenetic [...] Read more.
Genomic imprinting in domestic animals contributes to the variance of performance traits. However, research remains to be done on large-scale detection of epigenetic landscape of porcine imprinted loci including the GNAS complex locus. The purpose of this study was to generate porcine parthenogenetic fetuses and comprehensively identify imprinting patterns of the GNAS locus in transcript levels. To this end, both normally fertilized and bimaternal (uniparental) parthenogenetic porcine fetuses were generated, and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were performed to construct methylome and transcriptome, respectively. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the fetuses were identified through methylome analysis, and parental-origin-specific expression patterns of transcripts were examined with transcriptome. As a result, three major DMRs were identified: paternally methylated Nesp DMR, maternally methylated Nespas-Gnasxl DMR, and maternally methylated Exon1B–Exon1A DMR. Parental-origin-specific expressions of those five DMR-affected transcripts were found, including a novel imprinted transcript, Exon1B, in pigs. In conclusion, using parthenotes, parental-origin-specific imprinting patterns in the porcine GNAS locus was comprehensively identified, and our approach paves the way for the discovery of novel imprinted genes and loci in a genomic context across species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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20 pages, 6950 KiB  
Article
Comparative Genomics Analysis of Lactobacillus mucosae from Different Niches
by Yan Jia, Bo Yang, Paul Ross, Catherine Stanton, Hao Zhang, Jianxin Zhao and Wei Chen
Genes 2020, 11(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010095 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3267
Abstract
The potential probiotic benefits of Lactobacillus mucosae have received increasing attention. To investigate the genetic diversity of L. mucosae, comparative genomic analyses of 93 strains isolated from different niches (human and animal gut, human vagina, etc.) and eight strains of published genomes [...] Read more.
The potential probiotic benefits of Lactobacillus mucosae have received increasing attention. To investigate the genetic diversity of L. mucosae, comparative genomic analyses of 93 strains isolated from different niches (human and animal gut, human vagina, etc.) and eight strains of published genomes were conducted. The results showed that the core genome of L. mucosae mainly encoded translation and transcription, amino acid biosynthesis, sugar metabolism, and defense function while the pan-genomic curve tended to be close. The genetic diversity of L. mucosae mainly reflected in carbohydrate metabolism and immune/competitive-related factors, such as exopolysaccharide (EPS), enterolysin A, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas. It was worth noting that this research firstly predicted the complete EPS operon shared among L. mucosae. Additionally, the type IIIA CRISPR-Cas system was discovered in L. mucosae for the first time. This work provided new ideas for the study of this species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Genetics and Genomics)
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20 pages, 2265 KiB  
Article
The Complete Genome of an Endogenous Nimavirus (Nimav-1_LVa) From the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) Vannamei
by Weidong Bao, Kathy F. J. Tang and Acacia Alcivar-Warren
Genes 2020, 11(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010094 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3515
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the lone virus of the genus Whispovirus under the family Nimaviridae, is one of the most devastating viruses affecting the shrimp farming industry. Knowledge about this virus, in particular, its evolution history, has been limited, partly due [...] Read more.
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the lone virus of the genus Whispovirus under the family Nimaviridae, is one of the most devastating viruses affecting the shrimp farming industry. Knowledge about this virus, in particular, its evolution history, has been limited, partly due to its large genome and the lack of other closely related free-living viruses for comparative studies. In this study, we reconstructed a full-length endogenous nimavirus consensus genome, Nimav-1_LVa (279,905 bp), in the genome sequence of Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei breed Kehai No. 1 (ASM378908v1). This endogenous virus seemed to insert exclusively into the telomeric pentanucleotide microsatellite (TAACC/GGTTA)n. It encoded 117 putative genes, with some containing introns, such as g012 (inhibitor of apoptosis, IAP), g046 (crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, CHH), g155 (innexin), g158 (Bax inhibitor 1 like). More than a dozen Nimav-1_LVa genes are involved in the pathogen-host interactions. We hypothesized that g046, g155, g158, and g227 (semaphorin 1A like) were recruited host genes for their roles in immune regulation. Sequence analysis indicated that a total of 43 WSSV genes belonged to the ancestral/core nimavirus gene set, including four genes reported in this study: wsv112 (dUTPase), wsv206, wsv226, and wsv308 (nucleocapsid protein). The availability of the Nimav-1_LVa sequence would help understand the genetic diversity, epidemiology, evolution, and virulence of WSSV. Full article
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13 pages, 3490 KiB  
Article
Shedding Light on the Antimicrobial Peptide Arsenal of Terrestrial Isopods: Focus on Armadillidins, a New Crustacean AMP Family
by Thomas Becking, Carine Delaunay, Richard Cordaux, Jean-Marc Berjeaud, Christine Braquart-Varnier and Julien Verdon
Genes 2020, 11(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010093 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3196
Abstract
In crustaceans, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are clustered into four major groups according to their amino acid composition and structure: (1) single-domain peptides containing cysteine residues such as anti-lipopolysaccharide-factor (ALF), (2) multi-domain or chimeric AMPs such as crustins, (3) non-conventional AMPs, and (4) linear [...] Read more.
In crustaceans, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are clustered into four major groups according to their amino acid composition and structure: (1) single-domain peptides containing cysteine residues such as anti-lipopolysaccharide-factor (ALF), (2) multi-domain or chimeric AMPs such as crustins, (3) non-conventional AMPs, and (4) linear single-domain AMPs. The majority of AMPs has been described in commercially exploited crustaceans, particularly decapods living in aquatic environments (crab, shrimp, lobster, and crayfish). Here, we aimed at establishing the AMPs repertoire of terrestrial isopods (Oniscidea), an original suborder of crustaceans adapted to life outside of the aquatic environment. Using transcriptomic data from 21 species, we identified 110 ALF and 73 crustin sequences. We also characterized the full-length sequence of armadillidins from 17 species, similar to the AMP previously described in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. Furthermore, we tested the antimicrobial activity of three armadillidin peptides characterized from three distantly related species. This analysis revealed similar activity spectra against pathogens, despite extensive structural variation among the tested peptides. In addition to conventional crustacean AMPs, our work highlights armadillidins as a new and independent family of AMPs specific to the Oniscidea, thus opening new perspectives concerning the study of the immune system of terrestrial isopods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invertebrate Immunity)
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16 pages, 1740 KiB  
Review
Mapping DNA Topoisomerase Binding and Cleavage Genome Wide Using Next-Generation Sequencing Techniques
by Shannon J. McKie, Anthony Maxwell and Keir C. Neuman
Genes 2020, 11(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010092 - 13 Jan 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7246
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms have been adapted to generate genome-wide maps and sequence context of binding and cleavage of DNA topoisomerases (topos). Continuous refinements of these techniques have resulted in the acquisition of data with unprecedented depth and resolution, which has shed new [...] Read more.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms have been adapted to generate genome-wide maps and sequence context of binding and cleavage of DNA topoisomerases (topos). Continuous refinements of these techniques have resulted in the acquisition of data with unprecedented depth and resolution, which has shed new light on in vivo topo behavior. Topos regulate DNA topology through the formation of reversible single- or double-stranded DNA breaks. Topo activity is critical for DNA metabolism in general, and in particular to support transcription and replication. However, the binding and activity of topos over the genome in vivo was difficult to study until the advent of NGS. Over and above traditional chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq approaches that probe protein binding, the unique formation of covalent protein–DNA linkages associated with DNA cleavage by topos affords the ability to probe cleavage and, by extension, activity over the genome. NGS platforms have facilitated genome-wide studies mapping the behavior of topos in vivo, how the behavior varies among species and how inhibitors affect cleavage. Many NGS approaches achieve nucleotide resolution of topo binding and cleavage sites, imparting an extent of information not previously attainable. We review the development of NGS approaches to probe topo interactions over the genome in vivo and highlight general conclusions and quandaries that have arisen from this rapidly advancing field of topoisomerase research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Topoisomerases in Biology and Medicine)
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14 pages, 2290 KiB  
Article
Centric Fusions behind the Karyotype Evolution of Neotropical Nannostomus Pencilfishes (Characiforme, Lebiasinidae): First Insights from a Molecular Cytogenetic Perspective
by Alexandr Sember, Ezequiel Aguiar de Oliveira, Petr Ráb, Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo, Natália Lourenço de Freitas, Patrik Ferreira Viana, Cassia Fernanda Yano, Terumi Hatanaka, Manoela Maria Ferreira Marinho, Renata Luiza Rosa de Moraes, Eliana Feldberg and Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
Genes 2020, 11(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010091 - 13 Jan 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3231
Abstract
Lebiasinidae is a Neotropical freshwater family widely distributed throughout South and Central America. Due to their often very small body size, Lebiasinidae species are cytogenetically challenging and hence largely underexplored. However, the available but limited karyotype data already suggested a high interspecific variability [...] Read more.
Lebiasinidae is a Neotropical freshwater family widely distributed throughout South and Central America. Due to their often very small body size, Lebiasinidae species are cytogenetically challenging and hence largely underexplored. However, the available but limited karyotype data already suggested a high interspecific variability in the diploid chromosome number (2n), which is pronounced in the speciose genus Nannostomus, a popular taxon in ornamental fish trade due to its remarkable body coloration. Aiming to more deeply examine the karyotype diversification in Nannostomus, we combined conventional cytogenetics (Giemsa-staining and C-banding) with the chromosomal mapping of tandemly repeated 5S and 18S rDNA clusters and with interspecific comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to investigate genomes of four representative Nannostomus species: N. beckfordi, N. eques, N. marginatus, and N. unifasciatus. Our data showed a remarkable variability in 2n, ranging from 2n = 22 in N. unifasciatus (karyotype composed exclusively of metacentrics/submetacentrics) to 2n = 44 in N. beckfordi (karyotype composed entirely of acrocentrics). On the other hand, patterns of 18S and 5S rDNA distribution in the analyzed karyotypes remained rather conservative, with only two 18S and two to four 5S rDNA sites. In view of the mostly unchanged number of chromosome arms (FN = 44) in all but one species (N. eques; FN = 36), and with respect to the current phylogenetic hypothesis, we propose Robertsonian translocations to be a significant contributor to the karyotype differentiation in (at least herein studied) Nannostomus species. Interspecific comparative genome hybridization (CGH) using whole genomic DNAs mapped against the chromosome background of N. beckfordi found a moderate divergence in the repetitive DNA content among the species’ genomes. Collectively, our data suggest that the karyotype differentiation in Nannostomus has been largely driven by major structural rearrangements, accompanied by only low to moderate dynamics of repetitive DNA at the sub-chromosomal level. Possible mechanisms and factors behind the elevated tolerance to such a rate of karyotype change in Nannostomus are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms Driving Karyotype Evolution and Genomic Architecture)
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13 pages, 733 KiB  
Review
Unwinding BRAHMA Functions in Plants
by Caroline Thouly, Marie Le Masson, Xuelei Lai, Cristel C. Carles and Gilles Vachon
Genes 2020, 11(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010090 - 13 Jan 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4226
Abstract
The ATP-dependent Switch/Sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex (CRC) regulates the transcription of many genes by destabilizing interactions between DNA and histones. In plants, BRAHMA (BRM), one of the two catalytic ATPase subunits of the complex, is the closest homolog of the yeast [...] Read more.
The ATP-dependent Switch/Sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex (CRC) regulates the transcription of many genes by destabilizing interactions between DNA and histones. In plants, BRAHMA (BRM), one of the two catalytic ATPase subunits of the complex, is the closest homolog of the yeast and animal SWI2/SNF2 ATPases. We summarize here the advances describing the roles of BRM in plant development as well as its recently reported chromatin-independent role in pri-miRNA processing in vitro and in vivo. We also enlighten the roles of plant-specific partners that physically interact with BRM. Three main types of partners can be distinguished: (i) DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors which mostly cooperate with BRM in developmental processes, (ii) enzymes such as kinases or proteasome-related proteins that use BRM as substrate and are often involved in response to abiotic stress, and (iii) an RNA-binding protein which is involved with BRM in chromatin-independent pri-miRNA processing. This overview contributes to the understanding of the central position occupied by BRM within regulatory networks controlling fundamental biological processes in plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetic Mechanisms for Plant Gene Regulation)
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13 pages, 667 KiB  
Review
Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke: Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms
by Rosita Stanzione, Maria Cotugno, Franca Bianchi, Simona Marchitti, Maurizio Forte, Massimo Volpe and Speranza Rubattu
Genes 2020, 11(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010089 - 13 Jan 2020
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 7627
Abstract
Epigenetics is the branch of molecular biology that studies modifications able to change gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modulations include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs. These gene modifications are heritable and modifiable and can be triggered by lifestyle [...] Read more.
Epigenetics is the branch of molecular biology that studies modifications able to change gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modulations include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs. These gene modifications are heritable and modifiable and can be triggered by lifestyle and nutritional factors. In recent years, epigenetic changes have been associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases such as diabetes, obesity, renal pathology, and different types of cancer. They have also been related with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases including ischemic stroke. Importantly, since epigenetic modifications are reversible processes they could assist with the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of human diseases. In the present review article, we aim to collect the most recent evidence concerning the impact of epigenetic modifications on the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke in both animal models and humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Methylation in Health and Diseases)
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14 pages, 1083 KiB  
Perspective
Rewriting Human History and Empowering Indigenous Communities with Genome Editing Tools
by Keolu Fox, Kartik Lakshmi Rallapalli and Alexis C. Komor
Genes 2020, 11(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010088 - 12 Jan 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7755
Abstract
Appropriate empirical-based evidence and detailed theoretical considerations should be used for evolutionary explanations of phenotypic variation observed in the field of human population genetics (especially Indigenous populations). Investigators within the population genetics community frequently overlook the importance of these criteria when associating observed [...] Read more.
Appropriate empirical-based evidence and detailed theoretical considerations should be used for evolutionary explanations of phenotypic variation observed in the field of human population genetics (especially Indigenous populations). Investigators within the population genetics community frequently overlook the importance of these criteria when associating observed phenotypic variation with evolutionary explanations. A functional investigation of population-specific variation using cutting-edge genome editing tools has the potential to empower the population genetics community by holding “just-so” evolutionary explanations accountable. Here, we detail currently available precision genome editing tools and methods, with a particular emphasis on base editing, that can be applied to functionally investigate population-specific point mutations. We use the recent identification of thrifty mutations in the CREBRF gene as an example of the current dire need for an alliance between the fields of population genetics and genome editing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects in Transgenic Technology 2020)
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14 pages, 1203 KiB  
Article
Ovarian Transcriptomic Analyses in the Urban Human Health Pest, the Western Black Widow Spider
by Lindsay S. Miles, Nadia A. Ayoub, Jessica E. Garb, Robert A. Haney and Brian C. Verrelli
Genes 2020, 11(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010087 - 12 Jan 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3285
Abstract
Due to their abundance and ability to invade diverse environments, many arthropods have become pests of economic and health concern, especially in urban areas. Transcriptomic analyses of arthropod ovaries have provided insight into life history variation and fecundity, yet there are few studies [...] Read more.
Due to their abundance and ability to invade diverse environments, many arthropods have become pests of economic and health concern, especially in urban areas. Transcriptomic analyses of arthropod ovaries have provided insight into life history variation and fecundity, yet there are few studies in spiders despite their diversity within arthropods. Here, we generated a de novo ovarian transcriptome from 10 individuals of the western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus), a human health pest of high abundance in urban areas, to conduct comparative ovarian transcriptomic analyses. Biological processes enriched for metabolism—specifically purine, and thiamine metabolic pathways linked to oocyte development—were significantly abundant in L. hesperus. Functional and pathway annotations revealed overlap among diverse arachnid ovarian transcriptomes for highly-conserved genes and those linked to fecundity, such as oocyte maturation in vitellogenin and vitelline membrane outer layer proteins, hormones, and hormone receptors required for ovary development, and regulation of fertility-related genes. Comparative studies across arachnids are greatly needed to understand the evolutionary similarities of the spider ovary, and here, the identification of ovarian proteins in L. hesperus provides potential for understanding how increased fecundity is linked to the success of this urban pest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arthropod Genetics and Genomics)
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22 pages, 870 KiB  
Review
Mitochondrial DNA: A Key Regulator of Anti-Microbial Innate Immunity
by Saima Kausar, Liqun Yang, Muhammad Nadeem Abbas, Xin Hu, Yongju Zhao, Yong Zhu and Hongjuan Cui
Genes 2020, 11(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010086 - 11 Jan 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5014
Abstract
During the last few years, mitochondrial DNA has attained much attention as a modulator of immune responses. Due to common evolutionary origin, mitochondrial DNA shares various characteristic features with DNA of bacteria, as it consists of a remarkable number of unmethylated DNA as [...] Read more.
During the last few years, mitochondrial DNA has attained much attention as a modulator of immune responses. Due to common evolutionary origin, mitochondrial DNA shares various characteristic features with DNA of bacteria, as it consists of a remarkable number of unmethylated DNA as 2′-deoxyribose cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) islands. Due to this particular feature, mitochondrial DNA seems to be recognized as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern by the innate immune system. Under the normal physiological situation, mitochondrial DNA is enclosed in the double membrane structure of mitochondria. However, upon pathological conditions, it is usually released into the cytoplasm. Growing evidence suggests that this cytosolic mitochondrial DNA induces various innate immune signaling pathways involving NLRP3, toll-like receptor 9, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling, which participate in triggering downstream cascade and stimulating to produce effector molecules. Mitochondrial DNA is responsible for inflammatory diseases after stress and cellular damage. In addition, it is also involved in the anti-viral and anti-bacterial innate immunity. Thus, instead of entire mitochondrial importance in cellular metabolism and energy production, mitochondrial DNA seems to be essential in triggering innate anti-microbial immunity. Here, we describe existing knowledge on the involvement of mitochondrial DNA in the anti-microbial immunity by modulating the various immune signaling pathways. Full article
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