Agronomy

15 pages, 4073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stable Nitrogen Isotopes as an Effective Tool for Estimating the Nitrogen Demand of Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent Seedlings under Variable Nitrate Concentrations

by Kaiyan Zhang, Furong Zhang, Haitao Li, Yue Su and Yanyou Wu

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061663 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1063

Abstract

Poor growth is often observed in artificial young forests due to insufficient inorganic nitrogen in karst soils. However, little is known about the assimilatory demand of the whole plant for nitrate and the partitioning of nitrate assimilation in roots and leaves in woody [...] Read more.

Poor growth is often observed in artificial young forests due to insufficient inorganic nitrogen in karst soils. However, little is known about the assimilatory demand of the whole plant for nitrate and the partitioning of nitrate assimilation in roots and leaves in woody plants grown in karst habitats. In this study, Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent (B. papyrifera) seedlings were grown under nearly hydroponic conditions. The isotope mass balance approach was employed to quantify the δ¹⁵N values of the N assimilates in plant organs and in whole plants for B. papyrifera seedlings grown at different nitrate concentrations. The δ¹⁵N values of the N assimilates in the whole B. papyrifera seedlings showed a rising trend with increasing nitrate concentration. Increasing the supply of nitrate decreased the leaf–root difference in the δ¹⁵N values of the N assimilates for B. papyrifera seedlings. Quantifying the δ¹⁵N values of N assimilates in the whole B. papyrifera seedlings grown under different nitrate concentrations contributes to estimating the assimilatory demand of the B. papyrifera seedlings for nitrate. The leaf–root difference in the δ¹⁵N values of the N assimilates can be used to estimate the partitioning of nitrate assimilation in the roots and leaves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Research on Adaptive Plants in Karst Ecosystems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Buffering Potential of Winter Wheat Composite Cross Populations to Rapidly Changing Environmental Conditions

by Odette D. Weedon, Sarah Brumlop, Annette Haak, Jörg Peter Baresel, Anders Borgen, Thomas Döring, Isabelle Goldringer, Edith Lammerts van Bueren, Monika M. Messmer, Péter Mikó, Edwin Nuijten, Bruce Pearce, Martin Wolfe and Maria Renate Finckh

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061662 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1014

Abstract

A winter wheat composite cross population (CCP), created in the UK in 2001, has been grown in Germany, Hungary, and the UK since 2005 (F₅ generation). In 2008/09 (F₈), a cycling pattern for the populations was developed between partners to [...] Read more.

A winter wheat composite cross population (CCP), created in the UK in 2001, has been grown in Germany, Hungary, and the UK since 2005 (F₅ generation). In 2008/09 (F₈), a cycling pattern for the populations was developed between partners to test the effects of rapidly changing environments on agronomic performance and morphological characteristics. One CCP was grown by eight partners for one year and subsequently sent to the next partner, creating “cycling CCPs” with different histories. In 2013, all eight cycling CCPs and the three non-cycling CCPs (from Germany, Hungary, and the UK) were included in a two-year experiment in Germany with three line varieties as references. Differing seed weights of the F₁₃ at sowing affected some agronomic parameters under drought conditions in 2014/15 but not under less stressful conditions in 2013/14. In both experimental years, the CCPs were comparable to the line varieties in terms of agronomic performance, with some CCPs yielding more than the varieties under the drought conditions of 2015. The results highlight the potential of CCPs to compete with line varieties, while the overall similarity of the CCPs based on their origin and cycling history for agronomic traits indicates a high buffering potential under highly variable environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary Plant Breeding: Exploiting Diversity to Cope with Uncertainty)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Drip Irrigation without Film Mulching Be Favorable for Potato Growth in Eastern China?

by Youliang Zhang, Yongqi Tang, Weicheng Kong, Shaoyuan Feng and Fengxin Wang

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061661 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1017

Abstract

The main measures to improve potato cultivation in eastern China are film mulching and drip irrigation. However, the film can cause soil pollution and inhibit plant growth because of non-degradable polyethylene, which is the main component of the film. Whether drip irrigation without [...] Read more.

The main measures to improve potato cultivation in eastern China are film mulching and drip irrigation. However, the film can cause soil pollution and inhibit plant growth because of non-degradable polyethylene, which is the main component of the film. Whether drip irrigation without mulching can improve potato yield needs to be fully explored. Field experiments were conducted at the Special Potato Experimental Station, China Agricultural University, Rizhao City, Shandong Province, China, in 2019 and 2020 to investigate the effects of mulching and soil wetted percentage on soil water and temperature distribution, as well as potato growth. In 2019, three treatments with soil wetted percentage of 50% were set up: black plastic film mulching (BMP2), transparent plastic film mulching (TMP2), and no mulching (NMP2). In 2020, soil wetted percentage treatments were added to the existing mulching treatments: no mulching without irrigation (NMP0) and no mulching with soil wetted percentage of 25% (NMP1), 50% (NMP2), and 75% (NMP3); black plastic film mulching without irrigation (BMP0) and black plastic mulching with 50% soil wetted percentage (BMP2); and transparent plastic film mulching with no irrigation (TMP0) and transparent plastic film mulching with 50% soil wetted percentage (TMP2). The results indicated that mulching did not have a significant effect (p < 0.05) on soil temperature, potato growth, and yield. Irrigation reduced soil temperature by a range of 0.4 to 3.0 °C during the high air temperature season. Irrigation significantly increased potato plant height, stem thickness, and yield. The potato yield under the irrigation treatment could be 16.0–24.9% greater than that under the non-irrigation treatment. The highest irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was achieved at soil wetted percentage P1 and P2, which were beneficial for water saving. The NMP1 and NMP2 treatments had 83.4% and 81.0% significantly higher IWUE than NMP3 treatment. Considering environmental protection, resource conservation, and economic efficiency, drip irrigation without mulching under soil wetted percentage P2 was suitable for potato cultivation in eastern China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Morpho-Physiological Indicators, Yield, and Water Productivity of Wheat through an Optimal Combination of Mulching and Planting Patterns in Arid Farming Systems

by Salah El-Hendawy, Bazel Alsamin, Nabil Mohammed and Yahya Refay

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061660 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1091

Abstract

Mulching practices (M), which conserve soil water and improve water productivity (WP), are receiving increasing attention worldwide However, so far, little attention has been given to investigating the effects of the integrations of mulching and planting patterns (IMPPs) on spring wheat performance under [...] Read more.

Mulching practices (M), which conserve soil water and improve water productivity (WP), are receiving increasing attention worldwide However, so far, little attention has been given to investigating the effects of the integrations of mulching and planting patterns (IMPPs) on spring wheat performance under arid regions conditions. A two-year field study was conducted to compare the effects of eight IMPPs on growth parameters at 80 and 100 days after sowing (DAS), growth indicators, physiological attributes, grain yield (GY), and WP of wheat under adequate (1.00 ET) and limited (0.50 ET) irrigation conditions. The IMPPs included three planting patterns (PPs), that is, flat (F), raised-bed (RB), and ridge–furrow (RF), in combination with three M, that is, no-mulch (NM), plastic film mulch (PFM), and crop residues mulch (CRM). The results indicated that PPs mulched with PFM and CRM significantly increased growth indicators, different growth parameters, physiological attributes, GY, and WP by 6.9–39.3%, 8.2–29.2%, 5.2–24.9%, 9.9, and 11.2%, respectively, compared to non-mulched PPs. The F and RB patterns mulched with CRM were more effective in improving growth parameters at 100 DAS (2.7–13.6%), physiological attributes (0.2–20.0%), GY, and WP (9.7%) than were the F and RB patterns mulched with PFM under 1.00 ET, while the opposite was true under 0.50 ET conditions. Although the RFPFM failed to compete with other IMPPs under 1.00 ET, the values of different parameters in this PP were comparable to those in F and RB patterns mulched with PFM, and were 1.3–24.5% higher than those in F and RB patterns mulched with CRM under 0.50 ET conditions. Although the RFNM did not use mulch, the values of different parameters for this PP were significantly higher than those of F and RB patterns without mulch. Irrespective of irrigation treatments, the heatmap analysis based on different stress tolerance indices identified the different PPs mulched with PFM as the best IMPPs for the optimal performance of wheat under arid conditions, followed by PPs mulched with CRM. The different growth indicators exhibited second-order and strong relationships with GY (R² = 0.78 to 0.85) and moderate relationships with WP (R² = 0.59 to 0.79). Collectively, we concluded that using PPs mulched with CRM is the recommended practice for achieving good performance and production for wheat under adequate irrigation, whereas using PPS mulched with PFM is recommended as a viable management option for sustainable production of wheat and improving WP under limited irrigation in arid countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Management for Climate Change Adaptation, Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, and Agricultural Productivity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Validation of Potato Late Blight Detection Method Based on Deep Learning

by Junzhe Feng, Bingru Hou, Chenhao Yu, Huanbo Yang, Chao Wang, Xiaoyi Shi and Yaohua Hu

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061659 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2003

Abstract

Late blight, caused by phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease in potato production. In severe cases, this can lead to potato crop failure. To rapidly detect potato late blight, in this study, a deep learning model was developed to discriminate the degree of [...] Read more.

Late blight, caused by phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease in potato production. In severe cases, this can lead to potato crop failure. To rapidly detect potato late blight, in this study, a deep learning model was developed to discriminate the degree of potato leaf diseases with high recognition accuracy and a fast inference speed. It constructed a total of seven categories of potato leaf disease datasets in single and complex backgrounds, which were augmented using data enhancement method increase to increase the number of images to 7039. In this study, the performance of the pre-trained model for fine-grained classification of potato leaf diseases was evaluated comprehensively in terms of accuracy, inference speed, and the number of parameters. The ShuffleNetV2 2× model with better generalization ability and faster inference speed was selected and improved. Three improvement strategies were proposed: introducing an attention module, reducing the depth of the network, and reducing the number of 1 × 1 convolutions. Their effects on the performance of the underlying model were explored through experiments, and the best form of improvement was determined. The loss function of the improved model converged to 0.36. This was compared to the base model, which was reduced by 34.5%. In the meantime, the improved model reduced the number of parameters, FLOPs, and model size by approximately 23%, increased classification accuracy by 0.85%, and improved CPU inference speed by 25%. Deploying the improved model to the embedded device, the overall classification precision was 94%, and the average time taken to detect a single image was 3.27 s. The method provided critical technical support for the automatic identification of potato late blight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 4546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Inoculation of Durum Wheat with Fusarium pseudograminearum on Yield, Technological Quality and Gluten Protein Composition

by Mike Sissons, Narelle Egan and Steven Simpfendorfer

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061658 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1014

Abstract

In Australia, adoption of reduced tillage and stubble retention cropping systems by growers to conserve soil moisture has seen an increase in the prevalence of the disease Fusarium crown rot (FCR) caused by the stubble-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum. Durum wheat is [...] Read more.

In Australia, adoption of reduced tillage and stubble retention cropping systems by growers to conserve soil moisture has seen an increase in the prevalence of the disease Fusarium crown rot (FCR) caused by the stubble-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum. Durum wheat is particularly susceptible to FCR, exhibiting significant yield and quality losses in the presence of infection. Increasing rates of nitrogen (N) application at sowing exacerbates FCR. However, to achieve the desired grain protein and quality suited to pasta manufacturing, N application is necessary, and this creates a dilemma for growers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of FCR infection in the presence of different N fertiliser application rates in durum wheat varieties on the yield and technological quality. Two durum varieties were evaluated at the same location over two seasons (2020 and 2021). These seasons were characterised by being wetter than normal and showed different responses to FCR and N application. Three rates of FCR inoculation and five rates of N fertilizer were applied (varying according to season) at sowing. In general, the 2021 season showed better responses to applied N regarding the yield and technological properties, with no impact from FCR. The FCR inoculation, while resulting in significant infections in 2020 (15–36-fold increase) and in 2021 (~45-fold increase), had no impacts on the yield or grain quality in 2021, while in 2020, the yield was reduced (24.9%), with variable effects on the technological properties. The 2021 season showed much more responses to applied N (grain protein increased by ~24%). Jandaroi was found to maintain its kernel vitreosity at all protein levels (mean of 88.5%), obtaining the premium grade, while DBA Lillaroi did not (mean vitreosity of 76.6%) and could be downgraded if N application was insufficient. However, higher N application rates needed to achieve more than 12% protein lead to a reduction in dough strength, with Jandaroi maintaining its dough strength much better (2.7% reduction in the gluten index) than DBA Lillaroi (18.2% reduction in the gluten index). This was related to the lower glutenin/gliadin (Gli/Glu) ratio in response to applied N at sowing in Jandaroi, which helped retain kernels with a high vitreousness. This suggests genetics plays an important role in a genotype’s response to N fertilisation and should be considered when selecting a genotype where higher premium grades are desirable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 7638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Phosphorus, Iron, Zinc, and Their Combined Deficiencies on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

by Dapeng Gao, Cheng Ran, Kun Dang, Xiaolei Wang, Yunhe Zhang, Yanqiu Geng, Shuying Liu, Zhengwen Guan, Liying Guo and Xiwen Shao

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061657 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1236

Abstract

Combined elemental deficiencies are more complex and insidious physiological metabolic responses than single elemental stresses. To determine the effects of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and their deficient combinations on photosynthetic characteristics of rice seedlings, we investigated their effects on dry weight, [...] Read more.

Combined elemental deficiencies are more complex and insidious physiological metabolic responses than single elemental stresses. To determine the effects of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and their deficient combinations on photosynthetic characteristics of rice seedlings, we investigated their effects on dry weight, chlorophyll (Chl) content, rapid photosynthetic carbon assimilation CO₂ responses, and Chl fluorescence in four-week-old rice (CB9 and BJ1 cultivars) seedlings. The results showed that the dry matter, maximum carboxylation efficiency (V_c,max), and maximum electron transfer efficiency (J_max) of seedlings were all reduced to different degrees under the element deficiency treatments. JIP-test analysis showed that the decrease in the concentration of active PSII reaction centers (RC/ABS) under -Zn treatment was the main reason for the inhibition of performance index PI_ABS. The -P treatment reduced RC/ABS and inhibited electron transfer (ψ_Eo). Primary photochemical reactions (φ_Po) of -P-Zn treated seedlings were also inhibited compared to the -P treatment. The -Fe and -Fe-Zn treatments inhibited photosynthesis most severely, which not only reduced RC/ABS but also severely inhibited φ_Po and ψ_Eo. Notably, the -P-Fe and -P-Fe-Zn treatments of the CB9 improved the RC/ABS, alleviating the limitation of Fe deficiency. These results help enhance the understanding of the complex relationship between nutrient balance and photosynthesis, especially for P, Fe, Zn, and their combined deficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Growth Response of Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 9193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Responses of a Grapevine Rhizosphere System to Mulching Using Amplicon Sequencing and Transcriptomic Analysis

by Bo Wang, Xi-Cheng Wang, Zhuang-Wei Wang, Zhen-Xiao Chen and Wei-Min Wu

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1656; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061656 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1112

Abstract

Although mulching is a widely used agronomic practice, its effects on the rhizosphere remain poorly understood. Here, we employed amplicon and transcriptomic sequencing to investigate variations in a grapevine rhizosphere system under mulch treatment (rice straw + felt + plastic film). Analyzing 16S [...] Read more.

Although mulching is a widely used agronomic practice, its effects on the rhizosphere remain poorly understood. Here, we employed amplicon and transcriptomic sequencing to investigate variations in a grapevine rhizosphere system under mulch treatment (rice straw + felt + plastic film). Analyzing 16S and intergenic spacer (ITS) rRNA sequences indicated that the Shannon and Simpson indices of the bacterial and fungal communities increased markedly under mulch treatment. The bacterial and fungal compositions varied significantly between the control and mulch treatments. Mulching enriched for potentially beneficial microbes that confer disease resistance to plants or participate in nitrogen metabolism (Kaistobacter, Ammoniphilus, Lysobacter, Ammoniphilus, Alicyclobacillus, Aquicella, Nitrospira, Chaetomium, and Microascus), whereas more potentially pathogenic microbes (Fusarium and Gibberella) were detected in the control. Moreover, certain bacteria and fungi exhibited different correlations with the root transcriptome functions of the MEBlue module. The complexity of the bacterial and fungal co-occurrence networks increased with higher node numbers, positive and negative links after mulching. Following mulching, the rhizosphere showed elevated pH, organic matter, and catalase activities, and decreased sucrase and cellulase and β-glucosidase activities. Our results provide comprehensive data showing how a grapevine rhizosphere system responded to mulching treatment and shed important insight into mulching practices for fruit trees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Effects of Zinc Nanoparticle and PGRs to Mitigate Salt Stress in Maize

by Mahmoud F. Seleiman, Awais Ahmad and Thobayet S. Alshahrani

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1655; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061655 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1307

Abstract

Salinity is one of the most critical problems for agricultural development and threatens future food safety. Therefore, we aimed to investigate root application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs; 0, 50, 100 mg/L), 24-epibrassinolide (EBL; 0, 0.02, 0.04 µM), and their combinations on the [...] Read more.

Salinity is one of the most critical problems for agricultural development and threatens future food safety. Therefore, we aimed to investigate root application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs; 0, 50, 100 mg/L), 24-epibrassinolide (EBL; 0, 0.02, 0.04 µM), and their combinations on the growth and performance of maize (Zea mays L.) as a model plant grown under salt stress (i.e., 0, 5 and 10 dS m⁻¹) in a hydroponic system. The results showed that the highest salt stress negatively affected growth, physiological, and biochemical traits of maize. However, the application of EBL, ZnO-NPs, and their combinations significantly mitigated salt stress and improved the growth and performance of the physiological system in maize plants. In particular, the combination treatment of 100 mg/L ZnO-NPs + 0.02 µM EBL surpassed all other root treatments and resulted in the highest root and shoot growth, leaf area, relative leaf water content, net photosynthesis, total chlorophyll content, and uptake of zinc (Zn) and potassium (K). Furthermore, it minimized salt stress by reducing Na uptake, Na/K ratio, and proline in stressed maize plants. For example, the combination treatment of 100 mg/L ZnO-NPs + 0.02 µM EBL improved root length by +175%, shoot length by +39%, leaf area by +181%, RWC by +12%, net photosynthesis by +275, total chlorophyll content by +33%, and total phenolic content by +38%, in comparison to those obtained from the control, respectively. Furthermore, it enhanced the roots and leaves uptake of Zn under high salt stress treatment (i.e., 10 dS m⁻¹) by +125% and +94%, and K⁺ by +39% and +51%, as compared to those grown without any of NPs or EBL treatments, respectively. Thus, the root application of 100 mg/L ZnO-NPs + 0.02 µM EBL can be a potential option to mitigate salt stress and improve the physiological, biochemical, and performance of strategy crops such maize. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Tolerance under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Saudi Zero Food Waste Certification: A Novel Approach for Food Waste Management in Saudi Arabia

by Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1654; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061654 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2645

Abstract

Saudi Arabia (SA) is categorised as one of the nations with the highest food waste globally. However, this rate of food waste encompasses a high risk to the economy, society and environment. The government has prioritised food security and environmental sustainability in its [...] Read more.

Saudi Arabia (SA) is categorised as one of the nations with the highest food waste globally. However, this rate of food waste encompasses a high risk to the economy, society and environment. The government has prioritised food security and environmental sustainability in its Saudi Vision 2030; hence, the government has developed some initiatives for food waste reduction. However, these efforts have not achieved the desired outcomes, as there is no evidence that food waste was reduced after such initiatives. The current research reports the results of the first phase of a wider study on food waste management (FWM), which has undertaken a novel approach towards FWM in food service organisations in SA by integrating the perspectives of stakeholders: customers, managers and academics specialised in food management/service. The results of in-depth interviews with key stakeholders identified the main causes of food waste in food service organisations. The findings confirmed that causes of food waste are all associated with each other and linked to either the absence of strategic and legal frameworks, consumer behaviour or poor management of food chains in food service organisations. Solutions for effective FWM were discussed with key stakeholders. The research showed that there is a need for an integrated approach for FWM in each sector where food waste is apparent such as food service organisations. Hence, the Saudi Zero Food Waste Certification has been introduced as a novel approach for managing food waste in food service organisations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling Agro-Food and Urban Wastes According the Circular Economy and Sustainability Paradigms)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Interaction in the Proliferation of Phytoparasitic Nematodes in Coffee var. Typica

by Luis Morales-Aranibar, Francisca Elena Yucra Yucra, Nivia Marisol Pilares Estrada, Eliseo Pumacallahui Salcedo, Carlos Morales-Aranibar, Nataniel Linares Gutiérrez, Oscar Mamani Aguilar, Richar Marlon Mollinedo Chura, Wilberth Caviedes Contreras, Jorge González Aguilera, Alan Mario Zuffo and Janaina Tauil Bernardo

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061653 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1428

Abstract

Phytoparasitic nematodes are a common problem in coffee production worldwide. In Peru, the proliferation of phytoparasitic nematodes in Coffea arabica L. var. Typica has negative impacts on coffee production and huge economic losses. The objective of this study was to determine the ecological [...] Read more.

Phytoparasitic nematodes are a common problem in coffee production worldwide. In Peru, the proliferation of phytoparasitic nematodes in Coffea arabica L. var. Typica has negative impacts on coffee production and huge economic losses. The objective of this study was to determine the ecological interactions that influence the proliferation of phytoparasitic nematodes in C. arabica var. Typica in Quillabamba, Cusco, Peru. The density of phytoparasitic nematodes in the soil and root was evaluated using the modified Baermann channel method. Identification of genera and species of phytoparasitic nematodes was carried out in the different samples, based on descriptions and taxonomic keys. Physical and chemical parameters of the soil were evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a correlation network were employed to distribute the different species of nematodes. The variables soil texture, organic matter, pH, altitude, temperature and humidity were used. During the sampling, several genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified in addition to various categories of nematodes. Meloidogyne exigua, Pratylenchus coffeae, Allotrichodorus longispiculis and Helicotylenchus longicaudatus are among the specific species of nematodes identified. The genus with the highest incidence was Meloidogyne spp. with 77.3% in soil and 96% in roots, reaching an average density of 340 nematodes in 100 g of soil and 368 nematodes in 1 g of roots. The PCA results show that 63.7% of the variability of the data is retained in the first two components. PCA shows that the sampled areas were differentiated and grouped with the evaluated characteristics, while the nematodes overlap in the representation of the analysis, thus making it difficult to select them. Pearson’s correlation showed a negative correlation between altitude and soil nematode density (−0.22), suggesting that conditions at higher altitudes may be more unfavorable for nematode growth. In addition, a positive correlation was found between soil pH and organic matter (0.93, p < 0.001) and may influence nematode density. The factors that influence the density of nematodes in the soil and plant roots are multiple and complex, and their understanding is essential for the success of coffee production. The finding of the current study may be useful in the development of sustainable strategies for managing nematodes in coffee network production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nematodes on Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing Deep Percolation Losses Using a Geotextile Layer at Different Soil Depths and Irrigation Levels for Lettuce Crop (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) (Limor)

by Marwa M. Abdelbaset, Osama M. Dewedar, Ebtessam A. Youssef, José Miguel Molina-Martinez and Ahmed F. El-Shafie

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061652 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1040

Abstract

Due to rising food demand and the limitation of water resources, achieving water security is essential. The lettuce crop is affected when grown under limited water supplies as it produces small heads, especially during the late growing stage. For this reason, it is [...] Read more.

Due to rising food demand and the limitation of water resources, achieving water security is essential. The lettuce crop is affected when grown under limited water supplies as it produces small heads, especially during the late growing stage. For this reason, it is important to maximize water use efficiency and crop productivity. Two successive experiments were conducted during 2021 and 2022 to reduce losses via deep percolation using a geotextile layer at different soil depths under different irrigation levels of the lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata). This study aims to reduce water losses due to deep percolation and improve crop growth and yield parameters for iceberg lettuce under subsurface drip irrigation in sandy loam soil conditions. In order to achieve these aims, different amounts of irrigation (100, 80, and 60% of crop evapotranspiration “ETc”) and a geotextile layer at different soil depths (20, 30, and 40 cm from the soil surface) were used. The results revealed that the use of a geotextile layer with 20 and 30 cm depths significantly improved irrigation application efficiency and noticeably increased soil water content in the root zone. The observed results during both seasons showed that geotextile layers at 20, 30, and 40 cm depths under irrigation of 100% ETc significantly increased vegetative growth characteristics (plant height, head diameter, head circumference, head volume, plant fresh weight, and leaf area) and crop productivity compared to the control (without geotextile). In particular, the geotextile layer at a 30 cm depth under irrigation of 100% of ETc was the most statistically effective treatment in this study, with yield values of 69.3 and 67.5 t ha⁻¹ in the two seasons, respectively. However, the treatments of geotextile layers at 20 and 30 cm depths under irrigation of 80% of ETc also recorded statistically effective results for crop growth parameters and yield in this study. In general, geotextiles can be used at different depths as an irrigation management practice to reduce deep percolation in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Appropriate Agriculture Management on Soil and Sustainable Crop Productivity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 3381 KiB

Open AccessReview

Towards Managing Biodiversity of European Marginal Agricultural Land for Biodiversity-Friendly Biomass Production

by Anna Burland and Moritz von Cossel

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1651; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061651 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2303

Abstract

The use of marginal land, especially that which has already been used for agricultural purposes in the past two decades, for biomass cultivation is seen as an important approach for the transition to a sustainable bioeconomy. Marginal land can provide many other important [...] Read more.

The use of marginal land, especially that which has already been used for agricultural purposes in the past two decades, for biomass cultivation is seen as an important approach for the transition to a sustainable bioeconomy. Marginal land can provide many other important ecosystem services than biomass provisioning for bioenergy and biobased products such as erosion mitigation, groundwater protection and nursery services to promote biodiversity. However, marginal land is also often subject to dynamic processes, mostly soil degradation and climate change, which make its fauna and flora particularly vulnerable to land-use changes. This study provides insights into marginal land’s potential biodiversity characterization and critically discusses further steps towards applicable management approaches. Not all commonly used indicators apply to all types of marginal land, especially regarding the site-specific biophysical constraints and the landscape heterogeneity. This is because both the biodiversity and biophysical constraints are sensitive to disturbances. Therefore, when marginal lands are used for biomass production, all available measures should be taken to allow for predominantly positive impacts on local biodiversity, such as a survey of the status quo using camera traps, area mapping, or caterpillar mimics and a forecast of potential biophysical and agrobiological impacts of management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Quality Index to Evaluate the Impact of Abiotic Stress in Saline Soils in the Geothermal Zone of Los Negritos, Michoacán, Mexico

by Yanely Bahena-Osorio, Marina Olivia Franco-Hernández, José J. Pueyo and María Soledad Vásquez-Murrieta

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061650 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1075

Abstract

In recent years, salinity-induced soil quality impairment and the misuse of management practices have led to the reduced productivity of agroecosystems. This has prompted a search for simple and effective agricultural management strategies that improve the sustainability of agricultural production through soil quality [...] Read more.

In recent years, salinity-induced soil quality impairment and the misuse of management practices have led to the reduced productivity of agroecosystems. This has prompted a search for simple and effective agricultural management strategies that improve the sustainability of agricultural production through soil quality assessments. In this context, the objective of this study was to establish an integrated soil quality index (SQI) by assessing the influence of different types of abiotic stress in two different seasons, using physical, chemical and biological indicators at three sites in the geothermal zone of “Los Negritos”, Michoacán, Mexico. Thirty-nine indicators related to soil fertility attributes and C, N, P, and S cycling—identified as the total dataset (TDS)—were evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the Spearman correlation matrix (r² ≥ 0.6) were used to calculate the SQI using an integrated quality index (IQI) equation, with the indicators total nitrogen (TN), cation exchange capacity (CEC), lithium (Li), and zinc (Zn) identified as the minimum dataset (MDS). Significantly higher SQI values related to the better performance of soil functions were detected during the rainy season. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Conservation Methods for Maintaining Farmlands' Fertility)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Management of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn Resistance to Glyphosate Herbicide in Indonesia

by Denny Kurniadie, Ryan Widianto, Uum Umiyati, Dedi Widayat, Ceppy Nasahi and Ari Budiawan

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061649 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1640

Abstract

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, commonly known as goosegrass or wiregrass, is a type of grass that is widespread in many parts of the world. The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate is most frequently used in Indonesian oil palm plantations to get rid of weeds and [...] Read more.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, commonly known as goosegrass or wiregrass, is a type of grass that is widespread in many parts of the world. The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate is most frequently used in Indonesian oil palm plantations to get rid of weeds and other undesirable plants. However, improper rotation of herbicide types by farmers has led to an increased risk of resistant weed emergence. This investigation tries to validate E. indica’s glyphosate resistance, investigate mutations in the EPSPS gene of the resistant biotype, and determine the type of herbicides that can control E. indica glyphosate-resistant biotypes. The whole plant pot test method was used to measure the resistance level, while DNA sequencing using the PCR method was conducted on all samples to identify mutations in the EPSPS gene of the resistant biotype. The study results showed that all biotypes of E. indica were identified as resistant to glyphosate but susceptible to propaquizafop, ametryn, and sulfentrazone herbicides. Several biotypes, such as the North Sumatra biotype, were identified as having multiple resistances to glyphosate, paraquat, and ammonium glufosinate. Thr102Iso and Pro106Ser amino acid substitutions were found in the EPSPS gene of E. indica-resistant biotypes. The findings of this study showed that E. indica was resistant to paraquat and ammonium glufosinate; further research is required to determine the mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides Toxicology and Weeds Herbicide-Resistant Mechanism—Series II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Assessment for Soybean Supply Chain: A Case Study of State of Pará, Brazil

by Thyago Brito, Rui Fragoso, Leovigildo Santos, José António Martins, Anabela Afonso Fernandes Silva and José Aranha

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061648 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2391

Abstract

Brazil has emerged as the world’s largest soybean producer and exporter in recent years. In the Brazilian Amazon Biome, the state of Pará has become a new agricultural frontier over the last two decades due to a significant increase in soybean cultivation throughout [...] Read more.

Brazil has emerged as the world’s largest soybean producer and exporter in recent years. In the Brazilian Amazon Biome, the state of Pará has become a new agricultural frontier over the last two decades due to a significant increase in soybean cultivation throughout its territory. However, it is essential to understand the associated effects on the environment at every point in the supply chain. This research aims to measure the effects on the environment of the soybean supply chain of two production poles utilising openLCA software and the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology in the northeast (Paragominas) and south (Redenção) of the state of Pará in Brazil. In addition, we determine which is the most efficient route between the shipment port and the ultimate destination. The Recipe Midpoint (H) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methods of environmental impact categories were used in accordance with the cradle-to-grave scope. The BRLUC regionalised model (v1.3) was used to quantify land use change (LUC). According to the observed results, LUC was primarily responsible (between 3.8 and 32.69 tCO₂ Eq·ha⁻¹·year⁻¹) for the global warming potential (GWP) of the soybean supply chain when rainforest-occupied land was converted into cropland. The soybean harvest in the Redenção pole is better loaded through the port of Itaqui (TEGRAM), which is in São Luis (state of Maranhão), due to the use of multiple modes of transport (lorry + train), allowing for better logistical performance and less impact on the environment, despite the longest distance (road + railway = 1306 km). Due to the short road distance (approximately 350 km) and consequently lower environmental impact, soybean harvested in the Paragominas pole is better loaded through the ports around Barcarena in the state of Pará. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agronomic Practices and Strategies for Cropping System Optimization in a Climate Change Scenario)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Significant Effects of Long-Term Application of Straw and Manure Combined with NPK Fertilizers on Olsen P and PAC in Red Soil

by Fengxia Sun, Nan Sun, Boren Wang, Zejiang Cai and Minggang Xu

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061647 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 925

Abstract

The application of manure (M) and straw (S) will increase the Olsen P and phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC) in soil. Clarifying the increasing trend of Olsen P and PAC is crucial for rational fertilization. This study fitted the equation between the accumulated P [...] Read more.

The application of manure (M) and straw (S) will increase the Olsen P and phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC) in soil. Clarifying the increasing trend of Olsen P and PAC is crucial for rational fertilization. This study fitted the equation between the accumulated P surplus, Olsen P, and PAC in four treatments for 28 years and analyzed the changes and rates of P fractions. The results showed Olsen P and PAC increase linearly with NPK and NPKS treatments; for every 100 kg ha⁻¹ of P surplus, Olsen P increased by 5.9 and 6.7 mg kg⁻¹, and PAC increased by 0.52% and 0.50%. With M and MNPK treatments, the sigmoid curve equation was the best fitting method. The equilibrium values were 167 and 164 mg kg⁻¹ for Olsen P, and 10.4 and 10.2 mg kg⁻¹ for PAC. There was a correlation between Al-P, Ca₂-P, Resin-P, NaOH-P_i, C/N, SOC, and pH, which had the highest interpretation rates for Olsen P and PAC. Manure is significantly better than straw in improving Olsen P in red soil. It is recommended to reduce the amount of manure applied for a long time to avoid a zero increase in Olsen P. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: An Influential Element in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Tissue Culture

by Rabia Koçak, Melih Okcu, Kamil Haliloğlu, Aras Türkoğlu, Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh, Bita Jamshidi, Tibor Janda, Azize Alaylı and Hayrunnisa Nadaroğlu

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061646 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1672

Abstract

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field of science and technology that deals with the development of new solutions by understanding and controlling matter at the nanoscale. Since the last decade, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) have gained tremendous attention because of their unique characteristics [...] Read more.

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field of science and technology that deals with the development of new solutions by understanding and controlling matter at the nanoscale. Since the last decade, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) have gained tremendous attention because of their unique characteristics and diverse applications in materials sciences and because they are non-toxic and relatively cheaply available materials. MgO-NPs can improve plant growth and contribute to plant tolerance of heavy metal toxicity. The effects of MgO-NPs on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) plants were surveyed under in vitro conditions to find the optimum combination for cowpea tissue culture. The MgO-NPs used in the study were synthesized using walnut shell extract by the green synthesis method. MgO nanoparticles with 35–40 nm size was used in this research. When the size distribution of the MgO-NPs’ structure was examined, two peaks with 37.8 nm and 78.8 nm dimensions were obtained. The zeta potential of MgO-NPs dispersed in water was measured around −13.3 mV on average. The results showed that different doses of MgO-NPs applied to cowpea plant on all in vitro parameters significantly affected all measured parameters of cowpea plantlets under in vitro condition in a positive way. The best results in morphogenesis were MS medium supplemented with high MgO-NP applications (555 mg/L), resulting in a 25% increase in callus formation. The addition of Mg-NPs in the induction medium at concentrations at 370 mg/L increased shoot multiplication. The highest root length with 1.575 cm was obtained in MS medium containing 370 mg/L MgO. This study found that MgO-NPs greatly influenced the plantlets’ growth parameters and other measured traits; in addition, our results indicate that the efficiency of tissue culture of cowpea could be improved by increased application of MgO in the form of nanoparticles. In conclusion, the present work highlights the possibility of using MgO-NPs in cowpea tissue culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue Culture and Plant Somatic Embryogenesis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Chemical Fertilization Drove Beneficial Bacteria for Rice Soil to Move from Bulk Soil to the Rhizosphere

by Jian Xiao, Jianglin Zhang, Yajie Gao, Yanhong Lu, Xue Xie, Changyu Fang, Yulin Liao and Jun Nie

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1645; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061645 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1340

Abstract

Overuse of chemical fertilizer (CF) causes damage to soil and the environment. To reveal the process of the response of crop rhizospheric and bulk soil fertility and the bacterial community to long-term CF conditions, CF application and nonfertilization (CK, control) treatments were used [...] Read more.

Overuse of chemical fertilizer (CF) causes damage to soil and the environment. To reveal the process of the response of crop rhizospheric and bulk soil fertility and the bacterial community to long-term CF conditions, CF application and nonfertilization (CK, control) treatments were used in a long-term (12-year) fertilization experiment. Long-term CF application significantly increased the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus contents (p < 0.05), increased the available nitrogen (AN) and potassium (AK) contents to varying degrees, and decreased the soil pH in both rice rhizospheric soil and bulk soil. In addition, the bacterial Shannon and Ace indices in rice rhizospheric soil under the CF treatment were all higher than those under the control (CK) treatment, and the bulk soil bacteria showed the opposite trend. The LEfSe results showed that unidentified_Gammaproteobacteria and Geobacter (genera) were significantly enriched in the rhizospheric and bulk soil of rice under the CK treatment, respectively. Gemmatimonadetes (phylum) and Nitrospirae (phylum) + Thiobacillus (genus) were significantly enriched in the rice rhizospheric and bulk soil under the CF treatment. Only AK and AN had strong positive correlations with soil bacteria. Long-term CF application accelerated the migration of soil bacteria from the bulk soil to the rhizosphere, thus improving soil fertility and nutrient cycling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metagenomic Analysis for Unveiling Agricultural Microbiome)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 6372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth and Yield Response and Water Use Efficiency of Cotton under Film-Mulched Drip Irrigation to Magnetized Ionized Water and Bacillus subtilis in Saline Soil in Xinjiang

by Zhanbo Jiang, Quanjiu Wang, Songrui Ning, Xiaoqin Hu and Shuai Yuan

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061644 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1158

Abstract

In irrigated agriculture, the combination of multiple regulation measures is an effective method to improve saline soil and promote crop growth. Magnetized ionized water irrigation is considered a promising irrigation water activation technique, while the use of Bacillus subtilis for soil amelioration is [...] Read more.

In irrigated agriculture, the combination of multiple regulation measures is an effective method to improve saline soil and promote crop growth. Magnetized ionized water irrigation is considered a promising irrigation water activation technique, while the use of Bacillus subtilis for soil amelioration is environmentally friendly. In this study, magnetized ionized water irrigation and B. subtilis were used to promote cotton growth under film-mulched drip irrigation (FMDI) in saline soil. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of differing B. subtilis amounts under two irrigation water types (non-magnetized-ionized water (NMIW) and magnetized ionized water (MIW)) on the growth (plant height, leaf area index, shoot dry matter and chlorophyll content) and the yield of cotton, as well as the soil water content, salts accumulation, water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under FMDI in a saline soil in southern Xinjiang. Five amounts of B. subtilis (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha⁻¹) under NMIW (designated as B0, B1, B2, B3 and B4) and MIW (designated as M, MB1, MB2, MB3 and MB4) were applied to the field experiments. The results showed that MIW and B. subtilis increased soil water content and reduced salts accumulation in the 0–40 cm soil layers compared with B0. Moreover, the two measures significantly (p < 0.01) increased cotton plant height, leaf area index, shoot dry matter and chlorophyll content compared with B0. Seed cotton yield, WUE and IWUE were also observed to significantly increase (p < 0.05). Compared with the NMIW treatments, the MIW treatments increased seed cotton yield by 2.1–12.2%, increased WUE by 0.2–9.0%, and increased IWUE by 2.1–12.2%. Under MIW, with the B. subtilis amount as an independent variable, quadratic function relationships with seed cotton yield, WUE and IWUE were established. By taking the first derivative of the quadratic function, the highest seed cotton yield, WUE and IWUE were obtained with the B. subtilis amounts of 51.8, 55.0 and 51.4 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. Based on comprehensive consideration of seed cotton yield, WUE, IWUE and salts accumulation in soil, 51.4 kg ha⁻¹ of B. subtilis under MIW treatment is recommended for cotton cultivated under FMDI in a saline soil of southern Xinjiang, China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Saline Water Irrigation in Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 74231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrastructural Evidence Elucidates the Mode of Action of Sulfur in Preventing Pollen Tube Development in Stigma of Citrus cv. Nadorcott and Other Horticultural Species

by Francisco García-Breijo, José Reig, Nuria Cebrián, Alfonso Garmendia, Roberto Beltrán, Carlos Zornoza and Hugo Merle

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1643; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061643 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1469

Abstract

Citrus species have a “wet”-type stigma with abundant exudate, and their style contains numerous canals. For successful seed formation, the process includes pollen grain germination on the stigma, pollen tube development and growth through the stigma and style and, ultimately, successful ovule fertilization. [...] Read more.

Citrus species have a “wet”-type stigma with abundant exudate, and their style contains numerous canals. For successful seed formation, the process includes pollen grain germination on the stigma, pollen tube development and growth through the stigma and style and, ultimately, successful ovule fertilization. However, preventing the fertilization process can be useful for many agronomic and plant-breeding purposes, such as seedless fruits or for developing new varieties. Several studies have recently shown the inhibition effect of sulfur on pollen tube development inside the Nadorcott mandarin stigma and its effective application to obtain seedless mandarins. However, when applied to the stigma, how can sulfur inhibit pollen tube growth? Moreover, does sulfur have the same effect on other species? The main objective of the present study is to clarify the mode of action of sulfur on the ultrastructure of the Nadorcott mandarin stigma and style. To fulfill this goal, untreated flowers and flowers treated with sulfur were pollinated 24 h later. The treated and untreated stigmas were analyzed and compared with several microscopy techniques. The main results showed that sulfur specifically caused an alteration to the outer layer of stigma papillary cells. This marked alteration resulted in papillary cells losing their functionality due to the deterioration and degradation of their cellular structure. Basal papillae, the stigmatic tissue and stylar canals also underwent major alteration. Sulfur also modified the quantity and uniformity distribution of the stigmatic exudate. All these alterations collectively prevented pollen tube development inside the stigma. These effects have been observed in several Citrus species and varieties, and in some other horticultural species, which suggests a generic (non species-specific) action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Histological Characterization of the ESB1 TILLING Mutant of Brassica rapa L.: Potential Use in Biofortification and Phytoremediation Programs

by Santiago Atero-Calvo, Juan José Rios, Eloy Navarro-León, Juan M. Ruiz and Begoña Blasco

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1642; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061642 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1062

Abstract

Enhanced suberin1 (ESB1) is a protein whose mutation is correlated with an increase in root suberin and altered nutrient concentrations. Here, we show a physiological and histological characterization of esb1 mutant plants of Brassica rapa L. Therefore, the potential use of this mutant [...] Read more.

Enhanced suberin1 (ESB1) is a protein whose mutation is correlated with an increase in root suberin and altered nutrient concentrations. Here, we show a physiological and histological characterization of esb1 mutant plants of Brassica rapa L. Therefore, the potential use of this mutant in selenium (Se) biofortification and/or cadmium (Cd) phytoremediation programs was also evaluated by applying 20 μM of Na₂SeO₄ and 0.49 μM of CdCl₂ to a nutrient solution. With respect to wild type (WT) plants, an increase in root suberin was observed in esb1 at the level of the exodermis. This increase in root suberin did not affect photosynthesis performance. However, the esb1 mutant showed an increase in transpiration rate and a decrease in water use efficiency. Additionally, root histological changes affected the transport and concentration of some mineral elements. Thus, our results suggest that esb1 mutants of B. rapa would not be useful for Se biofortification because no significant differences were observed between the two genotypes at the leaf level. Nevertheless, the esb1 mutant reduced Cd translocation to the leaves and increased Fe and Cu uptake, so ESB1 mutation could be useful for Cd phytoremediation and Fe and Cu biofortification, although further research is needed. Therefore, this study provides detailed information on the effect of ESB1 mutation in B. rapa and suggests its potential use in biofortification and phytoremediation programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of ALS Herbicide-Resistant Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Population on Growth Rate and Competitive Ability against Wheat

by Aristeidis P. Papapanagiotou, Dimitrios Loukovitis, Eleni Anthimidou and Ilias G. Eleftherohorinos

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061641 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1190

Abstract

Three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) populations (R1, R2, and R3) with suspected resistance (R) to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) herbicides were collected from wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields in northwestern Greece to study the underlying mechanisms of [...] Read more.

Three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) populations (R1, R2, and R3) with suspected resistance (R) to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) herbicides were collected from wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields in northwestern Greece to study the underlying mechanisms of resistance and their impact on growth rate and competitive ability against wheat. Preemergence and postemergence plant dose–response assays showed that the R1 population was cross-resistant to the ALS inhibitors chlorsulfuron, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, and pyroxsulam, but susceptible (S) to imazamox. However, all populations were susceptible to the ACCase inhibitors clodinafop-propargyl, clethodim, diclofop-methyl, and pinoxaden. The analysis of the ALS gene sequence revealed a substitution of Pro197 by His or Leu in the ALS enzyme in L. perenne, which is reported for the first time in this weed and indicates a potential mechanism of target site-mediated resistance. The R1 population grown in the absence or presence of wheat competition displayed similar aboveground biomass and tiller number trends, and therefore similar estimated growth rates. In addition, the aboveground biomass of wheat was similarly reduced by both the R1 and S populations, supporting the evidence of their similar competitive ability against wheat. In general, these findings indicate that there is no clear evidence for the fitness advantage of R1 over the S population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides and Chemical Control of Weeds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Foliar Zinc Application on the Leaf Chlorophyll Concentrations and Grain Yields of the Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Field Experiments of Two Seasons

by Katalin Irmes, István Kristó, Lajos Szentpéteri, Attila Rácz, Marianna Vályi-Nagy, Mária Katalin Kassai, Klára Veresné Valentinyi and Melinda Tar

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1640; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061640 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1054

Abstract

This research examined the effectiveness of zinc foliar fertilizers. Two winter wheat varieties, GK Pilis and Zvezdana, were tested in a Zn-limited meadow chernozem soil. Crop yields and chlorophyll concentrations of the leaves were examined in the growing seasons of 2020/2021 of favorable [...] Read more.

This research examined the effectiveness of zinc foliar fertilizers. Two winter wheat varieties, GK Pilis and Zvezdana, were tested in a Zn-limited meadow chernozem soil. Crop yields and chlorophyll concentrations of the leaves were examined in the growing seasons of 2020/2021 of favorable weather conditions and 2021/2022 of drought weather conditions. In the experiment, three treatments were carried out with monozinc foliar fertilizer of a concentrated 12% (w/v) zinc sulfate heptahydrate solution, and the fourth plot was designed as the untreated control. The first monozinc treatment was applied at a dose of 1 L ha⁻¹ and the second monozinc treatment at a dose of 2 L ha⁻¹. These treatments were applied at tillering (BBCH 21–22). The third monozinc treatment was applied at a dose of 1 L ha⁻¹ at tillering and flag leaf emergence (BBCH 21–22, BBCH 37). Samples were taken several times in the vegetation period, and measurements were made using different methods (SPAD, determination of total chlorophyll concentration from acetone solution) before and after Zn treatments. In 2020/2021 of favorable weather conditions, the yield of Zvezdana was 5.47 t ha⁻¹ and that of Gk Pilis was 6.11 t ha⁻¹, compared to 2021/2022 of drought weather conditions, in which year the yield of Zvezdana was 3.14 t ha⁻¹ and that of Gk Pilis was 2.79 t ha⁻¹. Yields of both varieties increased with increasing NPK nutrient doses. In 2021/2022, even at nutrient level D (NPK basal fertilizer and two-times N topdressing), we harvested on average twice as much as in 2020/2021 at nutrient level A (N basal fertilizer and once N topdressing). No significant effects were found between the foliar fertilizers in 2020/2021. In 2021/2022, Zn treatments, mainly at four nutrient levels tended to increase the yields of both varieties. The first treatment resulted in a grain yield reduction of 3% for GK Pilis, and the second treatment resulted in a grain yield reduction of 1.2% for Zvezdana. After the second and third treatments, grain yield reductions were 0.1%–0.5%. Although there was no significant difference in terms of the main averages, foliar fertilizer was found to be effective in the second year. The relationship between chlorophyll and grain yield was found to depend on the year and variety. A weak correlation (r = 0.33, p < 0.05) was found between the total chlorophyll concentration in leaves for Zvezdana in 2021, and a medium correlation for GK Pilis (r = 0.67, p < 0.05). Concerning grain yield and chlorophyll concentration, a strong correlation (r = 0.81, p < 0.05) was found for Zvezdana in 2022, and a weak correlation (r = 0.44, p < 0.05) for GK Pilis. A strong correlation was found between the total leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD index in both years (r = 0.81, p < 0.05) Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plants Nutrients)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Management of Methane Reduction Clean Development Mechanism Projects in Rice Paddy Fields

by Eun-Kyung Jang, Emily Marie Lim, Jumi Kim, Moon-Jung Kang, Gayoung Choi and Jooyeon Moon

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1639; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061639 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2143

Abstract

Agriculture accounts for the largest share of anthropogenic methane emissions. Rice paddy fields emit a significant amount of methane gas worldwide. Changing paddy water management practices has an enormous potential to reduce greenhouse gases. The clean development mechanism (CDM) project uses a market [...] Read more.

Agriculture accounts for the largest share of anthropogenic methane emissions. Rice paddy fields emit a significant amount of methane gas worldwide. Changing paddy water management practices has an enormous potential to reduce greenhouse gases. The clean development mechanism (CDM) project uses a market mechanism to reduce methane through private participation. There are various risks associated with private investment in CDM projects, although carbon credits as an economic incentive assist in mitigating some of these risks. Farmer participation plays a key role in the success of paddy water management projects in rural areas; however, despite the significant potential to reduce global methane emissions, very few projects have been implemented. When designing a Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM) system, it is crucial to understand why the market mechanism in the existing CDM projects has failed. This study identifies and categorizes the risks and barriers to paddy water management in CDM projects and analyzes risk management options in CDM projects in India, Indonesia, and Mozambique. The results of this study showed that aside from economic risks, barriers to the application of technology in the field pose critical risks. The lack of knowledge and implementation experiences in rural areas increases barriers to practice. This in turn causes risk of difficulties in technology transfer which can be alleviated by improving awareness and introducing new knowledge through education and training in rural project implementation. Additionally, we highlight the importance of international efforts to build governance between the private and public sectors and promote technology transfers through multi-stakeholder engagement. This study provides specific information to encourage methane reduction worldwide and vitalize rice paddy water management in carbon reduction projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Farming: Agriculture’s Solution to Climate Change)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Upstream Bioactivation of Plant Residues to Accelerate the Composting Process and Improve Product Quality

by María R. Martínez-Gallardo, María J. Estrella-González, Francisca Suárez-Estrella, Juan A. López-González, Macarena M. Jurado, Ana J. Toribio and María J. López

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1638; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061638 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1120

Abstract

Composting is considered an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for plant waste management, resulting in compost, a high value-added product. During the process, microorganisms play a crucial role as organic matter-degrading agents. However, the highly recalcitrant nature of the lignocellulose present in plant [...] Read more.

Composting is considered an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for plant waste management, resulting in compost, a high value-added product. During the process, microorganisms play a crucial role as organic matter-degrading agents. However, the highly recalcitrant nature of the lignocellulose present in plant residues sets a challenge to the microorganisms involved in the process. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a lignocellulolytic microbial consortium, previously selected in composting processes, to promote and improve the biodegradability of plant residues. For this purpose, a laboratory-scale inoculation strategy was optimized by applying different strains and doses of Bacillus spp., as well as different incubation times. Subsequently, the impact of the application of the consortium on the waste material as a pretreatment of a real composting process was evaluated. Samples from both experiments were subjected to the evaluation of parameters related to the biodegradation of the lignocellulosic fraction, in addition to those related to the stability and maturity of a compost. The inoculum proved to be effective in promoting the bioactivation of the material, favoring a higher respirometric rate and biodegradability during laboratory-scale pretreatment. In this case, inoculation with B. safensis at high doses resulted in AT₄ values higher than those observed for the rest of the treatments after ten days of incubation, while B. licheniformis inoculated at lower doses was able to maintain higher AT₄ values after ten days, compared to those observed in the rest of the samples analyzed. Additionally, inoculation with both strains resulted in a continuous decrease in the percentage of hemicellulose that could be detected until the end of the incubation period (thirty days), reaching biodegradation rates close to 40%. On the other hand, although the inoculation did not significantly affect the basic conditioning parameters at the beginning of the composting process (organic matter, C/N ratio, and moisture), a change in the dynamics of the lignocellulosic fractions was observed during the process, as well as in the evolution of other stability and maturity parameters, in particular the AT₄ index and the lignin/holocellulose ratio, revealing an acceleration of the bio-oxidative phase during the full-scale composting process. Therefore, the treatment of plant waste with lignocellulolytic microorganisms is proposed as an effective alternative to activate the biodegradability of organic waste at the beginning of a composting process, resulting in better-quality products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Waste Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combination of Graphene Oxide and Rhizobium Improved Soybean Tolerance in Saline-Alkali Stress

by Xiaohong Fu, Dahong Bian, Xuyang Gu, Jinfeng Cao and Jianfeng Liu

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061637 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1238

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the most important crop plant in the world. Soil saline-alkali seriously inhibits soybean yield and quality. This study aims to investigate the impact of graphene oxide (GO) and Rhizobium (Rh) on the expression of soybean-related genes as [...] Read more.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the most important crop plant in the world. Soil saline-alkali seriously inhibits soybean yield and quality. This study aims to investigate the impact of graphene oxide (GO) and Rhizobium (Rh) on the expression of soybean-related genes as well as the growth and yield under saline-alkali stress. The results show that GO + Rh-treated increased the number of root nodules by 5.43 times compared with the control (Ctrl), the total nitrogen content and root system parameters of plants were also significantly improved. GO + Rh-treated reduced the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio and the osmotic substances, while the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD, CAT and APX in GO + Rh-treated soybean plants increased significantly by 69.18%, 69%, 75.64% and 48.38% compared with the control plants. The REC, MDA and H₂O₂ content decreased significantly by 46.73%, 42.80% and 43.53%. In addition, GA3 content, among all related saline-alkali hormones, was increased by 100.20% compared with the Ctrl. The expression level of GmGBP1, a key gene for GA3 synthesis, at most increased 6.42 times compared to the Ctrl. The results further reveal that GO + Rh-treated obviously improves the yield traits of soybean plants, which confirms that GO + Rh-treated could be effective in enhancing soybean tolerance to saline-alkali stress. Our findings provide a new strategy for improving the saline-alkali tolerance of soybean, as well as a new perspective for exploiting and utilizing large-area saline-alkali soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 10979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing the Incorporated Amount of Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) to Improve Rice Productivity without Increasing CH₄ and N₂O Emissions

by Nannan Zhou, Tengfei Jiang, Jiajia Wang, Yujiao Chen, Wenbin Yang, Shan Tang, Shang Han and Ying Wang

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061636 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1264

Abstract

Chinese milk vetch (CMV) is a leguminous green manure that is commonly cultivated in paddy fields and can partially substitute synthetic nitrogen fertilizer. However, the impacts of incorporating CMV on CH₄ and N₂O emissions are still a subject of controversy. [...] Read more.

Chinese milk vetch (CMV) is a leguminous green manure that is commonly cultivated in paddy fields and can partially substitute synthetic nitrogen fertilizer. However, the impacts of incorporating CMV on CH₄ and N₂O emissions are still a subject of controversy. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment over three years to investigate emissions under different substitution ratios: urea only (CF); incorporating a traditional amount of CMV (MV); and with incorporation ratios of 1/3 (MV1/3), 2/3 (MV2/3), and 4/3 (MV4/3) of MV for partial urea substitution. Compared with CF, MV2/3, MV, and MV 4/3 resulted in increased yields. MV and MV4/3 reduced N₂O emissions but increased CH₄ emissions by 28.61% and 85.60% (2019), 32.38% and 103.19% (2020), and 28.86% and 102.98% (2021), respectively, resulting in an overall increase in total global warming potential (except for MV in 2021). MV2/3 exhibited a low greenhouse gas intensity value ranging from 0.46 to 0.47. Partial least-squares-path model results showed that CH₄ and N₂O emissions were influenced by substitution ratios, which indirectly regulated the gene abundances of mcrA and nosZ. Overall, the impact of CMV on CH₄ and N₂O emissions was determined by substitution ratios. MV2/3, which involved partial substitution of synthetic N fertilizer with 15.0 t ha⁻¹ of CMV, resulted in improved rice productivity without increasing CH₄ and N₂O emissions, making it a recommended approach in the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessProject Report

Carbon Sources for Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation in Southern California Strawberry

by Oleg Daugovish, Maripaula Valdes-Berriz, Joji Muramoto, Carol Shennan, Margherita Zavatta and Peter Henry

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061635 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1127

Abstract

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) has been adopted in over 900 ha in California strawberry production as an alternative to chemical fumigation. Rice bran, the predominant carbon source for ASD, has become increasingly expensive. In 2021–22 and the 2022–23 field studies, we evaluated 20–30% [...] Read more.

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) has been adopted in over 900 ha in California strawberry production as an alternative to chemical fumigation. Rice bran, the predominant carbon source for ASD, has become increasingly expensive. In 2021–22 and the 2022–23 field studies, we evaluated 20–30% lower-priced wheat middlings (Midds) and dried distillers’ grain (DDG) at 21,800 kg ha⁻¹ (in 2021) and 17,000 kg ha⁻¹ (in 2022) as alternative carbon sources to rice bran. The study was placed at Santa Paula, California in September of each season in preparation for strawberry planting in October. Soil and air temperatures were 18–26 °C during that time. After the incorporation of carbon sources into the top 30 cm of bed soil, beds were reshaped, and irrigation drip lines were installed and covered with totally impermeable film (TIF) to prevent gas exchange. Beds were irrigated to saturate the bed soil within 48 h after TIF installation. Anaerobic conditions were measured with soil redox potential (Eh) sensors placed at 15 cm depth in all plots. Both DDG and Midds plots maintained Eh at −180 to 0 mV during the two ASD weeks, while untreated soil was aerobic at 200 to 400 mV. Permeable bags with inocula of Macrophomina phaseolina, a lethal soil-borne pathogen of strawberry, and tubers of a perennial weed Cyperus esculentus were placed 15 cm deep in the soil at ASD initiation and retrieved two weeks later for analyses. Two weeks after that, holes were cut to aerate beds and ‘Victor’ or ‘Fronteras’ bare-root strawberries were transplanted into them. ASD with DDG reduced viable microsclerotia of M. phaseolina by 49% in the first season and 75 to 85% with both carbon sources in the second season. Both ASD treatments reduced tuber germination of C. esculentus 86–90% compared to untreated soil in one of two years. Additionally, Midds and DDG provided greater sufficiency of plant-available nitrogen and phosphorus compared to untreated soil with synthetic pre-plant fertilizer and improved fruit yields by 11–29%. ASD with these carbon sources can suppress soil pathogens and weeds and help sustain organic strawberry production in California. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation: A Tool for Non-Fumigant-Based Integrated Soil-Borne Disease and Pest Management)

16 pages, 4901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forage Radish Cover Crops Improve Soil Quality and Fruit Yield of Lycium barbarum L. in an Arid Area of Northwest China

by Fang Wang, Wenhui Li, Haonan Chen, Ray R. Weil, Lizhen Zhu and Xiongxiong Nan

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1634; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061634 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1367

Abstract

Intercropping orchards with cover crops is an important practice for achieving sustainable soil management. However, little research has addressed the development of a soil quality index (SQI) to evaluate cover crop effects on orchard soil quality. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.

Intercropping orchards with cover crops is an important practice for achieving sustainable soil management. However, little research has addressed the development of a soil quality index (SQI) to evaluate cover crop effects on orchard soil quality. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether cover cropping improves soil quality and fruit yield of Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) while reducing or replacing organic fertilizer application. The main treatments were the traditional management of L. barbarum as a monocrop (M) and intercropping Goji with radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as an annual cover crop (I). Within the main treatments, different levels of organic fertilizer were applied at 0 kg·plant⁻¹ (M₀), 2 kg·plant⁻¹ (M₁), and 4 kg·plant⁻¹ (M₂). After six years of planting, we analyzed the changes in soil quality caused by cover cropping with different organic fertilizer levels based on the SQI method. Goji yields were used for validation of the SQI derived from a minimum data set of soil quality indicators. In contrast with traditional monocropping, cover cropping increased soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus contents (by 78.60%, 30.30%, and 138.08%, respectively). There were also increased microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents (by 79.01% and 184.01%, respectively), enhanced urease and sucrase activities (by 41.02% and 56.81%, respectively), and reduced bulk density (by 1.92%) in the soil as a result of cover cropping. Compared with IM₀ treatment, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents considerably increased under IM₁ treatment, whereas soil available nitrogen and potassium contents as well as electrical conductivity increased under IM₂ treatment. The SQI, which varied among treatments in the order IM₁ > IM₂ > MM₂ > MM₁ > IM₀ > MM₀, was positively correlated with Goji yield. From the soil quality and Goji yield perspective, cover cropping with a medium level of organic fertilizer is the optimal soil management practice for the L. barbarum planting system in arid areas of Ningxia, Northwest China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Tillage, Cover Crop and Crop Rotation on Soil)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Agronomy, Volume 13, Issue 6 (June 2023) – 229 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI