Factors Affecting the Benefits for Households Participating in Tourism Activities in Phong Dien Tourist Village, Vietnam

Abstract

Tourism is recognized as one of the world’s most significant cultural and economic forces and an essential strategy for enhancing local communities. The Phong Dien tourist village, for example, has experienced tremendous development in serving tourism activities for domestic and international tourists. However, despite the rapid growth in this industry, their benefits also have been affected. Therefore, a study on the Phong Dien tourist village, Vietnam, was conducted to explore and identify factors that affected the usefulness of households that participated in tourism activities. A household survey based on stratified random sampling was conducted in Phong Dien, and 125 questionnaires were completed. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and linear regression analysis were carried out to identify the factors that influenced the advantages of households engaging in tourism-related activities in the Phong Dien tourist village. Findings from the data analysis identified three factors that represented 66.5% of the explained variance extracted from 23 variables: (1) natural environment, (2) government support, (3) social environment, and (4) household participation. Finally, we suggest some solutions to enhance the households’ benefits.

1. Introduction

Vietnam is one of the outstanding spots in Asia that contributes to the development of the area’s tourism industry. Vietnam was announced as “Asia’s Leading Destination 2021” ahead of Singapore, China, Indonesia, and Thailand [1]. With its strength in ecotourism, Can Tho city is one of the distinguishing features of Vietnam. Can Tho city is the capital of the Mekong Delta area and is situated on the banks of the Hau River, a distributary of the Mekong River. This city possesses potential resources for growing tourism, especially the Phong Dien tourism village. The Phong Dien district is situated in a key area where large rivers and gardens meet. Although the impact of COVID-19 remains, according to the Department of Planning and Development of Can Tho city, Phong Dien welcomed more than 2.72 million visitors in the first five months of 2022. The number of domestic tourists was 526,869 (up 55% during the same period) and of foreign tourists was 3170 (up 100% during the same period). Revenue from tourism was estimated at over VND 191 billion, which was up 62% compared to the same period in 2021. The Phong Dien tourism industry plays an essential role in the southwestern region of Vietnam.

Tourism contributes 10.4% of the world’s GDP and 10% of global employment [2]. Tourism can improve local life by improving local infrastructure and services, which can improve access to health care, educational possibilities, and income levels [3]. In addition to the benefits of rapidly developed tourism, it also negatively affects several aspects such as culture/society and the environment [4]. Once a community becomes a tourist destination, the lives of its inhabitants will be affected, and the support of the entire population in the community is essential for the planning, operation, and sustainable development of the tourism industry [5,6]. Community support is crucial to ensure the industry’s sustainability [7].

The importance of local involvement in tourism development was emphasized early. The success of tourism relies on the goodwill and cooperation of local people because they are facets of tourism. If tourism development and planning do not match the local aspirations and capabilities, this could destroy the potential of the industry [8]. Residents, especially households that directly participate in tourism activities, are more positive and supportive when they benefit from the development [9]. In addition, people’s perceptions of and attitudes toward the impacts of tourism can be part of an essential policy and plan to be considered in the development of current and future projects [10,11]. Thus, this study aimed to analyze factors that affected the benefits of households participating in tourism activities, which play a key role in sustainable development. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and linear regression analysis were carried out. This study contributed to the literature on human resource management in tourism by determining the factors that influenced the advantages of families who engaged in tourism-related activities in the Phong Dien tourist village. These factors were: the natural environment, government support, social environment, and household participation. It also advanced the literature on tourism management by identifying which element had the most substantial impact on the households’ benefits. The findings also supported and complemented recent empirical studies that found that the natural and social environments directly affected a community when it participated in tourism. Since there are many studies on the developing tourism in Phong Dien but no study dedicated to the benefits for households in Phong Dien, we expected this study to make an essential contribution to the literature by filling this gap.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Theoretical Framework

There are three types of impacts on tourism development: economic, socio-cultural, and environmental [12,13]. In addition, the development of the destination also leads to changes in the structure of the society in terms of income enhancement, education, employment opportunities, infrastructure, and services [14,15]. Tourism positively affects residents’ quality of life regarding income, health, leisure, personal services, and sales per capita [16].

The growth of the economy via the tourism industry has long been recognized as a critical factor [17,18,19]. Economic impacts are often the most obvious of the effects. The most crucial benefit is the generation of income [20]. Tourism creates a source of income for any individual or business that provided tourist goods or services. All owners and employees of a company receive payments directly from member of the tourism industry, including hotels, restaurants, bars, transportation, entertainment, etc. In addition, many indirectly get their income (in part) from the tourism industry [13]. The main benefits of tourism development are reductions in unemployment and attracting young people to accept jobs [21,22]. Tourism acts as an export industry by generating new revenue from external sources. The host country will obtain a source of foreign exchange, thereby contributing to an improvement in the country’s balance of payments [23,24]. In addition, increasing tourism demand encourages new investments in infrastructure and superstructures [20,25], communications, and transport capabilities in terms of quality and quantity [26]. Tourism development was found to improve the standard of living [27,28]. When considering the opportunity cost and the necessity of seasonal changes to their adverse economic effects, the benefits of tourism regarding the positive economic impact, balance of payments, interregional development, and other economic sectors were proved [29].

Social or cultural impacts often occur as tourism develops. While tourism has the potential to help achieve international harmony and understanding [13], culture is also preserved, and some traditional products are made more often for tourists. There is a cultural exchange between tourists and local people [30]. Tourists are interested in traditional activities, and locals love to engage in them in order to teach visitors about local traditions [31]. Tourism will lead to more significant investments in social services, which benefits the community at large, including more excellent investments in education, health care, and social services [32]. It is a social process that connects people through social interactions [22]. Moreover, large-scale tourism alters the native culture by causing traditional rites, amusements, regional cuisine, and cultural events to lose their novelty and originality [33]. Local communities have specific detrimental effects on the increasing noise and traffic volume [34]. The extent of socio-cultural impacts depends on several factors including the amount and type of tourism, the nature of tourism development in the area, and the growth rate. Many commentators have argued that tourism often contributes to social and cultural change rather than causing it. However, because the industry is so intuitive, it usually has become the cause of cultural and social change [35]. Thanks to the development of tourism, infrastructure systems such as those for transportation, water, and electricity are enhanced. This study took local resources into consideration regarding whether they affected households’ benefits.

One of the most important effects of tourism is on the physical environment. The main advantages of tourism are its good environmental consequences such as increased environmental awareness and better environmental management, restoration of historical structures and monuments, and protection of natural and cultural heritage sites [20,36]. In addition, tourism development also helps to enhance the image of the destination [37]. In addition, many people of different cultures coming together through tourism will facilitate cultural exchange [38]. Finally, the surrounding environment is also improved thanks to tourism development [39]. However, if a resident begins construction without approval from the planning authority, this can degrade the environment and natural resources and result in contaminated air and water and destroyed woods. Such behaviors negatively impact local populations as well as the ecological system [40,41]. Due to the high consumption levels on the part of tourists, the local population, and the government, the demand for natural resources can increase and lead to their depletion. The primary cause of environmental degradation and increasing carbon dioxide emissions is tourism. Since the natural environment is a significant feature in tourism development, this study suggested that the natural environment affects the household’s benefits when participating in tourism activities.

There are two main reasons why people perceive the impact of travel differently [42]. Firstly, some community subgroups are affected more significantly than others because they live closer to where tourism takes place, have a higher degree of contact with tourists, or work in the tourism industry. Secondly, some residents may perceive the effects differently because they have different social and political values. Some see economic growth as their primary concern, while others prioritize socio-cultural goals.

It has been argued that demographic factors such as population growth, life expectancy, and age are significant for tourism [43]. Age, as one of the most easily accessible demographic indicators, powerfully demonstrates disparities in perception. The results showed that older residents (60 and over) paid less attention to tourism development than the other three age groups. Compared with middle-aged groups, young residents seemed to be more concerned about the social impacts of local tourism development [44]. The respondents whose relatives were then working in the tourism industry tended to have a more positive attitude toward the tourism industry. Residents who had jobs associated with this industry had stronger beliefs about the economic benefits of tourism development, especially in creating job opportunities. People who lived closer had more positive [45,46] or negative perceptions [47], while those who lived further away may have been less concerned [48].

2.2. Materials and Methods

The data were collected by directly interviewing the residents who joined in tourism activities in Phong Dien tourist village through a pre-prepared questionnaire. The questionnaire explored factors that affected the benefits of households participating in tourism activities. Respondents were given 23 questions on the benefits of households based on a 5-point Likert scale where 1 represented “strongly disagree” and 5 represented “strongly agree”. We used a convenience sampling method. Because the research subjects were limited in number, it was necessary to obtain an introduction or guidance from the first interviewees.

The first method tested the scale’s reliability through Cronbach’s alpha. This method allowed us to eliminate inappropriate variables and limit the garbage variables in the research model. Many researchers agree that when the Cronbach’s alpha ranges from 0.8 to close to 1, the scale is good, and a score of 0.7 to nearly 0.8 is usable. Some researchers suggest that a Cronbach alpha’s of 0.6 or more can be used; in special studies, Cronbach’s alpha can be accepted at a low level [49,50]. The value of the variable correlated with the sum variable must be greater than or equal to 0.3 to accept the variable.

An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and linear regression analysis were carried out. To use an EFA, the sample size should be at least 50 and preferably 100; in addition, the sample-to-observed ratio should be 5:1 [51]. Therefore, this study used 24 variables for measurement, so 125 respondents were approached. In

Table 1. Sampling frame of the study area.

Job	Number of Households	Ratio (%)
Households participating in gardening	50	41.7
Households participating in transportation	30	25.0
Households participating in serving F&B and selling fruits	20	16.7
Households participating in selling souvenirs and crafts	15	12.5
Others	10	8.3
Total	125	100

, sampling frame of the study area was presented.

The variables in the research model can be explained as follows:

• Local policy: the support and provision of information by the locality, the friendliness of the people, and the people’s trust in the government.
• Local resources: transport system, waste treatment, water and electricity supplies, reasonable and secure means of communication.
• Natural environment: beautiful landscapes, no pollution, spacious public space.
• Socio-cultural resources: near tourist attractions, cultural exchange with tourists, cultural traditions, and historical relics.
• Social resources: having a good relationship with the government and travel agencies, friendly people, good relationships between family members, a safe place to live, and cooperation of households.
• Household participation: families actively make decisions to participate in tourism service activities, always plan tourism service activities, consistently participate in tourism activities, and always participate in the management and evaluation of the tourism service activities of the family.

The proposed research model was presented in Figure 1.

The research model was proposed to solve the following hypotheses:

H1: 

Local policy affects households’ benefits when participating in tourism activities.

H2: 

Local resources have an influence on the benefits of households when participating in tourism activities.

H3: 

The natural environment affects households’ benefits when participating in tourism activities.

H4: 

Socio-cultural resources influence the benefits of households when participating in tourism activities.

H5: 

Social resources have an influence on the benefits of households when participating in tourism activities.

H6: 

Household participation affects households’ benefits when participating in tourism activities.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Household Participation in Tourism Activities

3.1.1. Characteristics of Surveyed Households

Based on the results for 125 interviewees, the gender ratio was relatively equal—precisely 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The percentage of the gender of surveyed households is presented in Figure 2.

According to Figure 3, up to 45% of the respondents were between the ages of 30 and 50 because this was the age range when they had enough capacity to manage a business. In addition, they could learn to improve their skills to enhance tourism activities. This was followed by 39% who were over 50; the lowest percentage was those who were under 30 (16%).

Regarding the educational level, Figure 4 shows that more than half of the respondents had between 6 and 10 years of schooling, accounting for 52%. Most households in the Phong Dien district could update information about the market with advanced knowledge to upgrade their family’s tourism development. In addition, respondents with high school and bachelor/postgraduate degrees accounted for only 19% and 4%, respectively, showing that people who engaged in tourism activities in Phong Dien did not have much professional or advanced knowledge to develop the local tourism industry. However, a quarter of household heads with less than 5 years of schooling need to be informed and imparted basic and adequate knowledge about tourism development activities.

Regarding the number of years of participating in tourism activities, Figure 5 illustrates that most households had been operating for 9 to 12 years, accounting for 27%. In addition, up to 20% of households had been working for more than 12 years, showing that tourism in Phong Dien has developed for a long time, and families engaging in tourism activities had many years of experience. Moreover, households operating for less than nine years also accounted for the highest rate of 27%, proving that tourism activities in Phong Dien were still developing and attracting an increasing number of participants.

In addition, 69.2% of households with only 1 or 2 family members were involved in tourism activities in each home, which showed that the number of participants was quite limited. Therefore, investing more in quantity and quality is necessary because people are the most critical factor in the service sector and tourism.

3.1.2. Impacts on Household Decisions to Participate in Tourism Activities

Many influences affect households’ decisions to participate in tourism activities. The major reason was their assessment of Phong Dien’s tourism development potential; they decided to participate, accounting for 81.7%. In addition, the local government was also a cause that affected the decision to participate: 3.3% of households were regulated by local authorities, and 26.7% of households had experience thanks to incentives from the government.

3.1.3. Types of Tourism and Forms of the Household Participating in Tourism Activities

According to Figure 6, most households individually participated in tourism activities (81.7%), while the rest cooperated with other homes, but the rate was low (18.3%). Families that collaborated with other households made handicrafts for indirect tourism. Some households made row boats on a small scale, often associating with other households for transport when many tourists arrive.

Regarding participation in tourism activities, households that directly served and sold tourism products accounted for a high proportion (90%) while indirect households accounted for only 10%, most of which were households that engaged in handicrafts such as hyacinth basket weaving and knitting.

3.1.4. Activities That Generated Income for Households Participating in Tourism Activities

According to

Table 2. Activities that generated income for households participating in tourism activities.

Tourism Activities	Ratio (%)	Ranking
Tourism activities Allowing visitors to visit the fruit and ornamental flowers gardens	40.8	1
Serving tourist transportation	27.5	2
Serving food and selling fruits	24.2	3
Selling souvenirs and crafts.	16.7	4
Serving entertainment	10.8	5
Others	5.8	6
Non-tourism activities
Gardening	77.0	1
Trading	9.5	3
Others	13.5	2
Total	100

, most households participated in tourism activities that allowed visitors to visit the fruit and ornamental flower gardens (accounting for 40.8%). Due to the favorable natural conditions of the area, it is easy for households to develop fruit orchards, which can be combined with several other activities such as serving food, picking fruit, and various folk games (fishing, canoeing, catching chickens, etc.). The next-highest proportion was serving tourist transportation (accounting for 27.5%) and other indispensable activities such as serving food, selling fruit and souvenirs, etc. In addition to providing products for tourism, handicraft households sometimes undertook vocational training to perform and guide tourists. Tourist transport households are increasingly improving in service quality through actions such as cleaning boats before and after taking tourists to visit. Some boating households also made a difference by giving gifts to tourists. Women are given flowers, and men receive bracelets made from leaves, both of which are memorable and efficient in creating a good impression for tourists. Activities with the lowest percentage served entertainment services (accounting for only 10.8%) and others (accounting for 5.8%) such as raising pythons for tourists to visit, renting bicycles, etc.

In addition to tourism activities, 59.2% of the 125 interviewed households also engaged in other activities to earn additional income. The most frequent were gardening (accounting for 77%); trading (9.5%); and other occupations such as teaching, selling lottery tickets, etc. (13.5%). This proved that tourism was not the primary income in some households and that participation in tourism activities was not enough for them to make ends meet.

3.1.5. Sources of Information on the Tourism Market That Households Receive

Most households observed and identified the needs of tourists based on actual contact, so the primary source of information was the real tourism market, which accounted for 63.8%. In addition, households still obtained indirect information from tourism companies and local authorities at the same rate of 22.5% and the rest from other sources of information, which accounted for 1.7%.

3.2. Factors That Affected the Benefits of Households Participating in Tourism Activities

3.2.1. Factors That Affected the Benefits of Households That Participated in Tourism Activities in the Phong Dien Tourist Village, Vietnam

Assessing Reliability via Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient

The test results for the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the group of independent variables was 0.9 and ranged from 0.7 to 1.0, which showed that the scale was good. All correlation coefficients of the total variables were higher than 0.3 except VXH3, which had a total correlation coefficient of 0.2, so it was excluded from the model. Thus, 23 variables were used in the subsequent factor analysis.

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) Results

The results of the EFA were as follows:

• Test of the suitability of the model (0.5 < KMO = 0.816 < 1.0);
• Bartlett’s test of the correlation of the observed variables (Sig. = 0.000 < 0.05);
• Test of cumulative variance = 66.5% (cumulative variance > 50%), which showed that the first five factors explained 66.5% of the variation in the data. This showed that the results of the EFA were completely appropriate.

Based on the rotated factor matrix with a factor-loading coefficient > 0.5, there were five groups of factors created as shown in

Table 3. Results of the rotated factor matrix.

Variables	Component
X1: Natural environment
Having a suitable waste-treatment system	0.505
Having many beautiful landscapes	0.749
Having a non-polluted environment	0.748
Regular cultural exchange with tourists	0.70
Having various forms of local cultural tradition	0.79
Having many historical sites	0.734
X2: Government’s support
Receiving support from the local government		0.794
Receiving timely information from the government		0.847
The government is very friendly to the residents		0.794
The residents completely trust the government		0.763
Living near many tourist attractions		0.531
X3: Social environment
The area has spacious public spaces			0.788
The residents are friendly			0.752
The area is secure			0.642
The residents are cooperative			0.768
X4: Local resources
Having a good relationship with the government and travel companies				0.671
Having a convenient transportation system in the area				0.847
Water and electricity supply systems are always guaranteed				0.840
Having a suitable means of communication				0.724
X5: Household participation
Your family actively makes decisions to participate in tourism activities					0.616
Your family plans for developing tourism activities					0.771
Your family is involved in tourism activities					0.668
Your family is involved in the management and evaluation of tourism activities					0.743

:

Results of the Linear Regression Model

As indicated in

Table 4. Results of linear regression analysis of factors that affected the benefits of households participating in tourism activities.

Variables	Standardized Coefficients, Beta		Standard Error	VIF
Constant	0.009		0.901	1.000
Natural environment	0.354		0.000	1.000
Government’s support	0.222		0.003	1.000
Social environment	0.254		0.001	1.000
Local resources	0.107		0.154	1.000
Household participation	0.349		0.000	1.000
R2		0.573 = 57.3%
Sig. F		Sig = 0.000
Durbin–Watson coefficient		1.465

, the linear regression model of factors that affected the benefits of households that participated in tourism activities was rewritten as follows:

• Y = 0.009 + 0.354·X1 + 0.222·X2 + 0.254·X3 + 0.349·X5;
• Y: Benefits of households participating in tourism activities;
• X1: Natural environment;
• X2: Government’s support;
• X3: Social environment;
• X5: Household participation.

The natural environment (X1) was essential for the community’s participation in tourism activities. The more tourism resources a place possessed, the more tourism would develop, and the more benefits that tourism brings to people would increase. This is the natural resource component of tourism. As society evolves, the need for knowledge enhancement is expanding. Traveling is no longer just a trip to a resort with beautiful scenery but also is combined with learning about the destination’s culture, customs, and habits. A place with many cultural-exchange activities that are held regularly and in various forms will attract more tourists, especially international ones. This is also a component of human resources in tourism.

The fact that the area had many beautiful scenes was not a decisive factor for tourism development but instead was the government’s support (X2). It enhanced beautiful landscapes into tourist destinations by improving the transportation system so tourists could easily access the place, advertising promotion programs, or pricing policies. In addition, the government’s friendliness to the people was also an essential factor, and the people-friendly government received support and contributed to local tourism development.

Regarding the social environment (X3), one of the most appreciated features of Vietnam tourism is the friendliness of the local people. A tourist area with the friendliness and hospitality of the people will help tourism develop, thereby attracting more participation from households. The more tourism develops, the more benefits it will bring the community. Security is also a significant factor in tourism development. Security issues must be ensured, even more so in a famous tourist destination that is crowded with tourists. This is also an indispensable factor for tourism to develop in the short and long term.

The variable that affected households’ benefits when participating in tourism that was agreed upon chiefly was household participation (X5). Most households were self-aware of local tourism development and actively participated in the industry. Actively participating in the sector has partly brought economic benefits such as income and employment to households. Most households joined in activities that directly served tourists, such as accommodation and transportation, and from there, they received direct benefits from tourism.

3.2.2. Assessing the Influence of Factors That Affected the Benefits of Households Participating in Tourism Activities in the Phong Dien Tourist Village, Vietnam

Based on the results of the linear regression, the study showed that four variables—X1, X2, X3, and X5—positively impacted the households’ benefits when they participated in tourism activities. However, the model only provided a general overview of the factors that affected the households’ benefits, but the level of influence of these factors has yet to be discovered. Therefore, this study used descriptive statistics with the mean of the elements.

Based on a scale of 1 to 5 (from 1—strongly disagree to 5—strongly agree), we obtained the following results:

According to

Table 5. Assessing the influence of the “Natural environment” factor on the benefits for households when participating in tourism activities in the Phong Dien tourist village.

Variables	Min	Max	Mean	St. Dev
X1: Natural environment	1.33	5.00	3.59	0.736
Having many beautiful landscapes	1.00	5.00	3.93	1.090
Having non-polluted environment	1.00	5.00	3.64	1.242
Having a suitable waste-treatment system	1.00	5.00	3.19	1.162
Regular cultural exchange with tourists	1.00	5.00	3.83	1.157
Having various forms of local cultural tradition	1.00	5.00	3.67	0.938
Having many historical sites	1.00	5.00	3.30	1.074

, the “Natural environment” factor was essential to the community’s participation in tourism activities. The more tourism resources a place has, the more tourism will develop, and the more benefits that tourism brings to people will increase. That is why the variable “Having many beautiful landscapes” had the highest mean score (3.93). This is the natural attraction of tourism. The variable with the highest average score was “Regular cultural exchange with tourists” (3.83). Today, as society develops, the need for knowledge enhancement is increasing. Traveling is no longer just simply relaxing and admiring the beautiful scenery but is also combined with learning about the destination’s culture, customs, and habits. A place where cultural exchange activities are held regularly and in various forms will attract more tourists, especially international ones. This is the cultural attraction in tourism.

Table 6. Assessing the influence of the factor “Government’s support” on the benefits for households when participating in tourism activities in the Phong Dien tourist village.

Variables	Min	Max	Mean	St. Dev
X2: Government’s support	1.4	5.00	3.21	0.865
Receiving support from the local government	1.00	5.00	2.58	1.338
Receiving timely information from the government	1.00	5.00	2.77	1.275
The government is very friendly to the residents	1.00	5.00	3.48	1.195
The residents completely trust the government	1.00	5.00	3.47	1.092
Living near many tourist attractions	1.00	5.00	3.73	1.174

shows that the variable with the highest agreement on “Government’s support” was “Living near many tourist attractions” (3.73). The location of many beautiful scenes was not a decisive factor for tourism development, but instead was the government’s planning. It helped develop beautiful landscapes into tourist destinations by improving the transportation system for tourists to easily access the place, advertising promotion programs or pricing policies, etc. In addition, “The government is very friendly to the residents” was also an essential factor (3.48). The resident-friendly government will receive support and contributions to local tourism development from the residents.

As shown in

Table 7. Assessing the influence of the factor “Government’s support” on the benefits for households when participating in tourism activities in the Phong Dien tourist village.

Variables	Min	Max	Mean	St. Dev
X3: Social environment	1.25	5.00	3.94	0.987
The area has spacious public spaces	1.00	5.00	3.75	1.292
The residents are friendly	1.00	5.00	4.13	1.152
The area is secure	1.00	5.00	4.02	1.119
The residents are cooperative	1.00	5.00	3.83	1.137

, in “Social environment,” the variable that had the most influence on the benefits of households when participating in tourism activities was “The residents are friendly” (4.13). One of the most appreciated features of Vietnam tourism is the friendliness of the local people. A tourist area with the friendliness and hospitality of the residents will help tourism develop, thereby attracting more participation from households. The more tourism enhances a community, the more benefits it will bring to that community. The variable with the following highest mean was “The area is secure” (4.02). Security is a significant factor in tourism development. Security issues must be ensured, even more so in a famous tourist destination that is crowded with tourists. This is also an indispensable factor for tourism to develop in the short and long term.

Table 8. Assessing the influence of the factor “Local resources” on the benefits for households when participating in tourism activities in the Phong Dien tourist village.

Variables	Min	Max	Mean	St. Dev
X4: Local resources	1.00	5.00	3.79	0.833
Having a convenient transportation system in the area	1.00	5.00	3.65	1.248
Water and electricity supply systems are always guaranteed	1.00	5.00	3.98	1.000
Having suitable means of communication	1.00	5.00	3.83	0.904
Having a good relationship with the government and travel companies	1.00	5.00	3.69	1.201

illustrates that “Water and electricity supply systems are always guaranteed” was the most agreed-upon variable in terms of “Local resources” (3.98). Electricity and water are two necessities for travelers wherever they go. If this issue is not guaranteed, visitors will not stay long or overnight in the locality. With guaranteed electricity and water systems, visitors will tend to spend the night, bringing economic benefits to households. “Having suitable means of communication” was the second highest score (3.83). In addition to the transportation system, electricity, and water, the means of communication are also vital. The better the media system, the more professional it is for tourism activities and investments in tourism development.

As can be seen in

Table 9. Assessing the influence of the factor “Household participation” on the benefits for households when participating in tourism activities in the Phong Dien tourist village.

Variables	Min	Max	Mean	St. Dev
X5: Household participation	1.00	5.00	3.85	0.754
Your family actively makes decisions to participate in tourism activities	1.00	5.00	4.27	0.788
Your family plans for developing tourism activities	1.00	5.00	3.36	1.158
Your family is involved in tourism activities	1.00	5.00	4.12	0.963
Your family is involved in the management and evaluation of tourism activities	1.00	5.00	3.67	0.990

, the variable that affected the households’ benefits when participating in tourism that most households agreed with was “Your family actively makes decisions to participate in tourism activities” (4.27). This was also the variable that had the highest mean score among all of the variables. Most households were self-aware of local tourism development and actively participated in the industry. Actively participating in the tourism industry has partly brought economic benefits such as income and employment to households. The variable with the next-highest mean score was “Your family is involved in tourism activities” (4.12). Most households participated in activities that directly served tourists, such as food and beverage, accommodation, and transportation. They obtained direct benefits from tourism.

The above data tables show that households highly appreciated most of the five total variables included in the model. Households agreed with the factors that affected their participation in tourism activities. Specifically, of the five variables, “Social environment” had the most agreement among households with an average value of 3.94. The variables that had lower levels were “Household participation” (3.85), “Local resources” (3.79), “Natural environment” (3.59), and “Government’s support (3.21).

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, developing eco-tourism is one of Vietnam’s critical issues. Although tourism has appeared in Phong Dien for a long time, in general, the number of households that participate in tourism is still very high and is not on a large scale. The natural features as well as the characteristics of the river and garden culture were the advantages of Phong Dien tourism. Still, the tourism products provided almost overlapped and were not specific.

The research results showed that most member of households that participated in tourism services were middle-aged or older and had a relatively good education level. Most families knew the benefits of participating in tourism and determined that they would commit to local development for a long time. The research results showed that four factors affected household benefits when participating in tourism activities: “Natural environment”, “Government’s support”, “Social environment”, and “Household participation”. All factors were positively correlated with the benefits of households participating in tourism activities in the Phong Dien district. In addition, “Natural environment” was the most crucial factor that affected the interests of families when participating in tourism activities in the locality.

In addition, this study also proposed solutions to improve the efficiency of household tourism activities in order to increase the benefits households receive when participating in tourism. The solutions were as follows. Firstly, enhance the conservation and development of natural landscapes, make effective use of natural advantages, and create an environment for learning and cultural exchange among local people and visitors. Secondly, ensure adequate and prompt information, carry issue policies to support households, create conditions for tourism service business development, and have a close relationship with households. Then, strengthen security in the area, create a friendly and hospitable environment for tourists, and ensure safety for both tourists and locals. Finally, educate local people about the long-term development policy of the local tourism industry and the benefits that tourism has brought, thereby encouraging households to participate in the tourism industry actively.

Finally, we discuss some recommendations:

For local government, local authorities need to create programs and plans for tourism development in a consistent and specific manner. They should propagate such plans and encourage the participation in tourism activities by new households and support tourism development for families who have been engaging in tourism for many years and have a great deal of experience. They should regularly organize meetings, talks, and exchanges on tourism issues with the participation of households, travel agencies, and reputable newspapers to create opportunities for people to update information, exchange experiences, and seek cooperation. In addition, the government should provide tax-reduction policies; loan policies for the tourism business; and professional support for organizing training courses on soft skills, English skills, and knowledge of tourism. In addition, the government must plan to improve the infrastructure as well as ensure the safety of tourists and residents.

For households that participate in tourism activities:

For gardeners, it is necessary to pay attention to the diversification of products, intercrop many kinds of fruit trees, design beautiful and eye-catching gardens, and build facilities suitable to the rural culture. They can combine visiting fruit orchards with various activities such as boating, catching chickens, catching fish, looking for frogs, etc. They can create favorable conditions for tourists to experience being a farmer.

For households that provide food services and selling fruit, it is necessary to ensure food safety and hygiene for tourists. They should focus on limiting the use of chemical drugs and increasing the production of clean agricultural products. They can provide dishes with significant flavor that bear the region’s characteristics.

For households that sell souvenirs and crafts, they should organize performances for tourists and teach them how to make products. They can support local vocational training classes, earn more income, create more jobs for people, and contribute to the expansion and development of traditional village products. In addition, the artisans can actively create new and more unique products to attract and generate novelty for visitors.

For households that transport tourists, it is necessary to ensure the safety of tourists. There are specific souvenir products to attract and impress visitors, such as flowers, pinwheels, etc. They can connect with gardeners and food vendors to plan unique and attractive tours.