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Int. J. Plant Biol., Volume 14, Issue 2 (June 2023) – 16 articles

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13 pages, 13902 KiB  
Review
Histological Approach to the Study of Morphogenesis in Callus Cultures In Vitro: A Review
by Natalia Kruglova, Anna Zinatullina and Natalia Yegorova
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 533-545; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020042 - 13 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1820
Abstract
The use of in vitro callus cultures as experimental model systems allows us to get closer to understanding the patterns and features of morphogenesis in intact plants. In this regard, the problem of realizing the morphogenetic potential of callus cells due to their [...] Read more.
The use of in vitro callus cultures as experimental model systems allows us to get closer to understanding the patterns and features of morphogenesis in intact plants. In this regard, the problem of realizing the morphogenetic potential of callus cells due to their pluri- and totipotency properties is of great interest. To solve this problem, it is important to use the histological approach, which involves studying the structures of developing tissues, organs and organisms in their interactions and relationships. This review article analyzes data devoted to the study of the histological features of formed primary morphogenic calli (formation of morphogenetic centers and superficial meristematic zones), as well as the in vitro morphogenesis pathways in calli that lead to the formation of regenerants (de novo organogenesis and in vitro somatic embryogenesis). The terminology used is considered. Some questions for discussion are raised. The opinion is expressed that histological (structural) studies should be considered as a methodologic basis for further investigation of various morphogenetic scenarios in in vitro callus cultures, especially in economically valuable plants and for biotechnological purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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13 pages, 1611 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis between the Phenolic Content, Key Enzyme Inhibitory Potential, and Cytotoxic Activity of Arum italicum Miller in Two Different Organs
by Habiba Rechek, Ammar Haouat, Diana C. G. A. Pinto, David M. Pereira, Renato B. Pereira, Mónica S. G. A. Válega, Susana M. Cardoso and Artur M. S. Silva
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 520-532; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020041 - 07 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1045
Abstract
The present study assessed two different plant parts (leaves and tubers) of Arum italicum species growing in Northeast Algeria for their phytochemical composition and pharmacological effects. The phytochemical content was determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and an [...] Read more.
The present study assessed two different plant parts (leaves and tubers) of Arum italicum species growing in Northeast Algeria for their phytochemical composition and pharmacological effects. The phytochemical content was determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and an electrospray mass spectrometer (UHPLC-DAD-ESI/MS). The results revealed that the tuber extract was rich in lignans with a fraxiresinol glycoside as the major compound. In contrast, the leaf extract was rich in flavonoid glycosides, described for the first time in the aerial part of this species. The extract’s inhibitory activity against key enzymes was linked to hyperglycemia, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase, and their ability to inhibit the growth of human gastric carcinoma (AGS) and lung carcinoma (A549) cancer cell lines was also assessed. A cell line morphology study was also conducted with the most effective extract. The chromatin status of the cells was evaluated using DAPI, while the cytoplasmic morphology was evaluated using phalloidin. The tuber extract generally inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes more efficiently than the leaf extract. Its inhibition effect against the α-glucosidase was significantly higher when compared to the standard acarbose. The tuber extract also caused more viability loss of AGS and A549 cancer cells than the leaf extract in the cytotoxicity assay. In conclusion, our findings show that, compared to the leaf extract, the tuber extract exhibited more pronounced biological effects. The strong inhibitory potential of the tuber extract against the α-glucosidase enzyme should also be highlighted, which suggests it is a good candidate for discovering new antidiabetic agents. Full article
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8 pages, 1050 KiB  
Article
Influence of Different Packages and Storage Temperatures on the Quality of Edible Allium Species
by Maria I. Ivanova, Elena Yanchenko and Anna Kashleva
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 512-519; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020040 - 07 Jun 2023
Viewed by 746
Abstract
Allium resources in Russia are a potential source of genes for expanding the genetic base of agricultural crops. The leaves of Allium crops have a short freshness period and quickly deteriorate due to spoilage and loss of water. The aim of the work [...] Read more.
Allium resources in Russia are a potential source of genes for expanding the genetic base of agricultural crops. The leaves of Allium crops have a short freshness period and quickly deteriorate due to spoilage and loss of water. The aim of the work was to establish the yield and change in the quality of green leaves of Allium species introduced into the Moscow region during short-term storage, depending on the type of packaging, storage period, and temperature. Research methods: introduction and mobilization of existing plant genetic collection of representatives of the genus Allium L. was carried out as part of the implementation of the State task. Four to five-year-old plants of four species (A. altyncolicum, A. chyatophorum, A. nutans and A. turkestanicum) were grown on the collection plot of perennial onions of VNIIO, a branch of the FGBNU FNTSO. In the conditions of the Moscow region, the yield per leaf generation varied from 2.7 kg/m2 (A. altyncolicum) to 4.9 kg/m2 (A. cyathophorum). The maximum yield of marketable products was noted in hermetically sealed plastic bags when stored for 10 days at a temperature of +6 to +8 °C in a refrigerator with controlled conditions: A. turkestanicum—70.0%, A. cyathophorum—75.5%, A. altyncolicum—84.9%, A. nutans—92.9%. The maximum content of vitamin C during storage in hermetic bags with a density of 100 μm was found in A. altyncolicum (37.1 mg per 100 g) and A. nutans (42 mg per 100 g). A slight increase in the amount of sugars after storage for 10 days was noted in species with a linear leaf shape when stored in a polymer box. Temperature control is the most effective approach to extending the shelf life of fresh green leaves by measuring their weight loss and vitamin C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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9 pages, 955 KiB  
Article
Influence of Mechanical Flower Thinning on Fruit Set and Quality of ‘Arisoo’ and ‘Fuji’ Apples
by Nay Myo Win, Yang-Yik Song, Jong-Chul Nam, Jingi Yoo, In-Kyu Kang, Young Sik Cho, Sang-Jin Yang and Juhyeon Park
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 503-511; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020039 - 01 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1364
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the efficiency of mechanical flower thinning (MFT) and its influence on apple fruit quality. In the first experiment, ‘Arisoo’ apple flowers were subjected to MFT with one hundred sixty-two (half) and three hundred twenty-four (full) strings at the [...] Read more.
This study aimed to identify the efficiency of mechanical flower thinning (MFT) and its influence on apple fruit quality. In the first experiment, ‘Arisoo’ apple flowers were subjected to MFT with one hundred sixty-two (half) and three hundred twenty-four (full) strings at the same rotor (300 rpm) and tractor (6 km/h) speeds. Hand thinning was performed as a control. The number of removed flowers in each terminal and lateral flower cluster was slightly higher in MFT with full-strings than that of MFT with half-strings. The fruit set rate was lower in MFT with full-strings than that of MFT with half-strings. However, the use of full-strings during mechanical thinning increased the leaf damage rate compared to half-strings. Except a* value, MFT with full-strings improved flesh firmness, soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), and reduced starch pattern index of fruits at harvest compared to the control. In the second experiment, ‘Fuji’ apple flowers were subjected to chemical thinning, MFT (300 rpm, 6 km/h), and MFT + chemical thinning treatments and compared with hand thinning (control). The thinning efficiency of MFT was similar to that of chemical thinning and MFT + chemical thinning treatments in terms of the removal of flowers and fruit set rates. Compared to the control, MFT, chemical thinning, and their combined treatments improved flesh firmness and SSC of fruits at harvest. TA was highest in the chemical thinning treatment compared to other thinning treatments. However, fruit size, weight, and a* value were unaffected by any treatment. In conclusion, the use of full-strings during MFT achieved optimal results in ‘Arisoo’ apples. In ‘Fuji’ apples, MFT treatment alone achieved effective results and the addition of chemical thinning after MFT had no supportive role in thinning efficiency and fruit quality. Full article
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10 pages, 2227 KiB  
Communication
Exploration of the Native Plants from the Biodiversity of United Arab Emirates for Conservation and Reintroduction Efforts: Collection, Verification, Design, and Implementation of UAE Flora Database
by Naamah Ahmed Salem Aldhabb Alyammahi, Fouad Lamghari Ridouane, Aseela Abdulla Almoalla, Aishah Saeed Sulaiman Jemei Al Dhanhani, Ahmed Gorashi and Shaher Bano Mirza
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 493-502; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020038 - 29 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2263
Abstract
The introduction of exotic plant species in the UAE poses substantial environmental challenges. Both poorly and well-adapted species can be detrimental to the local ecosystem by outcompeting native species and disrupting ecosystems. Native plants play a critical role in maintaining the ecological balance [...] Read more.
The introduction of exotic plant species in the UAE poses substantial environmental challenges. Both poorly and well-adapted species can be detrimental to the local ecosystem by outcompeting native species and disrupting ecosystems. Native plants play a critical role in maintaining the ecological balance of any region. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), native plants face significant threats due to habitat loss, climate change, and invasive species. Despite their ecological importance and potential benefits, a comprehensive and accessible database of native plant species for the UAE is currently lacking. Our review paper aims to address this gap by presenting an in-depth analysis of the native plants in Fujairah and the UAE. Our work covers almost all the native plants reported to date, which have been verified and added to our database. We provide valuable insights into the type, nature, physiology, habitat types, and other key aspects of these native plants. By presenting this information in a comprehensive and accessible manner, we hope to facilitate efforts toward biodiversity conservation and sustainable ecosystem management in the UAE. To address this issue, we have developed UAE Flora: The Native Plants Database of Emirates. This Web-based, virtual database contains over 760 plants identified from more than 400 published articles, online resources, and books from national and international authors. Each entry in UAE Flora includes over 50 data fields representing various ecological, biological, and pharmacological properties that have been manually extracted from the literature. This review paper will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and the public interested in promoting the conservation of native plants in the UAE. Flora will serve as a plant data repository that is the first of its kind in the United Arab Emirates. Full article
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10 pages, 1209 KiB  
Article
Response of Phenolic Compounds in Lippia graveolens Kunth Irrigated with Aquaculture Wastewater and Steiner Solution
by María Isabel Nieto-Ramírez, Ana Angélica Feregrino-Pérez, Humberto Aguirre Becerra, Benito Parra-Pacheco, Mónica Vanessa Oviedo-Olvera and Juan Fernando García-Trejo
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 483-492; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020037 - 23 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 915
Abstract
Lippia graveolens is one of the most important aromatic species in Mexico due to antioxidant and antibiotic activities reported in its essential oil. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of irrigation with aquaculture wastewater and salicylic acid addition on [...] Read more.
Lippia graveolens is one of the most important aromatic species in Mexico due to antioxidant and antibiotic activities reported in its essential oil. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of irrigation with aquaculture wastewater and salicylic acid addition on the production of phenolic compounds in L. graveolens. L. graveolens plants (14) were irrigated with aquaculture wastewater and (14) using Steiner solution for 28 days; at the same time, salicylic acid was exogenously applied at 0.0 (control), 0.5 and 1.0 mM concentrations in both treatments at 5 and 19 experimental days. The total phenolic content was measured by Folin–Ciocalteu, the flavonoid content was determined by the aluminum chloride method, and the antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH and FRAP assays. The results showed an increase in the total phenolic and flavonoid content in plants irrigated with aquaculture wastewater solution (17.25 ± 2.35 to 38.16 ± 4.47 mg eq GA·g⁻1 W). The antioxidant capacity was higher in plants irrigated with Steiner solution (98.52 mg eq T·g⁻1 W). In conclusion, L. graveolens irrigated with aquaculture wastewater leads to an increase in the total phenolic content and Steiner-solution antioxidant capacity in plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
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9 pages, 1197 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Addition on Growth of the Invasive C4 Grass Saccharum spontaneum
by Justin A. Cummings, Ingrid M. Parker and Gregory S. Gilbert
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 474-482; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020036 - 20 May 2023
Viewed by 1184
Abstract
Invasive C4 grasses can inhibit the natural regeneration of secondary forest in tropical landscapes after the cessation of intensive use for grazing and agriculture. In Panama, invasive Saccharum spontaneum forms dense stands that require active management to re-establish forest successional processes. In [...] Read more.
Invasive C4 grasses can inhibit the natural regeneration of secondary forest in tropical landscapes after the cessation of intensive use for grazing and agriculture. In Panama, invasive Saccharum spontaneum forms dense stands that require active management to re-establish forest successional processes. In this region, restoration strategies typically involve clearing grass cover manually and applying fertilizer prior to planting tree seedlings. However, if fertilizers alleviate nutrient limitation and enhance grass competition with tree seedlings, these practices may exacerbate the costs of Saccharum control and hamper restoration goals. Here, we evaluated how S. spontaneum responds to nitrogen and phosphorus addition in the field to determine whether S. spontaneum is nutrient limited in this system. S. spontaneum was limited by both nitrogen and phosphorus, as revealed through increased foliar nutrient concentrations. S. spontaneum biomass was significantly greater in both nitrogen and phosphorus addition plots after both the first growth period (early rainy season) and second growth period (late rainy season), with stronger effects of nutrient limitation during the second growth period for both N limitation and N and P co-limitation. Nutrient limitation in S. spontaneum highlights a potential risk of fertilizer applications during restoration, agriculture, and agroforestry activities in which invasion of this aggressive weed is a challenge to land management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Invasion)
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16 pages, 3999 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of the Expression Profiles of Pathogenesis-Related Genes in Tomato Systemically Infected with Tobacco Mosaic and Cucumber Mosaic Viruses
by Dalia G. Aseel, Sherien Sobhy, Marwa A. Samy, Esraa Hamdy, Said I. Behiry and Ahmed Abdelkhalek
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 458-473; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020035 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1568
Abstract
In this study, we used RT-qPCR to examine how PR genes were expressed in model tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants that had been infected with TMV or CMV. Under greenhouse conditions, the indirect ELISA data showed that both viruses were detected for [...] Read more.
In this study, we used RT-qPCR to examine how PR genes were expressed in model tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants that had been infected with TMV or CMV. Under greenhouse conditions, the indirect ELISA data showed that both viruses were detected for the first time at 6 dpi. Then, the levels of accumulation increased very quickly, reaching a peak of 15 dpi. During the course of the study (1–15 dpi), the Delta CT, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and GeNorm software tools revealed that the β-actin gene was the most informative reference gene in the virally infected tomato tissues. For both the TMV- and CMV-infected tomato plants, the transcriptional expression levels of most tested genes changed between activation and repression, especially in the first 12 dpi. Compared to mock-inoculated plants, the expression levels of PR-1 were induced at all time intervals except at 8 dpi for CMV and at 6, 7, and 8 dpi for TMV infection. Conversely, the greater activation and accumulation of both viruses were associated with the greater up-regulation of PR-2 at 8 dpi, with relative expression levels of 7.28- and 5.84-fold for TMV and CMV, respectively. The up-regulated expression of PR-3, PR-4, and PR-7 was shown at 4 dpi. In contrast, the PR-5 gene was inhibited in TMV at 1 dpi until 9 dpi, and the induction of this gene at 10 dpi increased by 1.72-fold, but PR-5 was observed to up-regulate the expression of CMV at 1 dpi. This study provides the first valuable information on the comparative transcriptional levels of these tomato genes between TMV and CMV infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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23 pages, 2211 KiB  
Article
Nonhost Resistance of Thinopyrum ponticum to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and the Effects of the Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 Genes Introgressed to Wheat
by Lyudmila Plotnikova, Valeria Knaub and Violetta Pozherukova
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 435-457; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020034 - 01 May 2023
Viewed by 1501
Abstract
The damage to wheat crops by stem rust poses a threat to the food security of the world’s population. The species Thinopyrum ponticum (Podpěra, 1902) (Z.-W. Liu and R.-C. Wang, 1993) is a non-host for the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. [...] Read more.
The damage to wheat crops by stem rust poses a threat to the food security of the world’s population. The species Thinopyrum ponticum (Podpěra, 1902) (Z.-W. Liu and R.-C. Wang, 1993) is a non-host for the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. and Henn. (Pgt). The Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes, transferred from the Th. ponticum to the wheat gene pool, protect cultivars from the disease in different regions of the world. The study of the non-host resistance (NHR) of Th. ponticum and the effects of the introgressed Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes in wheat is important for breeding cultivars with durable resistance to stem rust. The aim of the research is to study the interaction of Pgt with Th. ponticum and common wheat lines with the Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes, in addition to determining the role of ROS in resistance. Wheat lines with Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 were resistant to the West Siberian Pgt population. Using cytological methods, it was found that the NHR of Th. ponticum and Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 led to inhibition of the most inoculumdevelopment on the plant surface. This was mainly due to the suppression of the appressoria development and their death at the stage of penetration into the stomata. Upon contact of Pgt appressoria with stomatal guard cells, the generation of the superoxide anion O2•− was revealed. This interaction is similar to the stomatal immunity of Arabidopsis thaliana to non-pathogenic bacteria. The results of our studies show that the Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes reproduce the action of some NHR mechanisms in wheat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation of Plant Immunity)
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17 pages, 2625 KiB  
Article
The Relationships between Climate, Tree-Ring Growth, and Cone Production in Longleaf Pine
by Kimberly A. Bowman and Xiongwen Chen
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 418-434; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020033 - 25 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1207
Abstract
Historically abundant longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) trees were once a leading source of profit and ecosystem services across the southeastern United States. The widespread decline in longleaf numbers following European colonization has prompted substantial restoration efforts, though much is still not [...] Read more.
Historically abundant longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) trees were once a leading source of profit and ecosystem services across the southeastern United States. The widespread decline in longleaf numbers following European colonization has prompted substantial restoration efforts, though much is still not understood about longleaf growth and reproductive processes. In this study, we used Pearson and regression correlation analysis to quantify the relationship between cone production, radial growth, and climate signals in longleaf pine trees at three sites across their range. We documented a high amount of intersite variability; trees at all three sites experienced significant relationships between reproduction, radial growth, and climate, though in different and sometimes contrasting ways. We found a roughly equivalent number of significant cone growth and climate correlations with extreme climate events (e.g., heat stress, hurricane frequency) as with average climate conditions, and highlight the need to consider both over multiple spans of time. This study provides a new understanding of how climate variables relate to the relationship between growth and reproduction in longleaf pine trees. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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21 pages, 7109 KiB  
Article
Fruit Structure in Amphicarpic Annual Gymnarrhena micrantha (Asteraceae, Gymnarrheneae) in Relation to the Species Biology
by Tatyana Kravtsova
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 397-417; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020032 - 24 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1513
Abstract
In the amphicarpic annual Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf. (Asteraceae), aerial and subterranean fruits differ in morphology, dispersal ability and germination behavior. The aim of our work was to study their structural features in relation to the eco-physiological properties, using light and scanning electron microscopes. [...] Read more.
In the amphicarpic annual Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf. (Asteraceae), aerial and subterranean fruits differ in morphology, dispersal ability and germination behavior. The aim of our work was to study their structural features in relation to the eco-physiological properties, using light and scanning electron microscopes. Five fruit morphs were found, three of aerial achenes: ebracteate, bracteate and double bracteate ones, and two subterranean fruits with achenes, enveloped in involucral bracts, developed from (I) sessile or (II) not sessile different heads. This species shows divergent fruit differentiation, an increase in their diversity along several lines of morphological differentiation, which corresponds to a multiple seed dispersal and germination strategy. In addition to the already known distinctive features of subterranean achenes (larger size, undeveloped pappus, poor pubescence), they also differ in the simplified structure of the apical and basal achene regions, the absence of the corolla expanded base (cupula) and nectary, other cells parameters in the exotesta and endosperm, another form of the disproportionately developed embryo. The peculiarities of probably subterranean fruit II (seemingly originated through apomixis) extend to various color, pappus structure, sparse pubescence, and the ability of the fruit wall to delaminate. The lack of dense pubescence in the subterranean achenes is a key trait that could lead to increased water permeability of the fruit wall and affect germination rate. Possible adaptive significance of aerial achene structural features is discussed, including specialized corolla cupula, which may be an adaptation to dissemination by rainwater and ants. Full article
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20 pages, 16069 KiB  
Article
Novel Sources of Resistance to Stagonospora nodorum and Role of Effector-Susceptibility Gene Interactions in Wheat of Russian Breeding
by Tatyana Nuzhnaya, Svetlana Veselova, Guzel Burkhanova, Sergey Rumyantsev, Olesya Shoeva, Mikhail Shein and Igor Maksimov
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 377-396; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020031 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1156
Abstract
Virulence factors of the pathogen Stagonospora nodorum Berk. are numerous necrotrophic effectors (NEs) (SnTox), which interact with the products of host susceptibility genes (Snn), causing the development of the disease. In this study, 55 accessions of bread spring and winter wheat [...] Read more.
Virulence factors of the pathogen Stagonospora nodorum Berk. are numerous necrotrophic effectors (NEs) (SnTox), which interact with the products of host susceptibility genes (Snn), causing the development of the disease. In this study, 55 accessions of bread spring and winter wheat were screened for sensitivity to NEs SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 using different isolates of S. nodorum. In the studied panel of wheat, 47 accessions were modern commercial cultivars grown in Russia and 8 cultivars were historic wheat accessions from the N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources in Russia. In general, our wheat panel differed from other wheat collections with available data in that it was less sensitive to SnToxA and SnTox3, and more sensitive to SnTox1. Six sources of strong SNB resistance were identified in our wheat panel. In addition, during the study, wheat cultivars were identified as appropriate objects in which to study the different effects of SnTox-Snn interactions, which is important for marker-assisted selection for SNB resistance. The current study has shown, for the first time, that the expression level of Snn1 and Tsn1 susceptibility genes and the disease severity of the different wheat cultivars are interconnected. Future work should focus on the deep characterization of SnTox-Snn interactions at the molecular level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)
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16 pages, 4076 KiB  
Review
Impacts of Salt Stress on the Rhizosphere and Endophytic Bacterial Role in Plant Salt Alleviation
by Houda Ben Slama, Ali Chenari Bouket, Faizah N. Alenezi, Lenka Luptakova, Oleg Baranov, Reza Ahadi and Lassaad Belbahri
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 361-376; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020030 - 13 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2625
Abstract
Salinity stress is among the key challenges for sustainable food production. It is continuously increasing against the backdrop of constant climate change and anthropogenic practices leading to a huge drop in soil, water, and cultivated crop quality and productivity. Halotolerant plants represent hot [...] Read more.
Salinity stress is among the key challenges for sustainable food production. It is continuously increasing against the backdrop of constant climate change and anthropogenic practices leading to a huge drop in soil, water, and cultivated crop quality and productivity. Halotolerant plants represent hot spots for endophytic bacteria which may have mechanisms to overcome salt stress. This research initiative aims to highlight the possible exploitation of bacterial endophytes as a microbial biotechnology tool in the productive success of plants exposed to saline stress. We started by solely studying the mechanisms of stress tolerance by plants and halotolerant bacteria. After that, we focused on the beneficial mechanisms of endophytic bacteria in salt stress mitigation. On one side, potent bacterium works by promoting plant performances by facilitating the plant’s nutrient uptake (P, K, Zn, N, and Fe) and by promoting the production of growth hormones (IAA and CKs). On the other side, they balance stress phytohormones (ABA, JA, GA, and ACC) produced by plants in case of soil salt augmentation. The selected potent endophytic bacteria could be exploited and applied to ameliorate the production and salt tolerance of food crops. Lastly, we elucidated deeper advanced technologies including (i) genomics unveiling the plant’s culture-dependent and culture-independent microbiomes, (ii) metabolomics focusing on genes’ metabolic pathways to discover novel secondary metabolites, (iii) transcriptomics studying gene expression, and (iv) proteomics delimiting proteins expressed in stress alleviation. These technologies have been used to understand the plant–bacterial mechanisms of interaction to combat salt stress. Full article
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14 pages, 11190 KiB  
Article
The Study of Crystals in the Fruits of Some Apiaceae Species Using Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy
by Tatiana Ostroumova and Ekaterina Zakharova
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 347-360; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020029 - 03 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1222
Abstract
Crystals in the fruits of Apiaceae are of great importance for taxonomy. The presence/absence and location of large prismatic crystals, druses, and spherical aggregates characterize genera, tribes, and subfamilies. When the fruits of Apiaceae split into mericarps, cell separation occurs, and probably cell [...] Read more.
Crystals in the fruits of Apiaceae are of great importance for taxonomy. The presence/absence and location of large prismatic crystals, druses, and spherical aggregates characterize genera, tribes, and subfamilies. When the fruits of Apiaceae split into mericarps, cell separation occurs, and probably cell death and the destruction of their walls. In clades Saniculeae and Scandicinae, this process is accompanied by the accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the abscission layer. However, reports of smaller crystals are rare, and their taxonomic significance is unknown. To fill this gap, we started research with four species of the clade Apieae: Ammi majus, Modesciadium involucratum, Deverra aphylla, and Rutheopsis tortuosa; in the last two species, crystals were described for the first time. We also studied crystals in Chaerophyllum bulbosum from the clade Scandicinae, and in Sanicula rubriflora from the clade Saniculeae. Conventional optical and polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used. In the clade Apieae, the studied species contained crystals in the exocarp and on the commissure, and often in the mesocarp parenchyma as well; the shapes of the crystals are small druses and crystal sand. The calcium content in the crystals was determined as 10–31%; crystals contain also carbon and oxygen and are most likely composed of calcium oxalate. In the fruits of Apiaceae studied, the silicon content is low (<0.3%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Botany: Anatomical and Morphological Approaches for Biotechnology and Nature Protection)
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8 pages, 281 KiB  
Brief Report
The Contributions of Neotropical Tree Families to the Structure of Common Amazon Forest-Types
by Randall W. Myster
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 339-346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020028 - 29 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1198
Abstract
In order to investigate how familial biodiversity structures forests in the critically important Amazon, I combined past plot samplings to investigate the contributions of tree families in those samplings to the structure of common Amazon forest types. I found that the families Arecaceae, [...] Read more.
In order to investigate how familial biodiversity structures forests in the critically important Amazon, I combined past plot samplings to investigate the contributions of tree families in those samplings to the structure of common Amazon forest types. I found that the families Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Clusiaceae, and Malvaceae had the most stems; Staphyleaceae, Caricaceae, and Anacardiaceae had the largest stems; Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Lecythidaceae, and Malvaceae had the largest basal area; Fabaceae, Malvaceae, and Sapotaceae had the most genera; Annonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, and Sapotaceae had the most species, and the maximum Fisher’s α diversity index was found for many families. Together, results suggest that Fabaceae and Malvaceae are the most important families structuring these forests, but also that Arecaceae and Sapotaceae may be important. Thus, conservationists and managers may help sustain structure in these forests by propagating and maintaining species in these families. Finally, correlations between total number of stems and basal area, and between total number of genera and total number of species, suggest a causal relationship between them as they structure these forests, but the lack of correlations with Fisher’s α suggest it has little structural utility for these forests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)
10 pages, 2295 KiB  
Article
Activity of Hydrolases and Their Inhibitors in Potato Plants Treated with Bacillus subtilis, Salicylic, and Jasmonic Acids and Affected by the Combined Effect of the Late Blight and the Lack of Moisture
by Vyacheslav Tsvetkov, Liubov Yarullina, Antonina Sorokan, Vilena Khabibullina and Ildar Mardanshin
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2023, 14(2), 329-338; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020027 - 29 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1194
Abstract
The effect of Bacillus subtilis in combination with salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids on the activity of amylases, cellulases, proteases, and their inhibitors in potato leaves in connection with the development of resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in conditions of [...] Read more.
The effect of Bacillus subtilis in combination with salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids on the activity of amylases, cellulases, proteases, and their inhibitors in potato leaves in connection with the development of resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in conditions of moisture deficiency have been investigated. Plants grown from microtubers were treated with Bacillus subtilis suspension (108 cells/mL) and with a mixture of bacteria with SA (10−6 M), JA (10−7 M), and SA + JA and were then infected with P. infestans (107 spores/mL) and cultivated under drought. Treatment with B. subtilis bacteria, especially in combination with signaling molecules, contributed to a decrease in the degree of pathogen infestation on plants grown with a lack of moisture. Both salicylate and jasmonate signaling pathways play an important role in the regulation of hydrolase activity and the stimulation of plant resistance. The revealed differences in the degree of hydrolase inhibitors activation under the influence of B. subtilis bacteria and signal molecules suggest different paths to the formation of resistance to P. infestans in potato under drought conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation of Plant Immunity)
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