Materials

632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Prediction of Differential Fibers with a Bi-Directional Optimization Approach

by Yi Wang, Yongsheng Ding, Kuangrong Hao, Tong Wang and Xiaoyan Liu

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5967-5985; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125967 - 18 Dec 2013

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4440

This paper develops a bi-directional prediction approach to predict the production parameters and performance of differential fibers based on neural networks and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. The proposed method does not require accurate description and calculation for the multiple processes, different modes and [...] Read more.

This paper develops a bi-directional prediction approach to predict the production parameters and performance of differential fibers based on neural networks and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. The proposed method does not require accurate description and calculation for the multiple processes, different modes and complex conditions of fiber production. The bi-directional prediction approach includes the forward prediction and backward reasoning. Particle swam optimization algorithms with K-means algorithm are used to minimize the prediction error of the forward prediction results. Based on the forward prediction, backward reasoning uses the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to find the reasoning results. Experiments with polyester filament parameters of differential production conditions indicate that the proposed approach obtains good prediction results. The results can be used to optimize fiber production and to design differential fibers. This study also has important value and widespread application prospects regarding the spinning of differential fiber optimization. Full article

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844 KiB

Open AccessReview

Implications of Surface and Bulk Properties of Abutment Implants and Their Degradation in the Health of Periodontal Tissue

by Erica Dorigatti De Avila, Rafael Scaf De Molon, Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio and Francisco De Assis Mollo Jr.

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5951-5966; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125951 - 18 Dec 2013

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5644

Abstract

The aim of the current review was to investigate the implications of the surface and bulk properties of abutment implants and their degradation in relation to periodontal health. The success of dental implants is no longer a challenge for dentistry. The scientific literature [...] Read more.

The aim of the current review was to investigate the implications of the surface and bulk properties of abutment implants and their degradation in relation to periodontal health. The success of dental implants is no longer a challenge for dentistry. The scientific literature presents several types of implants that are specific for each case. However, in cases of prosthetics components, such as abutments, further research is needed to improve the materials used to avoid bacterial adhesion and enhance contact with epithelial cells. The implanted surfaces of the abutments are composed of chemical elements that may degrade under different temperatures or be damaged by the forces applied onto them. This study showed that the resulting release of such chemical elements could cause inflammation in the periodontal tissue. At the same time, the surface characteristics can be altered, thus favoring biofilm development and further increasing the inflammation. Finally, if not treated, this inflammation can cause the loss of the implant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Materials for Biomedical Application 2013)

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344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Brown Marine Macroalga, Sargassum Muticum Aqueous Extract

by Susan Azizi, Farideh Namvar, Mahnaz Mahdavi, Mansor Bin Ahmad and Rosfarizan Mohamad

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5942-5950; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125942 - 18 Dec 2013

Cited by 160 | Viewed by 8419

Abstract

Biological synthesis of nanoparticles is a relatively new emerging field of nanotechnology which has economic and eco-friendly benefits over chemical and physical processes of synthesis. In the present work, for the first time, the brown marine algae Sargassum muticum (S. muticum) [...] Read more.

Biological synthesis of nanoparticles is a relatively new emerging field of nanotechnology which has economic and eco-friendly benefits over chemical and physical processes of synthesis. In the present work, for the first time, the brown marine algae Sargassum muticum (S. muticum) aqueous extract was used as a reducing agent for the synthesis of nanostructure silver particles (Ag-NPs). Structural, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized systematically by using FTIR, XRD, TEM and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The formation of Ag-NPs was confirmed through the presence of an intense absorption peak at 420 nm using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. A TEM image showed that the particles are spherical in shape with size ranging from 5 to 15 nm. The nanoparticles were crystalline in nature. This was confirmed by the XRD pattern. From the FTIR results, it can be seen that the reduction has mostly been carried out by sulphated polysaccharides present in S. muticum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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1692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Comparison of Friction Stir Welding and Laser Assisted Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy

by Sabina Luisa Campanelli, Giuseppe Casalino, Caterina Casavola and Vincenzo Moramarco

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5923-5941; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125923 - 18 Dec 2013

Cited by 74 | Viewed by 8930

Abstract

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process; i.e., no melting occurs. The welding process is promoted by the rotation and translation of an axis-symmetric non-consumable tool along the weld centerline. Thus, the FSW process is performed at much lower temperatures [...] Read more.

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process; i.e., no melting occurs. The welding process is promoted by the rotation and translation of an axis-symmetric non-consumable tool along the weld centerline. Thus, the FSW process is performed at much lower temperatures than conventional fusion welding, nevertheless it has some disadvantages. Laser Assisted Friction Stir Welding (LAFSW) is a combination in which the FSW is the dominant welding process and the laser pre-heats the weld. In this work FSW and LAFSW tests were conducted on 6 mm thick 5754H111 aluminum alloy plates in butt joint configuration. LAFSW is studied firstly to demonstrate the weldability of aluminum alloy using that technique. Secondly, process parameters, such as laser power and temperature gradient are investigated in order to evaluate changes in microstructure, micro-hardness, residual stress, and tensile properties. Once the possibility to achieve sound weld using LAFSW is demonstrated, it will be possible to explore the benefits for tool wear, higher welding speeds, and lower clamping force. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Sustainable Evaluation of Drilling Parameters for PEEK-GF30

by Rosario Domingo, Manuel García, Alberto Sánchez and Rosa Gómez

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5907-5922; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125907 - 13 Dec 2013

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5836

Abstract

This paper presents a study of hole quality and energy consumption in the process of drilling a thermoplastic polymeric material, polyether-ether-ketone, reinforced with 30% glass fibers (PEEK-GF30). PEEK-GF30’s capacity to be machined has focused on turning operations. Studies of drilling involving thermoplastic polymeric [...] Read more.

This paper presents a study of hole quality and energy consumption in the process of drilling a thermoplastic polymeric material, polyether-ether-ketone, reinforced with 30% glass fibers (PEEK-GF30). PEEK-GF30’s capacity to be machined has focused on turning operations. Studies of drilling involving thermoplastic polymeric materials have considered materials with other types of matrices, or reinforcement. In this study, quantities such as maximum and mean surface roughness, delamination, maximum thrust force, maximum momentum, and energy required during the process were determined for three types of drill bits, and the most influential factors for each variable were identified using an ANOVA multifactor analysis. The highest quality and lowest energy consumption were achieved for a drill bit rotation speed of 7000 rpm and a feed rate of 400 mm/min with a tungsten carbide (WC) drill bit coated with titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN). Although a WC drill bit with a diamond point reduces delamination, the roughness increases, thus, the choice of the drill bit type depends on the roughness allowed. A WC drill bit coated with TiAlN produces a good surface finish that can eliminate subsequent operations and requires less energy; thus, this type of drill bit is the most attractive of the types evaluated. Full article

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740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Assembly and Nanostructures in Organogels Based on a Bolaform Cholesteryl Imide Compound with Conjugated Aromatic Spacer

by Ti-Feng Jiao, Feng-Qing Gao, Xi-Hai Shen, Qing-Rui Zhang, Xian-Fu Zhang, Jing-Xin Zhou and Fa-Ming Gao

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5893-5906; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125893 - 12 Dec 2013

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6164

Abstract

The self-assembly of small functional molecules into supramolecular structures is a powerful approach toward the development of new nanoscale materials and devices. As a class of self-assembled materials, low weight molecular organic gelators, organized in special nanoarchitectures through specific non-covalent interactions, has become [...] Read more.

The self-assembly of small functional molecules into supramolecular structures is a powerful approach toward the development of new nanoscale materials and devices. As a class of self-assembled materials, low weight molecular organic gelators, organized in special nanoarchitectures through specific non-covalent interactions, has become one of the hot topics in soft matter research due to their scientific values and many potential applications. Here, a bolaform cholesteryl imide compound with conjugated aromatic spacer was designed and synthesized. The gelation behaviors in 23 solvents were investigated as efficient low-molecular-mass organic gelator. The experimental results indicated that the morphologies and assembly modes of as-formed organogels can be regulated by changing the kinds of organic solvents. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy observations revealed that the gelator molecule self-assemble into different aggregates, from wrinkle and belt to fiber with the change of solvents. Spectral studies indicated that there existed different H-bond formations between imide groups and assembly modes. Finally, some rational assembly modes in organogels were proposed and discussed. The present work may give some insight to the design and character of new organogelators and soft materials with special structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Metal Plate with Internal Structure Utilizing the Metal Injection Molding (MIM) Process

by Kwangho Shin, Youngmoo Heo, Hyungpil Park, Sungho Chang and Byungohk Rhee

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5878-5892; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125878 - 12 Dec 2013

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7003

Abstract

In this study, we focus on making a double-sided metal plate with an internal structure, such as honeycomb. The stainless steel powder was used in the metal injection molding (MIM) process. The preliminary studies were carried out for the measurement of the viscosity [...] Read more.

In this study, we focus on making a double-sided metal plate with an internal structure, such as honeycomb. The stainless steel powder was used in the metal injection molding (MIM) process. The preliminary studies were carried out for the measurement of the viscosity of the stainless steel feedstock and for the prediction of the filling behavior through Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulation. PE (high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE)) and polypropylene (PP) resins were used to make the sacrificed insert with a honeycomb structure using a plastic injection molding process. Additionally, these sacrificed insert parts were inserted in the metal injection mold, and the metal injection molding process was carried out to build a green part with rectangular shape. Subsequently, debinding and sintering processes were adopted to remove the sacrificed polymer insert. The insert had a suitable rigidity that was able to endure the filling pressure. The core shift analysis was conducted to predict the deformation of the insert part. The 17-4PH feedstock with a low melting temperature was applied. The glass transition temperature of the sacrificed polymer insert would be of a high grade, and this insert should be maintained during the MIM process. Through these processes, a square metal plate with a honeycomb structure was made. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Net-shaped PM (Powder Metallurgical) Parts)

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1184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Friction Stir Welding Tool for Avoiding Root Flaws

by Shude Ji, Jingwei Xing, Yumei Yue, Yinan Ma, Liguo Zhang and Shuangsheng Gao

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5870-5877; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125870 - 12 Dec 2013

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5924

Abstract

In order to improve material flow behavior during friction stir welding and avoid root flaws of weld, a tool with a half-screw pin and a tool with a tapered-flute pin are suggested. The effect of flute geometry in tool pins on material flow [...] Read more.

In order to improve material flow behavior during friction stir welding and avoid root flaws of weld, a tool with a half-screw pin and a tool with a tapered-flute pin are suggested. The effect of flute geometry in tool pins on material flow velocity is investigated by the software ANSYS FLUENT. Numerical simulation results show that high material flow velocity appears near the rotational tool and material flow velocity rapidly decreases with the increase of distance away from the axis of the tool. Maximum material flow velocity by the tool with the tapered-flute pin appears at the beginning position of flute and the velocity decreases with the increase of flow length in flute. From the view of increasing the flow velocity of material near the bottom of the workpiece or in the middle of workpiece, the tool with the half-screw pin and the tool with the tapered-flute pin are both better than the conventional tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light Alloys and Their Applications)

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915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytocompatibility of Siloxane-Containing Vaterite/Poly(l-lactic acid) Composite Coatings on Metallic Magnesium

by Shinya Yamada, Hirotaka Maeda, Akiko Obata, Ulrich Lohbauer, Akiko Yamamoto and Toshihiro Kasuga

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5857-5869; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125857 - 12 Dec 2013

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4845

Abstract

Poly(l-lactic acid)-based films which include 60 wt % of vaterite (V) or siloxane-containing vaterite (SiV) were coated on a pure magnesium substrate, denoted by PLLA/V or PLLA/SiV, respectively, to suppress early corrosion and improve its cytocompatibility. Both coating films adhered to the Mg [...] Read more.

Poly(l-lactic acid)-based films which include 60 wt % of vaterite (V) or siloxane-containing vaterite (SiV) were coated on a pure magnesium substrate, denoted by PLLA/V or PLLA/SiV, respectively, to suppress early corrosion and improve its cytocompatibility. Both coating films adhered to the Mg substrate with 2.3–2.8 MPa of tensile bonding strength. Soaking test for 7 days in α-modified minimum essential medium revealed that the morphological instability of the PLLA/V film caused a higher amount of Mg²⁺ ion to be released from the coating sample. On the other hand, in the case of the coating with the PLLA/SiV film, no morphological change even after the soaking test was observed, owing to the suppression of the degradation rate. In cell culture tests, the proliferation of mouse osteoblast-like cell (MC3T3-E1) was significantly enhanced by both coatings, in comparison with the uncoated magnesium substrate. The cell morphology revealed that a few less-spread cells were observed on the PLLA/V film, while more elongated cells were done on the PLLA/SiV film. The cells on the PLLA/SiV film exhibited an extremely higher alkaline phosphatase activity after 21 days of incubation than that on the PLLA/V one. The PLLA/SiV film suppressed the early corrosion and enhanced cytocompatibility on metallic magnesium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Healthcare 2013)

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1829 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Advanced Nanobiological Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications

by Hyo-Jick Choi and Carlo D. Montemagno

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5821-5856; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125821 - 11 Dec 2013

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8547

Abstract

In this review, we briefly introduce our efforts to reconstruct cellular life processes by mimicking natural systems and the applications of these systems to energy and environmental problems. Functional units of in vitro cellular life processes are based on the fabrication of artificial [...] Read more.

In this review, we briefly introduce our efforts to reconstruct cellular life processes by mimicking natural systems and the applications of these systems to energy and environmental problems. Functional units of in vitro cellular life processes are based on the fabrication of artificial organelles using protein-incorporated polymersomes and the creation of bioreactors. This concept of an artificial organelle originates from the first synthesis of poly(siloxane)-poly(alkyloxazoline) block copolymers three decades ago and the first demonstration of protein activity in the polymer membrane a decade ago. The increased value of biomimetic polymers results from many research efforts to find new applications such as functionally active membranes and a biochemical-producing polymersome. At the same time, foam research has advanced to the point that biomolecules can be efficiently produced in the aqueous channels of foam. Ongoing research includes replication of complex biological processes, such as an artificial Calvin cycle for application in biofuel and specialty chemical production, and carbon dioxide sequestration. We believe that the development of optimally designed biomimetic polymers and stable/biocompatible bioreactors would contribute to the realization of the benefits of biomimetic systems. Thus, this paper seeks to review previous research efforts, examine current knowledge/key technical parameters, and identify technical challenges ahead. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Particles 2013)

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458 KiB

Open AccessReview

Development of Efficient and Stable Inverted Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) Solar Cells Using Different Metal Oxide Interfaces

by Ivan Litzov and Christoph J. Brabec

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5796-5820; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125796 - 10 Dec 2013

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 10435

Abstract

Solution-processed inverted bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have gained much more attention during the last decade, because of their significantly better environmental stability compared to the normal architecture BHJ solar cells. Transparent metal oxides (MeO_x) play an important role as the [...] Read more.

Solution-processed inverted bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have gained much more attention during the last decade, because of their significantly better environmental stability compared to the normal architecture BHJ solar cells. Transparent metal oxides (MeO_x) play an important role as the dominant class for solution-processed interface materials in this development, due to their excellent optical transparency, their relatively high electrical conductivity and their tunable work function. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the most common synthesis methods used for the wet chemical preparation of the most relevant n-type- and p-type-like MeO_x interface materials consisting of binary compounds A_xB_y. Their performance for applications as electron transport/extraction layers (ETL/EEL) and as hole transport/extraction layers (HTL/HEL) in inverted BHJ solar cells will be reviewed and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Energy Materials 2013)

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917 KiB

Open AccessReview

Semiconductor Nanomaterials-Based Fluorescence Spectroscopic and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Mass Spectrometric Approaches to Proteome Analysis

by Suresh Kumar Kailasa, Kuang-Hung Cheng and Hui-Fen Wu

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5763-5795; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125763 - 09 Dec 2013

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 10957

Abstract

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) or nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit very unusual physico-chemcial and optical properties. This review article introduces the applications of semiconductor nanomaterials (NMs) in fluorescence spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for biomolecule analysis. Due to their unique physico-chemical and [...] Read more.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) or nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit very unusual physico-chemcial and optical properties. This review article introduces the applications of semiconductor nanomaterials (NMs) in fluorescence spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for biomolecule analysis. Due to their unique physico-chemical and optical properties, semiconductors NMs have created many new platforms for investigating biomolecular structures and information in modern biology. These semiconductor NMs served as effective fluorescent probes for sensing proteins and cells and acted as affinity or concentrating probes for enriching peptides, proteins and bacteria proteins prior to MALDI-MS analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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640 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Ferrocene-Modified Thin Films and Nanoparticles for Biosensors

by Shigehiro Takahashi and Jun-ichi Anzai

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5742-5762; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125742 - 06 Dec 2013

Cited by 77 | Viewed by 10497

Abstract

This article reviews recent progress in the development of ferrocene (Fc)-modified thin films and nanoparticles in relation to their biosensor applications. Redox-active materials in enzyme biosensors commonly use Fc derivatives, which mediate electron transfer between the electrode and enzyme active site. Either voltammetric [...] Read more.

This article reviews recent progress in the development of ferrocene (Fc)-modified thin films and nanoparticles in relation to their biosensor applications. Redox-active materials in enzyme biosensors commonly use Fc derivatives, which mediate electron transfer between the electrode and enzyme active site. Either voltammetric or amperometric signals originating from redox reactions of Fc are detected or modulated by the binding of analytes on the electrode. Fc-modified thin films have been prepared by a variety of protocols, including in situ polymerization, layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, host-guest complexation and molecular recognitions. In situ polymerization provides a facile way to form Fc thin films, because the Fc polymers are directly deposited onto the electrode surface. LbL deposition, which can modulate the film thickness and Fc content, is suitable for preparing well-organized thin films. Other techniques, such as host-guest complexation and protein-based molecular recognition, are useful for preparing Fc thin films. Fc-modified Au nanoparticles have been widely used as redox-active materials to fabricate electrochemical biosensors. Fc derivatives are often attached to Au nanoparticles through a thiol-Au linkage. Nanoparticles consisting of inorganic porous materials, such as zeolites and iron oxide, and nanoparticle-based composite materials have also been used to prepare Fc-modified nanoparticles. To construct biosensors, Fc-modified nanoparticles are immobilized on the electrode surface together with enzymes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials and Proteins for Bio-Sensing Applications)

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1092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Conductive Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode: A microscopic, Spectroscopic, and Voltammetric Study

by Kevin E. Bennet, Kendall H. Lee, James N. Kruchowski, Su-Youne Chang, Michael P. Marsh, Alexander A. Van Orsow, Aurelio Paez and Felicia S. Manciu

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5726-5741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125726 - 06 Dec 2013

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7986

Abstract

Building on diamond characteristics such as hardness, chemical inertness and low electron emission threshold voltage, the current microscopic, spectroscopic and voltammetric investigations are directed towards improving the properties of electrode coating materials for their future use in clinical studies of deep brain stimulation [...] Read more.

Building on diamond characteristics such as hardness, chemical inertness and low electron emission threshold voltage, the current microscopic, spectroscopic and voltammetric investigations are directed towards improving the properties of electrode coating materials for their future use in clinical studies of deep brain stimulation via fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). In this study we combine the capabilities of confocal Raman mapping in providing detailed and accurate analysis of local distributions of material constituents in a series of boron-doped polycrystalline diamond films grown by chemical vapor deposition, with information from the more conventional techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared absorption spectroscopy. Although SEM images show a uniform distribution of film crystallites, they have the limitation of being unable to differentiate the distribution of boron in the diamond. Values of 10¹⁸–10²¹ atoms/cm³ of boron content have been estimated from the absorption coefficient of the 1290 cm⁻¹ infrared absorption band and from the 500 cm⁻¹ Raman vibration. The observed accumulation of boron atoms and carbon sp² impurities at the grain boundaries suggests that very high doping levels do not necessarily contribute to improvement of the material’s conductivity, corroborating with voltammetric data. FSCV results also indicate an enhanced stability of analyte detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials and Proteins for Bio-Sensing Applications)

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834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Performance of Grouting Materials for Saturated Riprap

by Daehyeon Kim, Sinkyu Jung and Kyungsub Cha

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5713-5725; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125713 - 06 Dec 2013

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5354

Abstract

In this study, four types of grout were developed to evaluate the effect of grouting of saturated riprap layers on ground water flow. The developed types of grout are divided into a quick-setting type and a general-type, and also into high and low [...] Read more.

In this study, four types of grout were developed to evaluate the effect of grouting of saturated riprap layers on ground water flow. The developed types of grout are divided into a quick-setting type and a general-type, and also into high and low viscosities. A number of grout tests were performed in a model acrylic chamber, 0.4 m in diameter and 2.0 m in length, for visual observation of injection. To reproduce the field flow condition of the saturated riprap layers (approach flow), the grout tests were carried out at 0 cm/s and 100 cm/s for the flow speed and 10 L/min for the grout injection speed after installing a flow injection opening on the lower part of the chamber. Based on the results of the grout tests, the injection of each grout in the saturated riprap layers was examined to find out the most effective grout. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction Materials)

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853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Porous β-Type Ti–40Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications: Comparison of Selective Laser Melting and Hot Pressing

by Ksenia Zhuravleva, Matthias Bönisch, Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth, Ute Hempel, Arne Helth, Thomas Gemming, Mariana Calin, Sergio Scudino, Ludwig Schultz, Jürgen Eckert and Annett Gebert

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5700-5712; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125700 - 06 Dec 2013

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 8959

Abstract

We used selective laser melting (SLM) and hot pressing of mechanically-alloyed β-type Ti–40Nb powder to fabricate macroporous bulk specimens (solid cylinders). The total porosity, compressive strength, and compressive elastic modulus of the SLM-fabricated material were determined as 17% ± 1%, 968 ± 8 [...] Read more.

We used selective laser melting (SLM) and hot pressing of mechanically-alloyed β-type Ti–40Nb powder to fabricate macroporous bulk specimens (solid cylinders). The total porosity, compressive strength, and compressive elastic modulus of the SLM-fabricated material were determined as 17% ± 1%, 968 ± 8 MPa, and 33 ± 2 GPa, respectively. The alloy’s elastic modulus is comparable to that of healthy cancellous bone. The comparable results for the hot-pressed material were 3% ± 2%, 1400 ± 19 MPa, and 77 ± 3 GPa. This difference in mechanical properties results from different porosity and phase composition of the two alloys. Both SLM-fabricated and hot-pressed cylinders demonstrated good in vitro biocompatibility. The presented results suggest that the SLM-fabricated alloy may be preferable to the hot-pressed alloy for biomedical applications, such as the manufacture of load-bearing metallic components for total joint replacements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Materials for Biomedical Application 2013)

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289 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Magnetic Fe₃O₄-Based Sandwich-Type Biosensor Using Modified Gold Nanoparticles as Colorimetric Probes for the Detection of Dopamine

by Zhiyong Wang, Yanyan Bai, Wenchao Wei, Ning Xia and Yuhui Du

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5690-5699; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125690 - 05 Dec 2013

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7474

Abstract

In this work, we designed a visual biosensor for dopamine (DA) detection using magnetic Fe₃O₄ particles and dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidylpropionate)-modified gold nanoparticles (DTSSP-AuNPs) as the recognition elements. Specifically, DA molecules were assembled onto the surface of DTSSP-AuNPs via the amine coupling reaction [...] Read more.

In this work, we designed a visual biosensor for dopamine (DA) detection using magnetic Fe₃O₄ particles and dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidylpropionate)-modified gold nanoparticles (DTSSP-AuNPs) as the recognition elements. Specifically, DA molecules were assembled onto the surface of DTSSP-AuNPs via the amine coupling reaction between the amino group of DA and activated carboxyl group of DTSSP. Accordingly, DA-anchored DTSSP-AuNPs were captured by Fe₃O₄ through the interaction of catechol and iron. In a magnetic field, the formed Fe₃O₄-DA-DTSSP-AuNPs conjugates were easily removed from the solution, leading to fading of the AuNPs suspension and decrease of the UV/Vis signal. As a result, a detection limit of 10 nM for DA was achieved. The theoretical simplicity and high selectivity demonstrated that the sandwich-type strategy based on Fe₃O₄ and AuNPs would lead to many colorimetric detection applications in clinical study by rationally designing the surface chemistry of AuNPs and Fe₃O₄. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Osteogenesis of Radiopaque Dicalcium Silicate Cement and White-Colored Mineral Trioxide Aggregate in a Rabbit Femur Model

by Buor-Chang Wu, Shu-Ching Huang and Shinn-Jyh Ding

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5675-5689; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125675 - 05 Dec 2013

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5317

Abstract

The radiopaque dicalcium silicate cement (RDSC) displayed a shortened setting time and good biocompatibility. This study aimed to compare the regenerative potential of RDSC and white-colored mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) using a rabbit femur model. The animals were sacrificed at one, three and [...] Read more.

The radiopaque dicalcium silicate cement (RDSC) displayed a shortened setting time and good biocompatibility. This study aimed to compare the regenerative potential of RDSC and white-colored mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) using a rabbit femur model. The animals were sacrificed at one, three and six months to accomplish histological and biochemical analyses. The results indicated that after one month of implantation, WMTA was associated with a greyish color alteration within its mass, while RDSC presented color stability even at six months. Histological assay with Masson’s Trichrome and Von Kossa stains showed the presence of newly formed bone surrounding the implanted sites in the rabbit femur. The histochemical data revealed that the RDSC group had significantly more bone regeneration than did the WMTA groups at three and six months. The conclusion drawn is that the encouraging results support the potential applications of RDSC as an improved alternative to WMTA for endodontic uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Healthcare 2013)

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6194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Initial Bacterial Adhesion on Different Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Implant Surfaces in Vitro

by Lamprini Karygianni, Andrea Jähnig, Stefanie Schienle, Falk Bernsmann, Erik Adolfsson, Ralf J. Kohal, Jérôme Chevalier, Elmar Hellwig and Ali Al-Ahmad

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5659-5674; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125659 - 04 Dec 2013

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6720

Abstract

Bacterial adhesion to implant biomaterials constitutes a virulence factor leading to biofilm formation, infection and treatment failure. The aim of this study was to examine the initial bacterial adhesion on different implant materials in vitro. Four implant biomaterials were incubated with Enterococcus [...] Read more.

Bacterial adhesion to implant biomaterials constitutes a virulence factor leading to biofilm formation, infection and treatment failure. The aim of this study was to examine the initial bacterial adhesion on different implant materials in vitro. Four implant biomaterials were incubated with Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans for 2 h: 3 mol % yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal surface (B1a), B1a with zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) coating (B2a), B1a with zirconia-based composite coating (B1b) and B1a with zirconia-based composite and ZrO₂ coatings (B2b). Bovine enamel slabs (BES) served as control. The adherent microorganisms were quantified and visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM); DAPI and live/dead staining. The lowest bacterial count of E. faecalis was detected on BES and the highest on B1a. The fewest vital C. albicans strains (42.22%) were detected on B2a surfaces, while most E. faecalis and S. aureus strains (approximately 80%) were vital overall. Compared to BES; coated and uncoated zirconia substrata exhibited no anti-adhesive properties. Further improvement of the material surface characteristics is essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Healthcare 2013)

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Open AccessReview

On the Role of Mechanics in Chronic Lung Disease

by Mona Eskandari, Martin R. Pfaller and Ellen Kuhl

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5639-5658; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125639 - 04 Dec 2013

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9477

Abstract

Progressive airflow obstruction is a classical hallmark of chronic lung disease, affecting more than one fourth of the adult population. As the disease progresses, the inner layer of the airway wall grows, folds inwards, and narrows the lumen. The critical failure conditions for [...] Read more.

Progressive airflow obstruction is a classical hallmark of chronic lung disease, affecting more than one fourth of the adult population. As the disease progresses, the inner layer of the airway wall grows, folds inwards, and narrows the lumen. The critical failure conditions for airway folding have been studied intensely for idealized circular cross-sections. However, the role of airway branching during this process is unknown. Here, we show that the geometry of the bronchial tree plays a crucial role in chronic airway obstruction and that critical failure conditions vary significantly along a branching airway segment. We perform systematic parametric studies for varying airway cross-sections using a computational model for mucosal thickening based on the theory of finite growth. Our simulations indicate that smaller airways are at a higher risk of narrowing than larger airways and that regions away from a branch narrow more drastically than regions close to a branch. These results agree with clinical observations and could help explain the underlying mechanisms of progressive airway obstruction. Understanding growth-induced instabilities in constrained geometries has immediate biomedical applications beyond asthma and chronic bronchitis in the diagnostics and treatment of chronic gastritis, obstructive sleep apnea and breast cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling and Simulation in Materials Study)

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1878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis of Mono-Dispersed Polystyrene (PS)/Ag Composite Microspheres via Modified Chemical Reduction

by Wen Zhu, Yuanyuan Wu, Changhao Yan, Chengyin Wang, Ming Zhang and Zhonglian Wu

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5625-5638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125625 - 04 Dec 2013

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8625

Abstract

A modified method based on in situ chemical reduction was developed to prepare mono-dispersed polystyrene/silver (PS/Ag) composite microspheres. In this approach; mono-dispersed PS microspheres were synthesized through dispersion polymerization using poly-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a dispersant at first. Then, poly-dopamine (PDA) was fabricated to [...] Read more.

A modified method based on in situ chemical reduction was developed to prepare mono-dispersed polystyrene/silver (PS/Ag) composite microspheres. In this approach; mono-dispersed PS microspheres were synthesized through dispersion polymerization using poly-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a dispersant at first. Then, poly-dopamine (PDA) was fabricated to functionally modify the surfaces of PS microspheres. With the addition of [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ to the PS dispersion, [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ complex ions were absorbed and reduced to silver nanoparticles on the surfaces of PS-PDA microspheres to form PS/Ag composite microspheres. PVP acted both as a solvent of the metallic precursor and as a reducing agent. PDA also acted both as a chemical protocol to immobilize the silver nanoparticles at the PS surface and as a reducing agent. Therefore, no additional reducing agents were needed. The resulting composite microspheres were characterized by TEM, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), XRD, UV-Vis and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The results showed that Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were homogeneously immobilized onto the PS microspheres’ surface in the presence of PDA and PVP. PS/Ag composite microspheres were well formed with a uniform and compact shell layer and were adjustable in terms of their optical property. Full article

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714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Compact Band-Pass Filter with High Selectivity and Second Harmonic Suppression

by Ramona Cosmina Hadarig, Maria Elena De Cos Gomez and Fernando Las-Heras

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5613-5624; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125613 - 03 Dec 2013

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6661

Abstract

The design of a novel band-pass filter with narrow-band features based on an electromagnetic resonator at 6.4 GHz is presented. A prototype is manufactured and characterized in terms of transmission and reflection coefficient. The selective passband and suppression of the second harmonic make [...] Read more.

The design of a novel band-pass filter with narrow-band features based on an electromagnetic resonator at 6.4 GHz is presented. A prototype is manufactured and characterized in terms of transmission and reflection coefficient. The selective passband and suppression of the second harmonic make the filter suitable to be used in a C band frequency range for radar systems and satellite/terrestrial applications. To avoid substantial interference for this kind of applications, passive components with narrow band features and small dimensions are required. Between 3.6 GHz and 4.2 GHz the band-pass filter with harmonic suppression should have an attenuation of at least 35 dB, whereas for a passband, less than 10% is sufficient. Full article

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998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uniform and Conformal Carbon Nanofilms Produced Based on Molecular Layer Deposition

by Peng Yang, Guizhen Wang, Zhe Gao, He Chen, Yong Wang and Yong Qin

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5602-5612; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125602 - 02 Dec 2013

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7278

Abstract

Continuous and uniform carbon nanofilms (CNFs) are prepared by pyrolysis of polyimide films which are produced by molecular layer deposition (MLD). The film thickness can be easily controlled at nanometer scale by altering the cycle numbers. During the annealing process at 600 °C, [...] Read more.

Continuous and uniform carbon nanofilms (CNFs) are prepared by pyrolysis of polyimide films which are produced by molecular layer deposition (MLD). The film thickness can be easily controlled at nanometer scale by altering the cycle numbers. During the annealing process at 600 °C, the polyimide film is subject to shrinkage of 70% in thickness. The obtained CNFs do not exhibit a well-graphitized structure due to the low calcination temperature. No clear pore structures are observed in the produced films. CNFs grown on a glass substrate with a thickness of about 1.4 nm shows almost 98% optical transmittance in the visible spectrum range. Au nanoparticles coated with CNFs are produced by this method. Carbon nanotubes with uniform wall thickness are obtained using anodic aluminum oxide as a template by depositing polyimide films into its pores. Our results demonstrate that this method is very effective to coat conformal and uniform CNFs on various substrates, such as nanoparticles and porous templates, to produce functional composite nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Hybrid Materials)

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Open AccessArticle

Ferromagnetic Objects Magnetovision Detection System

by Michał Nowicki and Roman Szewczyk

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5593-5601; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125593 - 02 Dec 2013

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6335

Abstract

This paper presents the application of a weak magnetic fields magnetovision scanning system for detection of dangerous ferromagnetic objects. A measurement system was developed and built to study the magnetic field vector distributions. The measurements of the Earth’s field distortions caused by various [...] Read more.

This paper presents the application of a weak magnetic fields magnetovision scanning system for detection of dangerous ferromagnetic objects. A measurement system was developed and built to study the magnetic field vector distributions. The measurements of the Earth’s field distortions caused by various ferromagnetic objects were carried out. The ability for passive detection of hidden or buried dangerous objects and the determination of their location was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 5th International Conference on "Structural Analysis of Advanced Materials”)

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Open AccessArticle

A Level-Set Based Representative Volume Element Generator and XFEM Simulations for Textile and 3D-Reinforced Composites

by Bernard Sonon and Thierry J. Massart

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5568-5592; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125568 - 28 Nov 2013

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7392

Abstract

This contribution presents a new framework for the computational homogenization of the mechanical properties of textile reinforced composites. A critical point in such computational procedures is the definition and discretization of realistic representative volume elements (RVEs). A geometrically-based weave generator has been developed [...] Read more.

This contribution presents a new framework for the computational homogenization of the mechanical properties of textile reinforced composites. A critical point in such computational procedures is the definition and discretization of realistic representative volume elements (RVEs). A geometrically-based weave generator has been developed to produce realistic geometrical configurations of the reinforcing textile. This generator takes into account the contact conditions between the yarns in the reinforcement by means of an iterative scheme, accommodating the tension in the yarns in an implicit manner. The shape of the cross sections of the yarns can also be adapted as a function of the contact conditions using a level set-based post-processor. This allows a seamless transition towards an extended finite element (XFE) scheme, in which the obtained reinforcement geometry is subsequently exploited to derive the mechanical properties of the composite system using computational homogenization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Constitutive Behavior of Composite Materials)

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824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Room Temperature Co-Precipitation Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles in a Large pH Window with Different Bases

by Maria Cristina Mascolo, Yongbing Pei and Terry A. Ring

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5549-5567; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125549 - 28 Nov 2013

Cited by 471 | Viewed by 20523

Abstract

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) represent the most promising materials in medical applications. To favor high-drug or enzyme loading on the nanoparticles, they are incorporated into mesoporous materials to form a hybrid support with the consequent reduction of magnetization saturation. The [...] Read more.

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) represent the most promising materials in medical applications. To favor high-drug or enzyme loading on the nanoparticles, they are incorporated into mesoporous materials to form a hybrid support with the consequent reduction of magnetization saturation. The direct synthesis of mesoporous structures appears to be of interest. To this end, magnetite nanoparticles have been synthesized using a one pot co-precipitation reaction at room temperature in the presence of different bases, such as NaOH, KOH or (C₂H₅)₄NOH. Magnetite shows characteristics of superparamagnetism at room temperature and a saturation magnetization (Ms) value depending on both the crystal size and the degree of agglomeration of individual nanoparticles. Such agglomeration appears to be responsible for the formation of mesoporous structures, which are affected by the pH, the nature of alkali, the slow or fast addition of alkaline solution and the drying modality of synthesized powders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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Open AccessArticle

Modified Titanium Surface-Mediated Effects on Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Response

by Amol Chaudhari, Joke Duyck, Annabel Braem, Jozef Vleugels, Hervé Petite, Delphine Logeart-Avramoglou, Ignace Naert, Johan A. Martens and Katleen Vandamme

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5533-5548; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125533 - 28 Nov 2013

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6321

Abstract

Surface modification of titanium implants is used to enhance osseointegration. The study objective was to evaluate five modified titanium surfaces in terms of cytocompatibility and pro-osteogenic/pro-angiogenic properties for human mesenchymal stromal cells: amorphous microporous silica (AMS), bone morphogenetic protein-2 immobilized on AMS (AMS [...] Read more.

Surface modification of titanium implants is used to enhance osseointegration. The study objective was to evaluate five modified titanium surfaces in terms of cytocompatibility and pro-osteogenic/pro-angiogenic properties for human mesenchymal stromal cells: amorphous microporous silica (AMS), bone morphogenetic protein-2 immobilized on AMS (AMS + BMP), bio-active glass (BAG) and two titanium coatings with different porosity (T1; T2). Four surfaces served as controls: uncoated Ti (Ti), Ti functionalized with BMP-2 (Ti + BMP), Ti surface with a thickened titanium oxide layer (TiO₂) and a tissue culture polystyrene surface (TCPS). The proliferation of eGFP-fLuc (enhanced green fluorescence protein-firefly luciferase) transfected cells was tracked non-invasively by fluorescence microscopy and bio-luminescence imaging. The implant surface-mediated effects on cell differentiation potential was tracked by determination of osteogenic and angiogenic parameters [alkaline phosphatase (ALP); osteocalcin (OC); osteoprotegerin (OPG); vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)]. Unrestrained cell proliferation was observed on (un)functionalized Ti and AMS surfaces, whereas BAG and porous titanium coatings T1 and T2 did not support cell proliferation. An important pro-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic potential of the AMS + BMP surface was observed. In contrast, coating the Ti surface with BMP did not affect the osteogenic differentiation of the progenitor cells. A significantly slower BMP-2 release from AMS compared to Ti supports these findings. In the unfunctionalized state, Ti was found to be superior to AMS in terms of OPG and VEGF-A production. AMS is suggested to be a promising implant coating material for bioactive agents delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Materials for Biomedical Application 2013)

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1036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Exogenous Zinc Concentration on the Responsiveness of MC3T3-E1 Pre-Osteoblasts to Surface Microtopography: Part I (Migration)

by Kathryn Dorst, Derek Rammelkamp, Michael Hadjiargyrou, Dilip Gersappe and Yizhi Meng

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5517-5532; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125517 - 27 Nov 2013

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5383

Abstract

Initial cell-surface interactions are guided by the material properties of substrate topography. To examine if these interactions are also modulated by the presence of zinc, we seeded murine pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1, subclone 4) on micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) containing wide (20 µm width, 30 µm [...] Read more.

Initial cell-surface interactions are guided by the material properties of substrate topography. To examine if these interactions are also modulated by the presence of zinc, we seeded murine pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1, subclone 4) on micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) containing wide (20 µm width, 30 µm pitch, 2 µm height) or narrow (2 µm width, 10 µm pitch, 2 µm height) ridges, with flat PDMS and tissue culture polystyrene (TC) as controls. Zinc concentration was adjusted to mimic deficient (0.23 µM), serum-level (3.6 µM), and zinc-rich (50 µM) conditions. Significant differences were observed in regard to cell morphology, motility, and contact guidance. We found that cells exhibited distinct anisotropic migration on the wide PDMS patterns under either zinc-deprived (0.23 µM) or serum-level zinc conditions (3.6 µM). However, this effect was absent in a zinc-rich environment (50 µM). These results suggest that the contact guidance of pre-osteoblasts may be partly influenced by trace metals in the microenvironment of the extracellular matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Materials 2013)

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1166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Experimental Parameters on Fatigue Crack Growth and Heat Build-Up in Rubber

by Franziska Stadlbauer, Thomas Koch, Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki, Florian Planitzer, Wolfgang Fidi and Armin Holzner

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5502-5516; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125502 - 27 Nov 2013

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5191

Abstract

Loading parameters (frequency, amplitude ratio and waveform) are varied to determine their influence on fatigue crack growth in rubber. Up to three different rubber blends are investigated: one actual engineering material and two model materials. Fatigue crack growth curves and strain distributions of [...] Read more.

Loading parameters (frequency, amplitude ratio and waveform) are varied to determine their influence on fatigue crack growth in rubber. Up to three different rubber blends are investigated: one actual engineering material and two model materials. Fatigue crack growth curves and strain distributions of pure shear and faint waist pure shear samples are compared for a model material. Fatigue behavior is studied for three different frequencies (1 Hz, 3 Hz and 5 Hz). Amplitude ratio appears to be another important influence factor concerning fatigue crack growth in rubber. The beneficial effect of positive amplitude ratios (tensional loading conditions) is shown for different materials. However, fatigue crack growth is considerably increased for negative amplitude ratios (tensional-compressional loading conditions). Furthermore, the influence of the waveform is determined for three different waveform shapes. One is sinusoidal, and two have a square shape, including dwell periods and sinusoidal slopes. Special focus lies on heat build-up, which is substantial, especially for large loads, high frequencies and/or highly filled rubber blends. Plateau temperatures are determined for various loading conditions and rubber blends. A very simple linear relationship with dissipated energy per time and unit area is obtained. Results gathered with dynamic mechanical analyses show, likewise, a linear trend, but the heat build-up is very small, due to different sample geometries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 5th International Conference on "Structural Analysis of Advanced Materials”)

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Open AccessArticle

Developing a Sealing Material: Effect of Epoxy Modification on Specific Physical and Mechanical Properties

by Christoph Schoberleitner, Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki, Thomas Koch, Sigrid Lüftl, Markus Werderitsch and Gerhard Kuschnig

Materials 2013, 6(12), 5490-5501; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6125490 - 27 Nov 2013

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5310

Abstract

To develop a matched sealing material for socket rehabilitation of grey cast iron pipes, an epoxy resin is modified by the addition of different components to improve the flexibility. Three different modifications are made by adding ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber powder, reactive [...] Read more.

To develop a matched sealing material for socket rehabilitation of grey cast iron pipes, an epoxy resin is modified by the addition of different components to improve the flexibility. Three different modifications are made by adding ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber powder, reactive liquid polymer (ATBN) and epoxidized modifier. In this paper the effect of the modification method as well as the influence of absorption of water on the mechanical and physical properties are analyzed in terms of: tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, adhesion performance, pressure resistance, glass transition temperature and water content. A comparison with neat epoxy shows for all materials that the modulus of elasticity and strength decrease. Unlike other tested modification methods, the modification with rubber powder did not enhance the flexibility. All materials absorb water and a plasticization effect arises with further changes of mechanical and physical properties. The application of the sealant on the grey cast iron leads to a reduction of the strain at break (in comparison to the common tensile test of the pure materials) and has to be evaluated. The main requirement of pressure resistance up to 1 MPa was tested on two chosen materials. Both materials fulfill this requirement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 5th International Conference on "Structural Analysis of Advanced Materials”)

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Materials, Volume 6, Issue 12 (December 2013) – 33 articles , Pages 5447-5985

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