Surface Cement Concrete with Reclaimed Asphalt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review of the Literature on the Topic
- Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions—it is estimated that the production of 1 ton of aggregate generates about 1% of greenhouse gases [37].
- Conducting a sustainable concrete production process [38]. Sustainable development is by definition a resource-rational management that takes into account the needs of future generations.
- Savings in production costs—the amount of expenditure related to transport, extraction and preparation of natural aggregate significantly affects the cost of concrete production, it is estimated that it is possible to reduce the production cost of 1 m3 of concrete by up to 45% by using reclaimed asphalt as a substitute for natural aggregate in the concrete mix [25].
3. Purpose and Scope
4. Durability Criteria for Road and Airport Pavement Concrete
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. The Scope of Laboratory Tests
5.2. Aggregates and Asphalt Destructs
5.3. Components of the Concrete Mix
5.4. Research Methodology
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Physical Parameters
6.2. Mechanical Parameters
6.3. Durability Parameters
7. Conclusions
- The use of reclaimed asphalt in the concrete mix allows for comparable air-entrainment parameters, density and consistency classes.
- 2.
- The use of reclaimed material reduces the density of hardened concrete in all analyzed periods. Reducing the density of C-C series concrete from 2430 kg/m3 to 2407 kg/m3 for the C-RA series is related to the difference in the density of granite aggregate (2.65 kg/m3) and reclaimed asphalt (2.56 kg/m3).
- 3.
- In the case of physical parameters, a beneficial effect of the addition of reclaimed material was observed. Water absorption of the C-RA series concrete (3.9%) was lower than that of the control concrete (4.2%). A similar relationship occurred with regard to testing the depth of water penetration under pressure. The tested feature for the C-RA series was 12 mm and for the C-C series it was 23 mm.
- 4.
- In the case of mechanical parameters, a decrease in the tested concrete properties was observed due to the presence of reclaimed material.
- 5.
- In the case of durability features, no significant effect on the change in the tested concrete parameters due to the addition of reclaimed material was observed.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Pavements | ||
---|---|---|---|
Roads | Airports | ||
Coarse aggregate | According to: | According to: | |
Dust content and dust quality | [47] | [47] | |
Crushing resistance | [48] | [48] | |
Polishing resistance | [49] | [49] | |
Abrasion resistance | [50] | [50] | |
Grain density and absorbability | [51] | [51] | |
Frost resistance | [52] | [52] | |
Chemical composition | [53] | [53] | |
Fine aggregate | According to [11] | According to [10] | |
Grain-size distribution | Limit curves | Limit curves | |
Cement-minimum class | 32.5 | 32.5 | |
Type of cement | CEM I, CEM II According to [54] | CEM I According to [54] | |
Water | According to [55] | According to [55] |
Parameters | Natural Sand 0/2 | Granite Grits 2/8 | Granite Grits 8/16 |
---|---|---|---|
Density [Mg/m3] | 2.63 | 2.65 | 2.65 |
Water absorption [%] | 0.12 | 0.54 | 0.54 |
Resistance to fragmentation | LA30 | ||
Alkaline reactivity | R0 |
# [mm] | Fine Aggregate 0/2 | Granite Grits 2/8 | Granite Grits 8/16 |
---|---|---|---|
31.5 | - | - | - |
22.4 | - | - | - |
16.0 | - | - | 9.4 |
11.2 | - | - | 46.1 |
8.0 | - | 6.6 | 34.6 |
5.6 | - | 42.6 | 7.9 |
4.0 | 0.4 | 22.1 | 1.3 |
2.0 | 4.1 | 25.2 | 0.6 |
1.0 | 10.5 | 2.7 | 0.1 |
0.5 | 28.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
0.25 | 46.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
0.125 | 9.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
0.063 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
Σ | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Parameters | Reclaimed Asphalt |
Density [Mg/m3] | 2.556 |
Binder content [%] | 4.5 |
Parameters | Extracted Asphalt |
Penetration at 25 °C [0.1 mm] | 45 |
Softening point [°C] | 58.9 |
Elastic recovery [%] | 16 |
Sieve dimension # [mm] | 22.4 | 16.0 | 8.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.063 |
Reclaimed asphalt [%] | 100 | 89 | 63 | 37 | 19 | 9 |
Components [kg/m3] | Concrete C-C | Concrete C-RA | |
---|---|---|---|
Cement | 370 | 370 | |
Water | 133 | 133 | |
Fine aggregate | 553 | 549 | |
Coarse aggregate | 2/8 mm | 830 | 628 |
8/16 mm | 590 | 390 | |
Reclaimed asphalt | 0 | 392 * | |
Air-entraining admixture | 1.7 | 1.7 | |
Plasticizing admixture | 2.6 | 2.6 |
Tested Parameters | Type of Experimental Study | Research Period [Days] | Sample Type | Sample Dimensions [mm] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical parameters | Density | 14; 28 | Cubic samples | 150 × 150 × 150 |
Depth of penetration | 28 | Cubic samples | 150 × 150 × 150 | |
Water absorption | 28 | Cubic samples | 150 × 150 × 150 | |
Mechanical parameter | Compressive strength | 7; 14; 28 | Cubic samples Cylindrical samples | 150 × 150 × 150 150 × 300 |
Tensile splitting strength | 28 | Cylindrical samples | 150 × 300 | |
Flexural strength | 28 | Beam samples | 150 × 150 × 700 | |
Stress—Young’s modulus | 28 | Cylindrical samples | 150 × 300 | |
Durability parameters | Pull-off | 28 | Rectangular samples | 300 × 300 × 100 |
Frost resistance | 28 + 200 cycles * | Cubic samples | 100 × 100 × 100 | |
28 + 56 cycles ** | Rectangular samples | 150 × 150 × 50 | ||
Microstructure parameters | SEM | 28 | Fractures of samples | 10 × 10 × 10 |
TC | 28 | Cubic samples | 100 × 100 × 100 |
Parameters | Concrete | |
---|---|---|
C-C | C-RA | |
Density of hardened concrete after 14 days [kg/m3] | 2420 | 2400 |
Density of hardened concrete after 28 days [kg/m3] | 2430 | 2410 |
Parameters | Concrete | |
---|---|---|
C-C | C-RA | |
Depth of penetration of water [mm] | 23 | 12 |
Water absorption [%] | 4.2 | 3.9 |
Statistical Parameters | Concrete | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C-C | C-RA | |||||
7 | 14 | 28 | 7 | 14 | 28 | |
Minimal value [MPa] | 45.5 | 45.1 | 52.5 | 37.8 | 39.3 | 45.9 |
Maximum value [MPa] | 51.3 | 51.8 | 58.7 | 43.9 | 43.2 | 51.6 |
Standard deviation [MPa] | 2.37 | 2.30 | 2.25 | 2.19 | 1.50 | 2.44 |
Parameters | Concrete | |
---|---|---|
C-C | C-RA | |
Pull-off strength [MPa] | 2.92 | 2.35 |
Parameters | Test Method | Allowable Maximum Value Specified in the Standard | Concrete | |
---|---|---|---|---|
C-C | C-RA | |||
Strength decrease [%] | Internal frost resistance | 20 | 4.96 | 3.33 |
Weight loss [%] | 5 | 0.07 | 0.70 | |
Weight loss [kg/m2] | Surface flaking resistance | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.003 |
Parameters | j.m. | Concrete | |
---|---|---|---|
C-C | C-RA | ||
The content of voids in the entire sample | % | 1.0584 | 1.0186 |
Pore content with a diameter of less than 300 μm | % | 0.0326 | 0.0439 |
Round pore content (sphericity ranging from 0.8 to 1.0) | % | 0.0053 | 0.0076 |
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Linek, M.; Bacharz, M.; Piotrowska, P. Surface Cement Concrete with Reclaimed Asphalt. Materials 2023, 16, 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072791
Linek M, Bacharz M, Piotrowska P. Surface Cement Concrete with Reclaimed Asphalt. Materials. 2023; 16(7):2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072791
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinek, Małgorzata, Magdalena Bacharz, and Patrycja Piotrowska. 2023. "Surface Cement Concrete with Reclaimed Asphalt" Materials 16, no. 7: 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072791