Experimental Research for the Establishment of the Optimal Forging and Heat Treatment Technical Parameters for Special Purpose Forged Semi-Finishes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Materials
2.2. Method
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- ingot forging D = 1160 mm in a square 750 × 750 × 1 (minimum degree of deformation 1.9:1).
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- cutting the foot of the ingot and the semi-finished product.
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- removing the semi-finished product (starting from dimensions 750 × 750 × 2119);
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- adjusting the semi-finished product to the forging size.
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- notching and stretching the semi-finished product for a sizing step.
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- Type of heat treatment:
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- Tempering: 820–860 °C/oil
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- Recovery: 540–580 °C/air
2.2.1. Description of Mechanical Shock Tests—Resilience
2.2.2. Description of the Determination of the Size of the Austenitic Grain for Forged Semi-Manufactures
- -
- -
- The sample is placed in the oven with the surface sanded up and is kept for 1 h at the austenite temperature provided for each quality of material; then open the oven door and leave the sample in its door for about 10–15 s for oxidation, then place the iron in water;
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2.2.3. Description of Metallographic Analysis—Structural Determinations
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- There are different materials with different chemical compositions: 10CrMo9-10 has a lower percentage of C (0.15%) and Mn (0.55%) and more significant by Cr (2.48%), Mo (1.02%) the initial amount of Fe = 95.28%; 25CrMo4 has a higher percentage of C (0.32%) and Mn (0.73%) and lower by Cr (1.07%) and Mo (0.26%) the final amount of Fe = 96.81%; 42CrMo4 has a higher percentage of C (0.42%) and Mn (0.83%) and lower by Cr (1.04%) and Mo (0.25%) the final amount of Fe = 96.84%;
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- They are regulated by different standards; therefore, 10CRMO9-10 is found in EN 10222-2 as being part of the category of ferrite and martensitic steels having specific mechanical characteristics at high temperatures, and 25CrMo4 and 42CrMo4 are both regulated by EN 10250-3 as being part of the allied special steel category.
2.3. Equipment Used for Experimental Research
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results
3.1.1. Results Obtained for the Forged Semi-Finished 10CrMo9-10
3.1.2. Results Obtained for the Forged Semi-Finished 25CrMo4
3.1.3. Results Obtained for the Forged Semi-Finished 42CrMo4
3.2. Discussion
4. Conclusions
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- Both the forging technique and the types of heat treatment applied are important to meet the requirements of the evaluation norm and offer the possibility of issuing an internationally recognized quality certificate.
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- The obtained results can be used to establish different technologies for the elaboration of steels from the analyzed materials at the national and international industrial levels.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C % | Mn% | Si% | P% | S% | Cr% | Mo% | Cu% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.08 | 0.40 | <0.50 | <0.020 | <0.010 | 2.00 | 0.90 | <0.30 |
0.14 | 0.80 | 2.50 | 1.10 |
C% | Si % max | Mn% | P% max | S% | Cr% | Mo% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.22 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.025 | 0.035 | 0.90 | 0.15 |
0.29 | 0.90 | 1.20 | 0.20 |
C% | Si% | Mn% | P% | S% | Cr% | Mo% | Cu% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.38 | 0.10 | 0.60 | <0.025 | <0.035 | 0.90 | 0.15 | <0.40 |
0.45 | 0.40 | 0.90 | 1.20 | 0.30 |
Product | Material | HN | HN | Specification | ||||||||
Forged | 10CrMo9-10 | 91,884 | 11,466 | ISO 6892 | ||||||||
Sample size (mm) | 102 × 102 × 204 mm | |||||||||||
Mechanical characteristics | ||||||||||||
Traction test | The impact test | Hardness | ||||||||||
Method | ||||||||||||
ISO 6892-1 | ISO-6892-2 | - | - | ISO 148-1 | ISO 6506-1 | |||||||
Sampling mode | Specimen orientation | Sample size (mm) | Sample size | Lateral expansion | Temperature (°C) | |||||||
Ø 12.5 | Ø 10 | 10 × 10 × 55 | 22 | |||||||||
x | ||||||||||||
Temperature (°C): 22 | Temperature (°C): −60 | |||||||||||
Rp0.2 [N/mm2] | Rm [N/mm2] | A (%) | Z (%) | KV (J) | KV (J) | KV (J) | mm | mm | mm | HBW | ||
1/4T | L | 596 | 719 | 235 | 77 | 240 | 240 | 240 | - | - | - | 223 |
Current Number | Intercepts Number | Grain Size (mm) |
---|---|---|
1. | 115 | 6 |
2. | 141 | 7 |
3. | 139 | 7 |
4. | 120 | 6 |
Material | 10CrMo9-10 |
Method | E112-2013 |
Equipment | MICROSCOPE JP-6A |
Objective | ×100 |
HT | 11,466 |
HN | 91,884 |
Product | Material | HN | HN | Specification | ||||||||
Forged | 25CrMo4 | 51,185 | 50,531 | ISO 6892 | ||||||||
Sample size (mm) | 102 × 102 × 204 | |||||||||||
Mechanical characteristics | ||||||||||||
Traction test | The impact test | Hardness | ||||||||||
Method | ||||||||||||
ISO 6892-1 | ISO-6892-2 | - | - | ISO 148-1 | ISO 6506-1 | |||||||
Sampling mode | Specimen orientation | Sample size (mm) | Sample size | Lateral expansion | Temperature (°C) | |||||||
Ø 12.5 | Ø 10 | 10 × 10 × 55 | 22 | |||||||||
x | ||||||||||||
Temperature (°C): 22 | Temperature (°C): −60 | |||||||||||
Rp0.2 [N/mm2] | Rm [N/mm2] | A (%) | Z (%) | KV (J) | KV (J) | KV (J) | mm | mm | mm | HBW | ||
1/4T | L | 597 | 728 | 255 | 705 | 240 | 240 | 240 | - | - | - | 235 |
Current Number | Intercepts Number | Grain Size (mm) |
---|---|---|
1. | 139 | 7 |
2. | 139 | 7 |
3. | 128 | 7 |
4. | 123 | 6 |
Material | 25CrMo4 |
Method | E112-2013 |
Equipment | MICROSCOPE JP-6A |
Objective | ×100 |
HT | 50,531 |
HN | 51,185 |
Product | Material | HN | HN | Specification | ||||||||
Forged | 42CrMo4 | 92,083 | 11,606 | ISO 6892 | ||||||||
Sample size (mm) | 102 × 102 × 204 | |||||||||||
Mechanical characteristics | ||||||||||||
Traction test | The impact test | Hardness | ||||||||||
Method | ||||||||||||
ISO 6892-1 | ISO-6892-2 | - | - | ISO 148-1 | ISO 6506-1 | |||||||
Sampling mode | Specimen orientation | Sample size (mm) | Sample size | Lateral expansion | Temperature (°C) | |||||||
Ø 12.5 | Ø 10 | 10 × 10 × 55 | 22 | |||||||||
x | ||||||||||||
Temperature (°C): 22 | Temperature (°C): −60 | |||||||||||
Rp0.2 [N/mm2] | Rm [N/mm2] | A (%) | Z (%) | KV (J) | KV (J) | KV (J) | mm | mm | mm | HBW | ||
1/4T | L | 607 | 784 | 215 | 62 | 212 | 220 | 215 | - | - | - | 229 |
Current Number | Intercepts Number | Grain Size (mm) |
---|---|---|
1. | 161 | 7 |
2. | 161 | 7 |
3. | 173 | 7 |
4. | 165 | 7 |
Material | 42CrMo4 |
Method | E112-2013 |
Equipment | MICROSCOPE JP-6A |
Objective | ×100 |
HT | 11,606 |
HN | 92,083 |
Steel Brands | Rm, N/mm2 | Rp0.2, N/mm2 | A, % | Z, % | KV | HBV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10CRMo9-10 | 697 | 577 | 24 | 76 | 240 | 217 |
42CrMo4 | 843 | 512 | 15 | 31 | 210 | 255 |
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Constantin, N.; Ioana, A.; Caloian, V.; Rucai, V.; Dobrescu, C.; Istrate, A.; Pasare, V. Experimental Research for the Establishment of the Optimal Forging and Heat Treatment Technical Parameters for Special Purpose Forged Semi-Finishes. Materials 2023, 16, 2432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062432
Constantin N, Ioana A, Caloian V, Rucai V, Dobrescu C, Istrate A, Pasare V. Experimental Research for the Establishment of the Optimal Forging and Heat Treatment Technical Parameters for Special Purpose Forged Semi-Finishes. Materials. 2023; 16(6):2432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062432
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstantin, Nicolae, Adrian Ioana, Valentina Caloian, Valeriu Rucai, Cristian Dobrescu, Alexandra Istrate, and Vili Pasare. 2023. "Experimental Research for the Establishment of the Optimal Forging and Heat Treatment Technical Parameters for Special Purpose Forged Semi-Finishes" Materials 16, no. 6: 2432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062432