Next Issue
Volume 14, May-1
Previous Issue
Volume 14, April-1
 
 
materials-logo

Journal Browser

Journal Browser

Materials, Volume 14, Issue 8 (April-2 2021) – 274 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): All-solid-state supercapacitors have gained increasing attention as wearable energy storage devices, partially due to their flexible, safe, and lightweight natures. However, their electrochemical performances are largely hampered by the low flexibility and durability of current polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based electrolytes. Herein, a novel polyvinyl alcohol-polyethyleneimine (PVA-PEI) based, conductive and elastic hydrogel was devised as an all-in-one electrolyte platform for wearable supercapacitor (WSC). For proof-of-concept, we assembled all-solid-state supercapacitors based on boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) intercalated graphene electrodes and PVA-PEI based gel electrolyte. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
15 pages, 4797 KiB  
Article
Microstructure, Micro-Mechanical and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Oxygen Hardened Ti–13Nb–13Zr Alloy
by Alicja Łukaszczyk, Sławomir Zimowski, Wojciech Pawlak, Beata Dubiel and Tomasz Moskalewicz
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2088; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082088 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2224
Abstract
In the present work, an oxygen hardening of near-β phase Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy in plasma glow discharge at 700–1000 °C was studied. The influence of the surface treatment on the alloy microstructure, tribological and micromechanical properties, and corrosion resistance is presented. A strong influence [...] Read more.
In the present work, an oxygen hardening of near-β phase Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy in plasma glow discharge at 700–1000 °C was studied. The influence of the surface treatment on the alloy microstructure, tribological and micromechanical properties, and corrosion resistance is presented. A strong influence of the treatment on the hardened zone thickness, refinement of the α’ laths and grain size of the bulk alloy were found. The outer hardened zone contained mainly an oxygen-rich Ti α’ (O) solid solution. The microhardness and elastic modulus of the hardened zone decreased with increasing hardening temperature. The hardened zone thickness, size of the α’ laths, and grain size of the bulk alloy increased with increasing treatment temperature. The wear resistance of the alloy oxygen-hardened at 1000 °C was about two hundred times, and at 700 °C, even five hundred times greater than that of the base alloy. Oxygen hardening also slightly improved the corrosion resistance. Tribocorrosion tests revealed that the alloy hardened at 700 °C was wear-resistant in a corrosive environment, and when the friction process was completed, the passive film was quickly restored. The results show that glow discharge plasma oxidation is a simple and effective method to enhance the micromechanical and tribological performance of the Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Alloys)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4637 KiB  
Article
Microstructure, Mineralogical Characterization and the Metallurgical Process Reconstruction of the Zinc Calcine Relics from the Zinc Smelting Site (Qing Dynasty)
by Ya Xiao, Wenli Zhou, Linheng Mo, Jianli Chen, Meiying Li and Shaojun Liu
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2087; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082087 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1735
Abstract
The smelting of zinc is considered as one of the most challenging technologies in ancient civilization. Compared with non-sulfide zinc ores, the smelting of zinc sulfide ores is more complicated since they have to be roasted before smelting. The technological smelting process of [...] Read more.
The smelting of zinc is considered as one of the most challenging technologies in ancient civilization. Compared with non-sulfide zinc ores, the smelting of zinc sulfide ores is more complicated since they have to be roasted before smelting. The technological smelting process of the ancient zinc metallurgy technology has been studied and partly reconstructed. However, the roasting technology, including the roasting conditions and involved metallurgical processes, is still unclear. The discovery of the zinc smelting site of Doulingxia dates back to the Qing dynasty (CE 1636–1912), and for the first time provides us with critical archeological evidence to gain an insight into the roasting technology in ancient zinc metallurgy technology. In this paper, the microstructure and mineralogical features of the zinc calcine relics found at the Doulingxia site were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). To reconstruct the metallurgical process, the original roasting temperature of the unearthed zinc calcine was estimated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), combined with reheating experiments and phase composition analysis as well as microstructural analysis. The simulation experiments were conducted to reconstruct the roasting process. The results indicated that the original roasting temperature of the unearthed zinc calcine should be in a range of 650–850 °C, most probably near 750 °C. As long as the retention time is long enough, all sphalerite can be oxidized when the roasting temperature is above 650 °C. The final roasting products mainly include tiny porous particles of ZnFe2O4, Fe2O3, PbSO4, and ZnO. These findings are helpful to reconstruct the ancient zinc metallurgy technology of zinc sulfide ores. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 7154 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Silica Nanoparticles and of Silica-Gentamicin Nanostructured Solution Obtained by Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
by Violeta Purcar, Valentin Rădiţoiu, Cornelia Nichita, Adriana Bălan, Alina Rădiţoiu, Simona Căprărescu, Florentina Monica Raduly, Raluca Manea, Raluca Şomoghi, Cristian-Andi Nicolae, Iuliana Raut and Luiza Jecu
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2086; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082086 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3030
Abstract
In this research work, silica nanoparticles and silica-gentamicin nanostructured solution were synthesized by using the microwave-assisted synthesis, in basic medium, using two silane precursors (tetraethylorthosilicate and octyltriethoxysilane) and the antibiotic (gentamicin sulfate). The prepared materials were characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, [...] Read more.
In this research work, silica nanoparticles and silica-gentamicin nanostructured solution were synthesized by using the microwave-assisted synthesis, in basic medium, using two silane precursors (tetraethylorthosilicate and octyltriethoxysilane) and the antibiotic (gentamicin sulfate). The prepared materials were characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, TGA analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the morphology and structure. Antimicrobial studies of the silica-gentamicin nanostructured solution versus silica nanoparticles were performed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. FTIR spectra showed that the gentamicin has been loaded to the silica nanoparticles. AFM analysis showed that the morphology of the silica-gentamicin nanostructured solution has changed, and agglomerations of particles are present at the surface. Antimicrobial testing, performed using the diffusion method through spot inoculation, indicates that the silica-gentamicin nanostructured solution exhibited activity against the resistant strain. The obtained silica-gentamicin solution can be used as biochemical agent for the prevention and treatment of microorganisms which are deposited on different surfaces (e.g., glass, plastic, ceramic). Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3073 KiB  
Article
Development of Precipitation-Strengthened Al0.8NbTiVM (M = Co, Ni) Light-Weight Refractory High-Entropy Alloys
by Kangjin Lee, Yunjong Jung, Junhee Han, Sung Hwan Hong, Ki Buem Kim, Peter K. Liaw, Chanho Lee and Gian Song
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2085; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082085 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2803
Abstract
Single-phase solid-solution refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have been receiving significant attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and phase stability at elevated temperatures. Recently, many studies have been reported regarding the precipitation-enhanced alloy design strategy to further improve the mechanical properties of RHEAs [...] Read more.
Single-phase solid-solution refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have been receiving significant attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and phase stability at elevated temperatures. Recently, many studies have been reported regarding the precipitation-enhanced alloy design strategy to further improve the mechanical properties of RHEAs at elevated temperatures. In this study, we attempted to develop precipitation-hardened light-weight RHEAs via addition of Ni or Co into Al0.8NbTiV HEA. The added elements were selected due to their smaller atomic radius and larger mixing enthalpy, which is known to stimulate the formation of precipitates. The addition of the Ni or Co leads to the formation of the sigma precipitates with homogeneous distribution. The formation and homogeneous distribution of sigma particles plays a critical role in improvement of yield strength. Furthermore, the Al0.8NbTiVM0.2 (M = Co, Ni) HEAs show excellent specific yield strength compared to single-phase AlNbTiV and NbTiVZr RHEA alloys and conventional Ni-based superalloy (Inconel 718) at elevated temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 8901 KiB  
Article
Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making and Sensitivity Analysis for Selection of Materials for Knee Implant Femoral Component
by Raman Kumar, Rohit Dubey, Sehijpal Singh, Sunpreet Singh, Chander Prakash, Yadaiah Nirsanametla, Grzegorz Królczyk and Roman Chudy
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2084; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082084 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 72 | Viewed by 3760
Abstract
Total knee replacement (TKR) is a remarkable achievement in biomedical science that enhances human life. However, human beings still suffer from knee-joint-related problems such as aseptic loosening caused by excessive wear between articular surfaces, stress-shielding of the bone by prosthesis, and soft tissue [...] Read more.
Total knee replacement (TKR) is a remarkable achievement in biomedical science that enhances human life. However, human beings still suffer from knee-joint-related problems such as aseptic loosening caused by excessive wear between articular surfaces, stress-shielding of the bone by prosthesis, and soft tissue development in the interface of bone and implant due to inappropriate selection of TKR material. The choice of most suitable materials for the femoral component of TKR is a critical decision; therefore, in this research paper, a hybrid multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tactic is applied using the degree of membership (DoM) technique with a varied system, using the weighted sum method (WSM), the weighted product method (WPM), the weighted aggregated sum product assessment method (WASPAS), an evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS), and a technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The weights of importance are assigned to different criteria by the equal weights method (EWM). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is conducted to check the solidity of the projected tactic. The weights of importance are varied using the entropy weights technique (EWT) and the standard deviation method (SDM). The projected hybrid MCDM methodology is simple, reliable and valuable for a conflicting decision-making environment. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4358 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Wood Composite Sandwich Panels as a Promising Renewable Building Material
by Mostafa Mohammadabadi, Vikram Yadama and James Daniel Dolan
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2083; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082083 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3205
Abstract
During this study, full-size wood composite sandwich panels, 1.2 m by 2.4 m (4 ft by 8 ft), with a biaxial corrugated core were evaluated as a building construction material. Considering the applications of this new building material, including roof, floor, and wall [...] Read more.
During this study, full-size wood composite sandwich panels, 1.2 m by 2.4 m (4 ft by 8 ft), with a biaxial corrugated core were evaluated as a building construction material. Considering the applications of this new building material, including roof, floor, and wall paneling, sandwich panels with one and two corrugated core(s) were fabricated and experimentally evaluated. Since primary loads applied on these sandwich panels during their service life are live load, snow load, wind, and gravity loads, their bending and compression behavior were investigated. To improve the thermal characteristics, the cavities within the sandwich panels created by the corrugated geometry of the core were filled with a closed-cell foam. The R-values of the sandwich panels were measured to evaluate their energy performance. Comparison of the weight indicated that fabrication of a corrugated panel needs 74% less strands and, as a result, less resin compared to a strand-based composite panel, such as oriented strand board (OSB), of the same size and same density. Bending results revealed that one-layer core sandwich panels with floor applications under a 4.79 kPa (100 psf) bending load are able to meet the smallest deflection limit of L/360 when the span length (L) is 137.16 cm (54 in) or less. The ultimate capacity of two-layered core sandwich panels as a wall member was 94% and 158% higher than the traditional walls with studs under bending and axial compressive loads, respectively. Two-layered core sandwich panels also showed a higher ultimate capacity compared to structural insulated panels (SIP), at 470% and 235% more in bending and axial compression, respectively. Furthermore, normalized R-values, the thermal resistance, of these sandwich panels, even with the presence of thermal bridging due to the core geometry, was about 114% and 109% higher than plywood and oriented strand board, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Construction and Building Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 6033 KiB  
Article
Heterostructural Mixed Oxides Prepared via ZnAlLa LDH or ex-ZnAl LDH Precursors—Effect of La Content and Its Incorporation Route
by Katarzyna Antoniak-Jurak, Paweł Kowalik, Wiesław Próchniak, Robert Bicki and Grzegorz Słowik
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2082; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082082 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2143
Abstract
The effect of La content and its incorporation route on physicochemical properties of ZnO/Zn(Al,La)2O4 or La2O3–ZnO/ZnAl2O4 mixed oxides with a spinel structure obtained from ZnAlLa Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) or ex-ZnAl LDH materials [...] Read more.
The effect of La content and its incorporation route on physicochemical properties of ZnO/Zn(Al,La)2O4 or La2O3–ZnO/ZnAl2O4 mixed oxides with a spinel structure obtained from ZnAlLa Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) or ex-ZnAl LDH materials was investigated. The heterostructural nanocomposites with the similar Zn/Al molar ratio and varied La content were prepared by two techniques: via co-precipitation and thermal treatment of ZnAlLa LDHs at 500 °C or via incipient wetness impregnation of ex-ZnAl LDHs with aqueous solutions of lanthanum nitrate and subsequent thermal treatment. The obtained series of materials were characterized by the following techniques: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), N2 adsorption (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis with evolved gas analysis (TG/DTG/EGA), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FFT). The evaluation of activity toward the high-temperature water gas shift (HT-WGS) within the temperature range of 350–420 °C was carried out on the basis of rate constant measurements in the kinetic mode using a differential reactor. The co-precipitation technique allowed for a better distribution of La in bulk and on the spinel surface than in case of lanthanum incorporation via impregnation. ZnO/Zn(Al,La)2O4 or La2O3–ZnO/ZnAl2O4 mixed oxides were characterized by moderate activity in the HT-WGS reaction. The results reveal that introduction of lanthanum oxide over 2.4–2.8 wt% induces the phase separation of the ZnAl2O4 spinel, forming ZnO on the ZnAl2O4 spinel surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology: From the Synthesis to Application)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 8470 KiB  
Article
Biological Response Induced in Primary Human Gingival Fibroblasts upon Exposure to Various Types of Injectable Astringent Retraction Agents
by Danuta Nowakowska, Julita Kulbacka, Joanna Wezgowiec, Anna Szewczyk, Dagmara Baczynska, Marek Zietek, Wlodzimierz Wieckiewicz and Jolanta Saczko
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082081 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2078
Abstract
Traditional chemo-mechanical retraction/displacement materials can impact the gingival margin tissues. This study was undertaken to analyze biological responses induced in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) upon application of injectable astringent-based agents used in the cordless retraction technique. HGFs were exposed to hemostatic agents (five [...] Read more.
Traditional chemo-mechanical retraction/displacement materials can impact the gingival margin tissues. This study was undertaken to analyze biological responses induced in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) upon application of injectable astringent-based agents used in the cordless retraction technique. HGFs were exposed to hemostatic agents (five gels, three pastes, and one foam) based on aluminium chloride, aluminium sulphate and ferric sulphate. Changes in cell viability and proliferation were evaluated using an MTT assay and a BrdU assay. The cytoskeleton structure organization (zyxin and F-actin) was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Oxidative stress was determined using the Griess Reagent System. The RNA expression levels of antioxidant enzymes were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. The statistical significance was evaluated using Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey HSD test. The evaluated agents did not downregulate fibroblast viability or proliferation. No significant cytoskeleton reorganization was observed. Only one agent (Expasyl) induced oxidative stress, demonstrated by the increased level of nitrites. Incubation with the studied agents significantly increased the RNA expression of some antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, SOD3, GPX1). However, no significant influence on the expression of SOD2 and HMOX1 was detected. The injectable forms of chemical retraction agents revealed biocompatibility with HGFs, suggesting their potential clinical usefulness in gingival margin retraction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Technologies in Dentistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 10101 KiB  
Article
Sustainable and Clean Utilization of Yellow Phosphorus Slag (YPS): Activation and Preparation of Granular Rice Fertilizer
by Cuihong Hou, Luyi Li, Lishuang Hou, Bingbing Liu, Shouyu Gu, Yuan Yao and Haobin Wang
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2080; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082080 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2595
Abstract
Yellow phosphorus slag (YPS) is a typical industrial solid waste, while it contains abundant silicon micronutrient required for the growth of rice. The key scientific problem to use the YPS as rice fertilizer is how to activate the slag efficiently during the phosphorite [...] Read more.
Yellow phosphorus slag (YPS) is a typical industrial solid waste, while it contains abundant silicon micronutrient required for the growth of rice. The key scientific problem to use the YPS as rice fertilizer is how to activate the slag efficiently during the phosphorite reduction smelting process. In this work, an alkaline rice fertilizer from the activated YPS was successfully prepared to use the micronutrients. Thermodynamic analyses of SiO2-CaO, SiO2-CaO-Al2O3, and SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO systems were discussed to optimize the acidity for reduction smelting. Results showed that the reduction smelting followed by the water quenching process can realize the reduction of phosphorite and activation of YPS synchronously. Ternary acidity m(SiO2)/(m(CaO) + m(MgO)) of 0.92 is suitable for the reduction smelting and activation of the slag. After smelting, the molten YPS can be effectively activated by water quenching, and 78.28% P, 90.03% Ca, and 77.12% Si in the YPS are activated, which can be readily absorbed by the rice roots. Finally, high-strength granular rice fertilizers with a particle size of Φ2–4 mm were successfully prepared from the powdery nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) and activated YPS mixture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Processing and Characterization of Mineral Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 7914 KiB  
Article
Dimensional Analysis and Optimization of IsoTruss Structures with Outer Longitudinal Members in Uniaxial Compression
by Hanna B. Opdahl and David W. Jensen
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2079; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082079 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1955
Abstract
This study analyzes the buckling behavior of 8-node IsoTruss® structures with outer longitudinal members. IsoTruss structures are light-weight composite lattice columns with diverse structural applications, including the potential to replace rebar cages in reinforced concrete. In the current work, finite element analyses [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the buckling behavior of 8-node IsoTruss® structures with outer longitudinal members. IsoTruss structures are light-weight composite lattice columns with diverse structural applications, including the potential to replace rebar cages in reinforced concrete. In the current work, finite element analyses are used to predict the critical buckling loads of structures with various dimensions. A dimensional analysis is performed by: deriving non-dimensional Π variables using Buckingham’s Π Theorem; plotting the Π variables with respect to critical buckling loads to characterize trends between design parameters and buckling capacity; evaluating the performance of the outer longitudinal configuration with respect to the traditional, internal longitudinal configuration possessing the same bay length, outer diameter, longitudinal radius, helical radius, and mass. The dimensional analysis demonstrates that the buckling capacity of the inner configuration exceeds that of the equivalent outer longitudinal structure for the dimensions that are fixed and tested herein. A gradient-based optimization analysis is performed to minimize the mass of both configurations subject to equivalent load criteria. The optimized outer configuration has about 10.5% less mass than the inner configuration by reducing the outer diameter whilst maintaining the same global moment of inertia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Construction and Building Materials)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 6297 KiB  
Article
Incorporation of Wheat Straw Ash as Partial Sand Replacement for Production of Eco-Friendly Concrete
by Shazim Ali Memon, Usman Javed, Muhammad Haris, Rao Arsalan Khushnood and Jong Kim
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2078; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082078 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3608
Abstract
The depletion of natural sand resources occurs due to excessive consumption of aggregate for concrete production. Continuous extraction of sand from riverbeds permanently depletes fine aggregate resources. At the same time, a major ecological challenge is the disposal of agricultural waste ash from [...] Read more.
The depletion of natural sand resources occurs due to excessive consumption of aggregate for concrete production. Continuous extraction of sand from riverbeds permanently depletes fine aggregate resources. At the same time, a major ecological challenge is the disposal of agricultural waste ash from biomass burning. In this study, an environmental friendly solution is proposed to investigate the incorporation of wheat straw ash (WSA) by replacing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of sand in concrete. Characterization results of WSA revealed that it was well-graded, free from organic impurities, and characterized by perforated and highly porous tubules attributed to its porous morphology. A decrease in fresh concrete density and an increase in slump values were attained by an increase in WSA replacement percentage. An increasing trend in compressive strength, hardened concrete density, and ultrasonic pulse velocity was observed, while a decrease was noticed in the values of water absorption with the increase in WSA replacement percentages and the curing age. The WSA incorporation at all replacement percentages yielded concrete compressive strength values over 21 MPa, which complies with the minimum strength requirement of structural concrete as specified in ACI 318-19. Acid resistance of WSA incorporated concrete improved due to the formation of pozzolanic hydrates as evident in Chappelle activity and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results of WSA modified composites. Thus, the incorporation of WSA provides an environmentally friendly solution for its disposal. It helps in conserving natural aggregate resources by providing a suitable alternative to fine aggregate for the construction industry. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5390 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Deterioration State of Post-Installed Bonded Anchors Using Ultrasonic
by Oliver Zeman, Michael Schwenn, Martin Granig and Konrad Bergmeister
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2077; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082077 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1608
Abstract
The assessment of already installed anchorages for a possible exceeding of the service load level is a question that is gaining more and more importance, especially in building maintenance. Bonded anchors are of particular interest here, as the detection of a capacity reduction [...] Read more.
The assessment of already installed anchorages for a possible exceeding of the service load level is a question that is gaining more and more importance, especially in building maintenance. Bonded anchors are of particular interest here, as the detection of a capacity reduction or load exceedance can cause damage to the concrete-bonded mortar behavior. This article investigates the extent to which ultrasonic methods can be used to make a prediction about the condition of anchorages in concrete and about their load history. A promising innovative assessment method has been developed. The challenges in carrying out the experimental investigations are the arrangement of the transducers, the design of the test set-up and the applicability of direct, indirect or semidirect ultrasonic transmission. The experimental investigations carried out on a test concrete mix and a bonded anchor system show that damage to the concrete structure can be detected by means of ultrasound. The results indicate the formation of cracks and therefore a weakening of the response determined by means of direct, indirect and semidirect ultrasonic transmission. However, for application under non-laboratory conditions and on anchors with unknown load history, the calibration with a reference anchor and the identification of the maximum load is required. This enables a referencing of the other loaded anchors to the unloaded conditions and allows an estimation of the load history of individual anchors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete and Concrete Structures Monitored by Ultrasound)
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4058 KiB  
Article
Annealing of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy at High Pressures: Evolution of Microstructure and the Corrosion Behavior
by Chuanjun Suo, Pan Ma, Yandong Jia, Xiao Liu, Xuerong Shi, Zhishui Yu and Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2076; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082076 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2296
Abstract
Extruded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy samples with grains aligned parallel to the extrusion direction were subjected to high-pressure annealing. The effects of annealing pressure on the microstructure, hardness, and corrosion properties (evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) were investigated. Phase analysis [...] Read more.
Extruded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy samples with grains aligned parallel to the extrusion direction were subjected to high-pressure annealing. The effects of annealing pressure on the microstructure, hardness, and corrosion properties (evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) were investigated. Phase analysis showed the presence of MgZn2 and α-Al phases, the MgZn2 phase dissolved into the matrix, and its amount decreased with the increasing annealing pressure. The recrystallization was inhibited, and the grains were refined, leading to an increase in the Vickers hardness with increasing the annealing pressure. The corrosion resistance was improved after high-pressure treatment, and a stable passivation layer was observed. Meanwhile, the number of corrosion pits and the width of corrosion cracks decreased in the high-pressure annealed samples. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3783 KiB  
Article
Thermoelectric Properties of Cu2Se Nano-Thin Film by Magnetron Sputtering
by Liangliang Yang, Jiangtao Wei, Yuanhao Qin, Lei Wei, Peishuai Song, Mingliang Zhang, Fuhua Yang and Xiaodong Wang
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2075; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082075 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3074
Abstract
Thermoelectric technology can achieve mutual conversion between thermoelectricity and has the unique advantages of quiet operation, zero emissions and long life, all of which can help overcome the energy crisis. However, the large-scale application of thermoelectric technology is limited by its lower thermoelectric [...] Read more.
Thermoelectric technology can achieve mutual conversion between thermoelectricity and has the unique advantages of quiet operation, zero emissions and long life, all of which can help overcome the energy crisis. However, the large-scale application of thermoelectric technology is limited by its lower thermoelectric performance factor (ZT). The thermoelectric performance factor is a function of the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and absolute temperature. Since these parameters are interdependent, increasing the ZT value has always been a challenge. Here, we report the growth of Cu2Se thin films with a thickness of around 100 nm by magnetron sputtering. XRD and TEM analysis shows that the film is low-temperature α-Cu2Se, XPS analysis shows that about 10% of the film’s surface is oxidized, and the ratio of copper to selenium is 2.26:1. In the range of 300–400 K, the maximum conductivity of the film is 4.55 × 105 S m−1, which is the maximum value reached by the current Cu2Se film. The corresponding Seebeck coefficient is between 15 and 30 µV K−1, and the maximum ZT value is 0.073. This work systematically studies the characterization of thin films and the measurement of thermoelectric properties and lays the foundation for further research on nano-thin-film thermoelectrics. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 7345 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Study on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Polymer Concrete under Ultraviolet Aging
by Yutian Liao, Dongpeng Ma, Yiping Liu, Zhenyu Jiang, Zejia Liu, Licheng Zhou and Liqun Tang
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2074; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082074 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2013
Abstract
Epoxy polymer concrete (EPC) is widely applied in engineering for its excellent mechanical properties. The impact loads and severe climatic conditions such as ultraviolet radiation, temperature change and rain erosion are in general for its engineering practice, potentially degrading the performance of EPC. [...] Read more.
Epoxy polymer concrete (EPC) is widely applied in engineering for its excellent mechanical properties. The impact loads and severe climatic conditions such as ultraviolet radiation, temperature change and rain erosion are in general for its engineering practice, potentially degrading the performance of EPC. In this paper, a procedure of accelerated aging for EPC, imitating the aging effect of ultraviolet radiation and hygrothermal conditions based on the meteorological statistics of Guangzhou city, was designed. After various periods of accelerated aging, the dynamic behaviors of EPC were studied by using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). The verification of the experimental data was performed. The two-stage dynamic compression stress-strain curves were obtained: (a) linear growth stage following by strain hardening stage at impact velocity 12.2 m/s and 18.8 m/s, (b) linear growth stage and then a horizontal stage when impact velocity is 25.0 m/s, (c) linear growth stage following by strain softening stage at impact velocity 29.2 m/s. The experimental results show that the specimens after longer accelerated aging tend to be more easily broken, especially at impact velocity 12.2 m/s and 18.8 m/s, while the strain rate is the main factor affecting the compression strength and stiffness. Ultimately the influence of strain rate and equivalent aging time on dynamic increase factor was revealed by a fitting surface. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 13731 KiB  
Article
Effect of Waste Glass on the Properties and Microstructure of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement
by Qiubai Deng, Zhenyu Lai, Rui Xiao, Jie Wu, Mengliang Liu, Zhongyuan Lu and Shuzhen Lv
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2073; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082073 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1924
Abstract
Waste glass is a bulk solid waste, and its utilization is of great consequence for environmental protection; the application of waste glass to magnesium phosphate cement can also play a prominent role in its recycling. The purpose of this study is to evaluate [...] Read more.
Waste glass is a bulk solid waste, and its utilization is of great consequence for environmental protection; the application of waste glass to magnesium phosphate cement can also play a prominent role in its recycling. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of glass powder (GP) on the mechanical and working properties of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC). Moreover, a 40mm × 40mm × 40mm mold was used in this experiment, the workability, setting time, strength, hydration heat release, porosity, and microstructure of the specimens were evaluated. The results indicated that the addition of glass powder prolonged the setting time of MKPC, reduced the workability of the matrix, and effectively lowered the hydration heat of the MKPC. Compared to an M/P ratio (MgO/KH2PO4 mass ratio) of 1:1, the workability of the MKPC with M/P ratios of 2:1 and 3:1 was reduced by 1% and 2.1%, respectively, and the peak hydration temperatures were reduced by 0.5% and 14.6%, respectively. The compressive strength of MKPC increased with an increase in the glass powder content at the M/P ratio of 1:1, and the addition of glass powder reduced the porosity of the matrix, effectively increased the yield of struvite-K, and affected the morphology of the hydration products. With an increase in the M/P ratio, the struvite-K content decreased, many tiny pores were more prevalent on the surface of the matrix, and the bonding integrity between the MKPC was weakened, thereby reducing the compressive strength of the matrix. At less than 40 wt.% glass powder content, the performance of MKPC improved at an M/P ratio of 1:1. In general, the addition of glass powders improved the mechanical properties of MKPC and reduced the heat of hydration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing of End-of-Life Materials and Industrial Wastes)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2785 KiB  
Article
Improving the Solid Fuel Properties of Non-Lignocellulose and Lignocellulose Materials through Torrefaction
by Nwokolo Nwabunwanne, Tonga Vuyokazi, Adeniji Olagoke, Ojemaye Mike, Mukumba Patrick and Okoh Anthony
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2072; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082072 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1960
Abstract
Biomass torrefaction is a thermal pre-treatment technique that improves solid fuel properties in relation to its efficient utilization for energy generation. In this study, the torrefaction performance of sewage sludge, a non-lignocellulose biomass and sugarcane bagasse, a lignocellulose biomass were investigated in an [...] Read more.
Biomass torrefaction is a thermal pre-treatment technique that improves solid fuel properties in relation to its efficient utilization for energy generation. In this study, the torrefaction performance of sewage sludge, a non-lignocellulose biomass and sugarcane bagasse, a lignocellulose biomass were investigated in an electric muffle furnace. The influence of torrefaction temperature on the physiochemical properties of the produced biomaterial were examined. Characterization of the raw and torrefied biomass material were studied using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and scanning electron microscopy. From the result obtained, it was evident that an increase in torrefaction temperature up to 350 °C caused a 33.89% and 45.94% decrease in volatile matter content of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse, respectively. At a higher temperature of 350 °C, the peak corresponding to OH stretching of hydroxyl group decreased in intensity for both biomasses, showing a decomposition of the hydroxyl group as a result of torrefaction. This enriched the lignin content of the torrefied samples, thus making these solid fuels good feedstock for energy production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

62 pages, 12239 KiB  
Review
Applications of Ceramic/Graphene Composites and Hybrids
by Cristina Ramírez, Manuel Belmonte, Pilar Miranzo and Maria Isabel Osendi
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2071; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082071 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5464
Abstract
Research activity on ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids has increased dramatically in the last decade. In this review, we provide an overview of recent contributions involving ceramics, graphene, and graphene-related materials (GRM, i.e., graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanoplatelets) with a primary [...] Read more.
Research activity on ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids has increased dramatically in the last decade. In this review, we provide an overview of recent contributions involving ceramics, graphene, and graphene-related materials (GRM, i.e., graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanoplatelets) with a primary focus on applications. We have adopted a broad scope of the term ceramics, therefore including some applications of GRM with certain metal oxides and cement-based matrices in the review. Applications of ceramic/graphene hybrids and composites cover many different areas, in particular, energy production and storage (batteries, supercapacitors, solar and fuel cells), energy harvesting, sensors and biosensors, electromagnetic interference shielding, biomaterials, thermal management (heat dissipation and heat conduction functions), engineering components, catalysts, etc. A section on ceramic/GRM composites processed by additive manufacturing methods is included due to their industrial potential and waste reduction capability. All these applications of ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids are listed and mentioned in the present review, ending with the authors’ outlook of those that seem most promising, based on the research efforts carried out in this field. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5777 KiB  
Article
Studies of Nickel-Rich LiNi0.85Co0.10Mn0.05O2 Cathode Materials Doped with Molybdenum Ions for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Francis Amalraj Susai, Daniela Kovacheva, Tatyana Kravchuk, Yaron Kauffmann, Sandipan Maiti, Arup Chakraborty, Sooraj Kunnikuruvan, Michael Talianker, Hadar Sclar, Yafit Fleger, Boris Markovsky and Doron Aurbach
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082070 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4351
Abstract
In this work, we continued our systematic investigations on synthesis, structural studies, and electrochemical behavior of Ni-rich materials Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x + y + z = 1; x ≥ 0.8) for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We focused, [...] Read more.
In this work, we continued our systematic investigations on synthesis, structural studies, and electrochemical behavior of Ni-rich materials Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x + y + z = 1; x ≥ 0.8) for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We focused, herein, on LiNi0.85Co0.10Mn0.05O2 (NCM85) and demonstrated that doping this material with high-charge cation Mo6+ (1 at. %, by a minor nickel substitution) results in substantially stable cycling performance, increased rate capability, lowering of the voltage hysteresis, and impedance in Li-cells with EC-EMC/LiPF6 solutions. Incorporation of Mo-dopant into the NCM85 structure was carried out by in-situ approach, upon the synthesis using ammonium molybdate as the precursor. From X-ray diffraction studies and based on our previous investigation of Mo-doped NCM523 and Ni-rich NCM811 materials, it was revealed that Mo6+ preferably substitutes Ni residing either in 3a or 3b sites. We correlated the improved behavior of the doped NCM85 electrode materials in Li-cells with a partial Mo segregation at the surface and at the grain boundaries, a tendency established previously in our lab for the other members of the Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 family. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage)
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2010 KiB  
Article
Rheological and the Fresh State Properties of Alkali-Activated Mortars by Blast Furnace Slag
by Markssuel Teixeira Marvila, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, Paulo Ricardo de Matos, Sérgio Neves Monteiro and Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2069; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082069 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 83 | Viewed by 3699
Abstract
The fresh and rheological properties of alkali mortars activated by blast furnace slag (BFS) were investigated. Consistency tests, squeeze flow, dropping ball, mass density in the hardened state, incorporated air, and water retention were performed. Mortars were produced with the ratio 1:2:0.45 (binder:sand:water), [...] Read more.
The fresh and rheological properties of alkali mortars activated by blast furnace slag (BFS) were investigated. Consistency tests, squeeze flow, dropping ball, mass density in the hardened state, incorporated air, and water retention were performed. Mortars were produced with the ratio 1:2:0.45 (binder:sand:water), using not only ordinary Portland cement for control but also BFS, varying the sodium content of the activated alkali mortars from 2.5 to 15%. The results obtained permitted understanding that mortars containing 2.5 to 7.5% sodium present a rheological behavior similar to cementitious mortars by the Bingham model. In turn, the activated alkali mortars containing 10 to 15% sodium showed a very significant change in the properties of dynamic viscosity, which is associated with a change in the type of model, starting to behave similar to the Herschel–Bulkley model. Evaluating the properties of incorporated air and water retention, it appears that mortars containing 12.5% and 15% sodium do not have compatible properties, which is related to the occupation of sodium ions in the interstices of the material. Thus, it is concluded that the techniques used were consistent in the rheological characterization of activated alkali mortars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Advanced Cement-Based Materials and Their Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 10487 KiB  
Article
Improving the Autogenous Self-Sealing of Mortar: Influence of Curing Condition
by Lianwang Yuan, Min Li, Yongbo Huang, Zonghui Zhou, Congqi Luan, Zunchao Ren, Yongyi Liu, Tongtong Zhou, Xin Cheng and Jinbang Wang
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2068; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082068 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1585
Abstract
With the construction of projects under severe environments, new and higher requirements are put forward for the properties of concrete, especially the autogenous self-sealing property, which is greatly affected by the curing environment and the state of the water. Herein, six types of [...] Read more.
With the construction of projects under severe environments, new and higher requirements are put forward for the properties of concrete, especially the autogenous self-sealing property, which is greatly affected by the curing environment and the state of the water. Herein, six types of curing conditions, including in air with a relative humidity of 30%, 60%, and 95%; flowing water; wet-dry cycles; and static water, are designed to investigate the autogenous self-sealing of mortar under different curing conditions. The results showed that the self-sealing ratios are higher than 60% and the cracks are closed for the mortar undergoing the wet-dry cycles and the static water. However, the self-sealing ratios of mortar are lower than 10% and the cracks are almost unchanged when the mortar is cured in the air with a relative humidity (RH) of 30% and 60%. The static liquid water is more conducive to the continued hydration of cement and the formation of CaCO3 than the flowing water. The research provides guidance for the design of concrete and the improvement of autogenous self-sealing when the concrete serves in different environments. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 61375 KiB  
Article
Deformation Mechanism, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties Evolution of Mg–Gd–Y–Zr Alloy during Cold Torsion
by Hongchao Xiao, Zhengjiang Yang, Jie Li and Yingchun Wan
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2067; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082067 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1362
Abstract
Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy was subjected to torsion of various strain levels at room temperature. Obvious traces of basal slip were observed in the twisted alloy. Dislocations of <c+a> were also observed, but there were no signs of significant sliding. Even in the sample whose [...] Read more.
Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy was subjected to torsion of various strain levels at room temperature. Obvious traces of basal slip were observed in the twisted alloy. Dislocations of <c+a> were also observed, but there were no signs of significant sliding. Even in the sample whose equivalent strain became 0.294, 101¯0 twinning and 101¯2 twinning were rarely seen. The deformation mode with predominant basal <a> dislocations and subordinate <c+a> dislocations resulted in a modified Y fiber texture with a basal pole slightly dispersed at about 70° from the twist axis. Mechanical tests revealed that the tensile strength and compressive strengths increased simultaneously after twisting. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2473 KiB  
Article
Improvement in the Carbonation Resistance of Construction Mortar with Cane Bagasse Fiber Added
by William A. Talavera-Pech, Diana Montiel-Rodríguez, Josefa de los A. Paat-Estrella, Ruth López-Alcántara, José T. Pérez-Quiroz and Tezozomoc Pérez-López
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082066 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2063
Abstract
In this work, sugarcane bagasse fiber, a waste product of agroindustry, was added to mortar mixes at different proportions looking to seal porosities so as to improve the resistance of concrete to carbonation and to improve its mechanical properties. To evaluate the behavior [...] Read more.
In this work, sugarcane bagasse fiber, a waste product of agroindustry, was added to mortar mixes at different proportions looking to seal porosities so as to improve the resistance of concrete to carbonation and to improve its mechanical properties. To evaluate the behavior of bagasse fibers in the alkaline media typical of mortars, bagasse fibers were subjected to solutions with alkaline pH values, and their chemical structure and morphological behavior was evaluated using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Using mortar cylinders in an accelerated carbonation chamber to obtain results in short lapses, the compressive strength and the carbonation were evaluated. The FTIR analysis results indicate that pH values of 11 and 12 causes a delignification, while at pH 9 and 10, a swelling of the molecule occurs because of the addition of hydroxyl ions, behavior that is confirmed with SEM images. A clear effect of the fiber addition on the performance of concrete was observed as the carbonation front of 35 mm for the sample without fibers was reduced to 2 mm for the sample with 2% fiber addition, resulting in an increase of 5 MPa in compressive strength. These results indicate that in the range of mortar pH, chemical changes occured over the sugarcane surface that could cause the growth of fibers and could partially seal the porosity in the mortars, thus enhancing its performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Construction and Building Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3131 KiB  
Article
An Insight into the Correlation between Chemical Composition Changes of Aluminum-Iron-Polyphosphate Glasses and Thermal Properties
by Pawel Goj, Aleksandra Wajda, Agata Stoch, Ireneusz Krakowiak and Pawel Stoch
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2065; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082065 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1911
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the influence of the gradual substitution of Fe2O3 by Al2O3 on the thermal properties of polyphosphate glasses. The conducted considerations based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and heating microscopy thermal analysis [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to investigate the influence of the gradual substitution of Fe2O3 by Al2O3 on the thermal properties of polyphosphate glasses. The conducted considerations based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and heating microscopy thermal analysis provided much essential information about the correlation between glass chemical composition and its characteristic parameters, such as transformation temperature, specific heat, crystallization temperature, crystallization enthalpy, the activation energy of crystal growth, melting temperature, and Angell glass thermal stability. The obtained estimation of viscosity changes as a function of temperature could be very helpful for researchers to correctly plan the vitrification process and thus radioactive waste immobilization. A precise analysis of DSC curves and X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the possibility of crystallization process design in order to create materials with different levels of crystallinity and phase composition. The drawn conclusions allow choosing the glass with the optimal concentration of Al2O3 and Fe2O3, which ensures the relatively low melting temperature, viscosity, and glass crystallization ability, with application potential in nuclear waste immobilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Glass and Glass-Ceramic Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 8324 KiB  
Review
Research Status of High-Purity Metals Prepared by Zone Refining
by Liang Yu, Xiaoan Kang, Luona Chen, Kun Luo, Yanli Jiang and Xiuling Cao
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2064; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082064 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3173
Abstract
The zone refining method is a physical method for effectively purifying metals. Increasing yield and reducing impurity content have always been the focus of its research. This article systematically summarizes the relevant research on the production of high-purity metals by zone refining, including [...] Read more.
The zone refining method is a physical method for effectively purifying metals. Increasing yield and reducing impurity content have always been the focus of its research. This article systematically summarizes the relevant research on the production of high-purity metals by zone refining, including mechanisms, parameter optimization, zone refining types, analysis methods, limitations, and future development directions, and it provides relevant theoretical foundations for the production of high-purity metals as well. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4928 KiB  
Article
An Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Study of Surfaces on Bronze Sculptures Exposed to Urban Environment
by Dajana Mikić, Helena Otmačić Ćurković, Tadeja Kosec and Neven Peko
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082063 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2389
Abstract
Polluted urban environment enhances dissolution of patina and underlying bronze material of recent and historical bronze sculptures exposed outdoors. In this work, two bronze statues, situated in one of the most polluted Croatian cities, were examined in order to characterize composition of patina [...] Read more.
Polluted urban environment enhances dissolution of patina and underlying bronze material of recent and historical bronze sculptures exposed outdoors. In this work, two bronze statues, situated in one of the most polluted Croatian cities, were examined in order to characterize composition of patina and its electrochemical stability. The composition of patina on several positions on each sculpture was determined by EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR measurements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted in order to evaluate the corrosion stability of both patina and underlying bronze. Results obtained in this work show that the two examined bronze sculptures were covered with patina layer that was mainly composed of copper sulfides and sulphates, which is in accordance with the high concentrations of H2S and SO2 in the atmosphere. However, the variations in the appearance of FTIR and Raman spectra revealed that the amount of each species differed from spot to spot, as well as the fact that other compounds, such as carbonates, were present at some areas. This difference in patina composition was reflected in electrochemical behavior as observed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Metallic Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 7513 KiB  
Article
Milling Performance of CFRP Composite and Atomised Vegetable Oil as a Function of Fiber Orientation
by Tarek-Shaban-Mohamed Elgnemi, Martin Byung-Guk Jun, Victor Songmene and Agnes Marie Samuel
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082062 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2171
Abstract
Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have found diverse applications in the automotive, space engineering, sporting goods, medical and military sectors. CFRP parts require limited machining such as detouring, milling and drilling to produce the shapes used, or for assembly purposes. Problems encountered while [...] Read more.
Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have found diverse applications in the automotive, space engineering, sporting goods, medical and military sectors. CFRP parts require limited machining such as detouring, milling and drilling to produce the shapes used, or for assembly purposes. Problems encountered while machining CFRP include poor tool performance, dust emission, poor part edge quality and delamination. The use of oil-based metalworking fluid could help improve the machining performance for this composite, but the resulting humidity would deteriorate the structural integrity of the parts. In this work the performance of an oil-in-water emulsion, obtained using ultrasonic atomization but no surfactant, is examined during the milling of CFRP in terms of fiber orientation and milling feed rate. The performance of wet milling is compared with that of a dry milling process. The tool displacement-fiber orientation angles (TFOA) tested are 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. The output responses analyzed were cutting force, delamination, and tool wear. Using atomized vegetable oil helps in significantly reducing the cutting force, tool wear, and fiber delamination as compared to the dry milling condition. The machining performance was also strongly influenced by fiber orientation. The interactions between the fiber orientation, the machining parameters and the tested vegetable oil-based fluid could help in selecting appropriate cutting parameters and thus improve the machined part quality and productivity. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 16201 KiB  
Article
Design of Center Pillar with Composite Reinforcements Using Hybrid Molding Method
by Ji-Heon Kang, Jae-Wook Lee, Jae-Hong Kim, Tae-Min Ahn and Dae-Cheol Ko
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2047; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082047 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4263
Abstract
Recently, with the increase in awareness about a clean environment worldwide, fuel efficiency standards are being strengthened in accordance with exhaust gas regulations. In the automotive industry, various studies are ongoing on vehicle body weight reduction to improve fuel efficiency. This study aims [...] Read more.
Recently, with the increase in awareness about a clean environment worldwide, fuel efficiency standards are being strengthened in accordance with exhaust gas regulations. In the automotive industry, various studies are ongoing on vehicle body weight reduction to improve fuel efficiency. This study aims to reduce vehicle weight by replacing the existing steel reinforcements in an automobile center pillar with a composite reinforcement. Composite materials are suitable for weight reduction because of their higher specific strength and stiffness compared to existing steel materials; however, one of the disadvantages is their high material cost. Therefore, a hybrid molding method that simultaneously performs compression and injection was proposed to reduce both process time and production cost. To replace existing steel reinforcements with composite materials, various reinforcement shapes were designed using a carbon fiber-reinforced plastic patch and glass fiber-reinforced plastic ribs. Structural analyses confirmed that, using these composite reinforcements, the same or a higher specific stiffness was achieved compared to the that of an existing center pillar using steel reinforcements. The composite reinforcements resulted in a 67.37% weight reduction compared to the steel reinforcements. In addition, a hybrid mold was designed and manufactured to implement the hybrid process. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 7176 KiB  
Article
Application of Macro-Instrumented Indentation Test for Superficial Residual Stress and Mechanical Properties Measurement for HY Steel Welded T-Joints
by Junsang Lee, Kyungyul Lee, Seungha Lee, Oh Min Kwon, Won-Ki Kang, Jong-Il Lim, Hee-Keun Lee, Seong-Min Kim and Dongil Kwon
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2061; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082061 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2925
Abstract
HY-80 and HY-100 steels, widely used in constructing large ocean vessels and submarine hulls, contain mixed microstructures of tempered bainite and martensite and provide high tensile strength and toughness. Weld integrity in HY steels has been studied to verify and optimize welding conditions. [...] Read more.
HY-80 and HY-100 steels, widely used in constructing large ocean vessels and submarine hulls, contain mixed microstructures of tempered bainite and martensite and provide high tensile strength and toughness. Weld integrity in HY steels has been studied to verify and optimize welding conditions. In this study, the T-joint weld coupons, HY80 and HY100, were fabricated from HY-80 and HY-100 steel plates with a thickness of 30 mm as base metals by submerged-arc welding. Flux-cored arc welding was performed on an additional welding coupon consisting of HY-100 to evaluate the effect of repair welds (HY100RP). Microstructures in the heat-affected zones (HAZ) were thoroughly analyzed by optical observation. Instrumented indentation testing, taking advantage of local characterization, was applied to assess the yield strength and the residual stress of the HAZ and base regions. The maximum hardness over 400 HV was found in the HAZ due to the high volume fraction of untempered martensite microstructure. The yield strength of the weld coupons was evaluated by indentation testing, and the results showed good agreement with the uniaxial tensile test (within 10% range). The three coupons showed similar indentation residual stress profiles on the top and bottom surfaces. The stress distribution of the HY100 coupon was comparable to the results from X-ray diffraction. HY100RP demonstrated increased tensile residual stress compared to the as-welded coupon due to the effect of the repair weld (323 and 103 MPa on the top and bottom surfaces). This study verifies the wide applicability of indentation testing in evaluating yield strength and residual stress. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1075 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Accuracy of Different Dental Restorative Materials between Intraoral Scanning and Conventional Impression-Taking: An In Vitro Study
by Jung-Hwa Lim, Utkarsh Mangal, Na-Eun Nam, Sung-Hwan Choi, June-Sung Shim and Jong-Eun Kim
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082060 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3519
Abstract
The properties of underlying substrates influence the quality of an intraoral scan, but few studies have compared the outcomes using common restorative materials. In this study, we aimed to compare the accuracy of digital and conventional impressions recorded for four different dental materials [...] Read more.
The properties of underlying substrates influence the quality of an intraoral scan, but few studies have compared the outcomes using common restorative materials. In this study, we aimed to compare the accuracy of digital and conventional impressions recorded for four different dental materials as the substrates. Experimental crowns were produced with a metallic surface (gold or cobalt-chromium alloy (Co-Cr)) or without a metallic surface (zirconia or PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate)). A conventional impression was made in the conventional group (CON group), and gypsum models were subsequently scanned with a tabletop scanner. An intraoral scanner was used to scan the crowns either after applying a powder spray to reduce the surface reflectivity (IOS-P group) or without the powder spray (IOS group). The scans were assessed in three dimensions for precision and trueness. The accuracy did not differ between the CON and IOS groups for the non-metallic crowns. However, it was statistically different for the Co-Cr metallic crown, reducing trueness observed between groups as CON > IOS > IOS-P. The study evidences the differences in outer surface accuracy observed with a change in the substrate material to be imaged using an oral scanner and with the impression method. These findings suggest that the restoration material present in the oral cavity should be considered when selecting an impression-taking method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Biomaterials in Korea)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop