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Materials, Volume 14, Issue 18 (September-2 2021) – 346 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The quest to harvest untapped renewable infrared energy sources has led to significant research effort in the design, fabrication, and optimization of a self-biased rectenna that can operate without external bias voltage. At the heart of its design is the engineering of a high-frequency metal insulator metal (MIM) rectifier that can convert terahertz and infrared alternating current (AC) signals to usable direct current (DC). This paper presents an overview of single, double, and triple insulator MIM diodes that have been fabricated so far, in particular focusing on reviewing key figures of merit, such as asymmetry, zero-bias dynamic resistance, and zero-bias responsivity. View this paper
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12 pages, 11545 KiB  
Article
Influence of Mineral Additives on the Efflorescence of Ettringite-Rich Systems
by Linglin Xu, Siyu Liu, Peiming Wang and Zhenghong Yang
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5464; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185464 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1844
Abstract
Efflorescence is aesthetically undesirable to all cementitious materials products and mainly results from the carbonation of hydrates and salt precipitation. Alternative binders without portlandite formation theoretically have much lower efflorescence risk, but in practice, the efflorescence of ettringite-rich systems is still serious. This [...] Read more.
Efflorescence is aesthetically undesirable to all cementitious materials products and mainly results from the carbonation of hydrates and salt precipitation. Alternative binders without portlandite formation theoretically have much lower efflorescence risk, but in practice, the efflorescence of ettringite-rich systems is still serious. This study reports the impacts of mineral additives on the efflorescence of ettringite-rich systems and the corresponding microstructural evolution. The effects of silica fume, limestone powder, and diatomite on efflorescence and the capillary pore structure of mortars were investigated from a multi-scale analysis. The composition and microstructure of efflorescent phases were revealed by optical microscope (O.M.), in-situ Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results indicate that the addition of mineral additives can efficiently inhibit the efflorescence of reference, especially with silica fume. Similar to the ettringite-rich system, the efflorescence substances of all modifies are composed of ettringite and CaCO3, indicating that the addition of mineral admixture does not lead to chemical reactions, lower capillary absorption coefficient of mineral additives modified specimen, the denser pore structure and the lower efflorescence degree. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion, Properties and Characterization in Concrete)
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10 pages, 3270 KiB  
Article
Activation of Porous Pt Electrodes Deposited on YSZ Electrolyte by Nitric Acid Treatment
by Liliya Dunyushkina, Anastasiya Pavlovich and Adelya Khaliullina
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5463; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185463 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1974
Abstract
The effect of nitric acid treatment on the electrochemical performance of porous Pt electrodes deposited on YSZ (abbreviation from yttria stabilized zirconia) electrolyte was investigated. Two identical symmetrical Pt/YSZ/Pt cells with porous Pt electrodes were fabricated, after which the electrodes of the first [...] Read more.
The effect of nitric acid treatment on the electrochemical performance of porous Pt electrodes deposited on YSZ (abbreviation from yttria stabilized zirconia) electrolyte was investigated. Two identical symmetrical Pt/YSZ/Pt cells with porous Pt electrodes were fabricated, after which the electrodes of the first cell were kept as sintered, while those of the second cell were impregnated with HNO3 solution. The electrochemical behavior of the prepared electrodes was studied using impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Significant reduction of the polarization resistance of the HNO3-treated electrodes was revealed. The observed enhancement of the electrochemical performance of porous Pt electrodes was assumed to be caused by adsorption of NOx-species on YSZ and Pt surfaces, which promotes oxygen molecules dissociation and transport to the triple phase boundary by the “relay-race” mechanism. The obtained results allow for considering the nitric acid treatment of a porous Pt electrode as an effective way of electrode activation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Energy Materials)
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16 pages, 5115 KiB  
Article
Raman Spectroscopy as a Novel Method for the Characterization of Polydioxanone Medical Stents Biodegradation
by Jan Loskot, Daniel Jezbera, Aleš Bezrouk, Rafael Doležal, Rudolf Andrýs, Vendula Francová, Dominik Miškář and Alena Myslivcová Fučíková
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5462; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185462 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1995
Abstract
Polydioxanone (PPDX), as an FDA approved polymer in tissue engineering, is an important component of some promising medical devices, e.g., biodegradable stents. The hydrolytic degradation of polydioxanone stents plays a key role in the safety and efficacy of treatment. A new fast and [...] Read more.
Polydioxanone (PPDX), as an FDA approved polymer in tissue engineering, is an important component of some promising medical devices, e.g., biodegradable stents. The hydrolytic degradation of polydioxanone stents plays a key role in the safety and efficacy of treatment. A new fast and convenient method to quantitatively evaluate the hydrolytic degradation of PPDX stent material was developed. PPDX esophageal stents were degraded in phosphate-buffered saline for 24 weeks. For the first time, the changes in Raman spectra during PPDX biodegradation have been investigated here. The level of PPDX hydrolytic degradation was determined from the Raman spectra by calculating the area under the 1732 cm−1 peak shoulder. Raman spectroscopy, unlike Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, is also sensitive enough to monitor the decrease in the dye content in the stents during the degradation. Observation by a scanning electron microscope showed gradually growing cracks, eventually leading to the stent disintegration. The material crystallinity was increasing during the first 16 weeks, suggesting preferential degradation of the amorphous phase. Our results show a new easy and reliable way to evaluate the progression of PPDX hydrolytic degradation. The proposed approach can be useful for further studies on the behavior of PPDX materials, and for clinical practice. Full article
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14 pages, 4471 KiB  
Article
Optimization of the Preparation Parameters of High-Strength Nickel Layers by Electrodeposition on Mild Steel Substrates
by Dongai Wang, Feihui Li, Yan Shi, Meihua Liu, Bin Liu and Qing Chang
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5461; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185461 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1843
Abstract
The electrodeposition process parameters were optimized for the acquisition of high-strength monolithic nickel layers on Q235A substrates based on the Watts nickel plating solution using the DC electrodeposition method. Based on the study of the electrochemical polarization behavior of nickel ions in Watts’ [...] Read more.
The electrodeposition process parameters were optimized for the acquisition of high-strength monolithic nickel layers on Q235A substrates based on the Watts nickel plating solution using the DC electrodeposition method. Based on the study of the electrochemical polarization behavior of nickel ions in Watts’ plating solution, 16 experimental protocols were selected according to the orthogonal test method. The residual stress, microhardness, modulus of elasticity, and surface roughness of the nickel plating were tested by X-ray diffractometer, nano-mechanical test system, and surface profilometer, respectively, to investigate the influence of current density, temperature, and PH on the mechanical properties of nickel plating, so as to determine the best process solution for the preparation of high-strength nickel plating. The results of the study show that the mechanical properties of the nickel deposits electrodeposited onto Q235A are optimized when plating at a current density of 3 A/dm2, a bath temperature of 45 °C, and a pH of 3.5. The nickel-plated layer has a minimum grain size of 34.8 nm, a microhardness of 3.86 GPa, a modulus of elasticity of 238 GPa, and a surface roughness Ra of 0.182 μm. Full article
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22 pages, 3564 KiB  
Article
Ammonia Bioremediation from Aquaculture Wastewater Effluents Using Arthrospira platensis NIOF17/003: Impact of Biodiesel Residue and Potential of Ammonia-Loaded Biomass as Rotifer Feed
by Mohamed Ashour, Ahmed E. Alprol, Ahmed M. M. Heneash, Hosam Saleh, Khamael M. Abualnaja, Dalal Alhashmialameer and Abdallah Tageldein Mansour
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5460; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185460 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 2832
Abstract
The present work evaluated the capability of Arthrospira platensis complete biomass (ACDW) and the lipid-free biomass (LFB) to remove ammonium ions (NH4+) from aquaculture wastewater discharge. Under controlled conditions in flasks filled with 100 mL of distilled water (synthetic aqueous [...] Read more.
The present work evaluated the capability of Arthrospira platensis complete biomass (ACDW) and the lipid-free biomass (LFB) to remove ammonium ions (NH4+) from aquaculture wastewater discharge. Under controlled conditions in flasks filled with 100 mL of distilled water (synthetic aqueous solution), a batch process ion-exchange was conducted by changing the main parameters including contact times (15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180 min), initial ammonium ion concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 mg·L−1), and initial pH levels (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) at various dosages of ACDW and LFB as adsorbents (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 g). After lab optimization, ammonia removal from real aquaculture wastewater was also examined. The removal of ammonium using ACDW and LFB in the synthetic aqueous solution (64.24% and 89.68%, respectively) was higher than that of the real aquaculture effluents (25.70% and 37.80%, respectively). The data of IR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the existence of various functional groups in the biomass of ACDW and LFB. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms were estimated using Freundlich, Langmuir, and Halsey models, providing an initial description of the ammonia elimination capacity of A. platensis. The experimental kinetic study was suitably fit by a pseudo-second-order equation. On the other hand, as a result of the treatment of real aquaculture wastewater (RAW) using LFB and ACDW, the bacterial counts of the LFB, ACDW, ACDW-RAW, and RAW groups were high (higher than 300 CFU), while the LFB-RAW group showed lower than 100 CFU. The current study is the first work reporting the potential of ammonia-loaded microalgae biomass as a feed source for the rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis). In general, our findings concluded that B. plicatilis was sensitive to A. platensis biomass loaded with ammonia concentrations. Overall, the results in this work showed that the biomass of A. platensis is a promising candidate for removing ammonia from aquaculture wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Design for Pollutant Sensing and Environmental Remediation)
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15 pages, 2503 KiB  
Article
Influence of Infill Pattern on the Elastic Mechanical Properties of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Parts through Experimental Tests and Numerical Analyses
by Jordi Bonada, Mª Magdalena Pastor and Irene Buj-Corral
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5459; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185459 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2437
Abstract
Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is one of the most extensive additive manufacturing technologies for printing prototypes or final parts in various fields. Some printed parts need to meet structural requirements to be functional parts. Therefore, it is necessary to know the mechanical behavior [...] Read more.
Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is one of the most extensive additive manufacturing technologies for printing prototypes or final parts in various fields. Some printed parts need to meet structural requirements to be functional parts. Therefore, it is necessary to know the mechanical behavior of the printed samples as a function of the printing parameters in order to optimize the material used during the manufacturing process. It is known that FFF parts can present orthotropic characteristics as a consequence of the manufacturing process, in which the material is deposited layer by layer. Therefore, these characteristics must be considered for a correct evaluation of the printed parts from a structural point of view. In this paper, the influence of the type of filling pattern on the main mechanical properties of the printed parts is analyzed. For this purpose, the first parts are 3D printed using three different infill patterns, namely grid, linear with a raster orientation of 0 and 90°, and linear with a raster orientation of 45°. Then, experimental tensile tests, on the one hand, and numerical analyses using finite elements, on the other hand, are carried out. The elastic constants of the material are obtained from the experimental tests. From the finite element analysis, using a simple approach to create a Representative Volume Model (RVE), the constitutive characteristics of the material are estimated: Young’s Moduli and Poisson’s ratios of the printed FFF parts. These values are successfully compared with those of the experimental tests. The results clearly show differences in the mechanical properties of the FFF printed parts, depending on the internal arrangement of the infill pattern, even if similar 3D printing parameters are used. Full article
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18 pages, 18206 KiB  
Article
Heat-Treated Ni-CNT Nanocomposites Produced by Powder Metallurgy Route
by Íris Carneiro and Sónia Simões
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5458; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185458 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1373
Abstract
Nickel nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes (Ni-CNTs) are one of the possible candidates for applications in highly demanding industries such as the automotive and aerospace industries. As is well known, one of the limitations on the use of some materials in these applications [...] Read more.
Nickel nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes (Ni-CNTs) are one of the possible candidates for applications in highly demanding industries such as the automotive and aerospace industries. As is well known, one of the limitations on the use of some materials in these applications is thermal stability. Some components in these industries are frequently subjected to high temperatures, which is crucial to understanding their microstructures and, consequently, their mechanical properties. For this reason, the main objective of this research is to understand the microstructural evolution of Ni-CNTs nanocomposites when subjected to heat treatment. The nanocomposites with varying levels of CNT content were produced by powder metallurgy, and unreinforced nickel was used for comparison purposes under the same conditions. The dispersion of CNTs, a critical aspect of nanocomposites production, was carried out by ultrasonication, which already proved its efficiency in previous research. The heat treatments were performed under high vacuum conditions at high temperatures (700 and 1100 °C for 30 and 120 min, respectively). Microhardness tests analyzed the mechanical properties while the extensive microstructural evaluation was conducted by combining advanced characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution TEM. The obtained results are promising and show that the presence of CNTs can contribute to the thermal stability of the Ni-CNT nanocomposites produced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication and Machining of Metal Matrix Composites)
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13 pages, 71424 KiB  
Article
Local Effects of a 1940 nm Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser and a 1470 nm Diode Laser on the Pulmonary Parenchyma: An Experimental Study in a Pig Model
by Maciej Janeczek, Zbigniew Rybak, Anna Lipińska, Jolanta Bujok, Albert Czerski, Maria Szymonowicz, Maciej Dobrzyński, Jacek Świderski and Bogusława Żywicka
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5457; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185457 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1599
Abstract
The lungs are a common site of metastases from malignant tumors. Their removal with a minimal but safe tissue margin is essential for the long-term survival of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a 1940 nm thulium-doped [...] Read more.
The lungs are a common site of metastases from malignant tumors. Their removal with a minimal but safe tissue margin is essential for the long-term survival of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a 1940 nm thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) and a 1470 nm diode laser (DL) in a pig model of lung surgery that involved the incision and excision of lung tissue. Histopathological analysis was performed on days 0 and 7 after surgery. Neither TDFL nor DL caused significant perioperative or postoperative bleeding. Histological analysis revealed the presence of carbonized necrotic tissue, mixed fibrin–cellular exudate in the superficial zone of thermal damage and bands of deeper thermal changes. The mean total width of thermal damage on day 0 was 499.46 ± 61.44 and 937.39 ± 109.65 µm for TDFL and DL, respectively. On day 7, cell activation and repair processes were visible. The total width of thermal damage was 2615.74 ± 487.17 µm for TDFL vs. 6500.34 ±1118.02 µm for DL. The superficial zone of thermal damage was narrower for TDFL on both days 0 and 7. The results confirm the effectiveness of both types of laser in cutting and providing hemostasis in the lungs. TDFL caused less thermal damage to the lung parenchyma than DL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Laser Processing for Bioengineering)
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16 pages, 949 KiB  
Review
Wear and Fragmentation Resistance of Mineral Aggregates—A Review of Micro-Deval and Los Angeles Tests
by Paweł Strzałkowski and Urszula Kaźmierczak
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5456; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185456 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2451
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present the current knowledge and experiences related to wear and fragmentation resistance tests and to indicate those of their aspects that require further research. For this purpose, a review of the literature was performed. Results show [...] Read more.
The aim of this article is to present the current knowledge and experiences related to wear and fragmentation resistance tests and to indicate those of their aspects that require further research. For this purpose, a review of the literature was performed. Results show that tests of resistance to wear (the MDE/DS test) and fragmentation (the LA test) are performed worldwide according to different standards (and thus following different test methods), which prevents a comparison of the obtained results. Comparative research into the MDE/DS and LA tests indicates that the MDE/DS test is more effective. The disadvantage of both tests lies in the dimension range of the aggregate. In addition, the use of steel balls in the LA test may not reflect the actual influence that the internal properties of the material have on the fragmentation process. A final review of the available knowledge allowed the formulation of proposals regarding further research directions, such as proposed changes of test methods, extensive analysis, and selection of optimal dimensions for tested aggregates, analysis of short-term and long-term tests, as well as extensive research into and an analysis of the impact of crushing on the physical, mechanical, and geometric properties of aggregates. Full article
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15 pages, 1334 KiB  
Article
Ironsand (Titanomagnetite-Titanohematite): Chemistry, Magnetic Properties and Direct Applications for Wireless Power Transfer
by Jérôme Leveneur, William J. Trompetter, Shen V. Chong, Ben Rumsey, Vedran Jovic, Seho Kim, Murray McCurdy, Emma Anquillare, Kevin E. Smith, Nick Long, John Kennedy, Grant Covic and John Boys
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5455; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185455 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2153
Abstract
Ironsand is an abundant and inexpensive magnetic mineral resource. However, the magnetic properties of unprocessed ironsand are often inadequate for any practical applications. In this work, the applicability of ironsand for use as a component in a soft magnetic composite for large-scale inductive [...] Read more.
Ironsand is an abundant and inexpensive magnetic mineral resource. However, the magnetic properties of unprocessed ironsand are often inadequate for any practical applications. In this work, the applicability of ironsand for use as a component in a soft magnetic composite for large-scale inductive power transfer applications was investigated. After magnetic separation, the chemical, structural and magnetic properties of ironsand sourced from different locations were compared. Differences observed in the DC magnetic properties were consistent with changes in the chemical compositions obtained from X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES), which suggests varying the titanohematite to titanomagnetite content. Increased content in titanomagnetite and magnetic permeability correlated well with the total Fe content in the materials. The best-performing ironsand with the highest permeability and lowest core losses was used alongside Mn,Zn-Ferrite particles (ranging from ∼100 μm to 2 mm) to fabricate toroid cores with varying magnetic material loading. It was shown that ironsand can be used to replace up to 15 wt.% of the magnetic materials with minimal impact on the composite magnetic performance, thus reducing the cost. Ironsand was also used as a supporting material in a single-rail wireless power transfer system, effectively increasing the power transfer, demonstrating potential applications to reduce flux leakage. Full article
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21 pages, 6050 KiB  
Article
The Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity of Magnesium Alloys with Extreme Wettability
by Alexandre M. Emelyanenko, Alexander G. Domantovsky, Valery V. Kaminsky, Ivan S. Pytskii, Kirill A. Emelyanenko and Ludmila B. Boinovich
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5454; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185454 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1976
Abstract
In this study, we applied the method of nanosecond laser treatment for the fabrication of superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic magnesium-based surfaces with hierarchical roughness when the surface microrelief is evenly decorated by MgO nanoparticles. The comparative to the bare sample behavior of such surfaces [...] Read more.
In this study, we applied the method of nanosecond laser treatment for the fabrication of superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic magnesium-based surfaces with hierarchical roughness when the surface microrelief is evenly decorated by MgO nanoparticles. The comparative to the bare sample behavior of such surfaces with extreme wettability in contact with dispersions of bacteria cells Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was studied. To characterize the bactericidal activity of magnesium samples with different wettability immersed into a bacterial dispersion, we determined the time variation of the planktonic bacterial titer in the dispersion. To explore the anti-bacterial mechanisms of the magnesium substrates, a set of experimental studies on the evolution of the magnesium ion concentration in liquid, pH of the dispersion medium, surface morphology, composition, and wettability was performed. The obtained data made it possible to reveal two mechanisms that, in combination, play a key role in the bacterial decontamination of the liquid. These are the alkalization of the dispersion medium and the collection of bacterial cells by microrods growing on the surface as a result of the interaction of magnesium with the components of the buffer solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Nanomaterials: Molecular Design for Advanced Medicine)
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21 pages, 61033 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of a CFD Benchmark Exercise: Examining Fluid Flow and Residence-Time Distribution in a Water Model of Tundish
by Dong-Yuan Sheng
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5453; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185453 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1949
Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become an indispensable tool that can potentially predict many phenomena of practical interest in the tundish. Model verification and validation (V&V) are essential parts of a CFD model development process if the models are to be used with [...] Read more.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become an indispensable tool that can potentially predict many phenomena of practical interest in the tundish. Model verification and validation (V&V) are essential parts of a CFD model development process if the models are to be used with sufficient confidence in real industrial tundish applications. The crucial aspects of CFD simulations in the tundish are addressed in this study, such as the selection of the turbulence models, meshing, boundary conditions, and selection of discretization schemes. A series of CFD benchmarking exercises are presented serving as selected examples of appropriate modelling strategies. A tundish database, initiated by German Steel Institute VDEH working group “Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Simulation”, was revisited with the aim of establishing a comprehensive set of best practice guidelines (BPG) in CFD simulations for tundish applications. These CFD benchmark exercises yield important results for the sensible application of CFD models and contribute to further improving the reliability of CFD applications in metallurgical reactors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
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15 pages, 4910 KiB  
Article
Environmental and Economic Life Cycle Assessment of Recycled Coarse Aggregates: A Portuguese Case Study
by Adriana B. Dias, João N. Pacheco, José D. Silvestre, Isabel M. Martins and Jorge de Brito
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5452; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185452 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2442
Abstract
The incorporation of recycled aggregates in concrete not only reduces the extraction of natural resources, but also decreases landfill disposal of construction and demolition waste. Hence, environmental impacts and costs are reduced, promoting the use of recycled aggregates and circular economy. However, the [...] Read more.
The incorporation of recycled aggregates in concrete not only reduces the extraction of natural resources, but also decreases landfill disposal of construction and demolition waste. Hence, environmental impacts and costs are reduced, promoting the use of recycled aggregates and circular economy. However, the impacts of transport depend on the distance between facilities and longer distances may result in recycled aggregates being more costly and having larger environmental impact than natural aggregates. This paper discusses this topic, presents a review on the use of life cycle assessment methodology on natural and recycled aggregates for concrete, and applies this methodology in a real context pertaining the procurement of coarse aggregates to ready-mix concrete plants. A case study of two Portuguese regions, Coimbra and Lisbon, is presented. For each region, a quarry, a construction and demolition waste plant, and a ready-mix concrete plant are chosen and a comparative life cycle assessment is made. Different scenarios for the supply of natural and recycled aggregates are studied and the scenarios for recycled aggregates procurement include different hypotheses for the installation (construction and demolition waste plant or quarry) processing the construction and demolition waste into recycled aggregates. For this case study and both regions, it was found that the supply of recycled aggregates produced at the construction and demolition waste plant has lower environmental impact and cost than all other scenarios, including the provision of natural aggregates, except when it is assumed that the quarry is licensed and equipped for receiving unsorted construction and demolition waste and processing it into recycled aggregates. The paper shows that transport distance is a determining factor in the comparison of the impacts of the procurement of natural and recycled aggregates. Moreover, in the Portuguese context, the environmental impacts of the procurement of recycled aggregates may be smaller than those of natural aggregates, but cost may be larger for recycled aggregates, preventing that the most sustainable option is chosen. Full article
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15 pages, 30993 KiB  
Article
Liquid Metal Embrittlement of Advanced High Strength Steel: Experiments and Damage Modeling
by Konstantin Manuel Prabitz, Mohammad Zhian Asadzadeh, Marlies Pichler, Thomas Antretter, Coline Beal, Holger Schubert, Benjamin Hilpert, Martin Gruber, Robert Sierlinger and Werner Ecker
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5451; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185451 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2295
Abstract
In the automotive industry, corrosion protected galvanized advanced high strength steels with high ductility (AHSS-HD) gain importance due to their good formability and their lightweight potential. Unfortunately, under specific thermomechanical loading conditions such as during resistance spot welding galvanized, AHSS-HD sheets tend to [...] Read more.
In the automotive industry, corrosion protected galvanized advanced high strength steels with high ductility (AHSS-HD) gain importance due to their good formability and their lightweight potential. Unfortunately, under specific thermomechanical loading conditions such as during resistance spot welding galvanized, AHSS-HD sheets tend to show liquid metal embrittlement (LME). LME is an intergranular decohesion phenomenon leading to a drastic loss of ductility of up to 95%. The occurrence of LME for a given galvanized material mainly depends on thermal and mechanical loading. These influences are investigated for a dual phase steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 1200 MPa, a fracture strain of 14% and high ductility (DP1200HD) by means of systematic isothermal hot tensile testing on a Gleeble® 3800 thermomechanical simulator. Based on the experimental findings, a machine learning procedure using symbolic regression is applied to calibrate an LME damage model that accounts for the governing quantities of temperature, plastic strain and strain rate. The finite element (FE) implementation of the damage model is validated based on the local damage distribution in the hot tensile tested samples and in an exemplary 2-sheet resistance spot weld. The developed LME damage model predicts the local position and the local intensity of liquid metal induced cracking in both cases very well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Welding and Joining Processes of Materials)
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12 pages, 28768 KiB  
Article
Effects of W Alloying on the Lattice Distortion and Wear Behavior of Laser Cladding AlCoCrFeNiWx High-Entropy Alloy Coatings
by Tao Wu, Yunxiang Chen, Shuqin Shi, Mengting Wu, Wanyuan Gui, Yuanyuan Tan, Jiheng Li and Yuan Wu
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5450; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185450 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2504
Abstract
Friction and wear properties of hot working die steel at above 800 °C are of particular interest for high temperature applications. Here, novel AlCoCrFeNiWx high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings have been fabricated on the surface of hot working die steel by laser cladding. [...] Read more.
Friction and wear properties of hot working die steel at above 800 °C are of particular interest for high temperature applications. Here, novel AlCoCrFeNiWx high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings have been fabricated on the surface of hot working die steel by laser cladding. The effects of the as-prepared AlCoCrFeNiWx HEA coatings on the microstructure and high temperature friction and wear behavior of hot working die steel are investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). Having benefited from the formation of W-rich intermetallic compounds after the addition of W elements, the high temperature wear resistance of the coatings is obviously improved, and friction coefficient shows a large fluctuation. The microstructural characteristics of the AlCoCrFeNiWx HEA coatings after the high temperature wear resistance test shows a highly favorable impact on microstructure stability and wear resistance, due to its the strong lattice distortion effect of W element on BCC solid solutions and the second phase strengthening of the W-rich intermetallic compounds. These findings may provide a method to design the high temperature wear resistant coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Multiple Application for Novel and Advanced Materials)
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23 pages, 11029 KiB  
Article
A High-Similarity Modeling Method for Low-Porosity Porous Material and Its Application in Bearing Cage Self-Lubrication Simulation
by Jiannan Sun, Ke Yan, Yongsheng Zhu and Jun Hong
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5449; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185449 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3416
Abstract
The porous oil-containing cage achieves the storage, spillage, and suction of lubricating oil by its micro-pore structure, thus ensuring the self-lubricating performance of the bearing. Carrying out fast and accurate modeling of the cage microscopic pore structure is the key to the analysis [...] Read more.
The porous oil-containing cage achieves the storage, spillage, and suction of lubricating oil by its micro-pore structure, thus ensuring the self-lubricating performance of the bearing. Carrying out fast and accurate modeling of the cage microscopic pore structure is the key to the analysis of the self-lubricating mechanism of bearings. In response to the issues where current modeling methods of porous materials have a low similarity of pore distribution, morphology, structure, and size characteristics, and the transition of pore surfaces is sharp, this paper proposed a modeling method of a highly similar micro-pore structure based on the idea of median filtering, the quartet structure generation set (QSGS), and the slice method. By extracting and analyzing the pore characteristics of the porous model and comparing them with the experimental results of CT scanning, the advantages of the modeling method in terms of morphology and pore connectivity were verified. Finally, by carrying out simulation analysis of the centrifugal force of oil splashing and capillary oil absorption on the constructed model by combining the parameters of porous structures such as porosity and tortuosity, the advantages of the modeling method in the construction of the porous model and multi-physical field analysis were further verified. Full article
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23 pages, 4309 KiB  
Article
Fractal Dimension and Texture Analysis of Lesion Autofluorescence in the Evaluation of Oral Lichen Planus Treatment Effectiveness
by Kamil Jurczyszyn, Witold Trzeciakowski, Marcin Kozakiewicz, Dorota Kida, Katarzyna Malec, Bożena Karolewicz, Tomasz Konopka and Jacek Zborowski
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5448; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185448 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2095
Abstract
Background: Oral Lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Topical steroids are used as the treatment of choice. The alternative is photodynamic therapy (PDT). The study aimed to fabricate optimal biodegradable matrices for methylene blue or triamcinolone acetonide because of a lack [...] Read more.
Background: Oral Lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Topical steroids are used as the treatment of choice. The alternative is photodynamic therapy (PDT). The study aimed to fabricate optimal biodegradable matrices for methylene blue or triamcinolone acetonide because of a lack of currently commercially available carriers that could adhere to the mucous. Methods: The study was designed as a 12-week single-blind prospective randomized clinical trial with 30 patients, full contralateral split-mouth design. Matrices for steroid and photosensitizer and laser device were fabricated. Fractal and texture analysis of photographs, taken in 405, 450, 405 + 450 nm wavelength, of lesions was performed to increase the objectivity of the assessment of treatment. Results: We achieved two total responses for treatment in case of steroid therapy and one in the case of PDT. Partial response was noted in 17 lesions treated using local steroid therapy and 21 in the case of PDT. No statistically significant differences were found between the effectiveness of both used methods. Statistically significant differences in fractal dimension before and after treatment were observed only in the analysis of photographs taken in 405 + 450 nm wavelength. Conclusions: Photodynamic therapy and topical steroid therapy are effective methods for treating OLP. Using a carrier offers the possibility of a more predictable and effective method of drug delivery into the mucous membrane. Autofluorescence enables the detection of lesions especially at the early stage of their development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical and Biomechanical Analysis in Bioengineering)
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15 pages, 42332 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Welding (Laser–Electric Arc MAG) of High Yield Point Steel S960QL
by Michał Urbańczyk and Janusz Adamiec
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5447; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185447 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1947
Abstract
The article discusses the effect of the hybrid-welding process (laser–electric arc MAG Metal Active Gas) on the structure and properties of butt joints (having various thicknesses, i.e., 5 mm and 7 mm) made of steel S960QL. Welding tests were performed in the [...] Read more.
The article discusses the effect of the hybrid-welding process (laser–electric arc MAG Metal Active Gas) on the structure and properties of butt joints (having various thicknesses, i.e., 5 mm and 7 mm) made of steel S960QL. Welding tests were performed in the flat position (PA) and in the horizontal position (PC). Joints made of steel S960QL in the above-presented configuration are present in elements of crane structures (e.g., telescopic crane jibs). The welding tests involved the use of the G Mn4Ni1.5CrMo solid electrode wire and the Ar+18% CO2 shielding gas mixture (M21) (used in the MAG method). Non-destructive visual and radiographic tests did not reveal the presence of any welding imperfections in the joints. The welded joints obtained in the tests represented quality level B in accordance with the requirements of the ISO 12932 standard. Microscopic metallographic tests revealed that the heat-affected zone (HAZ) contained the coarse-grained martensitic structure resulting from the effect of the complex welding thermal cycle on the microstructure of the joints. Destructive tests revealed that the joints were characterised by tensile strength similar to that of the base material. The hybrid welding (laser–MAG) of steel S960QL enabled the obtainment of joints characterised by favourable plastic properties and impact energy exceeding 27 J. The tests revealed the possibility of making hybrid-welded joints satisfying the quality-related requirements specified in the ISO 15614-14 standard. Full article
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18 pages, 7954 KiB  
Article
Torsional Crack Localization in Palm Oil Clinker Concrete Using Acoustic Emission Method
by Safdar Khan, Soon Poh Yap, Chee Ghuan Tan, Reventheran Ganasan, Muhammad M. Sherif and Ahmed El-Shafie
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5446; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185446 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1733
Abstract
Palm oil clinker (POC) aggregates is a viable alternative to the naturally occurring sand and gravel in the manufacturing of concrete. The usage of POC aggregates assists in the reduction of solid waste and preserves the consumption of natural resources. Although researchers investigated [...] Read more.
Palm oil clinker (POC) aggregates is a viable alternative to the naturally occurring sand and gravel in the manufacturing of concrete. The usage of POC aggregates assists in the reduction of solid waste and preserves the consumption of natural resources. Although researchers investigated the mechanical response of POC-containing concrete, limited research is available for its torsional behavior. In general, the torsional strength depends on the tensile strength of concrete. This research investigates the compressive, tensile, and torsional response of concrete with various ratios of POC-aggregates. Five batches of concrete were casted with POC-aggregate replacing granite at ratios of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 100%. The selection for the mixture proportions for the various batches was based on the design of experiments (DOE) methodology. The hard density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete with a 100% replacement of granite with POC-aggregates reduced by 8.80, 37.25, 30.94, and 14.31%, respectively. Furthermore, a reduction in initial and ultimate torque was observed. While cracks increased with the increase in POC-aggregates. Finally, the cracking of concrete subjected to torsional loads was monitored and characterized by acoustic emissions (AE). The results illustrate a sudden rise in AE activities during the initiation of cracks and as the ultimate cracks were developed. This was accompanied by a sudden drop in the torque/twist curve. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Green Construction Materials)
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19 pages, 4541 KiB  
Article
Dendritic Iron(III) Carbazole Complexes: Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Characteristics
by Matvey Gruzdev, Ulyana Chervonova, Arkadiy Kolker, Nadezhda Fomina, Ekaterina Zueva, Valerya Vorobeva, Denis Starichenko and Alexander Korolev
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5445; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185445 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1840
Abstract
This paper focuses on the synthesis, structural characterization, and study of the optical, magnetic, and thermal properties of novel architectures combining metal ions as magnetoactive centers and photoactive blocks formed by carbazole units. For this purpose, a series of azomethine complexes of the [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the synthesis, structural characterization, and study of the optical, magnetic, and thermal properties of novel architectures combining metal ions as magnetoactive centers and photoactive blocks formed by carbazole units. For this purpose, a series of azomethine complexes of the composition [Fe(L)2]X (L = 3,6-bis[(3′,6′-di-tert-butyl-9-carbazol)-9-carbazol]benzoyloxy-4-salicylidene-N′-ethyl-N-ethylenediamine, X = NO3, Cl, PF6) were synthesized by the reaction of metal salts with Schiff bases in a mixture of solvents. The UV–Vis absorption properties were studied in dichloromethane and rationalized via time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Upon excitation at 350 nm, the compounds exhibited an intense dual fluorescence with two emission bands centered at ~445 and ~485 nm, which were assigned to πcarbπ* intraligand and πcarb–dFe ligand-to-metal charge-transfer excited states. EPR spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometry revealed solid-state partial spin crossover in some compounds, and antiferromagnetic interactions between the neighboring Fe(III) ions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solvated Metal Ions: From Solution to Solid)
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11 pages, 3361 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen-Bonding-Aided Fabrication of Wood Derived Cellulose Scaffold/Aramid Nanofiber into High-Performance Bulk Material
by Xiaoshuai Han, Weijie Wu, Jingwen Wang, Zhiwei Tian and Shaohua Jiang
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5444; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185444 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2541
Abstract
Preparing a lightweight yet high-strength bio-based structural material with sustainability and recyclability is highly desirable in advanced applications for architecture, new energy vehicles and spacecraft. In this study, we combined cellulose scaffold and aramid nanofiber (ANF) into a high-performance bulk material. Densification of [...] Read more.
Preparing a lightweight yet high-strength bio-based structural material with sustainability and recyclability is highly desirable in advanced applications for architecture, new energy vehicles and spacecraft. In this study, we combined cellulose scaffold and aramid nanofiber (ANF) into a high-performance bulk material. Densification of cellulose microfibers containing ANF and hydrogen bonding between cellulose microfibers and ANF played a crucial role in enhanced physical and mechanical properties of the hybrid material. The prepared material showed excellent tensile strength (341.7 MPa vs. 57.0 MPa for natural wood), toughness (4.4 MJ/m3 vs. 0.4 MJ/m3 for natural wood) and Young’s modulus (24.7 GPa vs. 7.2 GPa for natural wood). Furthermore, due to low density, this material exhibited a superior specific strength of 285 MPa·cm3·g−1, which is remarkably higher than some traditional building materials, such as concrete, alloys. In addition, the cellulose scaffold was infiltrated with ANFs, which also improved the thermal stability of the hybrid material. The facile and top-down process is effective and scalable, and also allows one to fully utilize cellulose scaffolds to fabricate all kinds of advanced bio-based materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheology and Mechanical Properties of Wood and Wood-Based Materials)
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11 pages, 380 KiB  
Article
Micronized Oat Husk: Particle Size Distribution, Phenolic Acid Profile and Antioxidant Properties
by Dariusz Dziki, Wojciech Tarasiuk and Urszula Gawlik-Dziki
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5443; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185443 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2249
Abstract
Oat husk (OH; hull) is a by-product generated from oat processing and is rich in insoluble fibre and phenolic compounds. The aim of this work was to study the particle size distribution, antioxidant activity, and phenolic profile of micronized OH. For this purpose, [...] Read more.
Oat husk (OH; hull) is a by-product generated from oat processing and is rich in insoluble fibre and phenolic compounds. The aim of this work was to study the particle size distribution, antioxidant activity, and phenolic profile of micronized OH. For this purpose, the hull was first sterilized using superheated steam and was then ground using an impact classifier mill. The particle size distribution (PSD) of the ground husk was determined using the laser diffraction method and the parameters characterizing the PSD of the ground husk, and its antioxidant activity were calculated. In addition, UPLC-MS/MS analysis of phenolic acids was also performed. Micronization of the sterilized husk effectively decreased the size of the particles, and with the increasing speed of the rotor and classifier, the median size of the particles (d50) decreased from 63.8 to 16.7 µm. The following phenolic acids were identified in OH: ferulic, caffeic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic, and synapic acid. Ferulic acid constituted about 95% of total phenolic acids. The antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts increased as the particle size of the micronized husk decreased. The highest half maximal inhibitory concentration (EC50 index) was found for chelating power, and the lowest was found in the case of radical scavenging activity against DPPH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing of End-of-Life Materials and Industrial Wastes)
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14 pages, 5853 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulations of the Soil–Rock Mixture Mechanical Properties Considering the Influence of Rock Block Proportions by PFC2D
by Wenwei Gao, Hairong Yang, Le Wang and Ruilin Hu
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5442; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185442 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2179
Abstract
Soil-rock mixtures (S-RMs), as a kind of special engineering geological material, need to be studied because of the special structure and complex movement mechanism of their rock blocks, their physical and mechanical properties, and the factors underlying rock block movement in the process [...] Read more.
Soil-rock mixtures (S-RMs), as a kind of special engineering geological material, need to be studied because of the special structure and complex movement mechanism of their rock blocks, their physical and mechanical properties, and the factors underlying rock block movement in the process of their deformation and failure. In this paper, a series of discrete-element numerical models are constructed in particle flow code software (PFC2D). First, the random structure numerical models of S-RMs with different rock block proportions are established. Then, the parameters of the soil meso-structure are inversed by the biaxial simulation test, and a series of biaxial compressive tests are performed. The characteristics of stress and strain, deformation and failure, and rock block rotation and energy evolution are systematically investigated. The results show the following. (1) As the rock block proportion (confining pressure 0.5 MPa) increases, the peak strength of increases, the fluctuations of the post-peak become more obvious, and the dilatancy of the sample increases. (2) As the rock block proportion increases, the width of the shear band increases, the distribution of cracks becomes more complex and dispersed, and the range of the shear zone increases. (3) The number of rock blocks with rotation also increases significantly as rock block proportion increases, and the rotation angles are mostly between −5° and 5°. (4) The strain energy of S-RMs with different rock block proportions follows the same change rule as axial strain, showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, like the stress–strain curve. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earth-Based Building Materials)
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21 pages, 5965 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties, Curing Mechanism, and Microscopic Experimental Study of Polypropylene Fiber Coordinated Fly Ash Modified Cement–Silty Soil
by Linfang Lu, Qiang Ma, Jing Hu and Qingfu Li
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185441 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2215
Abstract
Silty soil has the characteristics of low natural moisture content and poor viscosity, and the strength and deformation required for foundation engineering can be satisfied by reinforcing and improving the silt. In order to study the reinforcement and improvement effects of polypropylene (PP) [...] Read more.
Silty soil has the characteristics of low natural moisture content and poor viscosity, and the strength and deformation required for foundation engineering can be satisfied by reinforcing and improving the silt. In order to study the reinforcement and improvement effects of polypropylene (PP) fiber and fly ash (FA) on cement–silty soil, an unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, scanning electron microscope (SEM) test, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis test were carried out. Cement (mixed amounts are 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% of dry soil mass) was used as the basic modifier, and PP fiber (mixed amounts are 0%, 0.15%, 0.3%, and 0.45% of dry soil mass) compounded with FA (adding amounts of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of dry soil mass) were used as an external admixture of cement–silty soil to study the mechanical properties, curing mechanism, and microstructure of the modified soil in different ages of 7 d, 14 d, 28 d, and 60 d. The test results show that with the increase in cement and curing age, the UCS of the modified soil increases, and with the increase in the PP fiber and FA, the UCS of the modified soil first increases and then decreases; there is an optimal content of FA and PP fiber, which are 10 and 0.15%, respectively. A large amount of C-S-H and AFt substances are produced inside the modified soil to cover the surface of soil particles or fill in the pores between soil particles, forming a tight spatial network structure and improving the mechanical properties of the cement–soil. The intensity of the diffraction peaks of the mineral components within the modified soils is more influenced by the cement and age, and the effect of FA is weaker. The stress–strain curve of the modified soil is divided into elastic stage, plastic deformation stage, and strain-softening stage, and the specimens in each stage have corresponding deformation characteristics. By analyzing the behavioral characteristics and curing improvement mechanism of modified soil from the duo perspective of macro-mechanical properties and microstructural composition, it can provide some basis for the engineering application of silty soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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25 pages, 393 KiB  
Review
Bioactive Glass Applications: A Literature Review of Human Clinical Trials
by Maria Cannio, Devis Bellucci, Judith A. Roether, Dino. N. Boccaccini and Valeria Cannillo
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5440; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185440 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 87 | Viewed by 5238
Abstract
The use of bioactive glasses in dentistry, reconstructive surgery, and in the treatment of infections can be considered broadly beneficial based on the emerging literature about the potential bioactivity and biocompatibility of these materials, particularly with reference to Bioglass® 45S5, BonAlive® [...] Read more.
The use of bioactive glasses in dentistry, reconstructive surgery, and in the treatment of infections can be considered broadly beneficial based on the emerging literature about the potential bioactivity and biocompatibility of these materials, particularly with reference to Bioglass® 45S5, BonAlive® and 19-93B3 bioactive glasses. Several investigations have been performed (i) to obtain bioactive glasses in different forms, such as bulk materials, powders, composites, and porous scaffolds and (ii) to investigate their possible applications in the biomedical field. Although in vivo studies in animals provide us with an initial insight into the biological performance of these systems and represent an unavoidable phase to be performed before clinical trials, only clinical studies can demonstrate the behavior of these materials in the complex physiological human environment. This paper aims to carefully review the main published investigations dealing with clinical trials in order to better understand the performance of bioactive glasses, evaluate challenges, and provide an essential source of information for the tailoring of their design in future applications. Finally, the paper highlights the need for further research and for specific studies intended to assess the effect of some specific dissolution products from bioactive glasses, focusing on their osteogenic and angiogenic potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Bioactive Glasses 2020)
15 pages, 35996 KiB  
Article
Investigations of High-Strength Mg–Al–Ca–Mn Alloys with a Broad Range of Ca+Al Contents
by Stefan Gneiger, Nikolaus P. Papenberg, Aurel R. Arnoldt, Carina M. Schlögl and Martin Fehlbier
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5439; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185439 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2080
Abstract
The low mass and high specific stiffness of Mg alloys make them particularly interesting as means of transportation. Due to further desirable properties, such as good machinability and excellent castability, Mg alloys have gained acceptance as castings in high-volume applications, such as gearbox [...] Read more.
The low mass and high specific stiffness of Mg alloys make them particularly interesting as means of transportation. Due to further desirable properties, such as good machinability and excellent castability, Mg alloys have gained acceptance as castings in high-volume applications, such as gearbox housings and automotive steering wheels. However, in forming processes, such as extrusion and forging, Mg alloys find little to no industrial use at the moment. The reasons for this are their poor formability, which is reflected in limited processing speeds and low ductility, and their modest mechanical performance, compared to competing materials, such as Al alloys and high-strength steels. Much research is being conducted worldwide on high-strength Mg alloys, most of which rely on high levels of rare earths, making these materials both ecologically and economically questionable. Here, it is shown that high yield strengths (>300 MPa) can be achieved in the Mg–Al–Ca system while maintaining good ductility, using only low-cost elements. The investigations have shown that these properties can be adjusted over broad alloy compositions, which greatly simplifies both the processing and recyclability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Alloy and Process Development of Light Metals)
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18 pages, 2722 KiB  
Article
Residual TRM-to-Concrete Bond after Freeze–Thaw Cycles
by Paraskevi D. Askouni and Catherine (Corina) G. Papanicolaou
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185438 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2116
Abstract
In the present work, the effect of various freeze–thaw cycles (namely, 0, 10, 30, 50, 60, and 70) on the residual bond characteristics of textile reinforced mortar (TRM)-to-concrete was experimentally examined. The TRM consisted of a carbon dry fiber textile embedded in a [...] Read more.
In the present work, the effect of various freeze–thaw cycles (namely, 0, 10, 30, 50, 60, and 70) on the residual bond characteristics of textile reinforced mortar (TRM)-to-concrete was experimentally examined. The TRM consisted of a carbon dry fiber textile embedded in a cement-based matrix. Two mortar types were used as the matrix: a normal-weight and a lightweight one sharing the same hydraulic powders but different aggregates (limestone and pumice sand, respectively). The single-lap/single-prism set up was applied after the specimens underwent hygro-thermal treatment (according to ASTM C 666-Procedure B). Failure was due to the sleeve fibers rupturing the load aligned yarns or textile slippage from the mortar for an exposure period ranging between 0 and 60 cycles and to TRM debonding from the substrate for 70 cycles. Increasing cycles resulted in the intensification of partial interlaminar debonding phenomena and the weakening of the textile-to-matrix bond, with lightweight mortar being more prone to these effects. In the absence of a commonly accepted standardized method for the assessment of the freeze–thaw resistance of cement-based composites, the criterion for the termination of the freeze–thaw sequence was the number of cycles inferring a shift in failure mode (from fiber rupture/fiber slippage to TRM debonding from the substrate). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Reinforced Materials for Buildings Strengthening)
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11 pages, 4575 KiB  
Article
Design and Development of an E-Textile Mat for Assuring the Comfort of Bedridden Persons
by Daniela Sofronova, Radostina A. Angelova and Yavor Sofronov
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185437 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1685
Abstract
An e-textile mat with capacitive textile sensors was designed and manufactured to monitor body position and prevent decubitus ulcers in the case of bedridden people. The sensors were incorporated through a process of machine embroidery with electrically conductive threads. A new production method [...] Read more.
An e-textile mat with capacitive textile sensors was designed and manufactured to monitor body position and prevent decubitus ulcers in the case of bedridden people. The sensors were incorporated through a process of machine embroidery with electrically conductive threads. A new production method for the conductive threads is still expected to be developed, resulting in good conductive properties, high wear resistance and durability. Samples of five variants of motifs without cross-stitching were studied, and the capacity and electrical resistance were determined experimentally. A prototype of the e-textile mat was made with a motif showing the best ratio between the inserted thread and the measured capacity. A hardware solution and a software application for collecting, processing and visualising the received information were developed. Tests were performed in real conditions, which clearly showed that the designed e-textile mat could be successfully applied for non-invasive and continuous control of the position of the human body in a supine position to prevent decubitus ulcers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Textile Materials)
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10 pages, 2465 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Properties of Fractionated Soybean Protein Isolate Films
by Yunxiao Wei, Ze’en Huang, Zuolong Yu, Chao Han and Cairong Yang
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5436; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185436 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2210
Abstract
Soybean protein isolate (SPI) and its four fractionated products (7S globulin, 11S globulin, upper soybean residue, and lower soybean residue) were compared by fabricating films and film liquids. The separation and grading effects, rheological properties of the film liquids, and difficulty in uncovering [...] Read more.
Soybean protein isolate (SPI) and its four fractionated products (7S globulin, 11S globulin, upper soybean residue, and lower soybean residue) were compared by fabricating films and film liquids. The separation and grading effects, rheological properties of the film liquids, and difficulty in uncovering the films, in addition to the mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, oil permeability, and surface morphology of the films, were investigated. Results showed that the centrifugal precipitation method could be used to produce fractionated products. The 7S and 11S globulin films exhibited better hydrogels at lower shear rates than the other SPIs; however, they were more difficult to uncover. The tensile strength of the graded films decreased by varying degrees. However, the elongation at the break of the upper soybean residue film considerably increased, reaching 70.47%. Moreover, the permeability and surface morphology of the film were enhanced or weakened. The fractionated products, 7S and 11S globulin films, exhibited better performance. Overall, this study provides a basis for the improved development and use of fractioned SPI products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composite Biomaterials)
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16 pages, 2007 KiB  
Article
Precise Measurements of the Quadratic Electro-Optic Effect in KH2PO4 Crystals Using a Sénarmont-Type System
by Marek Izdebski
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5435; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185435 - 20 Sep 2021
Viewed by 1702
Abstract
This paper presents precise measurements of the temperature dependencies of the quadratic electro-optic coefficients g1111g1122 and ne3g3333no3g1133 in KH2PO4 crystals. In addition to traditional electro-optic coefficients [...] Read more.
This paper presents precise measurements of the temperature dependencies of the quadratic electro-optic coefficients g1111g1122 and ne3g3333no3g1133 in KH2PO4 crystals. In addition to traditional electro-optic coefficients describing changes in the function of an applied electric field, intrinsic coefficients, defined in terms of induced polarization, are also considered. Both intrinsic coefficients decrease with increases in temperature, but the relative temperature changes are of different orders of magnitude: 10−4 and 10−3 K−1. A Sénarmont-type setup was used for the electro-optic measurements. To achieve the best accuracy, a new approach was developed, in which, instead of using only one specific point on the modulator’s transmission characteristic, the operating point is changed during the measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical and Photonic Materials)
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