A Review on Recent Developments of RCCI Engines Operated with Alternative Fuels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Basics of CI Engine Operation
1.2. Fundamentals of RCCI
Heat Release
2. Effect of Operating Parameters on Emissions of RCCI Engine
2.1. Low-Reactive Fuels
2.2. Premixing Ratio
2.3. EGR Rate
2.4. Compression Ratio
Authors | LRF/HRF | CR | PR%/EGR% | IMEP Bar | NOx % | Soot % | HC/CO % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[64] | Biomass/diesel | 12–18 | 34–48/NA | 3.17, 4.23 | NA | NA | +/+ |
[62] | CNG/diesel | 14 & 17 | 63.4−88.9/42, 51 | 7, 9, 10 | − | − | +/+ |
[65] | Gasoline/diesel | 14.4 & 11 | 75 & 80–70/NA | 6.9 & 14–23 | − | − | +/+ |
[66] | CO2/diesel | 20 | 25–45/NA | 6.5 | 44 + | 10 + | 18/6 +/+ |
[67] | CNG/safflower biodiesel | 13–19 | 5–15/NA | 17.34 | 50 − | 39 − | 1/4 +/+ |
2.5. Bowl Geometry
2.6. High Load Operation of RCCI
3. Discussion and Directions for Future Research
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMEP | Brake mean effective pressure |
BSFC | Brake-specific fuel consumption |
CA | Crank angle |
CDC | Conventional diesel combustion |
CH3OH | Methanol |
CI | Compression ignition |
CNG | Compressed natural gas |
CO | Carbon monoxide |
CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
CR | Compression ratio |
DI | Direct injection |
EGR | Exhaust gas recirculation |
HC | Hydrocarbon |
HCCI | Homogeneous charge compression Ignition |
HRR | Heat release rate |
HRF | High-reactivity fuel |
HTHR | High-temperature heat release |
ID | Ignition delay |
IVC | Inlet valve closing |
LRF | Low-reactivity fuel |
LTC | Low-temperature combustion |
LTHR | Low-temperature heat release |
NOx | Nitrogen oxide |
NTC | Negative-temperature coefficient |
PCCI | Premixed charge compression ignition |
PFI | Port fuel injection |
PODE | Polyoxy methylene dimethyl ethers |
PR | Premixing ratio |
RPM | Revolution per minute |
RCCI | Reactivity-controlled compression ignition |
SI | Spark ignition |
SOC | Start of combustion |
SOI | Start of injection |
TDC | Top dead center |
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Authors | LRF/HRF | PR % | Latent Heat of Vaporization kJ/kg | ID % | NOx % | Soot % | HC/CO % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[42] | Ethanol, n-butanol, n-amyl alcohol/diesel | 45–85 | 840, 584, 427 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
[43] | Ethanol/diesel | 0–40 | 840 | 30 + | 80 − | NA | 84/70 +/+ |
[44] | Isopropanol + butanol + ethanol (3:6:1)/biodiesel | 0–66 | 632 | 22 + | 4.8 − | 25 − | 96/80 +/+ |
[45] | CNG+ H2 (30%)/sunflower biodiesel | 60–80 | NA | 12 + | − | NA | +/+ |
[46] | Isobutanol/diesel | 43–71 | 578 | 68 + | − | − | +/+ |
[47] | Methanol/PODE | 45–85 | 630 | 60 + | 71 − | 55 − | 94/79 +/+ |
Authors | LRF | HRF | PR % | Operating Conditions | BTE/ ITE | NOx | HC | CO | Soot |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[48] | Gasoline | Diesel | 40–60% | 2.4 bar IMEP, IP-800 bar | − | 4 | 13.7 | 67.5 | − |
Iso-butanol | Diesel | 40–60% | 2.9 bar IMEP, IP-800 bar | − | 3.8 | 11 | 46 | − | |
[49] | Gasoline | Diesel | 10–50% | 3.14 bar BMEP, IP-900 bar | 23 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 0.72 | 4.1 |
Gasoline | Thevetia peruviana biodiesel | 10–50% | 3.14 bar BMEP, IP-900 bar, B20 | 21 | 2.55 | 1.15 | 0.78 | 4.4 | |
[47] | Methanol | Diesel | 70–85% | 3.4 BMEP, IP-480 bar, EGR 26 | 30.75 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 0.016 |
Methanol | PODE | 70–85% | 3.4 BMEP, IP-480 bar, EGR-26 | 31.1 | 2.15 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.009 |
Authors | HRF | PR % | BMEP (Bar)/CR | Injection Timing (bTDC) | NOx % | Soot % | HC/CO % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[42] | Diesel | 47, 57, & 67 | 6.1/18.5 | 60 & 30 | − | + | +/+ |
[50] | Diesel | 60 & 80 | 9.6/16 | 14–11 | − | − | +/+ |
[51] | Mahua biodiesel | 10–90 | 6.3/17.5 | 55–23 | − | − | +/NA |
[52] | Safflower Biodiesel | 30 & 50 | 7.6/17 | 15 | 50 − | NA | 76/25 +/+ |
Authors | LRF/HRF | IMEP Bar | PR% | EGR% | NOx% | Soot% | HC/CO% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[46] | Iso-butanol/ diesel | 2.7 | 43–71 | 22 | − | − | +/+ |
[54] | Butanol/biodiesel | 4–12 | 60–80 | 20–47 | − | + | +/+ |
[56] | Methanol/diesel | 3.4 & 5.1 | 57–90 | 0–40 | − | − | +/+ |
[59] | E20-95/B7 | 7.5 | 49–79 | 41–53 | − | NA | +/− |
[60] | Natural gas/diesel | 4–6 | 55–95 | 15, 20 | − | NA | +/+ |
[61] | Natural gas/diesel | 4, 9, 23 | 35 | 0–48 | − | + | +/+ |
Authors | LRF | HRF | PR%/ EGR% | IMEP Bar | ROPR (Bar/Deg) | NOx % | Soot % | HC/CO % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[29] | E85 | Diesel | 83/47 | 16.5 | 10 | − | − | − |
[70] | Ethanol | Diesel | 85/40 | 17 | 10 | NA | NA | −/− |
[73] | Gasoline | PODE | 70/42, 65 | 13.5 | 12 | − | − | NA/NA |
[74] | Gasoline | Diesel | 0–80/NA | 20 | 15 | 85 − | NC ↔ | NA/NA |
[75] | Gasoline | n-Heptane | 89/41 | 14.6 | − | − | − | NA/NA |
Reference | Operated Conditions | Fuel | Performance | Combustion | Emissions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A-BTE | D-BTE % | NOx % | Smoke % | ||||
[76] | CR of 17.5 in CDC mode at 6 bar with 1500 rpm | Corn oil (B10) | 34.5 | 1.27 ↓ | Negligible change in pressure and heat release compared to diesel | 1 ↑ | - |
[77] | CR of 18 in CDC mode at 4.5 bar with 1800 rpm | Diesel + jatropha + heptanol (40 + 20 + 40) | 38 | 5 ↓ | - | 14 ↑ | 41.6 ↓ |
[78] | CR of 17.5 in CDC mode at 6 bar with 1500 rpm | Diesel + calophyllum inophyllum Decanol (50 + 10 + 40) | 34.5 | 0.15 ↓ | Slight increase in cylinder peak pressure compared to diesel | 35 ↑ | 44 ↓ |
[79] | CR of 16.1 RCCI at 4 bar with 1300 rpm | LRF-methane/ HR F–diesel, PR-85 | 50.7 GIE | 3.37 ↑ | Advancement of peak pressure occurs at RCCI mode. | 97 | 98 ↓ |
[80] | CR 16.8 of RCCI at 5 bar with 1200 rpm, EGR-12.5-26 | Fuel–LR-ethanol /HR–diesel | 46 | 2 ↓ | CDC mode has higher ROHR compared to RCCI mode. | 88 ↓ | 55 ↓ |
[81] | CR 14.9 of RCCI at 6.5 bar with 1300 rpm, EGR-42 | LRF-E85 + EHN3/ HRF–diesel | 59.1 GIE | - | - | - | - |
[17] | CR of 16.1 RCCI at 9.3 bar with 1300 rpm, EGR-41, | LRF-gasoline/ HR F–diesel, PR-89 | 56.1 GIE | 14 ↑ | Increased PRRR (49%) and ROHR compared to CDC mode of operation | 99 ↓ | 84 ↓ |
[82] | CR of 16 RCCI at 10 bar with 1500 rpm, EGR-0-50 | LRF-butanol/ HR F–biodiesel, PR-20-80 | 48.5 | 4 ↑ | For maximum premixing Ratio leads to maximum peak pressure and ROHR. | 38 ↓ | 2 ↑ |
[83] | CR 16 of RCCI at 9.2 bar with 2000 rpm, EGR-0-50 | LRF-ethanol/ HR F–diesel, PR-55–87 | 46.5 | 2 ↑ | Increased ROHR with increased injection pressure | - | 59 ↓ |
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Dwarshala, S.K.R.; Rajakumar, S.S.; Kummitha, O.R.; Venkatesan, E.P.; Veza, I.; Samuel, O.D. A Review on Recent Developments of RCCI Engines Operated with Alternative Fuels. Energies 2023, 16, 3192. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073192
Dwarshala SKR, Rajakumar SS, Kummitha OR, Venkatesan EP, Veza I, Samuel OD. A Review on Recent Developments of RCCI Engines Operated with Alternative Fuels. Energies. 2023; 16(7):3192. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073192
Chicago/Turabian StyleDwarshala, Siva Krishna Reddy, Siva Subramaniam Rajakumar, Obula Reddy Kummitha, Elumalai Perumal Venkatesan, Ibham Veza, and Olusegun David Samuel. 2023. "A Review on Recent Developments of RCCI Engines Operated with Alternative Fuels" Energies 16, no. 7: 3192. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073192