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Volume 16
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Energies, Volume 16, Issue 1 (January-1 2023) – 571 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Medium-sized biogas plants can produce about 35–40 GJ of energy depending on the input material and are still in line with the goals of the low-carbon economy principle. In this study, the possibility of production of ecological energy utilizing harmful waste generated on farms in rural areas was presented. The possibility of reducing pollution in rural areas and utilization of digestate as a fertilizer provides an innovative additional role for biocomposites. The production and use of energy generated from agricultural waste offers a great opportunity for diversification and an increase in income of family farms. In addition to financial, energy, and environmental gains, we can obtain a valuable fertilizer that is easily absorbed by plants in field cultivation. Using such developments, we can control energy efficiency, a very important parameter in biogas production. View this paper
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18 pages, 3024 KiB  
Article
Methane Production from Confectionery Wastewater Treated in the Anaerobic Labyrinth-Flow Bioreactor
by Marcin Dębowski, Marta Kisielewska, Joanna Kazimierowicz and Marcin Zieliński
Energies 2023, 16(1), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010571 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2875
Abstract
Production and consumption of confectionery products have increased worldwide, thus, effective management of wastewater produced is now an important issue. The confectionery high-load sewage was explored for biogas production in an innovative-design anaerobic reactor with labyrinth flow. The experimental studies were focused on [...] Read more.
Production and consumption of confectionery products have increased worldwide, thus, effective management of wastewater produced is now an important issue. The confectionery high-load sewage was explored for biogas production in an innovative-design anaerobic reactor with labyrinth flow. The experimental studies were focused on determining the best technological parameters of anaerobic digestion for the effective removal of pollutants and obtaining high CH4 production efficiency. It was found that organic loading rate (OLR) of 5.0–6.0 g COD/L·d contributed to the highest CH4 generation of 94.7 ± 6.1 to 97.1 ± 5.1 L CH4/d, which corresponded to a high COD removal of 75.4 ± 1.5 to 75.0 ± 0.6%. Under such conditions the FOS/TAC ratio was below 0.4, indicating reactor stability, and pH was on the level of 7.15 ± 0.04 at OLR 5.0 g COD/L·d and 7.04 ± 0.07 at OLR 6.0 g COD/L·d. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A4: Bio-Energy)
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24 pages, 14280 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Aspect Ratio and Cross-Sectional Area of Rectangular Tubes on Packing Characteristics of Mono-Sized Pebble Beds
by Baoping Gong, Hao Cheng, Juemin Yan, Long Wang, Yongjin Feng and Xiaoyu Wang
Energies 2023, 16(1), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010570 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1991
Abstract
The packing characteristics of a pebble bed are essential to understand the heat- and mass-transfer processes occurring within a granular system. Therefore, the packing characteristics of rectangular prismatic pebble beds randomly packed with mono-sized pebbles are analyzed. In terms of the average and [...] Read more.
The packing characteristics of a pebble bed are essential to understand the heat- and mass-transfer processes occurring within a granular system. Therefore, the packing characteristics of rectangular prismatic pebble beds randomly packed with mono-sized pebbles are analyzed. In terms of the average and local packing fraction distribution, coordination number, and radial distribution function, the effects of the rectangular tube aspect ratio and cross-sectional area on the packing properties of pebble beds are explored in depth. The findings indicate that the packing structures of the rectangular pebble bed exhibit noticeable fixed-wall effects. The average packing fraction and coordination number gradually decline as the rectangular tube aspect ratio rises. Close to the fixed wall, a noticeable wall effect can be seen in the distribution of axial and local packing fractions and the pebble center distribution. The wall effect has an increasing effect on the axial and local packing fraction distributions in rectangular tubes with increasing aspect ratios. Additionally, the average packing fraction and the average coordination number also increase as the cross-sectional area increases, indicating a gradual weakening of the wall effect as the cross-sectional area increases. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area and aspect ratio of the rectangular tubes affect the RDF values of the rectangular pebble beds but have no impact on the RDF features. The findings reported in this paper will be helpful for designing and optimizing pebble beds in the breeding blanket of fusion reactors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B4: Nuclear Energy)
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18 pages, 10684 KiB  
Article
Automatic Evaluation of an Interwell-Connected Pattern for Fractured-Vuggy Reservoirs Based on Static and Dynamic Analysis
by Dongmei Zhang, Wenbin Jiang, Zhijiang Kang, Anzhong Hu and Ruiqi Wang
Energies 2023, 16(1), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010569 - 03 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1468
Abstract
The types of fractured-vuggy reservoirs are diverse, with dissolution holes and fractures of different scales as the main reservoir spaces. Clarifying the connectivity between wells is crucial for improving the recovery rate of fractured-vuggy reservoirs and avoiding problems of poor water- flooding balance [...] Read more.
The types of fractured-vuggy reservoirs are diverse, with dissolution holes and fractures of different scales as the main reservoir spaces. Clarifying the connectivity between wells is crucial for improving the recovery rate of fractured-vuggy reservoirs and avoiding problems of poor water- flooding balance and serious water channeling. A traditional dynamic connected model hardly describes the geological characteristics of multiple media, such as karst caves and fractures, which cause multiple solutions from the calculation. The static analysis is the basis for connectivity evaluation. In this study, we designed an intelligent search strategy based on an improved A* algorithm to automatically find a large-scale fractured-vuggy connected path by seismic multi-attribute analysis. The algorithm automatically evaluates the interwell-connected mode and clarifies the relationship between the static connected channel and the fractured-vuggy space configuration. Restricted by various factors, such as seismic identification accuracy, a static connectivity study can hardly determine the filling and half-filling inside the channel effectively, even if it can identify the main connectivity channels. An injection-production response analysis based on dynamic production data can more accurately reflect the reservoir’s actual connectivity and degree of filling. This paper further studies dynamic response characteristics based on multifractals combined with production data. To reduce the evaluation uncertainty, we combined the static and dynamic connected analysis results to comprehensively evaluate the main connected modes, such as large fracture connectivity, cavern connectivity, and fractured-vuggy compound connectivity. We use the Tahe oilfield as an example to carry out an automatic evaluation of the connected pattern. The comprehensive evaluation results of the new algorithm were basically consistent with the tracer test results and can better reflect the interwell space-configuration relationship. Our model has certain guiding significance for the adjustment of working measures during waterflooding in fractured-vuggy reservoirs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Managements/Operations of Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs)
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21 pages, 970 KiB  
Article
Impact of Digital Economy on Energy Supply Chain Efficiency: Evidence from Chinese Energy Enterprises
by Shuke Fu, Jiabei Liu, Jiali Tian, Jiachao Peng and Chuyue Wu
Energies 2023, 16(1), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010568 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3771
Abstract
The global industrial chain and energy supply chain are being reconfigured at an accelerated pace, and the uncertainty of China’s energy supply security is growing significantly. Empowering energy supply chains through the digital economy (diec) has a positive [...] Read more.
The global industrial chain and energy supply chain are being reconfigured at an accelerated pace, and the uncertainty of China’s energy supply security is growing significantly. Empowering energy supply chains through the digital economy (diec) has a positive effect on accelerating the transformation of China’s energy supply structure. This paper discusses the effect and mechanisms of the digital economy on energy supply chain efficiency (esce). Specifically, based on the panel data of 112 energy enterprises in China from 2011 to 2019, energy supply chain efficiency and digital economy at the enterprise level were evaluated through three-stage DEA and content analysis, respectively. A two-way fixed effects model and mediation effect mode were adopted to investigate the nexus of diec and esce. The results show that the digital economy improves energy supply chain efficiency, and the conclusion holds water even after a series of robustness tests and endogenous treatment. Meanwhile, its promotion effect is more significant among large enterprises, non-state enterprises and enterprises in high market-oriented regions. The main impact mechanisms are regional industrial agglomeration and technological innovation of enterprises. Based on the above conclusions, it is suggested to take advantage of the industrial aggregation effect and technological innovation effect of the digital economy to further improve the efficiency of the energy supply chain for the purpose of maintaining energy supply security. Full article
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19 pages, 11212 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation and Optimization of Variable Guide Vanes Adjustment in a Transonic Compressor
by Ziyuan Wang, Xiaodong Ren, Wei Zhu, Xuesong Li and Chunwei Gu
Energies 2023, 16(1), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010567 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1356
Abstract
In the present work, numerical simulation and optimization was carried out to analyze the mechanism of the variable guide vanes (VGVs) of a transonic compressor. A seven-stage transonic compressor including three-stage VGVs was studied. The VGVs were adjusted individually and jointly under different [...] Read more.
In the present work, numerical simulation and optimization was carried out to analyze the mechanism of the variable guide vanes (VGVs) of a transonic compressor. A seven-stage transonic compressor including three-stage VGVs was studied. The VGVs were adjusted individually and jointly under different IGV opening degrees. Changes in performance and shock wave were analyzed, and the coupling effect of the VGV joint adjustment was summarized. Aiming at the maximum efficiency, the joint turning angles were optimized. A novel phenomenon was found wherein the VGV adjustment can affect not only its own performance and that of adjacent downstream blades, but also that of upstream blades. Incidence and performance of upstream blades are improved, but those of the VGV and its adjacent downstream blades are deteriorated. VGV adjustment weakens the shock wave and shock-induced boundary layer separation. The optimal solution for VGV joint adjustment is the combination of the optimal solutions for single VGV adjustments. The joint adjustment optimization improves the efficiency by 0.2–1.93% under different IGV opening degrees. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Simulation, Thermal Management, and Performance Assessment of Gas Turbines and Aeroengine System)
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32 pages, 6952 KiB  
Article
Focus on Climate Action: What Level of Synergy and Trade-Off Is There between SDG 13; Climate Action and Other SDGs in Nepal?
by Prashamsa Thapa, Brijesh Mainali and Shobhakar Dhakal
Energies 2023, 16(1), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010566 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3048
Abstract
The Sixth Assessment Report of Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has highlighted the urgency of accelerated climate actions harnessing synergies and minimizing trade-offs with various SDG. This calls for a clear understanding of linkages between climate goals and other SDGs at national [...] Read more.
The Sixth Assessment Report of Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has highlighted the urgency of accelerated climate actions harnessing synergies and minimizing trade-offs with various SDG. This calls for a clear understanding of linkages between climate goals and other SDGs at national level for formulating synergistic policies and strategies and developing different sectoral programs and coherent cross-sectoral policies. This is even more important for least developed countries such as Nepal where these linkages are less understood and development challenges are multifaceted. In this context, this paper aims to evaluate potential synergies and trade-offs among selected SDGs and their associated targets in Nepal in a linear pairwise comparison. Synergies and trade-offs related to climate action (SDG 13), access to energy (SDG 7), sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12), and life on land (SDG 15) have been evaluated using historical data for the period from 1990 to 2018 employing a mixed methods approach. Network analysis to map the conceptual linkages between the SDGs and their targets was combined with the advance sustainability analysis (ASA) to quantitatively evaluate the synergy and trade-offs between SDGs. The results illustrate the presences of a continual trade-off between emission reductions targets of SDG 13 with per capita energy consumption and share of renewable energy of SDG 7, land use for agricultural production target of SDG 12, and forest area target of SDG 15. This indicates that climate action is strongly interlinked with GHG emissions from economic activities and energy consumption. The results of the study represent a valuable input for the policy makers, supporting coherent and sustainable development planning as Nepal plans to graduate to a middle-income country. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transitions: Low-Carbon Pathways for Sustainability)
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19 pages, 9251 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Battery Thermal Management System Using Biodiesel Fuels
by Mansour Al Qubeissi, Ayob Mahmoud, Moustafa Al-Damook, Ali Almshahy, Zinedine Khatir, Hakan Serhad Soyhan and Raja Mazuir Raja Ahsan Shah
Energies 2023, 16(1), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010565 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1964
Abstract
Liquid fuel has been the main source of energy in internal combustion engines (ICE) for decades. However, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have replaced ICE for environmentally friendly vehicles and reducing fossil fuel dependence. This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of battery thermal management [...] Read more.
Liquid fuel has been the main source of energy in internal combustion engines (ICE) for decades. However, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have replaced ICE for environmentally friendly vehicles and reducing fossil fuel dependence. This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of battery thermal management system (BTMS) to maintain a working temperature in the range 15–35 °C and prevent thermal runaway and high temperature gradient, consequently increasing LIB lifecycle and performance. The proposed approach is to use biodiesel as the engine feed and coolant. A 3S2P LIB module is simulated using Ansys-Fluent CFD software tool. Four selective dielectric biodiesels are used as coolants, namely palm, karanja, jatropha, and mahua oils. In comparison to the conventional coolants in BTMS, mainly air and 3M Novec, biodiesel fuels have been proven as coolants to maintain LIB temperature within the optimum working range. For instance, the use of palm biodiesel can lightweight the BTMS by 43%, compared with 3M Novec, and likewise maintain BTMS performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section J: Thermal Management)
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16 pages, 1964 KiB  
Article
The Circular Economy in the Management of Waste from Leather Processing
by Edyta Wrzesińska-Jędrusiak, Michał Czarnecki, Paweł Kazimierski, Paulina Bandrów and Szymon Szufa
Energies 2023, 16(1), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010564 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3278
Abstract
The tanning industry generates significant amounts of solid waste and post-production wastewater, which should be managed in accordance with the principles of the circular economy. Waste is generated at various technological stages of production. This comprises mainly solid waste and leachate. A comprehensive [...] Read more.
The tanning industry generates significant amounts of solid waste and post-production wastewater, which should be managed in accordance with the principles of the circular economy. Waste is generated at various technological stages of production. This comprises mainly solid waste and leachate. A comprehensive solution to the problem of disposal of this waste is very important from economic and environmental points of view. This work presents research for a technological production line designed for the comprehensive processing of post-production residues. In the present paper, the authors present an analysis related to the possibility of processing leather flesh side (mizdra) as a substrate for methane fermentation. The study showed an increased biogas production from solid waste after enzymatic hydrolysis up to 248 Nm3/Mg. Preliminary research on the system designed for pre-treatment of sewage from the technological line is also presented. The study showed a COD reduction of more than 30%. The possibility of energy management of the solid fraction directly from the processes carried out is demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected paper from 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Sources (ICoRES 2021)- Energy, Enviroment and Economy in RES)
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11 pages, 3214 KiB  
Article
Performance Study of Gravity-Type Heat Pipe Applied to Fuel Cell Heat Dissipation
by Lei Jin, Shaohua Wang, Jiachao Guo, Haopeng Li and Xiaoliang Tian
Energies 2023, 16(1), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010563 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1520
Abstract
A gravity-type heat pipe boiling characteristics test rig was constructed to solve the heat dissipation problem of fuel cells during operation. The boiling heat transfer characteristics of water in a parallel plate under negative pressure at different inclination angles and heat flow density [...] Read more.
A gravity-type heat pipe boiling characteristics test rig was constructed to solve the heat dissipation problem of fuel cells during operation. The boiling heat transfer characteristics of water in a parallel plate under negative pressure at different inclination angles and heat flow density input are investigated. The results show that: First, the gravity-type heat pipe can dissipate some heat and it is possible to use it for fuel cell heat dissipation. Second, with a certain range of heat flow density, the temperature of all parts of the plate is about 80 °C, with a small temperature difference, which is conducive to the safe operation of the fuel cell. Third, the heat flow density is in the range of 2222~3111 W·m−2, the temperature difference is large, and the outlet temperature is greater than 80 °C, which exceeds the operating temperature of the fuel cell, and the power-type heat pipe should be used for heat dissipation. Fourth, the average temperature of the plate placed at an inclination angle of 45°~60° is lower compared to other angles, and the temperature is evenly distributed. On the one hand, the conclusions reveal the characteristics of boiling heat exchange under negative pressure conditions of water inside the flat plate and, on the other hand, provide a reference for designing heat pipe systems for fuel cell heat dissipation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Thermal-Related Design, Application, and Optimization of Fuel Cells and Batteries)
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19 pages, 451 KiB  
Review
Optimal Integration of Photovoltaic Systems in Distribution Networks from a Technical, Financial, and Environmental Perspective
by Jhony Guzman-Henao, Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña, Bonie Johana Restrepo-Cuestas and Oscar Danilo Montoya
Energies 2023, 16(1), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010562 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1677
Abstract
Due to the increasing demand for electricity around the world, different technologies have been developed to ensure the sustainability of each and every process involved in its production, transmission, and consumption. In addition to ensuring energy sustainability, these technologies seek to improve some [...] Read more.
Due to the increasing demand for electricity around the world, different technologies have been developed to ensure the sustainability of each and every process involved in its production, transmission, and consumption. In addition to ensuring energy sustainability, these technologies seek to improve some of the characteristics of power systems and, in doing so, make them efficient from a financial, technical, and environmental perspective. In particular, solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the power generation technologies that has had the most influence and development in recent years due to its easy implementation and low maintenance costs. Additionally, since PV systems can be located close to the load, power losses during distribution and transmission can be significantly reduced. However, in order to maximize the financial, technical, and environmental variables involved in the operation of an electrical system, a PV power generation project must guarantee the proper location and sizing of the generation sources. In the specialized literature, different studies have employed mathematical methods to determine the optimal location and size of generation sources. These methods model the operation of electrical systems and provide potential analysis scenarios following the deployment of solar PV units. The majority of such studies, however, do not assess the quality and repeatability of the solutions in short processing times. In light of this, the purpose of this study is to review the literature and contributions made in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Principles Applied in Planning and Operation of Active Distribution Networks)
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19 pages, 7207 KiB  
Article
Improvement of the Electrical Performance of Outdoor Porcelain Insulators by Utilization of a Novel Nano-TiO2 Coating for Application in Railway Electrification Systems
by Pichai Muangpratoom, Issaraporn Khonchaiyaphum and Wanwilai Vittayakorn
Energies 2023, 16(1), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010561 - 03 Jan 2023
Viewed by 2012
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop the electrical performance of outdoor insulators using a nano-TiO2 coating for railway electrification systems. The prototype design of porcelain insulators with normal coatings and using a nano-TiO2 coating is based on IEC 60815-1. The first [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to develop the electrical performance of outdoor insulators using a nano-TiO2 coating for railway electrification systems. The prototype design of porcelain insulators with normal coatings and using a nano-TiO2 coating is based on IEC 60815-1. The first test was performed to measure the low-frequency flashover AC voltage under both dry and wet conditions. In addition, the other test was conducted to measure the lightning impulse critical-flashover voltage at positive and negative polarity under dry-normal and wet-contaminated conditions. X-ray diffraction (X-RD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the micro surface and show that the nano-TiO2 coating was adhered to the surface of the outdoor porcelain insulator and exists in an amorphous state. Additionally, it was observed and discovered that scattered nano-TiO2 strengthens the glassy matrix and creates a sturdy barrier that causes flashover voltage to be reduced under conditions of high dielectric strength. Nanostructured ceramic formulations outperform ordinary porcelain in terms of breakdown voltage strength, particularly for the insulators’ low-frequency flashover performances under dry and wet test conditions. However, a significant change in the lightning impulse critical-flashover voltage characteristics is observed and is not much better when adding the nano-TiO2 coating to the porcelain insulators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Testing, Monitoring and Diagnostic of High Voltage Equipment)
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16 pages, 1777 KiB  
Article
Assessing Fossil Fuels and Renewables’ Impact on Energy Poverty Conditions in Europe
by George Halkos and Eleni-Christina Gkampoura
Energies 2023, 16(1), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010560 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2423
Abstract
The disadvantages of fossil fuels and their impact on the environment have made the transition to renewable energy sources essential to cover our energy needs. However, different energy resources have a different impact on energy poverty conditions in the world, an issue that [...] Read more.
The disadvantages of fossil fuels and their impact on the environment have made the transition to renewable energy sources essential to cover our energy needs. However, different energy resources have a different impact on energy poverty conditions in the world, an issue that is important to examine and properly address. This study examines the impact that fossil fuels final energy consumption in households per capita and renewables and biofuels final energy consumption in households per capita have on energy poverty conditions in Europe, using panel data from 28 European countries for the time period 2004–2019 and static and dynamic regression models, while also performing various econometric tests. The findings indicate that GDP per capita and fossil fuels are linked to an inverse relationship to energy poverty conditions. Renewables and biofuels are also linked to an inverse relationship to the inability to keep homes adequately warm and the presence of leaks, damp, or rot in the dwelling, but they could be considered a driver of arrears on utility bills. In addition, a comparative analysis between Sweden, Germany, and Greece and their conditions on energy poverty and energy transition was conducted, highlighting the differences existing between the three European countries. The findings of the research can be useful for governments and policy makers to develop strategies that promote energy transition while protecting energy consumers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling Energy–Environment–Economy Interrelations)
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14 pages, 1131 KiB  
Review
Thermal Disintegration of Sewage Sludge as a Method of Improving the Biogas Potential
by Sylwia Myszograj and Ewelina Płuciennik-Koropczuk
Energies 2023, 16(1), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010559 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1650
Abstract
Operating and research experiments indicate that the potential benefits of thermal treatment of sewage sludge before methane fermentation include increasing the biodegradability of substrates, reducing the amount and improving the dewaterability of the fermentate and its hygienization, reducing the emission of odours during [...] Read more.
Operating and research experiments indicate that the potential benefits of thermal treatment of sewage sludge before methane fermentation include increasing the biodegradability of substrates, reducing the amount and improving the dewaterability of the fermentate and its hygienization, reducing the emission of odours during stabilization, higher production of biogas, and improving the energy balance of the process. The process of disintegration (liquefaction) can be carried out, for example, through the use of mechanical homogenization, microwaves and ultrasonic waves, chemical agents, thermal methods, and biological processes. The article reviews the literature data on thermal hydrolysis research, from the first source information to the present. The thermal hydrolysis achieved enhanced hydrolysis, biogas potential, and faster sludge degradation during anaerobic digestion without compromising the quality of the end products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Water Treatment and Energy Recovery: Opportunities and Challenges)
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17 pages, 5754 KiB  
Article
How Can EVs Support High RES Penetration in Islands
by Ioannis Karakitsios, Dimitrios Lagos, Aris Dimeas and Nikos Hatziargyriou
Energies 2023, 16(1), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010558 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1426
Abstract
The electrification of the transportation sector contributes to a cleaner environment in non-interconnected island (NII) systems or standalone islands. Moreover, e-mobility can significantly contribute to achieving very high renewable energy source (RES) penetration levels in islands, allowing a reduction both in the emissions [...] Read more.
The electrification of the transportation sector contributes to a cleaner environment in non-interconnected island (NII) systems or standalone islands. Moreover, e-mobility can significantly contribute to achieving very high renewable energy source (RES) penetration levels in islands, allowing a reduction both in the emissions due to the conventional generation and the system’s cost. Ιncreased RES penetration, however, can pose technical challenges for an island’s system. In order to overcome these challenges, new technologies like grid-forming converters are important. Moreover, the provision of new ancillary services in relation to battery storage systems might be considered, while novel control and protection schemes are needed to ensure secure operation. E-mobility can also contribute to solving technical problems that arise from very high RES penetration by providing frequency containment reserves or reactive power compensation. Since EV charging demand introduces modifications in the system’s load curve, e-mobility may affect the power grid for long-term planning and short-term operation, i.e., line loading and voltages. The application of specifically developed smart charging methodologies can mitigate the relevant grid impact, while effective exploitation of EV–RES synergies can achieve higher RES penetration levels. This paper examines how e-mobility can contribute to increasing RES penetration in islands while considering the technical issues caused. In particular, this paper takes into account the distinct characteristics of NIIs towards the identification of solutions that will achieve very high RES penetration while also addressing the relevant technical challenges (voltage control, frequency control, short circuit protection, etc.). The effect of e-mobility in the power grid of NII systems is evaluated, while smart charging methodologies to mitigate the relevant impact and further increase RES penetration are identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for the Efficient Integration of Electric Vehicles in Electricity Grids)
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20 pages, 3828 KiB  
Article
Simulating the Diffusion of Residential Rooftop Photovoltaic, Battery Storage Systems and Electric Cars in Italy. An Exploratory Study Combining a Discrete Choice and Agent-Based Modelling Approach
by Romeo Danielis, Mariangela Scorrano, Alessandro Massi Pavan and Nicola Blasuttigh
Energies 2023, 16(1), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010557 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2042
Abstract
Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems could significantly contribute to renewable energy production and reduce domestic energy costs. In Italy, as in other countries, the current incentives generate a modest annual increase after the generous fiscal incentives that kick-started the PV market in the [...] Read more.
Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems could significantly contribute to renewable energy production and reduce domestic energy costs. In Italy, as in other countries, the current incentives generate a modest annual increase after the generous fiscal incentives that kick-started the PV market in the 2008–2013 period. Several factors are, however, at play that can speed up the installation process, such as the improvements in PV technology at declining prices, the increased availability of battery-storage (BS) systems, the growing use of electric appliances, the uptake of electric cars, and the increased environmental awareness. We integrate two research methodologies, discrete choice modeling and agent-based modeling, to understand how these factors will influence households’ decisions regarding PV and BS installations and how agents interact in their socioeconomic environment. We predict that in Italy, given the preference structure of homeowners, the continuing decline in costs, and the social interaction, 40–45% of homeowners will have PV or PV and BS installed by 2030, thanks to the existing investment tax credit policy. Full article
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15 pages, 6357 KiB  
Article
A Fault-Tolerant Strategy for Three-Level Flying-Capacitor DC/DC Converter in Spacecraft Power System
by Haijin Li, Yu Gu, Xiaofeng Zhang, Zhigang Liu, Longlong Zhang and Yi Zeng
Energies 2023, 16(1), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010556 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1576
Abstract
With the development of space exploration, high-power and high-voltage power systems are essential for future spacecraft applications. Because of the effects of space radiation such as single event burnout (SEB), the rated voltage of power devices in converters for a spacecraft power system [...] Read more.
With the development of space exploration, high-power and high-voltage power systems are essential for future spacecraft applications. Because of the effects of space radiation such as single event burnout (SEB), the rated voltage of power devices in converters for a spacecraft power system is limited to a level much lower than that for traditional ground applications. Thus, multi-level DC/DC converters are good choices for high-voltage applications in spacecraft. In this paper, a fault-tolerant strategy is proposed for a three-level flying capacitor DC/DC converter to increase the reliability with minimal cost. There is no extra hardware needed for the proposed strategy; the fault tolerance of the converter is only achieved by changing the software control strategy. A stage analysis of the proposed strategy is provided in detail for different fault locations and ratios between the input and output voltage. Finally, a simulation model and prototype are built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Transportation Electrification Key Applications: Battery Storage System, DC/DC Converter, Wireless Charging, Sensors)
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17 pages, 3848 KiB  
Article
Energy Efficient Received Signal Strength-Based Target Localization and Tracking Using Support Vector Regression
by Jahir Pasha Molla, Dharmesh Dhabliya, Satish R. Jondhale, Sivakumar Sabapathy Arumugam, Anand Singh Rajawat, S. B. Goyal, Maria Simona Raboaca, Traian Candin Mihaltan, Chaman Verma and George Suciu
Energies 2023, 16(1), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010555 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1879
Abstract
The unpredictable noise in received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements in indoor environments practically causes very high estimation errors in target localization. Dealing with high noise in RSSI measurements and ensuring high target-localization accuracy with RSSI-based localization systems is a very popular research [...] Read more.
The unpredictable noise in received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements in indoor environments practically causes very high estimation errors in target localization. Dealing with high noise in RSSI measurements and ensuring high target-localization accuracy with RSSI-based localization systems is a very popular research trend nowadays. This paper proposed two range-free target-localization schemes in wireless sensor networks (WSN) for an indoor setup: first with a plain support vector regression (SVR)-based model and second with the fusion of SVR and kalman filter (KF). The fusion-based model is named as the SVR+KF algorithm. The proposed localization solutions do not require computing distances using field measurements; rather, they need only three RSSI measurements to locate the mobile target. This paper also discussed the energy consumption associated with traditional Trilateration and the proposed SVR-based target-localization approaches. The impact of four kernel functions, namely, linear, sigmoid, RBF, and polynomial were evaluated with the proposed SVR-based schemes on the target-localization accuracy. The simulation results showed that the proposed schemes with linear and polynomial kernel functions were highly superior to trilateration-based schemes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Agricultural Engineering and Energy Optimization)
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24 pages, 5199 KiB  
Article
Future Development of an Energy-Efficient Electric Scooter Sharing System Based on a Stakeholder Analysis Method
by Elżbieta Macioszek, Maria Cieśla and Anna Granà
Energies 2023, 16(1), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010554 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2927
Abstract
E-scooters as a new form of mobility are gaining more and more popularity. This popularity results from the flexibility of this mode of transport, but above all from the positive impact on the natural environment through the much higher energy efficiency of an [...] Read more.
E-scooters as a new form of mobility are gaining more and more popularity. This popularity results from the flexibility of this mode of transport, but above all from the positive impact on the natural environment through the much higher energy efficiency of an e-scooter compared to a motor vehicle (according to the literature the rate is 2 km per kWh equivalent for a motor vehicle and the range is 90–100 km per kWh in the case of an e-scooter). This paper introduces a discussion on the future development of an energy-efficient electric scooter sharing system based on stakeholder analysis methods. The implementation of the e-scooter sharing system involves linking several areas of human activity, including social activity. This, in turn, relates to the interactions and building of relationships with entities, particularly those influencing the provision of services and their effects. The large number of entities and the complexity of the relations between them make it a challenge both to identify stakeholders in the development of the public e-scooter system and to indicate their roles in shaping the sustainable development strategy for urban mobility. The following study was based on the methodological foundations of stakeholder theory and social network analyses. The main research objective of the article is to identify and assign to different groups the stakeholders influencing the sustainable development of energy-efficient e-scooter sharing systems based on Polish cities. An evaluation was carried out using expert methods with a stakeholder analysis, based on matrix and mapping methods, and with the MACTOR application. Relationships and cooperation suggestions were established for each of the stakeholder groups, which could become an important part of the strategic approach to supporting public transport service providers and organizers, as well as allowing for further reductions in energy consumption in the city by introducing such services on a large scale. The cooperation of the entities participating in the implementation of bike-sharing services can contribute to their greater sustainable development and assurance using the new mobility modes, which consume less energy and at the same time make the city energy-efficient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Electromobility and New Mobility Solutions in Sustainable Urban Transport Systems)
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)
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13 pages, 842 KiB  
Article
Optimisation of Ultrasound Pretreatment of Microalgal Biomass for Effective Biogas Production through Anaerobic Digestion Process
by Roshni Paul, Alla Silkina, Lynsey Melville, Sri Suhartini and Michael Sulu
Energies 2023, 16(1), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010553 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2478
Abstract
The anaerobic digestion, AD, process presents a solution for sustainable waste management, greenhouse gas mitigation and energy production for growing population needs and requirements. Adopting a biorefinery approach that utilises different feedstock may enhance energy production and support optimisation of the anaerobic digestion [...] Read more.
The anaerobic digestion, AD, process presents a solution for sustainable waste management, greenhouse gas mitigation and energy production for growing population needs and requirements. Adopting a biorefinery approach that utilises different feedstock may enhance energy production and support optimisation of the anaerobic digestion process. Algae is a promising feedstock that could be used for energy production via the anaerobic digestion process. Microalgal biomass is rich in carbohydrates and lipids; however, many species of algae exhibit tough cell walls that could also be difficult to digest and may influence or inhibit the efficiency of the AD process. This study concentrated on the comparison of AD remediation of two marine algal biomass species, Tetraselmis suecica and Nannochloropsis oceanica. The two species were pre-treated with an ultrasound technique and compared for their methane production using biochemical methane potential tests. For Tetraselmis, a specific methane production of 0.165 LCH4/KgVS was observed; however, for Nannochloropsis, a value of 0.101 LCH4/KgVS was observed for the samples treated with ultrasound. The BMP results from this study show that among the two micro-algae species tested, Tetraselmis suecica is found to be a better substrate for methane production potential. Contrary to increasing the specific methane production, ultrasound cavitation caused a slight decrease in the specific methane production values for both Nannochloropsis oceanica and Tetraselmis suecica biomass residues. The pre-treatment of the biomass using ultrasound techniques provided comparable results and can be recommended for effective bioenergy production. However, further research is required for the optimisation of the pre-treatment of microalgae and for the integration of microalgal biorefineries for circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Products and Processes: Moving from Bench Scale to Commercial Realization through the Biorefinery Concept)
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11 pages, 1555 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Methane Production from Pretreatment of Waste Activated Sludge by Economically Feasible Biocatalysts
by Tae-Hoon Kim, Dayeong Song, Jung-Sup Lee and Yeo-Myeong Yun
Energies 2023, 16(1), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010552 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1253
Abstract
Crude hydrolytic extracellular enzymes (CHEEs) generated by a mixed culture of microorganisms during fermentation have a high potential as economically feasible biocatalysts for the hydrolysis of complex organic wastes. This study investigates the feasibility of CHEEs as substitutes for commercial enzymes based on [...] Read more.
Crude hydrolytic extracellular enzymes (CHEEs) generated by a mixed culture of microorganisms during fermentation have a high potential as economically feasible biocatalysts for the hydrolysis of complex organic wastes. This study investigates the feasibility of CHEEs as substitutes for commercial enzymes based on a series of anaerobic batch tests for CH4 production fed by pretreated waste activated sludge (WAS). The results showed that cellulase presented the highest CH4 yield of 99.1 mL·CH4/g·COD of WAS among the samples pretreated with single commercial enzymes, with a yield 34% higher than that of the control sample. A higher diversity of commercial enzymes used in the pretreatment led to higher CH4 production from WAS. The sample pretreated with a mixture of four commercial enzymes (amylase + protease + cellulase + lipase, APCL) presented a CH4 yield of 216.0 mL·CH4/g·COD of WAS. The WAS prepared with CHEEs resulted in a CH4 yield of 211.9 mL·CH4/g·COD of WAS, which is comparable to the performance of the sample pretreated with APCL. The results of the batch tests using pretreated WAS for different APCL concentrations showed that the CH4 yield of WAS pretreated with CHEEs was comparable to the CH4 yield of 0.34 g·APCL/g·COD of WAS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Reduction and H2 Promotion Techniques in Energies)
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23 pages, 616 KiB  
Article
Green Hydrogen and Energy Transition: Current State and Prospects in Portugal
by Diego Bairrão, João Soares, José Almeida, John F. Franco and Zita Vale
Energies 2023, 16(1), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010551 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6648
Abstract
Hydrogen is a promising commodity, a renewable secondary energy source, and feedstock alike, to meet greenhouse gas emissions targets and promote economic decarbonization. A common goal pursued by many countries, the hydrogen economy receives a blending of public and private capital. After European [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is a promising commodity, a renewable secondary energy source, and feedstock alike, to meet greenhouse gas emissions targets and promote economic decarbonization. A common goal pursued by many countries, the hydrogen economy receives a blending of public and private capital. After European Green Deal, state members created national policies focused on green hydrogen. This paper presents a study of energy transition considering green hydrogen production to identify Portugal’s current state and prospects. The analysis uses energy generation data, hydrogen production aspects, CO2 emissions indicators and based costs. A comprehensive simulation estimates the total production of green hydrogen related to the ratio of renewable generation in two different scenarios. Then a comparison between EGP goals and Portugal’s transport and energy generation prospects is made. Portugal has an essential renewable energy matrix that supports green hydrogen production and allows for meeting European green hydrogen 2030–2050 goals. Results suggest that promoting the conversion of buses and trucks into H2-based fuel is better for CO2 reduction. On the other hand, given energy security, thermoelectric plants fueled by H2 are the best option. The aggressive scenario implies at least 5% more costs than the moderate scenario, considering economic aspects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blue and Green Hydrogen Production)
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21 pages, 2071 KiB  
Review
A Review of Power Co-Generation Technologies from Hybrid Offshore Wind and Wave Energy
by Muhammad Waqas Ayub, Ameer Hamza, George A. Aggidis and Xiandong Ma
Energies 2023, 16(1), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010550 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2993
Abstract
Renewable energy resources such as offshore wind and wave energy are environmentally friendly and omnipresent. A hybrid offshore wind-wave energy system produces a more sustainable form of energy that is not only eco-friendly but also economical and efficient as compared to use of [...] Read more.
Renewable energy resources such as offshore wind and wave energy are environmentally friendly and omnipresent. A hybrid offshore wind-wave energy system produces a more sustainable form of energy that is not only eco-friendly but also economical and efficient as compared to use of individual resources. The objective of this paper is to give a detailed review of co-generation technologies for hybrid offshore wind and wave energy. The proposed area of this review paper is based on the power conversions techniques, response coupling, control schemes for co-generation and complimentary generation, and colocation and integrated conversion systems. This paper aims to offer a systematic review to cover recent research and development of novel hybrid offshore wind-wave energy (HOWWE) systems. The current hybrid wind-wave energy structures lack efficiency due to their design and AC-DC-AC power conversion that need to be improved by applying an advanced control strategy. Thus, using different power conversion techniques and control system methodologies, the HOWWE structure can be improved and will be transferrable to the other hybrid models such as hybrid solar and wind energy. The state-of-the-art HOWWE systems are reviewed. Critical analysis of each method is performed to evaluate the best possible combination for development of a HOWWE system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)
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20 pages, 12297 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Simulation of Modified MPPT Techniques under Varying Operating Climatic Conditions
by Doaa Khodair, Saad Motahhir, Hazem H. Mostafa, Ahmed Shaker, Hossam Abd El Munim, Mohamed Abouelatta and Ahmed Saeed
Energies 2023, 16(1), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010549 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2597
Abstract
Enhancing the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems has recently become a key concern because of the market demand for green energy. To obtain the most possible power from the solar module, it is imperative to allow the PV system to operate at its [...] Read more.
Enhancing the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems has recently become a key concern because of the market demand for green energy. To obtain the most possible power from the solar module, it is imperative to allow the PV system to operate at its maximum power point (MPP) regardless of the climatic conditions. In this study, a comparison of distinctive Maximum Power-Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is provided, which are Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Modified Variable Step-Size P&O, as well as Incremental Conductance (INC) and Modified Variable Step-Size INC, using a boost converter for two types of solar panels. Using MATLAB software, simulations have been performed to assess the efficiency of the solar module under several environmental conditions, standard test conditions (STCs), and sudden and ramp variations in both solar irradiance and temperature. The output power efficiency, time response, and steady-state power oscillations have all been taken into account in this study. The simulation results of the improved algorithms demonstrate an enhancement in the PV module performance over conventional algorithms in many factors including steady-state conditions, tracking time, and converter efficiency. Furthermore, a boost in the dynamic response in monitoring the MPP is observed in a variety of climatical circumstances. Moreover, the proposed P&O MPPT algorithm is implemented in a hardware system and the experimental results verified the effectiveness, regarding both fast-tracking speed and lower oscillations, of the proposed Variable Step-Size P&O algorithm and its superiority over the conventional P&O technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Power Engineering and Renewable Energy Technologies)
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17 pages, 3269 KiB  
Article
An Algorithm for Managerial Actions on the Rational Use of Renewable Sources of Energy: Determination of the Energy Potential of Biomass in Lithuania
by Valentyna Kukharets, Dalia Juočiūnienė, Taras Hutsol, Olena Sukmaniuk, Jonas Čėsna, Savelii Kukharets, Piotr Piersa, Szymon Szufa, Iryna Horetska and Alona Shevtsova
Energies 2023, 16(1), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010548 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1512
Abstract
This paper offers an algorithm to account for potential actions on the efficient production of renewable energy. The algorithm consists of a substantiated choice of a certain type of renewable energy, the evaluation of its potential, and the regulation of the processes of [...] Read more.
This paper offers an algorithm to account for potential actions on the efficient production of renewable energy. The algorithm consists of a substantiated choice of a certain type of renewable energy, the evaluation of its potential, and the regulation of the processes of obtaining that renewable energy. Also, potential resources for agricultural biofuel production have been analyzed and it has been determined that there is real biomass potential in Lithuania. It will thus be beneficial to make appropriate managerial decisions on the methods of biofuel processing and consumption, as well as on means of receiving the economic, energy and environmental effects. The total potential of by-product biomass of crop production was determined, and the thermal and electric potential of the crop by-products were calculated. Additionally, the potential for production of gas-like types of fuel (biomethane, biohydrogen, and syngas) from crop by-products was determined. The potential for the production of diesel biofuel from oil crop waste (bran) was also found, and the potential for livestock by-products for receiving gas-like types of fuel (biomethane, biohydrogen) was established. The corresponding thermal and electric equivalents of the potential were found and the potential volumes of the biomethane and biohydrogen production were calculated. The total energy equivalent equals, on average, 30.017 × 106 GJ of the thermal energy and 9.224 × 106 GJ of the electric energy in Lithuania. The total potential of biomethane production (taking into account crop production and animal husbandry wastes) on average equals 285.6 × 106 m3. The total potential of biohydrogen production on average equals 251.9 × 106 m3. The cost equivalents of the energy potential of agrarian biomass have been calculated. The average cost equivalent of the thermal energy could equal EUR 8.9 billion, electric energy—EUR 15.9 billion, biomethane—EUR 3.3 billion and biohydrogen—EUR 14.1 billion. The evaluation of the agricultural biomass potential as a source of renewable energy confirmed that Lithuania has a large biomass potential and satisfies the needs for the production of renewable energy. Thus, it is possible to move to the second step, that of making a decision concerning biomass conversion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Torrefaction and Its Applications in Low-Carbon Industry)
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17 pages, 4272 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Electricity Consumption on the Example of Poultry Farming in Poland
by Honorata Sierocka, Maciej Zajkowski, Grzegorz Hołdyński and Zbigniew Sołjan
Energies 2023, 16(1), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010547 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1718
Abstract
The article presents the results of the analysis of parameters describing electricity consumption in individual phases of the production cycle on a poultry farm. One full broiler rearing cycle on the farm was analyzed. Electrical parameters were tested during the broiler rearing process [...] Read more.
The article presents the results of the analysis of parameters describing electricity consumption in individual phases of the production cycle on a poultry farm. One full broiler rearing cycle on the farm was analyzed. Electrical parameters were tested during the broiler rearing process using a power quality analyzer with a measurement interval of 1 min. During the tests, the analyzer recorded the active and reactive power, phase and line voltage, power factor, and frequency. On the basis of collected data, original indicators describing electricity consumption per chicken wkA, wkQ, and per unit area wiA, wiQ were determined. The regression curves of active and reactive power consumption in particular stages of the cycle were also determined, and the minimum and maximum values of active and reactive power consumption were determined. The accomplished research can be used in planning electricity demand in energy-self-sufficient areas. The presented original indicators can be used to determine power demand on broiler farms, depending on the planned production volume or size of farm buildings. Full article
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25 pages, 5144 KiB  
Article
Techno–Econo–Enviro Energy Analysis, Ranking and Optimization of Various Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Types in Different Climatic Regions of Iran
by Mehdi Jahangiri, Yasaman Yousefi, Iman Pishkar, Seyyed Jalaladdin Hosseini Dehshiri, Seyyed Shahabaddin Hosseini Dehshiri and Seyyed Mohammad Fatemi Vanani
Energies 2023, 16(1), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010546 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1892
Abstract
Iran is one of the most energy-consuming countries, especially in the construction sector, and more than 40% of its energy consumption is in the construction sector. Therefore, considering the very high potential of Iran in the field of solar energy, the need to [...] Read more.
Iran is one of the most energy-consuming countries, especially in the construction sector, and more than 40% of its energy consumption is in the construction sector. Therefore, considering the very high potential of Iran in the field of solar energy, the need to pay attention to providing part of the energy required by buildings by solar energy seems necessary. The study of the effect of climate on the performance of a BIPV has not been done in Iran so far. Also, the use of ranking methods using the weighting of parameters affecting the performance of BIPV has not been done so far. The purpose of this study is to investigate the power supply of BIPV connected to the grid in the eight climates of Iran. Technical–economic–environmental energy analyses were performed by HOMER 2.81 software. In order to study different types of BIPV, four angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° were considered for the installation of solar cells. The effective output parameters of HOMER software were weighted by the Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method based on the opinion of experts, and it was observed that payback time (year) has the highest weight among the studied criteria. Then, different cities were ranked using the evaluation based on distance from the average solution (EDAS) method. The results showed that Jask is the most suitable and Ramsar is the most unsuitable city. Also, the results of the EDAS method were confirmed by Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS), Weighted Aggregates Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS), and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energies: Advances in Sustainable PV/Wind Power System)
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25 pages, 5320 KiB  
Review
A Review on Heat Transfer Enhancement of Phase Change Materials Using Fin Tubes
by Fei Ma, Tianji Zhu, Yalin Zhang, Xinli Lu, Wei Zhang and Feng Ma
Energies 2023, 16(1), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010545 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2396
Abstract
Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) has received more and more attention in the thermal energy storage field due to the large heat storage density and nearly constant temperature during phase change process. However, the low thermal conductivity of phase change material (PCM) [...] Read more.
Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) has received more and more attention in the thermal energy storage field due to the large heat storage density and nearly constant temperature during phase change process. However, the low thermal conductivity of phase change material (PCM) leads to poor performance of the LHTES system. In this paper, the research about heat transfer enhancement of PCM using fin tubes is summarized. Different kinds of fins, such as rectangular fin, annular fin, spiral fin, etc., are discussed and compared based on the shape of the fins. It is found that the longitudinal rectangular fins have excellent heat transfer performance and are easy to manufacture. The effect of fins on heat transfer enhancement is closely related to the number of fins and its geometric parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical, Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Two-Phase Flow)
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10 pages, 1072 KiB  
Perspective
Additive Manufacturing of Electrical Machines—Towards the Industrial Use of a Novel Technology
by Toomas Vaimann and Ants Kallaste
Energies 2023, 16(1), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010544 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2245
Abstract
For several decades, the design and manufacture of electrical machines has been considered a technically mature area and, as a result, research and development in the area has been extremely limited, even though this is a crucial technology in the application of electrical [...] Read more.
For several decades, the design and manufacture of electrical machines has been considered a technically mature area and, as a result, research and development in the area has been extremely limited, even though this is a crucial technology in the application of electrical energy. Electrical machines are used in over 80% of the world’s energy conversion processes—first to create electrical energy, which can be easily transmitted, and second to convert that energy into mechanical form for applications ranging from dishwashers to transportation, and from medical devices to those used for industrial processes. Today, two technologies are changing this. The first is the development of power electronic drives and the second is the introduction of additive manufacturing technology. The latter technology has opened up new areas for innovation and research, and many conventional processes are likely to become obsolete. Considering the overall consumption of electricity by electrical machines, the design freedom granted by the novel production technology gives the opportunity for even more efficient, object-oriented machines to be built, with a lower environmental impact and less raw material consumption. If this technology can be developed to maturity, it would have a significant positive impact on the desired green transition that is being pursued all over the world. Full article
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11 pages, 2393 KiB  
Article
Constructing a Database of Reference Hydrothermal Sources for a Zero-Energy Building Certification Rating in South Korea and Analyzing the Renewable Energy Self-Sufficiency Rate Achieved by Water-Source Heat Pumps
by Yeweon Kim and Ki-Hyung Yu
Energies 2023, 16(1), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010543 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1233
Abstract
This study aims to institutionalize an evaluation methodology to assess water-source heat pumps (WSHPs) when designing a zero-energy building. Thus, regions where zero-energy buildings were designed were subdivided into 66 sub-regions, thereby standardizing the temperatures on the source side of WSHPs using river [...] Read more.
This study aims to institutionalize an evaluation methodology to assess water-source heat pumps (WSHPs) when designing a zero-energy building. Thus, regions where zero-energy buildings were designed were subdivided into 66 sub-regions, thereby standardizing the temperatures on the source side of WSHPs using river water and pipeline water. Based on these data, ground-source and water-source heat pump system-based simulation (new and renewable energy self-sufficiency rate compared to building energy consumption) values were derived for cases whose condition (region or heat source) was different among the buildings certified as zero-energy buildings. The application of the standard meteorological data and reference hydrothermal data to the ECO2 program and outcome evaluation led to the following findings: in all cases (reference: Seoul), ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) showed a higher self-sufficiency rate than WSHPs (ground source > pipeline water > river water). The self-sufficiency rate of GSHPs was 11–33% higher than that of WSHPs. In a regional comparison among the cold (Jeongseon), central (Seoul), and southern (Jeju Island) regions, WSHPs exhibited higher energy self-sufficiency rates than GSHPs under the conditions of higher water temperatures in winter and lower water temperatures in summer, as in the southern region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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15 pages, 5794 KiB  
Article
Study of the Blade Shape Impact on the Improvement of Fan Efficiency Based on State-of-the-Art Prototyping Methods
by Michał Szelka, Andrzej Drwięga, Jarosław Tokarczyk, Marek Szyguła, Kamil Szewerda, Marian Banaś, Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk and Krzysztof Kędzia
Energies 2023, 16(1), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010542 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1942
Abstract
The article discusses the process of designing and testing as well as their results, carried out in order to increase the efficiency of axial fans, implemented as part of the European project INESI. Modifications of existing solutions based on rapid prototyping methods were [...] Read more.
The article discusses the process of designing and testing as well as their results, carried out in order to increase the efficiency of axial fans, implemented as part of the European project INESI. Modifications of existing solutions based on rapid prototyping methods were presented. Scanning, FEM and CFD numerical calculations and 3D printing were used for that purpose. Rapid prototyping involved the use of a steel blade base and 3D-printed complex aerodynamic shapes that were bonded to create completely new blades. After their installation on the new rotor, enabling the angle of attack adjusting, a number of verifying tests of the fan were carried out. The solution was successfully tested and the results are discussed in the article. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Energy Efficiency and Environmental Issues)
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