Energies

18 pages, 3201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LCA-Based Comparison of Two Organic Fraction Municipal Solid Waste Collection Systems in Historical Centres in Spain

by Jara Laso, Isabel García-Herrero, María Margallo, Alba Bala, Pere Fullana-i-Palmer, Angel Irabien and Rubén Aldaco

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071407 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5218

Abstract

Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection is an important issue in the development and management of smart cities, having a significant influence on environmental sustainability. Door-to-door and pneumatic collection are two systems that represent a way of arranging waste collection in city´s historic areas [...] Read more.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection is an important issue in the development and management of smart cities, having a significant influence on environmental sustainability. Door-to-door and pneumatic collection are two systems that represent a way of arranging waste collection in city´s historic areas in Spain where conventional street-side container collection is not feasible. Since door-to-door collection generates significant direct greenhouse gas emissions from trucks, pneumatic collection emerges as an alternative to the trucking system. While this technology apparently reduces local direct air emissions, it suffers from a large energy demand derived from vacuum production for waste suction. The introduction of new normative frameworks regarding the selective collection of the biodegradable fraction makes necessary a comprehensive analysis to assess the influence of this fraction collection and its subsequent recycling by anaerobic digestion. As a novelty, this work compares both conventional door-to-door and pneumatic collection systems from a life cycle approach focusing on the biodegradable waste. Results indicate that, in spite of the fact electricity production and consumption have a significant influence on the results, the energy savings from the recycling of the organic fraction are higher than the energy requirements. Therefore, the pneumatic collection could be an environmentally-friendly option for MSW management under a circular economy approach in Spanish city´s historic areas, since wastes could be a material or energy source opportunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Dimensional Performance Evaluation of Heat Exchanger Surface Enhancements

by Hannes Fugmann, Eric Laurenz and Lena Schnabel

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1406; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071406 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3065

Abstract

Enhanced heat transfer surfaces allow more energy-efficient, compact and lightweight heat exchangers. Within this study, a method for comparing different types of enhancement and different geometries with multiple objectives is developed in order to evaluate new and existing enhancement designs. The method’s objectives [...] Read more.

Enhanced heat transfer surfaces allow more energy-efficient, compact and lightweight heat exchangers. Within this study, a method for comparing different types of enhancement and different geometries with multiple objectives is developed in order to evaluate new and existing enhancement designs. The method’s objectives are defined as energy, volume, and mass efficiency of the enhancement. They are given in dimensional and non-dimensional form and include limitations due to thermal conductivity within the enhancement. The transformation to an explicit heat transfer rate per dissipated power, volume, or mass is described in detail. The objectives are visualized for different Reynolds numbers to locate beneficial operating conditions. The multi-objective problem is further on reduced to a single-objective problem by means of weighting factors. The implementation of these factors allows a straightforward performance evaluation based on a rough estimation of the energy, volume, and mass importance set by a decision maker. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Enhancement)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy and Reliability of Switching Transients Measurement with Open-Air Capacitive Sensors

by Fani Barakou, Fred Steennis and Peter Wouters

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071405 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2738

Abstract

Contactless capacitive (open-air) sensors are applied to monitor overvoltages near overhead line terminations at a substation or at the transition from underground cables to overhead lines. It is shown that these sensors, applied in a differentiating/integrating measuring concept, can result in excellent characteristics [...] Read more.

Contactless capacitive (open-air) sensors are applied to monitor overvoltages near overhead line terminations at a substation or at the transition from underground cables to overhead lines. It is shown that these sensors, applied in a differentiating/integrating measuring concept, can result in excellent characteristics in terms of electromagnetic compatibility. The inherent cross-coupling from open-air sensors to other phases is dealt with. The paper describes a method to calibrate the sensor to line coupling matrix based on assumed 50 Hz symmetric phase voltages and in particular focuses on uncertainty analysis of assumptions made. Network simulation shows that predicted maximum overvoltages agree within typically 7% compared to reconstructed values from measurement, also with significant cross-coupling. Transient voltages from energization of an (extra-)high voltage connection can cause large and steep rising ground currents near the line terminations. Comparison with results obtained by a capacitive divider confirms the intrinsic capability in interference rejection by the differentiating/integrating measurement methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 12781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shales Leaching Modelling for Prediction of Flowback Fluid Composition

by Andrzej Rogala, Karolina Kucharska and Jan Hupka

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071404 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2877

Abstract

The object of the paper is the prediction of flowback fluid composition at a laboratory scale, for which a new approach is described. The authors define leaching as a flowback fluid generation related to the shale processing. In the first step shale rock [...] Read more.

The object of the paper is the prediction of flowback fluid composition at a laboratory scale, for which a new approach is described. The authors define leaching as a flowback fluid generation related to the shale processing. In the first step shale rock was characterized using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and laboratory analysis. It was proven that shale rock samples taken from the selected sections of horizontal well are heterogeneous. Therefore, the need to carry a wide range of investigations for highly diversified samples occurred. A series of leaching tests have been conducted. The extracts were analyzed after leaching to determine Total Organic Carbon and selected elements. For the results analysis significant parameters were chosen, and regression equations describing the influence of rocks and fracturing fluid parameters on the flowback fluid composition were proposed. Obtained models are described by high values of determination coefficients with confidence coefficients above 0.99 and a relatively low standard deviation. It was proven that the proposed approach regarding shale leaching can be properly described using shale models at a laboratory scale, however scaling up requires further investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 11668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Loss-Free Resistor-Based Versatile Ballast for Discharge Lamps

by Hugo Valderrama-Blavi, Antonio Leon-Masich, Carlos Olalla and Àngel Cid-Pastor

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071403 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3528

Abstract

This paper presents a versatile ballast for discharge lamps, whose operation is based on the notion of a loss-free resistor (LFR). The ballast consists of two stages: (1) a boost converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and exhibiting an LFR behavior imposed [...] Read more.

This paper presents a versatile ballast for discharge lamps, whose operation is based on the notion of a loss-free resistor (LFR). The ballast consists of two stages: (1) a boost converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and exhibiting an LFR behavior imposed by sliding-mode control; and (2) a resonant inverter supplying the discharge lamp at high frequencies. Thanks to this mode of operation, the power transferred to the lamp is regulated by the LFR input resistance, allowing successful ignition, warm-up, nominal, and dimming operation of a range of discharge lamps, with no need for complex regulation schemes based on lamp models. The versatility of the ballast has been experimentally proven for both conventional and electrodeless discharge lamps. Tests include induction electrodeless fluorescent (IEFL), high-pressure sodium (HPS) vapor, and metal-halide lamps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sliding Mode Control of Power Converters in Renewable Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Agent-Based Data-Driven Distributed Adaptive Cooperative Control in Urban Traffic Signal Timing

by Haibo Zhang, Xiaoming Liu, Honghai Ji, Zhongsheng Hou and Lingling Fan

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071402 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3855

Abstract

Data-driven intelligent transportation systems (D²ITSs) have drawn significant attention lately. This work investigates a novel multi-agent-based data-driven distributed adaptive cooperative control (MA-DD-DACC) method for multi-direction queuing strength balance with changeable cycle in urban traffic signal timing. Compared with the conventional signal [...] Read more.

Data-driven intelligent transportation systems (D²ITSs) have drawn significant attention lately. This work investigates a novel multi-agent-based data-driven distributed adaptive cooperative control (MA-DD-DACC) method for multi-direction queuing strength balance with changeable cycle in urban traffic signal timing. Compared with the conventional signal control strategies, the proposed MA-DD-DACC method combined with an online parameter learning law can be applied for traffic signal control in a distributed manner by merely utilizing the collected I/O traffic queueing length data and network topology of multi-direction signal controllers at a single intersection. A Lyapunov-based stability analysis shows that the proposed approach guarantees uniform ultimate boundedness of the distributed consensus coordinated errors of queuing strength. The numerical and experimental comparison simulations are performed on a VISSIM-VB-MATLAB joint simulation platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Data-Driven Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Imaging of Geothermal Faults from a Vertical DAS Fiber at Brady Hot Spring, NV USA

by Whitney Trainor-Guitton, Antoine Guitton, Samir Jreij, Hayden Powers and Bane Sullivan

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071401 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4072

Abstract

In March 2016, arguably the most ambitious 4D (3D space + over time) active-source seismic survey for geothermal exploration in the U.S. was acquired at Brady Natural Laboratory, outside Fernley, Nevada. The four-week experiment included 191 vibroseis source locations, and approximately 130 m [...] Read more.

In March 2016, arguably the most ambitious 4D (3D space + over time) active-source seismic survey for geothermal exploration in the U.S. was acquired at Brady Natural Laboratory, outside Fernley, Nevada. The four-week experiment included 191 vibroseis source locations, and approximately 130 m of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) in a vertical well, located at the southern end of the survey area. The imaging of the geothermal faults is done with reverse time migration of the DAS data for both P-P and P-S events in order to generate 3D models of reflectivity, which can identify subsurface fault locations. Three scenarios of receiver data are explored to investigate the reliability of the reflectivity models obtained: (1) Migration of synthetic P-P and P-S DAS data, (2) migration of the observed field DAS data and (3) migration of pure random noise to better assess the validity of our results. The comparisons of the 3D reflectivity models from these three scenarios confirm that sections of three known faults at Brady produce reflected energy observed by the DAS. Two faults that are imaged are ~1 km away from the DAS well; one of these faults (middle west-dipping) is well-constructed for over 400 m along the fault’s strike, and 300 m in depth. These results confirm that the DAS data, together with an imaging engine such as reverse time migration, can be used to position important geothermal features such as faults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation in Geothermal Energy Exploration and Production)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 3311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Economic Power Dispatch and Bus Voltage Control for Droop-Controlled DC Microgrids

by Zhiping Cheng, Zhongwen Li, Jing Liang, Jinfeng Gao, Jikai Si and Shuhui Li

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071400 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7056

Abstract

This paper proposes a distributed economic power dispatch (EPD) and bus voltage control solution for droop-controlled DC microgrids. For the proposed solution, a local power controller and a local voltage controller are added for each distributed generator (DG) to overcome the limitations of [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a distributed economic power dispatch (EPD) and bus voltage control solution for droop-controlled DC microgrids. For the proposed solution, a local power controller and a local voltage controller are added for each distributed generator (DG) to overcome the limitations of the conventional droop control. The power controller generates the first voltage correction term by comparing the local output power of DG with the reference instruction generated by the proposed distributed EPD algorithm, and thus, it can reduce the operation cost of the microgrid by optimally sharing the load demand among all the participating DGs. The voltage controller generates the second voltage correction term by comparing the nominal DC bus voltage value with the average bus voltage generated by the proposed distributed average bus voltage observation (ABVO) algorithm, and thus, it can realize the global bus voltage regulation of the DC microgrid. In contrast with conventional solutions, the control solution can distribute the computational and communication burdens among all the DGs working in parallel, which is more flexible, scalable, and robust against single-point failure. The effectiveness of the proposed control solution is demonstrated through simulation studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of User Cuts and Linear Sensitivity Factors to Improve the Computational Performance of the Security-Constrained Unit Commitment Problem

by Cristian Camilo Marín-Cano, Juan Esteban Sierra-Aguilar, Jesús M. López-Lezama, Álvaro Jaramillo-Duque and Walter M. Villa-Acevedo

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071399 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3572

Abstract

Power system operators must schedule the available generation resources required to achieve an economical, reliable, and secure energy production in power systems. This is usually achieved by solving a security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem. Through a SCUC the System Operator determines which generation [...] Read more.

Power system operators must schedule the available generation resources required to achieve an economical, reliable, and secure energy production in power systems. This is usually achieved by solving a security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem. Through a SCUC the System Operator determines which generation units must be on and off-line over a time horizon of typically 24 h. The SCUC is a challenging problem that features high computational cost due to the amount and nature of the variables involved. This paper presents an alternative formulation to the SCUC problem aimed at reducing its computational cost using sensitivity factors and user cuts. Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDF) and Line Outage Distribution Factors (LODF) sensitivity factors allow a fast computation of power flows (in normal operative conditions and under contingencies), while the implementation of user cuts reduces computational burden by considering only biding N-1 security constraints. Several tests were performed with the IEEE RTS-96 power system showing the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed modelling approach. It was found that the use of Linear Sensitivity Factors (LSF) together with user cuts as proposed in this paper, reduces the computation time of the SCUC problem up to 97% when compared with its classical formulation. Furthermore, the proposed modelling allows a straightforward identification of the most critical lines in terms of the overloads they produce in other elements after an outage, and the number of times they are overloaded by a fault. Such information is valuable to system planners when deciding future network expansion projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Methods Applied to Power Systems Ⅱ)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Generalised Multifrequency PWM Strategy for Dual Three-Phase Voltage Source Converters

by Jose A. Riveros, Joel Prieto, Marco Rivera, Sergio Toledo and Raúl Gregor

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071398 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3074

Abstract

Pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies for the control of asymmetrical six-phase drives have been widely studied since the beginning of this century. Nevertheless, space vector modulation (SVM) techniques with multifrequency voltage injection for the control of all the degrees of freedom of the [...] Read more.

Pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies for the control of asymmetrical six-phase drives have been widely studied since the beginning of this century. Nevertheless, space vector modulation (SVM) techniques with multifrequency voltage injection for the control of all the degrees of freedom of the multiphase model is still a subject under research. This paper deals with this topic and introduces a generalised PWM method for a two-level voltage source converters. The architecture was derived by extending a three-phase modulator proposed as an alternative to the widely studied SVM. The proposal computes the duty times straightforwardly with a fast algorithm based on an analytical solution of the voltage-time modulation law. Theoretical derivations supported by experimental results demonstrate the proper synthesis of the multifrequency target voltage in the linear modulation region as well as good frequency behaviour of the presented modulation strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Multiphase Machines and Drives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 11298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling and Evaluation of Waste Heat Recovery Systems in the Case of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

by Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Apostolos Pesyridis, Vahid Esfahanian, Ali Salavati-Zadeh and Alireza Hajialimohammadi

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071397 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4549

Abstract

In the present study, the effects of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and turbo-compound (T/C) system integration on a heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) is investigated. An inline six-cylinder turbocharged 11.5 liter compression ignition (CI) engine employing two waste heat recovery (WHR) strategies is modelled, [...] Read more.

In the present study, the effects of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and turbo-compound (T/C) system integration on a heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) is investigated. An inline six-cylinder turbocharged 11.5 liter compression ignition (CI) engine employing two waste heat recovery (WHR) strategies is modelled, simulated, and analyzed through a 1-D engine code called GT-Power. The WHR systems are evaluated by their ability to utilize the exhaust excess energy at the downstream of the primary turbocharger turbine, resulting in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reduction. This excess energy is dependent on the mass flow rate and the temperature of engine exhaust gas. However, this energy varies with engine operational conditions, such as speed, load, etc. Therefore, the investigation is carried out at six engine major operating conditions consisting engine idling, minimum BFSC, part load, maximum torque, maximum power, and maximum exhaust flow rate. The results for the ORC and T/C systems indicated a 4.8% and 2.3% total average reduction in BSFC and also maximum thermal efficiencies of 8% and 10%, respectively. Unlike the ORC system, the T/C system was modelled as a secondary turbine arrangement, instead of an independent unit. This in turn deteriorated BSFC by 5.5%, mostly during low speed operation, due to the increased exhaust backpressure. It was further concluded that the T/C system performed superiorly to the ORC counterpart during top end engine speeds, however. The ORC presented a balanced and consistent operation across the engines speed and load range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Exchangers for Waste Heat Recovery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 8723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neural Network-Based Modeling of Electric Vehicle Energy Demand and All Electric Range

by Jakov Topić, Branimir Škugor and Joško Deur

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1396; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071396 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4637

Abstract

A deep neural network-based approach of energy demand modeling of electric vehicles (EV) is proposed in this paper. The model-based prediction of energy demand is based on driving cycle time series used as a model input, which is properly preprocessed and transformed into [...] Read more.

A deep neural network-based approach of energy demand modeling of electric vehicles (EV) is proposed in this paper. The model-based prediction of energy demand is based on driving cycle time series used as a model input, which is properly preprocessed and transformed into 1D or 2D static maps to serve as a static input to the neural network. Several deep feedforward neural network architectures are considered for this application along with different model input formats. Two energy demand models are derived, where the first one predicts the battery state-of-charge and fuel consumption at destination for an extended range electric vehicle, and the second one predicts the vehicle all-electric range. The models are validated based on a separate test dataset when compared to the one used in neural network training, and they are compared with the traditional response surface approach to illustrate effectiveness of the method proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Saving in Public Transport)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 5318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Open Access Data in Geospatial Electrification Planning and the Achievement of SDG7. An OnSSET-Based Case Study for Malawi

by Alexandros Korkovelos, Babak Khavari, Andreas Sahlberg, Mark Howells and Christopher Arderne

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071395 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 14029

Abstract

Achieving universal access to electricity is a development challenge many countries are currently battling with. The advancement of information technology has, among others, vastly improved the availability of geographic data and information. That, in turn, has had a considerable impact on tracking progress [...] Read more.

Achieving universal access to electricity is a development challenge many countries are currently battling with. The advancement of information technology has, among others, vastly improved the availability of geographic data and information. That, in turn, has had a considerable impact on tracking progress as well as better informing decision making in the field of electrification. This paper provides an overview of open access geospatial data and GIS based electrification models aiming to support SDG7, while discussing their role in answering difficult policy questions. Upon those, an updated version of the Open Source Spatial Electrification Toolkit (OnSSET-2018) is introduced and tested against the case study of Malawi. At a cost of $1.83 billion the baseline scenario indicates that off-grid PV is the least cost electrification option for 67.4% Malawians, while grid extension can connect about 32.6% of population in 2030. Sensitivity analysis however, indicates that the electricity demand projection determines significantly both the least cost technology mix and the investment required, with the latter ranging between $1.65–7.78 billion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Open Data and Energy Analytics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LCOE Analysis of Tower Concentrating Solar Power Plants Using Different Molten-Salts for Thermal Energy Storage in China

by Xiaoru Zhuang, Xinhai Xu, Wenrui Liu and Wenfu Xu

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071394 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6284

Abstract

In recent years, the Chinese government has vigorously promoted the development of concentrating solar power (CSP) technology. For the commercialization of CSP technology, economically competitive costs of electricity generation is one of the major obstacles. However, studies of electricity generation cost analysis for [...] Read more.

In recent years, the Chinese government has vigorously promoted the development of concentrating solar power (CSP) technology. For the commercialization of CSP technology, economically competitive costs of electricity generation is one of the major obstacles. However, studies of electricity generation cost analysis for CSP systems in China, particularly for the tower systems, are quite limited. This paper conducts an economic analysis by applying a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model for 100 MW tower CSP plants in five locations in China with four different molten-salts for thermal energy storage (TES). The results show that it is inappropriate to build a tower CSP plant nearby Shenzhen and Shanghai. The solar salt (NaNO₃-KNO₃, 60-40 wt.%) has lower LCOE than the other three new molten-salts. In order to calculate the time when the grid parity would be reached, four scenarios for CSP development roadmap proposed by International Energy Agency (IEA) were considered in this study. It was found that the LCOE of tower CSP would reach the grid parity in the years of 2038–2041 in the case of no future penalties for the CO₂ emissions. This study can provide support information for the Chinese government to formulate incentive policies for the CSP industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Edition of the International SOLARIS Conference)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 7457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three Vectors Model Predictive Torque Control Without Weighting Factor Based on Electromagnetic Torque Feedback Compensation

by Haixia Li, Jican Lin and Ziguang Lu

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071393 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2658

Abstract

Finite control set-model predictive torque control (FCS-MPTC) depends on the system parameters and the weight coefficients setting. At the same time, since the actual load disturbance is unavoidable, the model parameters are not matched, and there is a torque tracking error. In traditional [...] Read more.

Finite control set-model predictive torque control (FCS-MPTC) depends on the system parameters and the weight coefficients setting. At the same time, since the actual load disturbance is unavoidable, the model parameters are not matched, and there is a torque tracking error. In traditional FCS-MPTC, the outer loop—that is, the speed loop—adopts a classic Proportional Integral (PI) controller, abbreviated as PI-MPTC. The pole placement of the PI controller is usually designed by a plunge-and-test, and it is difficult to achieve optimal dynamic performance and optimal suppression of concentrated disturbances at the same time. Aiming at squirrel cage induction motors, this paper first proposes an outer-loop F-ETFC-MPTC control strategy based on a feed-forward factor for electromagnetic torque feedback compensation (F-ETFC). The electromagnetic torque was imported to the input of the current regulator, which is used as the control input signal of feedback compensation of the speed loop; therefore, the capacity of an anti-load-torque-disturbance of the speed loop was improved. The given speed is quantified by a feed-forward factor into the input of the current regulator, which is used as the feed-forward adjustment control input of the speed controller to improve the dynamic response of the speed loop. The range of the feed-forward factor and feed-back compensation coefficient can be obtained according to the structural analysis of the system, which simplifies the process of parameter design adjustment. At the same time, the multi-objective optimization based on the sorting method replaces the single cost function in traditional control, so that the selection of the voltage vector works without the weight coefficient and can solve complicated calculation problems in traditional control. Finally, according to the relationship between the voltage vector and the switch state, the virtual six groups of three vector voltages can be adjusted in both the direction and amplitude, thereby effectively improving the control performance and reducing the flow rate and torque ripple. The experiment is based on the dSPACE platform, and experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed F-ETFC-MPTC. Compared with traditional PI-MPTC, the feed-forward factor can effectively improve the stability time of the system by more than 10 percent, electromagnetic torque feedback compensation can improve the anti-load torque disturbance ability of the system by more than 60 percent, and the three-vector voltage method can effectively reduce the disturbance. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Policies for Energy Efficiency and the Use of Renewables in Households

by Wadim Strielkowski, Elena Volkova, Luidmila Pushkareva and Dalia Streimikiene

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071392 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 5667

Abstract

Renewable energy sources (RES) are gradually becoming one of the key elements in the process of achieving energy efficiency worldwide. This trend can be observed in many developed Western economies—for example, in the United States, as well as in the United Kingdom. Hence, [...] Read more.

Renewable energy sources (RES) are gradually becoming one of the key elements in the process of achieving energy efficiency worldwide. This trend can be observed in many developed Western economies—for example, in the United States, as well as in the United Kingdom. Hence, the role of innovative policies for promoting energy efficiency is becoming crucial in transition to the post-carbon economy. The shift to the carbon-free future make all actors to face forgoing commitments Nevertheless, customers and residential households are the first and the most important players in the pursuit of the energy-efficient future. Without them, carbon-free economy based on RES would never take the shape as envisaged. Our paper focuses on the innovative strategies and policies studying the effect and the scope of RES penetration into the households. We employ and empirical analysis of the effects from using RES in households using an example of the residential households in the northwest region of the United Kingdom (UK) with and without solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and electric vehicles (EV). We analyse the four scenarios that are aimed at analysing the system dynamics and providing differentiation between systems in terms of the varying values of the gross demand, tariffs, metered import, and the total revenue. Our results demonstrate that the solar PV leads to the transfer of costs and wealth regardless of the ownership of PV and EVs. Solar energy generation reduces the share of UK solar PV households per kWh costs of the distribution system which causes the augmenting of the per unit charges as well as to the changes in payments for the electricity that impoverishes less wealthy customer groups. It also becomes clear that with the increase of EV penetration, the existing energy efficiency schemes would have to be revised. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Development Strategies: Energy Efficiency and Renewables)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exergy Analysis for Utilizing Latent Energy of Thermal Energy Storage System in District Heating

by Joong Yong Yi, Kyung Min Kim, Jongjun Lee and Mun Sei Oh

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071391 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3015

Abstract

The thermal energy storage (TES) system stores the district heating (DH) water when the heating load is low. Since a TES system stores heat at atmospheric pressure, the DH water temperature of 115 °C has to be lowered to less than 100 °C. [...] Read more.

The thermal energy storage (TES) system stores the district heating (DH) water when the heating load is low. Since a TES system stores heat at atmospheric pressure, the DH water temperature of 115 °C has to be lowered to less than 100 °C. Therefore, the temperature drop of the DH water results in thermal loss during storage. In addition, the DH water must have high pressure to supply heat to DH users a long distance from the CHP plant. If heat is to be stored in the TES system, a pressure drop in the throttling valve occurs. These exergy losses, which occur in the thermal storage process of the general TES system, can be analyzed by exergy analysis to identify the location, cause and the amount of loss. This study evaluated the efficiency improvement of a TES system through exergy calculation in the heat storage process. The method involves power generation technology using the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and a hydraulic turbine. As a result, the 930 kW capacity ORC and the 270 kW capacity hydraulic turbine were considered suitable for a heat storage system that stores 3000 m³/h. In this case, each power generation facility was 50% of the thermal storage capacity, which was attributed to the variation of actual heat storage from the annual operating pattern analysis. Therefore, it was possible to produce 1200 kW of power by recovering the exergy losses. The payback period of the ORC and the hydraulic turbine will be 3.5 and 7.13 years, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Policy in South Korea)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 7122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Investigation of Flow Regimes in Imbibition and Drainage Using a Microfluidic Platform

by Feng Guo and Saman A. Aryana

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071390 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4769

Abstract

Instabilities in immiscible displacement along fluid−fluid displacement fronts in porous media are undesirable in many natural and engineered displacement processes such as geological carbon sequestration and enhanced oil recovery. In this study, a series of immiscible displacement experiments are conducted using a microfluidic [...] Read more.

Instabilities in immiscible displacement along fluid−fluid displacement fronts in porous media are undesirable in many natural and engineered displacement processes such as geological carbon sequestration and enhanced oil recovery. In this study, a series of immiscible displacement experiments are conducted using a microfluidic platform across a wide range of capillary numbers and viscosity ratios. The microfluidic device features a water-wet porous medium, which is a two-dimensional representation of a Berea sandstone. Data is captured using a high-resolution camera, enabling visualization of the entire domain, while being able to resolve features as small as 10 µm. The study reports a correlation between fractal dimensions of displacement fronts and displacement front patterns in the medium. Results are mapped on a two-dimensional parameter space of log M and log Ca, and stability diagrams proposed in literature for drainage processes are superimposed for comparison. Compared to recent reports in the literature, the results in this work suggest that transition regimes may constitute a slightly larger portion of the overall flow regime diagram. This two-phase immiscible displacement study helps elucidate macroscopic processes at the continuum scale and provides insights relevant to enhanced oil recovery processes and the design of engineered porous media such as exchange columns and membranes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhanced Oil Recovery 2019)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 11559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Power Quality Indices on Active Power Losses in a Local Distribution Grid

by Alena Otcenasova, Andrej Bolf, Juraj Altus and Michal Regula

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071389 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3922

Abstract

This paper deals with the topic of power quality in a local distribution grid. It is aimed to analyze the individual influences, which aggravate the power quality of the distribution grid. Based on the analysis, the most adverse effects were determined, and they [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the topic of power quality in a local distribution grid. It is aimed to analyze the individual influences, which aggravate the power quality of the distribution grid. Based on the analysis, the most adverse effects were determined, and they were the voltage drops and supply voltage interruptions, supply voltage unbalance, load power factor, and also higher harmonics. These influences cause the technical losses in a distribution grid, which subsequently have a financial impact not only on the distribution, but also on the transmission of electricity. Only the load voltage unbalance, the load power factor, and the higher harmonics, which mainly cause the technical losses, were analyzed in this paper. The measurement of the influences of the adverse effects was performed on the model of a 22-kV distribution grid. The measurement was performed on the basis of three types of power line conductors and their different lengths, three types of active power consumption, and the different values of these adverse effects. According to this measurement, a simulation in program Matlab-Simulink was created. This simulation represented part of a 22-kV distribution grid, which was influenced by the abovementioned adverse effects. The results of the measurements were compared with the results of the simulation. Based on the evaluation of the technical losses from the measurement and the simulation, the financial losses during a certain period were calculated for the distribution system operators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Selected Biofuels on the Skoda Roomster 1.4TDI Engine’s Operational Parameters

by Martin Kotek, Jakub Mařík, Petr Zeman, Veronika Hartová, Jan Hart and Vladimir Hönig

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071388 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3039

Abstract

Road transport is increasing all around the globe and biofuels have come to the forefront of public interest. According to Article 3, Directive 2009/28/EC, each member state has to ensure that an energy share from renewable sources in all forms of transportation reaches [...] Read more.

Road transport is increasing all around the globe and biofuels have come to the forefront of public interest. According to Article 3, Directive 2009/28/EC, each member state has to ensure that an energy share from renewable sources in all forms of transportation reaches at least 10% of the final consumption of energy in transportation until 2020. The blending of biofuels is one of the methods available to member states to meet this target and it might even be expected to be a main contributor. This article analyses and compares selected biofuels, their chemical properties and their influence on engine operational parameters. The operational parameters of the diesel engine of the Skoda Roomster 1.4 TDI were measured on a chassis dynamometer according to the NEDC driving cycle, and pure diesel fuel, HVO and a blend of fuels (diesel fuel, HVO and butanol) were used for comparison. Operation on biofuels shows a slight decrease in performance parameters up to 10% and an increase in emission production (especially CO in the case of D50H30B20). Positive influences of biofuels were proven with a decrease in exhaust gas opacity and particulate matter production, up to 50% in the case of D50H30B20. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Technologies on Using Biofuels in I.C. Engines for Improved Combustion and Emissions Mitigation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Phasor Estimation Algorithm Based on a Least Squares Method

by Woo-Joong Kim, Soon-Ryul Nam and Sang-Hee Kang

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071387 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3421

Abstract

This paper proposes an adaptive phasor estimation algorithm based on a least square method that can suppress the adverse effect of an exponentially decreasing DC offset component in a phasor estimation process. The proposed algorithm is composed of three stages: a basic least [...] Read more.

This paper proposes an adaptive phasor estimation algorithm based on a least square method that can suppress the adverse effect of an exponentially decreasing DC offset component in a phasor estimation process. The proposed algorithm is composed of three stages: a basic least squares model, a time constant calculation, and an adaptive least squares model. First, we use the basic least squares model to estimate the parameter of the DC offset component in the fault current signal. This model is designed to incorporate fundamental frequency, and harmonic and constant components. Second, we use the estimated parameter to calculate the time constant of the DC offset component. Third, we redesign a least squares model that incorporates fundamental frequency, harmonic components, and exponential function of the DC offset component. Since this model incorporates the exponential function of the DC offset component contained in the fault current signal, it estimates the phasor of the correct fundamental frequency component without influence of the DC offset component. We evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithm using computer generated signals and EMTP simulation signals. The evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively suppress the adverse influence of the exponentially decaying DC offset component. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Power Systems Research 2019)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Decentralized Architecture Based on Cooperative Dynamic Agents for Online Voltage Regulation in Smart Grids

by Amedeo Andreotti, Alberto Petrillo, Stefania Santini, Alfredo Vaccaro and Domenico Villacci

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071386 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2554

Abstract

The large-scale integration of renewable power generators in power grids may cause complex technical issues, which could hinder their hosting capacity. In this context, the mitigation of the grid voltage fluctuations represents one of the main issues to address. Although different control paradigms, [...] Read more.

The large-scale integration of renewable power generators in power grids may cause complex technical issues, which could hinder their hosting capacity. In this context, the mitigation of the grid voltage fluctuations represents one of the main issues to address. Although different control paradigms, based on both local and global computing, could be deployed for online voltage regulation in active power networks, the identification of the most effective approach, which is influenced by the available computing resources, and the required control performance, is still an open problem. To face this issue, in this paper, the mathematical backbone, the expected performance, and the architectural requirements of a novel decentralized control paradigm based on dynamic agents are analyzed. Detailed simulation results obtained in a realistic case study are presented and discussed to prove the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Mining in Smart Grids)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Layer Routing for High-Voltage Powerline Inspection by Cooperated Ground Vehicle and Drone

by Yao Liu, Jianmai Shi, Zhong Liu, Jincai Huang and Tianren Zhou

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071385 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4698

Abstract

A novel high-voltage powerline inspection system was investigated, which consists of the cooperated ground vehicle and drone. The ground vehicle acts as a mobile platform that can launch and recycle the drone, while the drone can fly over the powerline for inspection within [...] Read more.

A novel high-voltage powerline inspection system was investigated, which consists of the cooperated ground vehicle and drone. The ground vehicle acts as a mobile platform that can launch and recycle the drone, while the drone can fly over the powerline for inspection within limited endurance. This inspection system enables the drone to inspect powerline networks in a very large area. Both vehicle’ route in the road network and drone’s routes along the powerline network have to be optimized for improving the inspection efficiency, which generates a new Two-Layer Point-Arc Routing Problem (2L-PA-RP). Two constructive heuristics were designed based on “Cluster First, Route Second” and “Route First, Split Second”. Then, local search strategies were developed to further improve the quality of the solution. To test the performance of the proposed algorithms, different-scale practical cases were designed based on the road network and powerline network of Ji’an, China. Sensitivity analysis on the parameters related to the drone’s inspection speed and battery capacity was conducted. Computational results indicate that technical improvement on the inspection sensor is more important for the cooperated ground vehicle and drone system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Bidding/Offering Strategy for EV Aggregators under a Novel Business Model

by Dapeng Chen, Zhaoxia Jing and Huijuan Tan

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071384 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2789

Abstract

Realizing the full potential of plug-in electric vehicle (PEVs) in power systems requires the development of business models for PEV owners and electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs). Most business models neglect the significant economic potential of PEV demand response. This paper addresses this challenge [...] Read more.

Realizing the full potential of plug-in electric vehicle (PEVs) in power systems requires the development of business models for PEV owners and electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs). Most business models neglect the significant economic potential of PEV demand response. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing a novel business model to optimize the charging energy of PEVs for maximizing the owners’ profits. The proposed business model aims to overcome the opportunity cost neglect for PEV owners, whose charging energy and charging profiles are optimized with full consideration of the demand curves and market conditions. Lagrangian relaxation technology is used for the relaxation of the constraint of satisfying the charging demand, and as a result, the optimization potential becomes greater. The bidding/offering strategy is formulated as a two-stage stochastic optimization problem, considering the different market prices and initial and target state of energy (SOE) of the PEVs. By case studies and analyses, we demonstrate that the proposed business model can effectively overcome the opportunity cost neglect and increase the PEV owners’ profits. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proposed business model is incentive-compatible. The PEV owners will be attracted by the proposed business model. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Fuel Type on the Output Parameters of a New Biofuel Burner

by Karol Tucki, Olga Orynycz, Andrzej Wasiak, Antoni Świć and Joanna Wichłacz

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071383 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3511

Abstract

Intensified action aimed at reducing CO₂ emissions and striving for energy self-sufficiency of both business entities and individual consumers are forcing the sustainable development of environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources. The development of an appropriate class of equipment and production technology [...] Read more.

Intensified action aimed at reducing CO₂ emissions and striving for energy self-sufficiency of both business entities and individual consumers are forcing the sustainable development of environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources. The development of an appropriate class of equipment and production technology is not without significance in this process. On the basis of a proven design for a combustion burner for ecological fuels, a new biofuel burner, also dedicated to prosumers’ energetics, was built. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the type of biofuel on a burner’s output parameters, especially gaseous emissions, during the combustion of four types of fuels, including three types of biomass. The combustion temperature was measured for lignite, wood pellets, straw pellets, and sunflower pellets. An analysis of exhaust gas composition was performed for lignite and wood pellets. The results of exhaust emissions and combustion temperatures were compared with the burners currently in use. The use of a new burner might contribute to cleaner combustion and reducing the emissions of some gaseous components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cleaner Combustion)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

OSeMOSYS-PuLP: A Stochastic Modeling Framework for Long-Term Energy Systems Modeling

by Dennis Dreier and Mark Howells

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071382 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8075

Abstract

Recent open-data movements give access to large datasets derived from real-world observations. This data can be utilized to enhance energy systems modeling in terms of heterogeneity, confidence, and transparency. Furthermore, it allows to shift away from the common practice of considering average values [...] Read more.

Recent open-data movements give access to large datasets derived from real-world observations. This data can be utilized to enhance energy systems modeling in terms of heterogeneity, confidence, and transparency. Furthermore, it allows to shift away from the common practice of considering average values towards probability distributions. In turn, heterogeneity and randomness of the real-world can be captured that are usually found in large samples of real-world data. This paper presents a methodological framework for an empirical deterministic–stochastic modeling approach to utilize large real-world datasets in long-term energy systems modeling. A new software system—OSeMOSYS-PuLP—was developed and is available now.It adds the feature of Monte Carlo simulations to the existing open-source energy modeling system (the OSeMOSYS modeling framework). An application example is given, in which the initial application example of OSeMOSYS is used and modified to include real-world operation data from a public bus transport system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Sensitive Parameters on the Sensor Performance of a Compression-Type Piezoelectric Accelerometer Based on the Meta-Model

by Gyoung-Ja Lee, Won-Ju Hwang, Jin-Ju Park and Min-Ku Lee

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071381 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2969

Abstract

Through a numerical analytical approach based on piezoelectric analysis and meta-modeling, this study investigated the effect of the component design of an accelerometer sensor on sensitivity and resonance frequency. The results of the study confirmed that the resonance frequency obtained from the piezoelectric [...] Read more.

Through a numerical analytical approach based on piezoelectric analysis and meta-modeling, this study investigated the effect of the component design of an accelerometer sensor on sensitivity and resonance frequency. The results of the study confirmed that the resonance frequency obtained from the piezoelectric analysis was almost the same as the experimental value of the resonance frequency obtained from the fabricated sensing module and proved the validity of the piezoelectric analysis using a finite element method. Moreover, the results of examining the influence of the component design on the resonance frequency and electrical potential suggested that the diameter and height of the head (seismic mass) had the greatest influence. As the diameter and height of the head increased, the sensitivity increased, but the resonance frequency decreased, which indicates that it is necessary to select an appropriate mass to optimize the sensor performance. In addition, the increase in tail height and epoxy thickness had a positive effect on both the resonance frequency and electric potential, and the base diameter had a negative effect on both of them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 11694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of the Wind and Thermal Conditions in Sky Gardens in High-Rise Buildings

by Murtaza Mohammadi and John Kaiser Calautit

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071380 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3709

Abstract

High-rise buildings are known to be highly energy intensive, adding stress on already stressed resources. Alternatively, designers are looking at passive strategies and investing in architectural elements, such as sky gardens, which could improve the performance of buildings. Sky gardens are green areas [...] Read more.

High-rise buildings are known to be highly energy intensive, adding stress on already stressed resources. Alternatively, designers are looking at passive strategies and investing in architectural elements, such as sky gardens, which could improve the performance of buildings. Sky gardens are green areas located in a building which are exposed to the outdoors. They could provide multifaceted improvements in buildings by introducing environmental benefits to occupants and altering microclimate. This study aims to determine the wind comfort and thermal condition in sky gardens in high-rise buildings using numerical modelling. Different geometrical configurations of sky gardens were simulated and analysed. Based on the initial results, the study reveals that sky gardens can generate high wind velocities of the order ~10 m/s when located on a high-rise building. The addition of features such as trees and other architectural elements, which can act as a buffer, can help attenuate the high wind speeds and creating habitable spaces. The reduction varies 50%–80%, depending on the location and spatial domain of the sky garden. Furthermore, the study also investigated the reduction in air temperature due to the addition of trees, which can further reduce temperature in hot weather. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section G: Energy and Buildings)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 2675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Water Content in Transformer Oil Using Multi Frequency Ultrasonic with PCA-GA-BPNN

by Zhuang Yang, Qu Zhou, Xiaodong Wu, Zhongyong Zhao, Chao Tang and Weigen Chen

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071379 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 3423

Abstract

The water content in oil is closely related to the deterioration performance of an insulation system, and accurate prediction of water content in oil is important for the stability and security level of power systems. A novel method of measuring water content in [...] Read more.

The water content in oil is closely related to the deterioration performance of an insulation system, and accurate prediction of water content in oil is important for the stability and security level of power systems. A novel method of measuring water content in transformer oil using multi frequency ultrasonic with a back propagation neural network that was optimized by principal component analysis and genetic algorithm (PCA-GA-BPNN), is reported in this paper. 160 oil samples of different water content were investigated using the multi frequency ultrasonic detection technology. Then the multi frequency ultrasonic data were preprocessed using principal component analysis (PCA), which was implemented to obtain main principal components containing 95% of original information. After that, a genetic algorithm (GA) was incorporated to optimize the parameters for a back propagation neural network (BPNN), including the weight and threshold. Finally, the BPNN model with the optimized parameters was trained with a random 150 sets of pretreatment data, and the generalization ability of the model was tested with the remaining 10 sets. The mean squared error of the test sets was 8.65 × 10⁻⁵, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. Results show that the developed PCA-GA-BPNN model is robust and enables accurate prediction of a water content in transformer oil using multi frequency ultrasonic technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Interference and Location Performance for Turn-to-Turn Short Circuit Detection in Turbo-Generator Rotor Windings

by Yucai Wu and Guanhua Ma

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071378 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3703

Abstract

Online and location detection of rotor winding inter-turn short circuits are an important direction in the field of fault diagnosis in turbo-generators. This area is facing many difficulties and challenges. This study is based on the principles associated with the U-shaped detection coil [...] Read more.

Online and location detection of rotor winding inter-turn short circuits are an important direction in the field of fault diagnosis in turbo-generators. This area is facing many difficulties and challenges. This study is based on the principles associated with the U-shaped detection coil method. Compared with dynamic eccentricity faults, the characteristics of the variations in the main magnetic field after a turn-to-turn short circuit in rotor windings were analyzed and the unique characteristics were extracted. We propose that the degree of a turn-to-turn short circuit can be judged by the difference in the induction voltage of the double U-shaped detection coils mounted on the stator core. Here, the faulty slot position was determined by the local convex point formed by the difference in the induced voltage. Numerical simulation was used here to determine the induced voltage characteristics in the double U-shaped coils caused by the turn-to-turn short circuit fault. We analyzed the dynamic eccentricity fault as well as combined the fault of a turn-to-turn short circuit and dynamic eccentricity. Finally, we demonstrate the positive anti-interference performance associated with this fault detection method. This new online detection method is satisfactory in terms of sensitivity, speed, and positioning, and overall performance is superior to the traditional online detection methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis for Electrical Machines Monitoring)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Energies, Volume 12, Issue 7 (April-1 2019) – 224 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI