Metabolic Syndrome-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior among Indigenous Communities in Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Sample Size
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Instruments
2.4.1. Demographic Data
2.4.2. Anthropometric Measurement
2.4.3. MetS Knowledge Scale (MetS-KS)
2.4.4. MetS Attitude Scale (MetS-AS)
2.4.5. MetS Self-Management Behavior Scale (MetS–SMBS)
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Descriptive Analysis
3.3. Relationships between Independent Variables and Self-Management Behavior
3.4. MetS Self-Management Behavior Predictors
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Participant Characteristics
4.3. MetS Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Management Behavior
4.4. Factors Influencing MetS Self-Management Behavior
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (n = 231) | Male (n = 102) | Female (n = 129) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Age (Mean ± SD) | 55.75 ± 14.02 | 57.60 ± 14.09 | 53.29 ± 13.62 | 0.024 | |||
20–30 | 10 | 4.3 | 6 | 5.9 | 4 | 3.1 | |
31–40 | 26 | 11.3 | 10 | 9.8 | 16 | 12.4 | |
41–50 | 42 | 18.2 | 23 | 22.5 | 19 | 14.7 | |
51–60 | 51 | 22.0 | 24 | 23.5 | 27 | 20.9 | |
61–70 | 54 | 23.4 | 23 | 22.5 | 31 | 24.0 | |
>71 | 48 | 20.8 | 16 | 15.7 | 32 | 24.8 | |
Education | 0.451 | ||||||
Sixth grade or below | 119 | 51.5 | 46 | 45.1 | 73 | 56.6 | |
Junior high school | 35 | 15.2 | 14 | 13.7 | 21 | 16.3 | |
Senior high school | 53 | 22.9 | 26 | 25.5 | 27 | 20.9 | |
College and above | 24 | 10.4 | 16 | 15.7 | 8 | 6.2 | |
Marital status | 0.134 | ||||||
Unmarried | 26 | 11.3 | 20 | 19.6 | 6 | 4.7 | |
Married | 160 | 69.3 | 69 | 67.6 | 91 | 70.5 | |
Divorced | 33 | 14.3 | 5 | 4.9 | 28 | 21.7 | |
Widowed | 12 | 5.2 | 8 | 7.8 | 4 | 3.1 | |
Aboriginal group | 0.613 | ||||||
Taroko | 52 | 22.5 | 28 | 27.5 | 24 | 18.6 | |
Bunun | 102 | 44.2 | 44 | 43.1 | 58 | 45.0 | |
Ami | 77 | 33.3 | 30 | 29.4 | 47 | 36.4 | |
Employment status | 0.136 | ||||||
Employed | 129 | 55.8 | 68 | 66.7 | 61 | 47.3 | |
Unemployed | 60 | 26.0 | 16 | 15.7 | 44 | 34.1 | |
Retired | 42 | 18.2 | 18 | 17.6 | 24 | 18.6 | |
Health insurance | |||||||
Yes | 11 | 4.8 | 8 | 7.8 | 3 | 2.3 | |
No | 220 | 95.2 | 94 | 92.2 | 126 | 97.7 | |
Hypertension | 0.157 | ||||||
Yes | 88 | 38.3 | 32 | 31.4 | 56 | 43.4 | |
No | 143 | 61.7 | 70 | 68.6 | 73 | 56.6 | |
Diabetes | 0.632 | ||||||
Yes | 46 | 19.9 | 18 | 17.6 | 28 | 21.7 | |
No | 185 | 80.1 | 84 | 82.4 | 101 | 78.3 | |
Gout | 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 23 | 10 | 17 | 16.7 | 6 | 4.7 | |
No | 208 | 90 | 85 | 83.3 | 123 | 95.3 | |
Heart disease | 0.006 | ||||||
Yes | 40 | 17.32 | 10 | 9.8 | 30 | 23.3 | |
No | 191 | 82.68 | 92 | 90.2 | 99 | 76.7 | |
Kidney disease | 0.394 | ||||||
Yes | 3 | 1.3 | 2 | 2.0 | 1 | 0.8 | |
No | 228 | 98.7 | 100 | 98.0 | 128 | 99.2 | |
Drinking alcohol | 0.813 | ||||||
Yes | 112 | 48.5 | 60 | 58.8 | 52 | 40.3 | |
No | 119 | 51.5 | 42 | 41.2 | 77 | 59.7 | |
Betel nut | 0.651 | ||||||
Yes | 88 | 38.1 | 46 | 45.1 | 42 | 32.6 | |
No | 143 | 61.9 | 56 | 54.9 | 87 | 67.4 | |
Smoking | 0.565 | ||||||
Yes | 87 | 37.7 | 40 | 39.2 | 47 | 36.4 | |
No | 144 | 62.3 | 62 | 60.8 | 82 | 63.6 | |
Perception of physical condition | 0.771 | ||||||
Very bad | 12 | 5.5 | 6 | 5.9 | 6 | 4.7 | |
Bad | 28 | 12.7 | 9 | 8.8 | 19 | 14.7 | |
Average | 148 | 62.3 | 65 | 63.7 | 83 | 64.3 | |
Good | 26 | 11.8 | 14 | 13.7 | 12 | 9.3 | |
Very good | 17 | 7.7 | 8 | 7.8 | 9 | 7.0 | |
Number of chronic diseases | 0.365 | ||||||
None | 84 | 36.4 | 30 | 29.4 | 54 | 41.9 | |
1 | 75 | 32.5 | 34 | 33.3 | 41 | 31.8 | |
2 | 44 | 19.0 | 23 | 22.5 | 21 | 16.3 | |
3 | 17 | 7.4 | 9 | 8.8 | 8 | 6.2 | |
4 or more | 11 | 4.8 | 6 | 5.9 | 5 | 3.9 | |
Number of MetS indicators | 0.628 | ||||||
0 | 3 | 1.3 | 1 | 1.0 | 2 | 1.6 | |
1 | 25 | 10.8 | 15 | 14.7 | 10 | 7.8 | |
2 | 39 | 16.9 | 14 | 13.7 | 25 | 19.4 | |
3 | 60 | 26 | 26 | 25.5 | 34 | 26.4 | |
4 | 57 | 24.7 | 25 | 24.5 | 32 | 24.8 | |
5 | 47 | 20.3 | 21 | 20.6 | 26 | 20.2 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.049 | ||||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 2 | 0.9 | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.8 | |
Normal (18.5~24.9) | 45 | 19.5 | 22 | 21.6 | 23 | 17.8 | |
Overweight (25~29.9) | 52 | 22.5 | 22 | 21.6 | 30 | 23.3 | |
Obesity (≥30.0) | 132 | 57.1 | 57 | 55.9 | 75 | 58.1 |
Variable | Total (n = 231) | Male (n = 102) | Female (n = 129) | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | M ± SD | n | % | M ± SD | n | % | M ± SD | ||
SBP (mmHg) | 136.65 (22.50) | 136.47 ± 22.15 | 136.76 ± 22.80 | 0.253 | ||||||
Normal | 99 | 43.0 | 42 | 43.3 | 58 | 43.3 | ||||
Abnormal | 132 | 57.0 | 55 | 56.7 | 76 | 56.7 | ||||
DBP (mmHg) | 83.88 ± 16.41 | 84.81 ± 16.09 | 83.22 ± 16.66 | 0.470 | ||||||
Normal | 131 | 57.0 | 50 | 51.5 | 81 | 60.4 | ||||
Abnormal | 100 | 43.0 | 47 | 48.5 | 53 | 39.6 | ||||
FPG (mg/dl) | 131.53 ± 58.74 | 127.86 ± 68.36 | 133.41 ± 53.50 | 0.638 | ||||||
Normal | 116 | 50.2 | 50 | 51.5 | 61 | 45.5 | ||||
Abnormal | 115 | 49.8 | 47 | 48.5 | 73 | 54.5 | ||||
TG (mg/dl) | 209.65 ± 134.24 | 224.85 ± 139.27 | 198.83 ± 129.98 | 0.151 | ||||||
Normal | 99 | 42.9 | 37 | 38.1 | 60 | 44.8 | ||||
Abnormal | 132 | 57.1 | 60 | 61.9 | 74 | 55.2 | ||||
HDL (mg/dl) | 51.56 ± 35.63 | 45.29 ± 21.35 | 52.43 ± 20.42 | 0.012 | ||||||
Normal | 116 | 50.2 | 47 | 48.5 | 66 | 49.3 | ||||
Abnormal | 115 | 49.8 | 50 | 51.5 | 68 | 50.7 | ||||
WC (cm) | 92.85 ± 13.28 | 93.16 ± 14.14 | 92.55 ± 12.70 | 0.735 | ||||||
Normal | 57 | 24.7 | 31 | 31.9 | 24 | 17.9 | ||||
Abnormal | 174 | 75.3 | 66 | 68.1 | 110 | 82.1 |
Variable (Item Number) | Total (n = 213) | Male (n = 102) | Female (n = 129) | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | CA (%) | Mean | SD | CA (%) | Mean | SD | CA (%) | ||
MetS-KS (14) | 3.91 | 2.99 | 39.1% | 3.51 | 2.94 | 38.7% | 4.07 | 3.12 | 40.3% | 0.134 |
MetS prevention (5) | 2.45 | 1.86 | 49.0 % | 1.96 | 1.62 | 40.2% | 2.29 | 1.74 | 49.8% | 0.157 |
MetS cardiovascular disease (4) | 1.40 | 1.30 | 35.0% | 1.23 | 1.08 | 30.8% | 1.68 | 1.28 | 37.0% | 0.139 |
MetS definition (5) | 0.05 | 0.22 | 5.0% | 0.05 | 0.72 | 5.6% | 0.24 | 0.65 | 8.2% | 0.898 |
MteS-AS (13) | 38.97 | 10.69 | 37.15 | 11.41 | 40.24 | 10.51 | 0.039 | |||
MetS control (5) | 13.87 | 4.18 | 12.46 | 4.96 | 13.63 | 4.48 | 0.068 | |||
MetS lifestyle (8) | 25.10 | 7.56 | 24.64 | 7.26 | 26.50 | 6.91 | 0.073 | |||
MetS-SMBS | 18.58 | 6.85 | 17.85 | 7.51 | 20.10 | 6.19 | 0.015 | |||
MetS control (3) | 5.96 | 3.30 | 5.86 | 3.52 | 6.48 | 3.31 | 0.008 | |||
MetS lifestyle (4) | 12.61 | 4.79 | 12.00 | 5.01 | 13.70 | 4.46 | 0.010 |
MetS-SMBS | MetS-KS | MetS-AS | Age | TG | No.CD | DBP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MetS-SMBS | 1.00 | ||||||
MetS-KS | 0.32 ** | 1.00 | |||||
MetS-AS | 0.52 ** | 0.30 ** | 1.00 | ||||
Age | 0.32 ** | −0.11 | 0.21 ** | 1.00 | |||
TG | −0.16 * | −0.13 | −0.20 ** | −0.11 | 1.00 | ||
No.CD | 0.25 ** | 0.01 | 0.28 * | 0.44 ** | 0.01 | 1.00 | |
DBP | −0.20 ** | −0.05 | −0.15 ** | −0.14 * | 0.19 | 0.04 | 1.00 |
Independent Variable | R | SE | R2 | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MetS-AS | 0.51 | 5.88 | 0.258 | 85.20 | 0.000 |
MetS-KS | 0.59 | 5.54 | 0.179 | 14.87 | 0.000 |
Age | 0.55 | 5.71 | 0.158 | 21.74 | 0.000 |
PPC | 0.61 | 5.44 | 0.032 | 7.40 | 0.003 |
BMI | 0.62 | 5.37 | 0.023 | 4.57 | 0.012 |
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Lo, S.-F.; Lu, F.-T.; O. Yang, A.-C.; Zeng, J.-L.; Yang, Y.-Y.; Lo, Y.-T.; Chang, Y.-H.; Pai, T.-H. Metabolic Syndrome-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior among Indigenous Communities in Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032547
Lo S-F, Lu F-T, O. Yang A-C, Zeng J-L, Yang Y-Y, Lo Y-T, Chang Y-H, Pai T-H. Metabolic Syndrome-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior among Indigenous Communities in Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032547
Chicago/Turabian StyleLo, Shu-Fen, Fang-Tsuang Lu, An-Chi O. Yang, Jia-Ling Zeng, Ya-Yu Yang, Yen-Ting Lo, Yu-Hsuan Chang, and Ting-Hsuan Pai. 2023. "Metabolic Syndrome-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior among Indigenous Communities in Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032547