International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

19 pages, 8197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Elemental Analysis of Human Optic Chiasm—A New Perspective to Reveal the Pathomechanism of Nerve Fibers’ Degeneration

by Jacek Baj, Alicja Forma, Beata Kowalska, Grzegorz Teresiński, Grzegorz Buszewicz, Dariusz Majerek, Wojciech Flieger, Ryszard Maciejewski, Kaja Karakuła, Michał Flieger, Marcin Czeczelewski, Paweł Kędzierawski and Jolanta Flieger

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4420; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074420 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2313

Abstract

The effect of metals on the functioning of the human eye is multifactorial and includes enzyme activity modulation, trace metal metabolic pathways changes, and cytotoxic activity. Functional dysfunctions appear mostly as a result of the accumulation of toxic xenobiotic metals or disturbances of [...] Read more.

The effect of metals on the functioning of the human eye is multifactorial and includes enzyme activity modulation, trace metal metabolic pathways changes, and cytotoxic activity. Functional dysfunctions appear mostly as a result of the accumulation of toxic xenobiotic metals or disturbances of micronutrients’ homeostasis. So far, the affinity of selected metals to eye tissues, i.e., the cornea, choroid, lens, and anterior chamber fluid, has been most studied. However, it is known that many eye symptoms are related to damage to the optic nerve. In order to fill this gap, the aim of the study is to perform a multi-element analysis of tissue collected postmortem from optic chiasm and optic nerves. A total of 178 samples from 107 subjects were tested. The concentrations of 51 elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after the wet-mineralization step. In terms of elemental composition, the optic chiasm is dominated by two trace elements, i.e., iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), besides macro-elements Ca, K, Na, P, and Mg. The subjects formed a homogeneous cluster (over 70% subjects) with the highest accumulation of aluminum (Al). The remaining two departing clusters were characterized by an increased content of most of the elements, including toxic elements such as bismuth (Bi), uranium (U), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd). Changes in elemental composition with age were analyzed statistically for the selected groups, i.e., females, males, and subjects with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and without AUD. A tendency of women to lose Se, Cu, Zn, Fe with age was observed, and a disturbed Ca/Mg, Na/K ratio in subjects with AUD. Although the observed trends were not statistically significant, they shed new light on the risks and possible pathologies associated with metal neurotoxicity in the visual tract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision and Visual Health under the Influence of Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Substances)

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18 pages, 1509 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

The Emerging Threat of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Concept Paper on the Vulnerable Factors in Human

by Nurul Athirah Naserrudin, Rozita Hod, Mohammad Saffree Jeffree, Kamruddin Ahmed and Mohd Rohaizat Hassan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074419 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3022

Abstract

In South-East Asia (SEA), there has been an increase in the trend of detected and reported cases of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in the last few decades. This higher transmission rate within SEA countries is attributed to the distribution of the Macaque, banded [...] Read more.

In South-East Asia (SEA), there has been an increase in the trend of detected and reported cases of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in the last few decades. This higher transmission rate within SEA countries is attributed to the distribution of the Macaque, banded leaf monkeys, and Anopheles mosquito in this region. This study aims to propose a concept that highlights the integration of vulnerability factors to P. knowlesi malaria infection. The relevant literature on the vulnerability factors of P. knowlesi was reviewed. Any theories and models that could be integrated to support the factors were also explored throughout this study. Exposure to P. knowlesi malaria was found to be influenced by sociodemographic, socioeconomic, environmental, social context, belief, and human behaviour factors. However, these factors were commonly discussed separately in existing studies. For better disease prevention and control, all these factors should be explored collectively, to facilitate research aimed at generating a deeper understanding of the vulnerability factors to P. knowlesi malaria from various perspectives, including the genetic, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, environmental, sociocultural beliefs, and human behaviour of the population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Disease Epidemiology)

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15 pages, 333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge and Perception of and Attitude toward a Premarital Screening Program in Qatar: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Mashael Al-Shafai, Aisha Al-Romaihi, Noora Al-Hajri, Nazmul Islam and Karam Adawi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074418 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5143

Abstract

Premarital screening (PMS) is a primary preventive measure to decrease the incidence of certain genetic disorders and sexually transmitted diseases. This study aimed to explore the knowledge and perception of and the attitude toward PMS and predictors of knowledge and attitude. A cross-sectional [...] Read more.

Premarital screening (PMS) is a primary preventive measure to decrease the incidence of certain genetic disorders and sexually transmitted diseases. This study aimed to explore the knowledge and perception of and the attitude toward PMS and predictors of knowledge and attitude. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Qatar University students using an online survey. Multivariable regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with PMS knowledge and attitude. A total of 476 students participated in the study; 424 (89.1%) were females; two-thirds were 18–21 years old. Only 100 participants had heard about PMS. Knowledge of PMS was significantly associated with females, students enrolled in a health-related college, and non-consanguineous marriage of a participant’s parents. The majority of the participants agreed that genetic diseases are psychological and economic burdens. For attitude, only 178 participants were willing to cancel marriages, given incompatible PMS results. The following factors were positively associated with attitude: PMS knowledge, enrollment in a health-related college, and the belief that PMS does not interfere with destiny. Our study findings revealed that despite the mandatory PMS in Qatar, the study participants, future couples, had low knowledge about the program. Therefore, strategies to increase awareness of PMS should be considered toward improving its outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior Change in Health Promotion and Prevention of Chronic Diseases)

11 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of the Validities of Traditional Chinese Versions of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: General Health and the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire

by Kim-Ngan Ta-Thi and Kai-Jen Chuang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4417; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074417 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2140

Abstract

There is a lack of valid instruments for measuring productivity loss due to illness. This study aimed to compare the validities of traditional Chinese versions of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment: General Health (C-WPAI:GH) and the World Health Organization’s Health and Work [...] Read more.

There is a lack of valid instruments for measuring productivity loss due to illness. This study aimed to compare the validities of traditional Chinese versions of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment: General Health (C-WPAI:GH) and the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (C-WHO-HPQ), and to define the factors associated with productivity loss. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 165 Taiwanese employees in technology companies. Spearman’s correlation coefficients and ANOVAs were used to test the validities of the C-WPAI:GH and C-WHO-HPQ. Bayesian model averaging was used for multiple linear regression to define the factors related to productivity loss. The C-WPAI:GH had acceptable validities for assessing the productivity loss of Taiwanese employees. The C-WHO-HPQ had acceptable content validity and concurrent criterion validity. However, the construct validity of the C-WHO-HPQ was insufficient (less than 75% of results were consistent with our hypotheses). Absenteeism in the C-WPAI:GH was associated with education, physical functioning and job satisfaction. There were significant associations of bodily pain, social functioning and general health with presenteeism, overall work impairment and activity impairment in the C-WPAI:GH. A linear correlation was found between education and activity impairment in the C-WPAI:GH. The C-WPAI:GH can be used to evaluate productivity loss due to illness. Full article

13 pages, 369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Sectional Study on Hypertension Medication Adherence in a High-Burden Region in Namibia: Exploring Hypertension Interventions and Validation of the Namibia Hill-Bone Compliance Scale

by Olivia Nakwafila, Tivani Mashamba-Thompson, Anthony Godi and Benn Sartorius

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4416; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074416 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3131

Abstract

In Namibia, the prevalence of hypertension among women and men aged 35–64 years is high, ranging from 44% to 57%. In this study, we aimed to determine adherence and predictors to antihypertensive therapy in Khomas region, Namibia. A cross-sectional study was performed to [...] Read more.

In Namibia, the prevalence of hypertension among women and men aged 35–64 years is high, ranging from 44% to 57%. In this study, we aimed to determine adherence and predictors to antihypertensive therapy in Khomas region, Namibia. A cross-sectional study was performed to consecutively sample 400 patients from urban and peri-urban settings in Namibia. Results were validated using the Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale. Crude associations between predictors of adherence and compliance were tested using the Pearson chi-square test. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was then performed on adherence variables found to be significant to adjust for confounders, and the results are presented as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 400 patients participated in this study. The participants’ mean age and standard deviation were Mean ± SD = 48.9 ± 12.5. In this study, 351 (87.7%) patients were estimated to have good adherence. Education, employment, and the presence of other chronic diseases were associated with adherence. Following multivariate adjustment, the following factors were significantly associated and are therefore predictors of adherence (95%CI, p < 0.005): receiving enough medication at last check-up until next one (OR = 5.44, CI 1.76–16.85), lack of encouragement from family and friends (OR = 0.11 (0.03–0.42)), and attendance of follow-ups on schedule (OR = 8.49, CI = 3.82–18.85). The success of hypertension therapy is dependent on the healthcare systems and healthcare professionals in supplying enough medication, support of friends/family, and maintaining scheduled follow-ups. A combination of interventions using low-cost mobile technology led by healthcare professionals could be endorsed. To fully practice universal access to medication, public and private hospitals in Namibia should collaborate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Lifestyle: Health Promotion and Prevention)

11 pages, 633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Translation and Validation of the Malay Version of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index: Reliability and Validity Evidence from a Sample of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

by Aida Farhana Suhaimi, Shahidah Mohamed Makki, Kit-Aun Tan, Umi Adzlin Silim and Normala Ibrahim

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4415; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074415 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2295

Abstract

The translation and validation process of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) into Malay is still not yet available. This study is the first psychometric evaluation of the Malay version of the WHO-5 in a sample of 127 primary care patients with type 2 [...] Read more.

The translation and validation process of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) into Malay is still not yet available. This study is the first psychometric evaluation of the Malay version of the WHO-5 in a sample of 127 primary care patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We evaluated the internal consistency and 5-week test–retest reliability of the WHO-5 Malay, and three aspects of its validity—first, the factorial validity in relation to the factor structure of the WHO-5 Malay; second, the concurrent validity in relation to depression and diabetes-related distress; and third, the convergent validity in relation to diabetes management self-efficacy and diabetes self-care behaviors. This study had two phases. Phase 1 involved the translation of the WHO-5 into Malay language following established procedures, whereas Phase 2 involved the validation of the WHO-5 Malay. Excellent internal consistency and 5-week test–retest reliability estimates were obtained. The factorial validity of the WHO-5 was found to be unidimensional. As for concurrent validity, the WHO-5 Malay was found to be negatively correlated with depression and diabetes-related distress. The WHO-5 was found to be correlated with diabetes management self-efficacy and diabetes self-care behaviors, thereby establishing convergent validity. The WHO-5 Malay has reliable and valid psychometric properties and represents a promising tool that informs healthcare providers in making effective and holistic diabetes management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health)

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13 pages, 3150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of the SEM Evaluation, EDX Assessment, Morphometric Analysis, and Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Three Novel Brands of NiTi Alloy Endodontic Files

by Vicente Faus-Matoses, Raúl Pérez García, Vicente Faus-Llácer, Ignacio Faus-Matoses, Óscar Alonso Ezpeleta, Alberto Albaladejo Martínez and Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4414; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074414 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2114

Abstract

In this study, we compare and analyze the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), morphometry and cyclic fatigue resistance of Endogal, PathMax, and Smarttrack novel brands of nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloy endodontic files. Material and Methods: Thirty sterile NiTi endodontic rotary files [...] Read more.

In this study, we compare and analyze the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), morphometry and cyclic fatigue resistance of Endogal, PathMax, and Smarttrack novel brands of nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloy endodontic files. Material and Methods: Thirty sterile NiTi endodontic rotary files were randomly selected and assigned to one of the following study groups: A: 25.08 F2 Endogal (EDG) (n = 10); B: 25.08 F2 Path Max Pro (PMP) (n = 10); and C: 25.06 Smarttrack (ST) (n = 10). Dynamic cyclic fatigue tests were conducted using a cyclic fatigue device in stainless steel artificial root canal systems with an apical diameter of 250 µm, curvature angle of 60°, radius of curvature of 3 mm, and taper of 6%. Additionally, we analyzed the NiTi endodontic rotary files using EDX, SEM, and morphometry after micro-CT scanning. The results were analyzed using Weibull statistical analysis and ANOVA testing. Results: SEM, EDX, and morphometric analyses showed differences between the three novel brands of NiTi endodontic rotary files. Moreover, statistically significant differences were observed between the number of cycles to failure and time to failure of the three novel brands of NiTi endodontic rotary files (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Smarttrack NiTi alloy endodontic reciprocating files display greater resistance to cyclic fatigue than Endogal and Path Max Pro NiTi alloy endodontic rotary files, due to the reciprocating movement and metallurgical composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Dentistry)

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29 pages, 6194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience-Building for Mental Health among Early Childhood Educators: A Systematic Review and Pilot-Study towards an EEG-VR Resilience Building Intervention

by Rumaisa Abu Hasan, Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff, Tong Boon Tang, Yasir Hafeez, Mazlina Che Mustafa, Masayu Dzainudin, Juppri Bacotang, Ubaid M. Al-Saggaf and Syed Saad Azhar Ali

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4413; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074413 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3855

Abstract

Resilience is a key factor that reflects a teacher’s ability to utilize their emotional resources and working skills to provide high-quality teaching to children. Resilience-building interventions aim to promote positive psychological functioning and well-being. However, there is lack of evidence on whether these [...] Read more.

Resilience is a key factor that reflects a teacher’s ability to utilize their emotional resources and working skills to provide high-quality teaching to children. Resilience-building interventions aim to promote positive psychological functioning and well-being. However, there is lack of evidence on whether these interventions improve the well-being or mental health of teachers in early childhood education (ECE) settings. This review examined the overall effectiveness of resilience-building interventions conducted on teachers working in the ECE field. A systematic approach is used to identify relevant studies that focus on resilience-building in countering work stress among early childhood educators. Findings from this review observed a preference of group approaches and varying durations of interventions. This review highlights the challenges of the group approach which can lead to lengthy interventions and attrition amongst participants. In addition to the concerns regarding response bias from self-report questionnaires, there is also a lack of physiological measures used to evaluate effects on mental health. The large efforts by 11 studies to integrate multiple centres into their intervention and the centre-based assessment performed by four studies highlight the need for a centre-focused approach to build resilience among teachers from various ECE centres. A pilot study is conducted to evaluate the feasibility of an integrated electroencephalography–virtual reality (EEG-VR) approach in building resilience in teachers, where the frontal brain activity can be monitored during a virtual classroom task. Overall, the findings of this review propose the integration of physiological measures to monitor changes in mental health throughout the resilience-building intervention and the use of VR as a tool to design a unique virtual environment. Full article

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15 pages, 373 KiB

Open AccessReview

Experts’ Opinion for Improving Pertussis Vaccination Rates in Adolescents and Adults: A Call to Action

by Giovanni Gabutti, Irene Cetin, Michele Conversano, Claudio Costantino, Paolo Durando and Sandro Giuffrida

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4412; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074412 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2543

Abstract

This article highlights the importance of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (with reduced antigen content, dTap) vaccination in preventing pertussis, a respiratory infection that is still widespread and easily transmitted. In particular, it highlights the need to receive a booster vaccination throughout life to maintain high [...] Read more.

This article highlights the importance of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (with reduced antigen content, dTap) vaccination in preventing pertussis, a respiratory infection that is still widespread and easily transmitted. In particular, it highlights the need to receive a booster vaccination throughout life to maintain high antibody levels, which decrease through time. This document collects the opinions that emerged from the comparison between major Italian experts in the field of vaccination. This working group was created to promote a “call to action”, aimed at raising awareness among all institutions, public health authorities, and health workers involved in the vaccination process, about the importance of dTap vaccine administration and with the mindset of implementing the strategic vaccination plan provided by the National Vaccine Plan (NVP). In fact, despite this vaccine being included in the NVP, there are some issues attributable to the practice of vaccination (local health authorities, vaccination centers, occupational health services, gynecology centers, societies of work). Therefore, it is necessary that the Ministry defines the vaccination coverage objectives, identifies the groups of subjects who should receive the booster vaccine (subjects exposed to greater risk of infection, subjects over 60, pregnant women), and applies all the necessary measures to encourage the implementation of this practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Wellbeing for All at All Ages)

26 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Volatile Organic Compounds in Finnish Office Environments in 2010–2019 and Their Relevance to Adverse Health Effects

by Kaisa Wallenius, Hanna Hovi, Jouko Remes, Selma Mahiout and Tuula Liukkonen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074411 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

We gathered recent (2010–2019) data on the VOC and formaldehyde levels in Finnish non-industrial indoor work environments. The data comprised 9789 VOC and 1711 formaldehyde samples collected from the indoor air of offices, schools, kindergartens, and healthcare offices. We assessed the health risks [...] Read more.

We gathered recent (2010–2019) data on the VOC and formaldehyde levels in Finnish non-industrial indoor work environments. The data comprised 9789 VOC and 1711 formaldehyde samples collected from the indoor air of offices, schools, kindergartens, and healthcare offices. We assessed the health risks by comparing the measured concentrations to the health-based RW I/II and EU-LCI reference values. The concentrations of individual VOCs and formaldehyde in these work environments were generally very low and posed no health risks. Total VOC concentration (TVOC) as well as concentrations of several individual compounds, including aromatic compounds, alkanes, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and formaldehyde, showed clearly decreasing trends. In contrast, several aldehydes, acids, and a few other compounds showed increasing trends. However, the increasing trends did not seem to affect the higher ends of the distributions, as the 95th percentile values remained fairly stable or decreased over the years. The VOC patterns in the environments of the offices, schools, kindergartens, and healthcare offices varied, probably reflecting the differences in typical activities and the use of materials. However, we do not expect these differences to be relevant to health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality)

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14 pages, 1988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Rural Tourism Development on Residents’ Satisfaction with the Local Environment, Socio-Economy and Quality of Life in Al-Ahsa Region, Saudi Arabia

by Thowayeb H. Hassan, Amany E. Salem and Mostafa A. Abdelmoaty

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4410; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074410 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5776

Abstract

Tourism has a significant role in destination development, particularly in rural regions. However, within the context of the highly sensitive nature of rural areas to the ecological, economic, and socio-cultural effects of tourism development, it is important to assess the levels of satisfaction [...] Read more.

Tourism has a significant role in destination development, particularly in rural regions. However, within the context of the highly sensitive nature of rural areas to the ecological, economic, and socio-cultural effects of tourism development, it is important to assess the levels of satisfaction among the residents of rural destinations. The current study aimed to assess the impact of rural tourism development in the Al-Ahsa region, Saudi Arabia on the overall resident satisfaction and three relevant subdomains. The findings revealed that the three tourism development impacts under investigation, including the social, economic and environmental effects, were positively associated with resident overall satisfaction. The three influential developmental categories were also independent predictors of the satisfaction with the quality of life and environment subdomains. National policy makers are required to implement adequate rural tourism development measures and regulations to improve tourism services and activities, which would eventually be reflected in the quality of life of local residents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Satisfaction, Stress, and Mental Health in the Tourism/Hospitality Industry)

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15 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Process Evaluation of the Child and Youth Healthcare Intervention ‘Medical Advice for Sick-Reported Students in Primary School’ (MASS-PS)

by Esther Karen Pijl, Yvonne T. M. Vanneste, Jolanda J. P. Mathijssen, Frans J. M. Feron and Angelique E. de Rijk

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4409; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074409 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1888

Abstract

School attendance is crucial for the development of a child. Sickness absence is the most common type of absenteeism and can be a red flag for underlying problems. To address sickness absence, the intervention Medical Advice for Sick-reported Students for Primary School (MASS-PS) [...] Read more.

School attendance is crucial for the development of a child. Sickness absence is the most common type of absenteeism and can be a red flag for underlying problems. To address sickness absence, the intervention Medical Advice for Sick-reported Students for Primary School (MASS-PS) was recently developed. It targets children at risk and is a school-based child and youth health care intervention. The present study is a process evaluation of the intervention. MASS-PS was implemented and evaluated in 29 schools in the West-Brabant region of the Netherlands, during three school years (2017–2020). Attendance coordinators (ACs) from the different schools were interviewed in six focus group interviews as well as in over 200 individual conversations, of which logbooks were kept. Content analysis was used based on a framework of implementation elements. During the first year of the study, the uptake was low. Changes were made by the project group to improve the uptake. The ACs generally considered the MASS-PS as compatible and relevant, but suggested improvements by adding a medical consultation function with a child and youth healthcare physician and increasing the threshold for selecting children at risk. They saw several personal benefits, although time was necessary to learn to use the intervention. An organisational barrier was the lack of teaching staff. A strength in the organisational structure was the appointment of ACs. A major event in the sociological structure was the COVID-19 pandemic. ACs felt that the intervention helped them keep track of sickness absence during the pandemic. The Medical Advice for Sick-reported Students for Primary School intervention was implemented successfully, and the process evaluation gave insight into possible improvements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Health of Children in the Netherlands: State of the Art, Challenges Ahead and Perspectives for Future Research)

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19 pages, 8841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Safety Strategy for Gas Disaster Prevention in Successive Panels Using Upper Protective Layer Mining: A Case Study

by Yankun Ma, Longyong Shu, Hongyan Li, Cong Cui, Yang Zhou and Yang Li

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4408; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074408 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1502

Abstract

Mine gas disasters are a major safety concern in underground coal mining. Protective layer mining is widely used in gas disaster control, but there are limited theoretical and experimental results that can provide guidance for site-specific mining circumstances. Taking the Xinji No. 1 [...] Read more.

Mine gas disasters are a major safety concern in underground coal mining. Protective layer mining is widely used in gas disaster control, but there are limited theoretical and experimental results that can provide guidance for site-specific mining circumstances. Taking the Xinji No. 1 mine as an example, gas disaster treatments were conducted in a new panel with overlying goaf located 85 m above the coal mine and adjacent goaf located at 30 m intervals. This study involved a comprehensive investigation, which included four steps: the selection of the first mining face, gas control and prevention, tracking and investigation, and effect analysis and assessment. The safety strategy focused on gas control planning in new mining areas or panels. The distribution and evolution characteristics of the stress, the gas permeability coefficient and the deformation volume within the protected layer were determined by numerical simulation. The coal deformation, gas emission and extraction effect were analyzed by field observation. The deformation and gas permeability of the coal seam were consistent with the stress evolution, for which the maximum compressional and expansional deformation of 6-1 coal were 18‰ and 28‰, respectively. Gas disaster control and prevention treatment of the mining face produced a significant protective effect on the underlying No. 6-1 coal seam. This work is beneficial for the planning of gas control in successive panels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Full Life-Cycle Safety Management of Coal and Rock Dynamic Disasters)

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14 pages, 1192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Sectional Study Investigating Canadian and Australian Adolescents’ Perceived Experiences of COVID-19: Gender Differences and Mental Health Implications

by Riana Marie, Audrey-Ann Journault, Rebecca Cernik, Paul Welch, Sonia Lupien, Brett McDermott, Joseph V. Moxon and Zoltan Sarnyai

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4407; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074407 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2636

Abstract

The coronavirus (COVID-19) disease pandemic has been associated with adverse psychological outcomes. This cross-cultural study (N = 1326, 71% female) aimed to investigate Canadian and Australian adolescents’ subjective experiences of COVID-19, gender differences, and psychological implications. Mixed-methods analyses were used to examine [...] Read more.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) disease pandemic has been associated with adverse psychological outcomes. This cross-cultural study (N = 1326, 71% female) aimed to investigate Canadian and Australian adolescents’ subjective experiences of COVID-19, gender differences, and psychological implications. Mixed-methods analyses were used to examine differences in COVID-19 experiences and mental health outcomes between country and gender in a Canadian (N = 913, 78% female) and an Australian sample (N = 413, 57% female) of adolescents. Canadian adolescents reported increased COVID-19 discussions and more concerns related to their COVID-19 experiences compared to Australian adolescents. Girls consistently reported more concerns related to COVID-19 and poorer psychological outcomes compared to boys. School lockdown for the Canadian sample may have played a role in these country differences. Further, girls might be at significantly more risk for mental health concerns during COVID-19, which should be considered in adolescent mental health initiatives during the pandemic. Although school disruption and separation of peers due to the pandemic likely have a role in adolescent perceived stressors and mental health, the differences between Canadian and Australian adolescents were less clear and future investigations comparing more objective pre-COVID-19 data to current data are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and Mental Health Burden)

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20 pages, 6458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Visual Comfort and Health through the Design of a Local Shading Device

by Jiao Xue, Yige Fan, Zhanxun Dong, Xiao Hu and Jiatong Yue

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4406; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074406 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2493

Abstract

As people develop higher standards for the beauty of urban architecture, more and more architectural designs are exploring sources of natural lighting, such as glass curtain walls and glass domes. However, the pursuit of architectural design aesthetics introduces glare into buildings, which can [...] Read more.

As people develop higher standards for the beauty of urban architecture, more and more architectural designs are exploring sources of natural lighting, such as glass curtain walls and glass domes. However, the pursuit of architectural design aesthetics introduces glare into buildings, which can be uncomfortable and even dangerous for health. Scholars in related fields have carried out many theoretical studies and design activities based on this problem. In this study, we focus on issues of glare in public buildings, aiming to improve light comfort by solving this problem. First, we propose an improved design strategy based on IDEO design thinking by adding the step of diverging from the design scheme. Second, guided by the results of a questionnaire survey and light environment simulations, we avoided the subjective simplicity of the traditional design process. Third, taking the main library of Shanghai Jiao Tong University as an example, we designed a movable sunshade that could effectively reduce glare effects and improve visual comfort, which improved the light comfort in public buildings. The simulation results show that the proposed design can be useful in buildings to effectively control glare and improve visual comfort and health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Indoor Environmental Quality upon Public Health and Wellbeing)

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12 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Nurse’s Role in Educating Pediatric Patients on Correct Inhaler Technique: An Interventional Study

by Eva Benito-Ruiz, Raquel Sánchez-Recio, Roberto Alijarde-Lorente, Isabel Iguacel, María Pérez-Corral, Carlos Luis Martín de Vicente, Ainhoa Jiménez-Olmos and Ángel Gasch-Gallén

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4405; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074405 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2356

Abstract

The prevalence of pediatric respiratory diseases in Spain is 23%. Inhalation is the preferred route of administration but there are frequent errors in the performance of the inhalation technique leading a poor control of the disease. The aim of this research was to [...] Read more.

The prevalence of pediatric respiratory diseases in Spain is 23%. Inhalation is the preferred route of administration but there are frequent errors in the performance of the inhalation technique leading a poor control of the disease. The aim of this research was to detect errors in the execution of the inhalation technique at a Pediatric Pulmonology Unit in a hospital of Aragón (Spain). In order to improve the administration of inhaled medication, an educational intervention for 1 year by nursing was conducted. This interventional study, including children aged 1 to 15 years with an inhalation therapy and who attended the Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, was conducted between September 2017 and September 2018. Logistic Regression models were conducted in SPSS. This study involved 393 children (61.1% boys). Before the intervention, 39.4% achieved a correct inhalation technique increasing up to 62.1% after the intervention. Those who had their first visit to the Unit, young children and girls had a higher risk of incorrect performance than those with subsequent visits, older children, and boys, respectively. The most common errors in the inhalation technique were not performing adequate apnoea after inhaling and not rinsing the mouth at the end of the procedure. The education given by nurses to pediatric patients improved the inhalation technique, achieving better control of the disease and use of the health system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pediatric Diseases Research and Health Promotion)

10 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interaction between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) Gene and Plasma Arsenic and the Effect on Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

by Yi-Jen Fang, Kuan-Lin Lin, Jyuhn-Hsiarn Lee, Kuei-Hau Luo, Tzu-Hua Chen, Chen-Cheng Yang and Hung-Yi Chuang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4404; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074404 - 06 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1931

Abstract

When poisons enter the human body, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) will increase and cause damage to tissues through oxidative stress or inflammatory reaction. In previous studies, arsenic (As) has known to cause many health problems. Some studies have shown that As exposure is [...] Read more.

When poisons enter the human body, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) will increase and cause damage to tissues through oxidative stress or inflammatory reaction. In previous studies, arsenic (As) has known to cause many health problems. Some studies have shown that As exposure is negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), or with the prevalence of proteinuria. At present, there are few studies focusing on the effects of As exposure and TNF-α single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to eGFR; thus, this study was intended to explore the interactions between TNF-α SNPs and plasma As and their effects on eGFR. A cohort of 500 adults, aged 30 to 70 years, was randomly selected from Taiwan Biobank (TWB). We used the gene chip to screen out seven SNPs of the TNF-α gene and used the results, combined with questionnaires, biochemical tests, and stored plasma samples from the TWB, for the analysis of As by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). After adjustments for BMI, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, kidney stones, and smoking habits, multiple regression statistics were performed to explore the interaction between SNPs and plasma As with eGFR. In this sample of the general population, plasma As had a significant association with the decline of eGFR (β (SE) = −7.92 (1.70), p < 0.0001). TNF-α gene SNP rs1800629 had the property of regulating TNF-α, which interacts with plasma As; individuals with the AG type had a significantly lower eGFR than those with the GG type, by 9.59 mL/min/1.73 m² (p < 0.05), which, regarding the dominant model, could infer that the A allele is a risk allele. SNP rs769177 had no interaction with plasma As; however, participants with the TT or TC type had significantly higher eGFR levels than the CC carriers, by 4.02 mL/min/1.73 m² (p < 0.05). While rs769176 interacted with plasma As, if a person with the TC type had a higher plasma As concentration, that would sustain higher eGFR. This study found that certain SNPs of the TNF-α gene would be robust to the decline of eGFR caused by As exposure. Still, we need further research to confirm the protective regulation mechanism of these SNPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation and Health Impact of Toxic Metals Pollution)

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15 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depression, Insomnia, and Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Survivors of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake and Related Factors during the Recovery Period Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Ayako Ide-Okochi, Tomonori Samiso, Yumie Kanamori, Mu He, Mika Sakaguchi and Kazumi Fujimura

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4403; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074403 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2466

Abstract

The aftereffects of the severe 2016 Kumamoto earthquake were complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify mental health problems and related factors among survivors five years after the earthquake and clarify its long-term effects. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in [...] Read more.

The aftereffects of the severe 2016 Kumamoto earthquake were complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify mental health problems and related factors among survivors five years after the earthquake and clarify its long-term effects. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2020 among 19,212 survivors affected by the earthquake who moved from temporary to permanent housing. We analysed 8966 respondents (5135 women, 3831 men; mean age 62.25 ± 17.29 years). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between mental health problems and socioeconomic factors. Prevalence rates of psychological distress, insomnia, and probable post-traumatic stress disorder were 11.9%, 35.2%, and 4.1%, respectively. Female gender (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.13–1.57; OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08–1.34; OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.41–2.32), public housing (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.63–2.83; OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.26–1.88; OR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.62–3.58), loneliness (OR = 9.08, 95% CI = 7.71–10.70; OR = 5.55, 95% CI = 4.90–6.30; OR = 3.52, 95% CI = 2.77–4.49), COVID-19-induced activity reduction (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.19–1.66; OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.68–2.07; OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.40–2.31), and COVID-19-induced income reduction (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.12–1.57; OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.28–1.59; OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.51–2.43) were significantly associated with mental health problems. These results suggest that gender, current housing, loneliness, and COVID-19 affected the survivors’ mental health during recovery. Full article

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11 pages, 950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Health Professionals in the COVID-19 Context

by Gracielle Pereira Aires Garcia, Isabela Fernanda Larios Fracarolli, Heloisa Ehmke Cardoso dos Santos, Samuel Andrade de Oliveira, Bianca Gonzalez Martins, Lacir José Santin Junior, Maria Helena Palucci Marziale and Fernanda Ludmilla Rossi Rocha

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4402; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074402 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3632

Abstract

To assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in health professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Method: Cross-sectional study with non-probabilistic (snow-ball) sampling method. The assessment was performed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the prevalence of symptoms [...] Read more.

To assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in health professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Method: Cross-sectional study with non-probabilistic (snow-ball) sampling method. The assessment was performed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the prevalence of symptoms severity was calculated by point and 95% confidence interval. The analysis of the psychometric properties of DASS-21 was performed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the following goodness of fit indices: χ²/df (chi-square ratio by degrees of freedom), Tucker–Lewis index (TLI), comparative fit index (CFI) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with a 90% confidence interval. Results: The study participants were 529 health professionals (82.4% women and 66.7% nursing professionals). CFA of the DASS-21 structural model presented adequate fit for the sample (χ²/df = 3.530; CFI = 0.979; TLI = 0.976; RMSEA = 0.069). Regarding prevalence, moderate to extremely severe symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress were found in 48.6%, 55.0% and 47.9% of the participants, respectively. Conclusion: The use of DASS-21 confirmed the validity and reliability of the data. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in the participants indicated a high risk of mental illness in health professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment Instruments in Health Psychology and Psychological Wellbeing)

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18 pages, 1476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Urban Shelter Locations Using Bi-Level Multi-Objective Location-Allocation Model

by Lei He and Ziang Xie

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4401; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074401 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2766

Abstract

Recently, global natural disasters have occurred frequently and caused serious damage. As an important urban space resource and public service facility, the reasonable planning and layout optimization of shelters is very important to reduce the disaster loss and improve the sustainable development of [...] Read more.

Recently, global natural disasters have occurred frequently and caused serious damage. As an important urban space resource and public service facility, the reasonable planning and layout optimization of shelters is very important to reduce the disaster loss and improve the sustainable development of cities. Based on the review of location theory and models for shelter site selection, this study constructs a bi-level multi-objective location-allocation model, an accessibility, economy, and efficiency (AEE) model, based on sequential decision logic to maximize the economic sustainability and social utility. The model comprehensively considers factors such as the level of decision-making, the utilization efficiency, and capacity constraints of shelters. The gravity model is introduced to simulate the decision-making behavior of evacuees. A calculation example and its solution prove the high practicability and operability of the AEE model in an actual shelter site selection and construction investment, which can achieve the global optimization of evacuation time and the maximization of the use efficiency of the shelters under the financial constraints. It provides a scientific and effective decision-making method for the multi-objective location optimization problem of shelters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Multi-Criteria Decision Making)

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18 pages, 485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Two-Invoice System on Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Selling Expenses in China: A Difference-in-Differences Approach

by Yi Ran, Yuanyuan Hu, Shouming Chen, Fangjun Qiu and Ahmed Rabeeu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4400; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074400 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2400

Abstract

A perennial question for the pharmaceutical industry has been excessive drug prices. To alleviate patients’ burden of expensive medical bills and increase the affordability of medicines, China adopted the Two-Invoice System (TIS) in drug procurement for public medical institutions in 2017. In this [...] Read more.

A perennial question for the pharmaceutical industry has been excessive drug prices. To alleviate patients’ burden of expensive medical bills and increase the affordability of medicines, China adopted the Two-Invoice System (TIS) in drug procurement for public medical institutions in 2017. In this paper, we study the impact of the TIS on pharmaceutical manufacturers’ selling expenses. Using a Difference-in-Differences (DID) methodology and a sample of the A-share pharmaceutical manufacturing firms listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from the years 2014 to 2020, we find that the TIS leads to a significant increase in pharmaceutical manufacturers’ selling expenses but gradually weakens over time. In addition, we further explore whether the impact of the TIS on pharmaceutical manufacturers’ selling expenses is affected by the pharmaceutical manufacturers’ previous drug circulation mode. The results indicate that the TIS could significantly increase the pharmaceutical manufacturers’ selling expenses in the agency mode group. However, there is no evidence to support the TIS having the same effect in the direct sales office model group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Making in Public Health)

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12 pages, 343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviours and Psychological Distress: A Longitudinal Study of Australian Adults Aged 45 Years and Older

by Emma S. George, Ian Davidson, Aymen El Masri, Tanya Meade and Gregory S. Kolt

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4399; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074399 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2161

Abstract

Individual associations between lifestyle behaviours and mental health have been established; however, evidence on the clustering of these behaviours and the subsequent impact on mental health is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between combined unhealthy [...] Read more.

Individual associations between lifestyle behaviours and mental health have been established; however, evidence on the clustering of these behaviours and the subsequent impact on mental health is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between combined unhealthy lifestyle behaviours (physical activity, sitting time, sleep duration, processed meat consumption, vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, smoking status, alcohol consumption) and the development of psychological distress (measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) in a large Australian sample. Participants were 163,707 Australian adults from the 45 and Up Study. Data from baseline (2006–2009) and follow-up wave 1 (2012) were analysed using binary logistic regression. The odds of reporting high or very high psychological distress at follow-up were significantly higher for those reporting five (AOR = 2.36; 95% CI 1.41–3.97, p = 0.001) or six or more (AOR = 3.04; 95% CI 1.62–5.69, p = 0.001) unhealthy lifestyle behaviours, in comparison to those reporting no unhealthy lifestyle behaviours at baseline. These findings suggest that a holistic, multi-faceted lifestyle approach addressing multiple behaviours may be required to support and promote positive mental health and to reduce the likelihood of psychological distress. Full article

15 pages, 871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Academic Stress and Perceived Classroom Climate in Spanish University Students

by Nicolás Ruiz-Robledillo, Juan Vela-Bermejo, Violeta Clement-Carbonell, Rosario Ferrer-Cascales, Cristian Alcocer-Bruno and Natalia Albaladejo-Blázquez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4398; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074398 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3447

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused several changes in society, especially in the educational context, where several learning methodologies and social interactions have been modified significantly. This fact could have had a negative impact on academic stress levels of students and the classroom climate, [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused several changes in society, especially in the educational context, where several learning methodologies and social interactions have been modified significantly. This fact could have had a negative impact on academic stress levels of students and the classroom climate, especially in the university context. The main aim of the present study was to identify changes in academic stress and the perceived classroom climate caused by COVID-19 in a sample of Spanish university students. Academic stress was evaluated trough the Stressor Academic Scale (SAS) and perceived classroom climate employing the Perceived Classroom Responsibility Climate (PCRC) questionnaire. A longitudinal study was conducted. 135 students (97 females and 38 males) from the Gastronomy (n = 31) and Criminology (n = 104) degrees were evaluated before and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain. Academic stress levels and perceived classroom climate were analyzed before (Time 1) and after (Time 2) the lockdown declaration. An increase in academic stress was found, especially in the categories regarding Teachers’ Methodological Deficiencies, Academic Over-Burden and Beliefs About Performances. Females and final year students suffered higher levels of academic stress. No differences were found between Time 1 and 2 in perceived classroom climate. The obtained results point out a significant increase of academic stress in university students due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The implemented educational changes and the uncertainty that resulted from the pandemic could have a significant negative impact on mental health in this population, resulting in higher levels of academic stress, especially in females and final year students. Future studies should analyze the strategies that students are employing to cope with these educational challenges and intervention strategies to promote them in the context of higher education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective and Risk Factors Associated with Health and Quality of Life Impairment during the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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21 pages, 1023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perspectives and Experiences of Smartphone Overuse among University Students in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Saudi Arabia: A Qualitative Analysis

by Mohammad Saud Alotaibi, Mim Fox, Robyn Coman, Zubair Ahmed Ratan and Hassan Hosseinzadeh

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4397; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074397 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4505

Abstract

Smartphone overuse and addiction is a growing concern worldwide. However, there are limited studies about smartphone addiction and its impacts on university students in Saudi Arabia. This qualitative study aimed to elicit students’ and university staff’s perspectives and experiences about smartphone overuse/addiction in [...] Read more.

Smartphone overuse and addiction is a growing concern worldwide. However, there are limited studies about smartphone addiction and its impacts on university students in Saudi Arabia. This qualitative study aimed to elicit students’ and university staff’s perspectives and experiences about smartphone overuse/addiction in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Saudi Arabia. Fifteen undergraduate students and 18 university staff (13 lecturers and five professionals) were recruited for the purpose of this study. The study data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. The qualitative data comprising 33 participants (students and staff) identified four major themes including the perception of smartphone use; causes of smartphone overuse; negative impacts of smartphone overuse; and strategies to reduce the overuse of smartphone. The overall findings confirmed that students and staff alike held both positive and negative perceptions about using a smartphone. Potential factors leading to smartphone overuse included personal factors (extended free time and low self-confidence, irresponsibility/escaping certain social gatherings/passing the time); smartphone factors (reasonable price, attractive advertisements (ads), and engaging smartphone Apps); and social factors (social pressure and fear of losing a connection). The main negative impacts of smartphone overuse were found to be related to low academic productivity, poor physical health (body pain, lack of sleep, and low exercise), compromised mental well-being (stress and negative emotions), and decreased socialisation (social isolation and a reduction in face-to-face communication). Our findings suggested that awareness campaigns about smartphone overuse, promoting family and social events, encouraging physical activities, and limiting internet use can reduce smartphone usage among university students. This finding has significant implications for decision-makers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion Using New Technology)

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13 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Sense of Belonging and Loneliness among the Migrant Elderly Following Children in Jinan, Shandong Province, China: The Moderating Effect of Migration Pattern

by Guangwen Liu, Shixue Li and Fanlei Kong

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4396; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074396 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2368

Abstract

Background: Driven by accelerating population aging and migration, the number of older migrants has increased rapidly in China. Those who moved to cities to look after grandchildren were referred to as the migrant elderly following children (MEFC). This study aims to examine the [...] Read more.

Background: Driven by accelerating population aging and migration, the number of older migrants has increased rapidly in China. Those who moved to cities to look after grandchildren were referred to as the migrant elderly following children (MEFC). This study aims to examine the relationship between sense of belonging and loneliness and explore the moderating effect of migration pattern among the MEFC in China. Methods: The study included 656 MEFC aged 60 years and above. Loneliness was evaluated by the eight-item University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (ULS-8). Sense of belonging and migration pattern were measured using a self-designed questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression was conducted to test the proposed association and moderating effect. A margins plot was introduced to illustrate this effect. Results: The average ULS-8 score was 12.82 ± 4.05, revealing a low level of loneliness. A weak sense of belonging was related with a higher level of loneliness (β = 0.096, p = 0.014). Migration pattern was found to exacerbate this association (β = 0.138, p = 0.026), especially for the elderly who migrated across provinces. Conclusions: Sense of belonging was correlated with loneliness, and the moderating role of migration pattern was established. Both policymakers and the adult children of inter-provincial migrant elderly should focus on this special subgroup. Full article

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14 pages, 741 KiB

Open AccessReview

Performance Outcome Measures in Padel: A Scoping Review

by Alejandro García-Giménez, Francisco Pradas de la Fuente, Carlos Castellar Otín and Luis Carrasco Páez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4395; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074395 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4783

Abstract

Padel is a modern doubles racket sport which has become popular around the world in the last decades. There has been an increase in the quantity of scientific research about this sport in the last years. Therefore, the main objective of this scoping [...] Read more.

Padel is a modern doubles racket sport which has become popular around the world in the last decades. There has been an increase in the quantity of scientific research about this sport in the last years. Therefore, the main objective of this scoping review is to provide an updated contextualization of research regarding padel. PRISMA ScR was used in order to search for articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria in five fields of interest: the anthropometric profile, physiology and physical performance, biomechanics, the epidemiology of injuries, and match analyses Seventy-seven records were included in the study. Padel is an emerging sport both in sport and research terms. This scoping review provides coaches and researchers with all the knowledge available in the five fields of interest. Furthermore, this study enables them to make a map of the current state of the research about padel, and it opens up doors to future investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Impact of Racket Sports: Fitness, Physical Education and Health Promotion)

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13 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Meeting Physical Activity and Screen Time Recommendations between Canadian Youth Living in Rural and Urban Communities: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Analysis

by Taru Manyanga, Chelsea Pelletier, Stephanie A. Prince, Eun-Young Lee, Larine Sluggett and Justin J. Lang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4394; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074394 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1973

Abstract

Meeting the physical activity (PA) and recreational screen time recommendations for children and young people is associated with several health benefits. The purpose of this study was to compare the odds of meeting PA and recreational screen time recommendations between the Canadian youth [...] Read more.

Meeting the physical activity (PA) and recreational screen time recommendations for children and young people is associated with several health benefits. The purpose of this study was to compare the odds of meeting PA and recreational screen time recommendations between the Canadian youth living in urban versus rural communities. We analyzed nationally representative cross-sectional data collected as part of the 2017–2018 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey among young people aged 12–17 years. PA and screen time were self-reported. Sex-specific multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of meeting individual and combined PA and recreational screen time recommendations by rural and urban status after adjusting for individual, socioeconomic, and seasonal covariates. The odds of meeting the PA recommendation were not statistically significantly different among males (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.86–1.18) or females (OR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.99–1.11) living in urban versus rural communities. The odds of meeting the recreational screen time recommendations were statistically significantly lower among male (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.65–0.77) and female (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.59–0.86) youth living in urban compared to those in rural communities. The odds of meeting the combined PA and screen time recommendations were statistically significantly lower among urban males (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.71–0.81) but not females (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.58–1.15) than those from rural communities. These findings suggest that residential context (i.e., urban versus rural) may have a differential impact on meeting the combined PA and screen time recommendations among the male and female Canadian youth. Future research should investigate these differences using device-based measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Related Physical Activity and Exercise)

17 pages, 2006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Tourism Economy on Air Quality—An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Data of 102 Cities in China

by Fen Zhang, Haochen Peng, Xiaofan Sun and Tianyi Song

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4393; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074393 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1975

Abstract

The relationship between regional tourism development and air quality is complex. Although air pollution restricts tourists’ willingness to travel, the air pollution produced by tourism and its ancillary industries can also not be ignored. Using the annual panel data of PM_2.5 concentration [...] Read more.

The relationship between regional tourism development and air quality is complex. Although air pollution restricts tourists’ willingness to travel, the air pollution produced by tourism and its ancillary industries can also not be ignored. Using the annual panel data of PM_2.5 concentration and tourism revenue at the city level, and comprehensively using the Panel VAR model, Geodetector and other analysis methods, we explored the spatio-temporal relationship between the tourism economy and its impact on air quality in China. The main conclusions are as follows: first, the “Kuznets” curve of tourism development and air pollution in mainland China from 2004 to 2016 is generally significant—that is, the tourism economy and air pollution generally show an “inverted U-shaped” relationship. Second, the tourism economy has a positive effect on air pollution in the short term, and this effect is stronger in the eastern region. Third, tourism economy is not the leading factor affecting the change in regional air pollution. GDP and industrial structure are more likely to have the greatest impact on air pollution, and the effect of this “joint force” factor on air pollution is greater than that of other single factors. In the future, the high-quality development of China’s tourism economy needs to take environmental protection into consideration, and advocate for low-carbon travel and green tourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem Quality and Stability)

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14 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of the “High-Up” Program for Enhancing the Nursing-Management Competency of Mid-Career Hospital Nurses: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Seulki Kim and Ji-Young Lim

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4392; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074392 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2076

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop an educational program to strengthen the nursing management competency of experienced nurses who are prospective nurse managers and then determine the effectiveness of the program. This quasi-experimental study was conducted from January to April 2021. [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to develop an educational program to strengthen the nursing management competency of experienced nurses who are prospective nurse managers and then determine the effectiveness of the program. This quasi-experimental study was conducted from January to April 2021. A total of 22 nurses were assigned to the experiment group (mean age: 26.55 ± 1.30 years; 2 males, 20 females), and 20 were assigned to the control group (mean age: 27.55 ± 2.04 years; 20 females). The program, known as the “High-Up” program, comprised problem-based learning (PBL) and video lectures. In the experiment group, nurses discussed PBL cases through video conferences and applied problem-solving methods. The collected data were analyzed using the Friedman test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test (administered through SPSS). At four weeks after the intervention, the experiment group showed higher critical thinking tendency scores than the control group (pre-intervention score: 3.48 ± 0.36; post-intervention score: 3.71 ± 0.49; Z = −1.99, p = 0.046). The findings indicate that the “High-Up” program can enhance the nurse management competency of experienced nurses who need to prepare for nurse manager roles, and that it can also positively influence the performance of nursing organizations. However, it can be difficult to comprehensively enhance nursing management competency in a short period of time, meaning continuous education is required. Full article

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13 pages, 547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influenza and Pertussis Maternal Vaccination Coverage and Influencing Factors in Spain: A Study Based on Primary Care Records Registry

by María Isabel Fernández-Cano, Antonia Arreciado Marañón, Azahara Reyes-Lacalle, Maria Feijoo-Cid, Josep Maria Manresa-Domínguez, Laura Montero-Pons, Rosa Maria Cabedo-Ferreiro, Pere Toran-Monserrat and Gemma Falguera-Puig

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4391; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074391 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

The purpose was to determine the coverage of maternal vaccination against influenza and pertussis, and the characteristics associated with being vaccinated, in a health area of Catalonia, Spain. Some 36,032 anonymized and computerized clinical records registries of pregnant women from Primary Care Centres [...] Read more.

The purpose was to determine the coverage of maternal vaccination against influenza and pertussis, and the characteristics associated with being vaccinated, in a health area of Catalonia, Spain. Some 36,032 anonymized and computerized clinical records registries of pregnant women from Primary Care Centres (e-CAP database) were analysed, from between 2015 and 2018. Vaccination coverage and the association with sociodemographic variables and clinical conditions were estimated using a Poisson regression model. Maternal vaccination coverage against influenza ranged between 11.9% in 2015 and 6.8% in 2018, following a decreasing trend (p < 0.001). Coverage with the tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine varied between 49.8% in 2016 and 79.4% in 2018, following an increasing trend (p < 0.001). Having living children and suffering from obesity were factors associated with not being vaccinated against both infections. The predictive variables of vaccination against influenza were diabetes (IRR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.42–3.30) and asthma (IRR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.76–2.38); and for pertussis, it was asthma (IRR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03–1.17). Different socio-demographic factors and chronic conditions in pregnant women were associated with maternal vaccination, and which will have to be taken into account in clinical practice when implementing strategies to improve the coverage of the programme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Disease Prevention)

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