Medicina

7 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessReview

Limosilactobacillus reuteri Strains as Adjuvants in the Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection

by Costantino Dargenio, Vanessa Nadia Dargenio, Francesca Bizzoco, Flavia Indrio, Ruggiero Francavilla and Fernanda Cristofori

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070733 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4883

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a Gram-negative bacterium which finds its suitable habitat in the stomach. The infection affects about half of the global population with high variability in prevalence among regions and for age. HP is the main causative agent of chronic active [...] Read more.

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a Gram-negative bacterium which finds its suitable habitat in the stomach. The infection affects about half of the global population with high variability in prevalence among regions and for age. HP is the main causative agent of chronic active gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers, and may be the primary cause of gastric cancer or MALT lymphoma. Due to the high rate of failure of eradication therapy in various countries and the increase in antibiotic resistance reported in the literature, there is an ever wider need to seek alternative therapeutic treatments. Probiotics seem to be a promising solution. In particular, the Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) species is a Gram-positive bacterium and is commonly found in the microbiota of mammals. L. reuteri is able to survive the gastric acid environment and bile and to colonize the gastric mucosa. This species is able to inhibit the growth of several pathogenic bacteria through different mechanisms, keeping the homeostasis of the microbiota. In particular, it is able to secrete reuterin and reutericycline, substances that exhibit antimicrobial properties, among other molecules. Through the secretion of these and the formation of the biofilm, it has been found to strongly inhibit the growth of HP and, at higher concentrations, to kill it. Moreover, it reduces the expression of HP virulence factors. In clinical trials, L. reuteri has been shown to decrease HP load when used as a single treatment, but has not achieved statistical significance in curing infected patients. As an adjuvant of standard regimens with antibiotics and pump inhibitors, L. reuteri can be used not only to improve cure rates, but especially to decrease gastrointestinal symptoms, which are a common cause of lack of compliance and interruption of therapy, leading to new antibiotic resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Limosilactobacillus reuteri in Human Health and Disease)

10 pages, 666 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Safety and Tolerability of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Dialyzed Patients. COViNEPH Project

by Karolina Polewska, Piotr Tylicki, Bogdan Biedunkiewicz, Angelika Rucińska, Aleksandra Szydłowska, Alicja Kubanek, Iwona Rosenberg, Sylwia Rodak, Waldemar Ślizień, Marcin Renke, Alicja Dębska-Ślizień and Leszek Tylicki

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070732 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3909

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 mRNA vaccine has demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety in phase 3 trials. However, no dialyzed patients were included, and therefore safety data for this patient group is lacking. The aim of the study was to [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 mRNA vaccine has demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety in phase 3 trials. However, no dialyzed patients were included, and therefore safety data for this patient group is lacking. The aim of the study was to assess the safety and tolerances of vaccinations with BNT162b2 performed in chronically dialyzed patients. Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study including a group of 190 dialyzed patients (65% male) at median age 68.0 (55–74) years. 169 (89.0%) patients were treated with hemodialysis and 21 (11.0%) with peritoneal dialysis. The control group consisted of 160 people (61% male) without chronic kidney disease at median age 63 (range 53–77) years. Both groups were vaccinated with BNT162b2 with a 21-day interval between the first and the second dose. Solicited local and systemic reactogenicity, unsolicited adverse events and antipyretic and pain medication use were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. The toxicity grading scales were derived from the FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research guidelines. Results: 59.8% (dose 1), 61.4% (dose 2) and 15.9% (dose 1), 29.4% (dose 2) dialyzed patients reported at least one local and one systemic reaction respectively within seven days after the vaccination. Many local and systemic solicited reactions were observed less frequently in dialyzed patients than in the age and sex matched control group and much less frequently than reported in the pivotal study. They were mostly mild to moderate, short-lived, and more frequently reported in younger individuals and women. No related unsolicited adverse events were observed. Conclusions: We have shown here that BNT162b2, an mRNA vaccine from Pfizer-BioNTech against SARS-COV-2 is safe and well-tolerated by dialyzed patients. The results can be useful for the nephrological community to resolve patients’ doubts and reduce their vaccine hesitancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urology & Nephrology)

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10 pages, 2226 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Microsurgical Clipping of Carotid-Ophthalmic Tandem Aneurysms: Case Report and Surgical Nuances

by Matias Costa, Matías Baldoncini, Zachary L. Tataryn, Mickaela Echavarria Demichelis, Agustin Conde, Cynthia Purves, Alice Giotta Lucifero, Juha Hernesniemi and Sabino Luzzi

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070731 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2440

Abstract

Tandem intracranial aneurysms (TandIAs) are rare but inherently complex, and special technical considerations are required for their surgical management. The present case highlights the key surgical aspects of two carotid-ophthalmic TandIAs incidentally found in a 60-year-old female. Both the aneurysms were superiorly projecting, [...] Read more.

Tandem intracranial aneurysms (TandIAs) are rare but inherently complex, and special technical considerations are required for their surgical management. The present case highlights the key surgical aspects of two carotid-ophthalmic TandIAs incidentally found in a 60-year-old female. Both the aneurysms were superiorly projecting, regular in size, and involved the left ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The minimum distance between the necks was 3 mm. The patient underwent microsurgery because of the reported major complications rate of the endovascular treatment in the case of a very short minimum distance between the TandIAs. After cervical ICA exposure, both the aneurysms were excluded through a pterional approach. Intradural anterior clinoidectomy and unroofing of the optic canal allowed the mobilization of the left optic nerve. The more distal aneurysm was clipped before the opening of the distal dural ring of the ICA. The proximal aneurysm was clipped with two straight clips stacked perpendicular to the ICA. A small remnant was intentionally left to avoid the stenosis of the ophthalmic artery. Postoperative angiography showed the exclusion of both the aneurysms with a small dog-ear of the more proximal one. The patient was discharged neurologically intact and, after one year, the remnant remained stable. Microsurgical clipping is a definitive and durable treatment for carotid-ophthalmic TandIAs. In the case of a very short minimum distance between the aneurysms, the distal one should be clipped first to make the anterior clinoidectomy, opening of the distal dural ring of the ICA, and clipping of the more proximal aneurysm easier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intracranial Aneurysms: Pathophysiology, Treatment Strategies, and Tailored Approaches)

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7 pages, 2155 KiB

Open AccessReview

Adjuvant Radiotherapy after Surgical Excision in Keloids

by Jeong Won Lee and Ki Ho Seol

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070730 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5818

Abstract

Keloids are a benign fibroproliferative disease with a high tendency of recurrence. Keloids cause functional impairment, disfigurement, pruritus, and low quality of life. Many therapeutic options have been used for keloids. However, the high recurrence rates have led to the use of adjuvant [...] Read more.

Keloids are a benign fibroproliferative disease with a high tendency of recurrence. Keloids cause functional impairment, disfigurement, pruritus, and low quality of life. Many therapeutic options have been used for keloids. However, the high recurrence rates have led to the use of adjuvant therapy after surgical keloid excision. There are different radiotherapy regimens available, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are still unclear. The aim of this review is to explain the appropriate radiotherapy regimen for keloids as well as discuss the recent reports on keloid management with radiotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy after surgical excision for keloids yields excellent local control with tolerable side effects. Hypofractionated radiotherapy with a BED of more than 28 Gy (α/β value of 10) after excision is recommended in the light of its biologic background. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dermatology)

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24 pages, 1087 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ceramide Metabolism Enzymes—Therapeutic Targets against Cancer

by Ana Gomez-Larrauri, Upasana Das Adhikari, Marta Aramburu-Nuñez, Antía Custodia and Alberto Ouro

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070729 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5330

Abstract

Sphingolipids are both structural molecules that are essential for cell architecture and second messengers that are involved in numerous cell functions. Ceramide is the central hub of sphingolipid metabolism. In addition to being the precursor of complex sphingolipids, ceramides induce cell cycle arrest [...] Read more.

Sphingolipids are both structural molecules that are essential for cell architecture and second messengers that are involved in numerous cell functions. Ceramide is the central hub of sphingolipid metabolism. In addition to being the precursor of complex sphingolipids, ceramides induce cell cycle arrest and promote cell death and inflammation. At least some of the enzymes involved in the regulation of sphingolipid metabolism are altered in carcinogenesis, and some are targets for anticancer drugs. A number of scientific reports have shown how alterations in sphingolipid pools can affect cell proliferation, survival and migration. Determination of sphingolipid levels and the regulation of the enzymes that are implicated in their metabolism is a key factor for developing novel therapeutic strategies or improving conventional therapies. The present review highlights the importance of bioactive sphingolipids and their regulatory enzymes as targets for therapeutic interventions with especial emphasis in carcinogenesis and cancer dissemination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Cancer Biology)

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4 pages, 1624 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Case of Incidental Schwannoma Mimicking Necrotic Metastatic Lymph Node from Bladder Cancer

by Jeong-Hyouk Choi, Koo-Han Yoo, Dong-Gi Lee, Gyeong-Eun Min, Gou-Young Kim and Tae-Soo Choi

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070728 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2123

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Retroperitoneal schwannoma is a very rare case of schwannoma which commonly occurs in the other part of the body. However, it is difficult to distinguish schwannoma from other tumors before pathological examination because they do not show specific characteristics on [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Retroperitoneal schwannoma is a very rare case of schwannoma which commonly occurs in the other part of the body. However, it is difficult to distinguish schwannoma from other tumors before pathological examination because they do not show specific characteristics on imaging study such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance image (MRI). Case summary: A 60-year-old male showed a retroperitoneal cystic tumor which is found incidentally during evaluation of coexisted bladder tumor. Neurogenic tumor was suspicious for the retroperitoneal tumor through pre-operative imaging study. Finally, a schwannoma was diagnosed by immunohistochemical examination after complete surgical excision laparoscopically. Conclusion: As imaging technology is developed, there may be more chances to differentiate schwannoma from other neoplasm. However, still surgical resection and histopathological examination is feasible for diagnosis of schwannoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surgery)

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10 pages, 1096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Exhaustive Exercise under Normoxic and Normobaric Hypoxic Conditions Differentially Regulates Angiogenic Biomarkers in Humans

by Frank Suhr, Sarah Knuth, Silvia Achtzehn, Joachim Mester and Markus de Marees

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070727 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1960

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Angiogenesis describes the outgrowth of new capillaries from already existing ones. Different biomarkers regulate this process. Physical exercise and hypoxia are key stimuli for the activation of different angiogenic molecules, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). matrix metalloproteases [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Angiogenesis describes the outgrowth of new capillaries from already existing ones. Different biomarkers regulate this process. Physical exercise and hypoxia are key stimuli for the activation of different angiogenic molecules, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). matrix metalloproteases (MMPs)-2 and -9 or the extracellular matrix cleavage fragment endostatin. The present study aimed to investigate influences of short-term, intensive cycling exercise under both normoxic and normobaric hypoxic conditions on the mentioned parameters. Materials and Methods: Twelve male subjects (age: 23.3 ± 2.0 years) participated in the study. All subjects conducted four intensive cycling tests until individual exhaustion in a randomized order under the following conditions: normoxia, 2000 m, 3000 m and 4000 m above sea level. Blood samples were taken before (pre) and 10 min, 30 min, 60 min and 240 min post exercise and were analyzed by ELISA. Results: VEGF showed a significantly reduced concentration compared to the pre-value solely under 4000 m at 10 min post exercise. MMP-2 showed significantly reduced concentrations at 240 min post exercise under 4000 m. MMP-9 increased at 240 min post exercise under both 2000 m and 4000 m conditions. Endostatin was significantly increased at 10 min post exercise independently of the applied stimulus. Conclusions: The presented data show that intensive short-term exercise bouts facilitate the bioavailability of angiogenic, ECM (extracellular matrix)-related biomarkers. This finding is interesting for both health- and performance-related research as it demonstrates the positive effects of intensive short exercise interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Muscle and Exercise Physiology)

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13 pages, 324 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Telemedicine in Extending and Enhancing Medical Management of the Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

by Claudio F. Donner, Richard ZuWallack and Linda Nici

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070726 - 18 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4516

Abstract

Medical management of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient must incorporate a broadened and holistic approach to achieve optimal outcomes. This is best achieved with integrated care, which is based on the chronic care model of disease management, proactively addressing the patient’s [...] Read more.

Medical management of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient must incorporate a broadened and holistic approach to achieve optimal outcomes. This is best achieved with integrated care, which is based on the chronic care model of disease management, proactively addressing the patient’s unique medical, social, psychological, and cognitive needs along the trajectory of the disease. While conceptually appealing, integrated care requires not only a different approach to disease management, but considerably more health care resources. One potential way to reduce this burden of care is telemedicine: technology that allows for the bidirectional transfer of important clinical information between the patient and health care providers across distances. This not only makes medical services more accessible; it may also enhance the efficiency of delivery and quality of care. Telemedicine includes distinct, often overlapping interventions, including telecommunication (enhancing lines of communication), telemonitoring (symptom reporting or the transfer of physiological data to health care providers), physical activity monitoring and feedback to the patient and provider, remote decision support systems (identifying “red flags,” such as the onset of an exacerbation), tele-consultation (directing assessment and care from a distance), tele-education (through web-based educational or self-management platforms), tele-coaching, and tele-rehabilitation (providing educational material, exercise training, or even total pulmonary rehabilitation at a distance when standard, center-based rehabilitation is not feasible). While the above components of telemedicine are conceptually appealing, many have had inconsistent results in scientific trials. Interventions with more consistently favorable results include those potentially modifying physical activity, non-invasive ventilator management, and tele-rehabilitation. More inconsistent results in other telemedicine interventions do not necessarily mean they are ineffective; rather, more data on refining the techniques may be necessary. Until more outcome data are available clinicians should resist being caught up in novel technologies simply because they are new. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Management Challenges in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD))

6 pages, 654 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Surgical Treatment in a High-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: Case Report

by Horatiu Moldovan, Andra-Madalina Sibisan, Robert Tiganasu, Elena Nechifor, Daniela Gheorghita, Ondin Zaharia, Mihai Albu, Daniela Popescu, Adrian Molnar, Mihaela Craciun and Alexandru Scafa

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070725 - 17 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2290

Abstract

We present the case of a 35-year-old woman who had a high-risk pulmonary embolism (according to ESC risk stratification for pulmonary embolism) after she had undergone a Caesarion section. Postoperatively, she presented with acute left lower limb pain, swelling and erythema. A diagnosis [...] Read more.

We present the case of a 35-year-old woman who had a high-risk pulmonary embolism (according to ESC risk stratification for pulmonary embolism) after she had undergone a Caesarion section. Postoperatively, she presented with acute left lower limb pain, swelling and erythema. A diagnosis was made of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the ilio-femoral and popliteal veins. She was started on anticoagulant therapy, which proved to be inefficient, the patient developing a left calf and thigh oedema and shortness of breath. A CT scan revealed high-risk embolus located in the right atrium and through the tricuspid valve. The decision was made to refer her to a cardiovascular surgeon. During her preoperative evaluation, the patient became hemodynamically unstable and was rushed into the operating room, severely desaturated, bradycardic, without consciousness, with severe hypotension. On the basis of the severe state of the patient and the CT scan findings we performed an emergency pulmonary embolectomy, with the patient on cardio-pulmonary by-pass, without cross-clamping the aorta, using a modified Trendelenburg procedure. This case supports using open pulmonary embolectomy for patients with hemodynamic instability on the basis of clinical diagnosis. Full article

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5 pages, 1429 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

COVID-19 during Early Phase of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation

by Sławomir Milczarek, Bartłomiej Baumert, Anna Sobuś, Ewa Wilk-Milczarek, Krzysztof Sommerfeld, Bogumiła Osękowska, Ewa Borowiecka, Edyta Paczkowska, Aleksandra Łanocha, Wojciech Poncyliusz, Konrad Jarosz and Bogusław Machaliński

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070724 - 17 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1839

Abstract

We present one of few cases of COVID-19 occurrence during the early phase of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We observed an interesting correlation between the patient’s rapid clinical deterioration and myeloid reconstitution that cannot be assigned to engraftment syndrome. Our report emphasizes [...] Read more.

We present one of few cases of COVID-19 occurrence during the early phase of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We observed an interesting correlation between the patient’s rapid clinical deterioration and myeloid reconstitution that cannot be assigned to engraftment syndrome. Our report emphasizes the need to investigate whether timely steroid therapy upon neutrophil engraftment in the setting of COVID-19 could limit the extent of lung injury and prevent ARDS. Furthermore, we discuss a significant issue of possible prolonged incubation of the virus in heavily pretreated hematological patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Disease)

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9 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Analysis of Prothrombotic Gene Variants in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and with Transient Ischemic Attack

by Gustavo Cernera, Marika Comegna, Monica Gelzo, Marcella Savoia, Dario Bruzzese, Mauro Mormile, Federica Zarrilli, Felice Amato, Pierpaolo Di Micco and Giuseppe Castaldo

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070723 - 17 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1833

Abstract

Background and objectives: ischemic stroke (IS) is among the most frequent causes of death worldwide; thus, it is of paramount relevance to know predisposing factors that may help to identify and treat the high-risk subjects. Materials and Methods:we tested nine variants [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: ischemic stroke (IS) is among the most frequent causes of death worldwide; thus, it is of paramount relevance to know predisposing factors that may help to identify and treat the high-risk subjects. Materials and Methods:we tested nine variants in genes involved in thrombotic pathway in 282 patients that experienced IS and 87 that had transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in comparison to 430 subjects from the general population (GP) of the same geographic area (southern Italy). We included cases of young and child IS to evaluate the eventual differences in the role of the analyzed variants. Results: we did not observe significant differences between TIA and the GP for any of the variants, while the allele frequencies of methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T, beta-fibrinogen -455G>A and factor (FXIII) V34L were significantly higher in patients with IS than in the subjects from the GP. No significant interaction was observed with sex. Conclusions: the present data argue that some gene variants have a role in IS and this appears to be an interesting possibility to be pursued in large population studies to help design specific strategies for IS prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thrombotic Disorders and Antithrombotic Treatments)

10 pages, 877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Usefulness of Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration and Core Needle Biopsy for Patients with Axillary Lymphadenopathy

by Tomoyuki Fujioka, Mio Mori, Kazunori Kubota, Emi Yamaga, Yuka Yashima, Goshi Oda, Tsuyoshi Nakagawa, Iichiroh Onishi, Toshiyuki Ishiba and Ukihide Tateishi

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070722 - 16 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8734

Abstract

Background and Objectives: It is necessary to properly diagnose and manage axillary lymphadenopathy caused by a variety of diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of ultrasound (US)-guided sampling in patients with axillary lymphadenopathy. Materials and Methods: Patients with axillary [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: It is necessary to properly diagnose and manage axillary lymphadenopathy caused by a variety of diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of ultrasound (US)-guided sampling in patients with axillary lymphadenopathy. Materials and Methods: Patients with axillary lymphadenopathy (excluding patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer) who underwent US-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy (CNB) at a single center between February 2016 and September 2020 were retrospectively examined. The association between US imaging findings and malignancy was investigated and the diagnostic performance of US-guided sampling was assessed. Results: Fifty-five patients (including eight males) were included in the study; of these, 34 patients (61.8%) were finally diagnosed with a malignant lymph node lesion. Twenty-two patients (40.0%) had undergone FNA and 33 (60.0%) had undergone CNB. Larger short and long axis diameters, thicker lymph node cortex, and the absence of fatty hilum on the US were significantly associated with malignancy (p < 0.05). The diagnostic performance of FNA, CNB, and FNA + CNB was excellent (sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.909, 0.900, and 0.917 for FNA, 0.958, 1.000, and 0.970 for CNB, and 0.941, 0.952, and 0.945 for FNA + CNB, respectively). Conclusions: US-guided FNA and CNB play an important role in the diagnosis and management of patients with axillary lymphadenopathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Interventional Oncology)

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9 pages, 3266 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Aborted Cardiac Arrest in LQT2 Related to Novel KCNH2 (hERG) Variant Identified in One Lithuanian Family

by Neringa Bileišienė, Jūratė Barysienė, Violeta Mikštienė, Eglė Preikšaitienė, Germanas Marinskis, Monika Keževičiūtė, Algirdas Utkus and Audrius Aidietis

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070721 - 16 Jul 2021

Viewed by 1890

Abstract

Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a hereditary ion channelopathy associated with ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death starting from young age due to prolonged cardiac repolarization, which is represented by QT interval changes in electrocardiogram (ECG). Mutations in human ether-à-go-go related gene [...] Read more.

Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a hereditary ion channelopathy associated with ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death starting from young age due to prolonged cardiac repolarization, which is represented by QT interval changes in electrocardiogram (ECG). Mutations in human ether-à-go-go related gene (KCNH2 (7q36.1), formerly named hERG) are responsible for Long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2). LQT2 is the second most common type of LQTS. A resuscitated 31-year-old male with the diagnosis of LQT2 and his family are described. Sequencing analysis of their genomic DNA was performed. Amino acid alteration p.(Ser631Pro) in KCNH2 gene was found. This variant had not been previously described in literature, and it was found in three nuclear family members with different clinical course of the disease. Better understanding of genetic alterations and genotype-phenotype correlations aids in risk stratification and more effective management of these patients, especially when employing a trigger-specific approach to risk-assessment and individually tailored therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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7 pages, 848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing Trend of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolation in a Referral Clinical Laboratory in South Korea

by Yu-Mi Lee, Min-Jin Kim and Young-Jin Kim

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070720 - 16 Jul 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3253

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are increasing worldwide. We evaluated the annual trends of NTM isolation on acid-fast bacillus (AFB) culture, compared to that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the distribution of NTM species nationwide in South Korea. Materials and [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are increasing worldwide. We evaluated the annual trends of NTM isolation on acid-fast bacillus (AFB) culture, compared to that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the distribution of NTM species nationwide in South Korea. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in a diagnostic center that is a major referral laboratory for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and NTM in South Korea. All laboratory results of AFB culture from January 2014 to December 2019 were collected. All NTM identified were definitively identified to the species level. Results: A total of 345,871 tests were performed for the diagnosis of mycobacteria. The isolation rate of NTM and M. tuberculosis was 3.7% (12,969 cases) and 4.4% (15,081 cases), respectively. The annual isolation rate of NTM increased gradually from 2.7% in 2014 to 4.8% in 2019, whereas that of M. tuberculosis decreased from 6.2% to 3.3%. There were 4988 cases of NTM identified to the species level. M. avium complex (MAC) was the most common species isolated from pulmonary sites (59.8%), followed by M. gordonae (9.2%), M. abscessus (7.0%), and M. fortuitum (5.5%). Extrapulmonary NTM were identified in 29 cases (0.6%). MAC was also the most common NTM species isolated from extrapulmonary sites (65.5%), followed by M. kansasii (10.3%), M. abscessus (6.9%), and M. fortuitum (6.9%). Conclusions: The annual isolation rate of NTM has increased gradually, whereas that of M. tuberculosis has decreased. Follow-up studies of the increases in NTM identification and NTM infections in South Korea are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Infectious Diseases: Epidemiology, Mechanisms of Infection and Treatment Options)

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15 pages, 769 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children

by Jernej Brecelj and Rok Orel

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070719 - 16 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3731

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing. A lot of new data are published regularly. Materials and Methods: Original clinical studies, review articles, and guidelines in children were searched for and the most relevant included [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing. A lot of new data are published regularly. Materials and Methods: Original clinical studies, review articles, and guidelines in children were searched for and the most relevant included in this review. Results: A total of 138 retrieved papers were classified into pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pathogenesis is currently explained with the “multi hit hypothesis”, with complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors which trigger inflammation in steatotic liver. The prevalence is rising. A diagnosis can be made with laboratory tests, imaging, and liver biopsy after the exclusion of other causes of liver steatosis. The mainstay of treatment is lifestyle modification consisting of dietary intervention and increased physical activity. The progression to liver cirrhosis can occur even in children. Conclusions: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children is a part of a metabolic syndrome in the majority of patients. Due to its complex etiology and high prevalence, multidisciplinary teams, together with public health professionals, should be involved in its treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease – from Bench to the Bedside)

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11 pages, 6440 KiB

Open AccessReview

Implementation and Validation of Free Flaps in Acute and Reconstructive Burn Care

by Benjamin Ziegler, Gabriel Hundeshagen, Jan Warszawski, Emre Gazyakan, Ulrich Kneser and Christoph Hirche

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070718 - 16 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3344

Abstract

Microsurgical free flap reconstruction in acute burn care offers the option of reconstructing even challenging defects in a single stage procedure. Due to altered rheological and hemodynamic conditions in severely burned patients, it bears the risk of a higher complication rate compared to [...] Read more.

Microsurgical free flap reconstruction in acute burn care offers the option of reconstructing even challenging defects in a single stage procedure. Due to altered rheological and hemodynamic conditions in severely burned patients, it bears the risk of a higher complication rate compared to microsurgical reconstruction in other patients. To avoid failure, appropriate indications for free flap reconstruction should be reviewed thoroughly. Several aspects concerning timing of the procedure, individual flap choice, selection and preparation of the recipient vessels, and perioperative measures must be considered. Respecting these specific conditions, a low complication rate, comparable to those seen in microsurgical reconstruction of other traumatic limb defects, can be observed. Hence, the free flap procedure in acute burn care is a relatively safe and reliable tool in the armamentarium of acute burn surgery. In reconstructive burn care, microsurgical tissue transfer is routinely used to treat scar contractures. Due to the more robust perioperative condition of patients, even lower rates of complication are seen in microsurgical reconstruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection A History of Burn Care)

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9 pages, 717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Contraception on Uterine Fibroids

by Katarzyna Kwas, Aleksandra Nowakowska, Angelika Fornalczyk, Magda Krzycka, Anna Nowak, Jacek Wilczyński and Maria Szubert

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070717 - 16 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3972

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Uterine fibroids develop in 25–40% of women of childbearing age; however, there are discrepancies resulting from population and socioeconomic differences. The pathogenesis of fibroids is not clear. The aim of the study was to assess the potential connection between [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Uterine fibroids develop in 25–40% of women of childbearing age; however, there are discrepancies resulting from population and socioeconomic differences. The pathogenesis of fibroids is not clear. The aim of the study was to assess the potential connection between the use of oral contraceptives and the occurrence of uterine fibroids in women of childbearing age. Materials and Methods: In this prospective, survey, case–control study, data were collected from Caucasian female patients (mean age = 30) using a questionnaire concerning the onset, duration and form of hormonal contraception, and medical and obstetrical history. The questionnaires were handed personally to hospitalized patients as well as distributed through Google forms on social media. Results: In a study group (n = 140) of patients using hormonal contraception, 37.8% of them were diagnosed with uterine fibroids, whereas among the patients not using hormonal contraception (n = 206), uterine fibroids were diagnosed in 59.6% of the patients. The most common hormonal contraception was two-component hormonal tablets used by 93.3% of the patients. Taking contraceptives was a uterine fibroids protective factor (OR = 0.4, p = 0.007). In the study group, 5.5% of the patients were pregnant and 60.42% were diagnosed with uterine fibroids (OR = 4.4, p < 0.000001). Conclusion: Contraception was found to be a protective factor for uterine fibroids among the women surveyed. The presented data confirm the theory about the hormonal dependence of uterine fibroids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hormone Therapy for Women and Men: Contraception, Antiaging, Menopause and Andropause Treatment)

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7 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Yield of String Sign in Differentiating Mucinous from Non-Mucinous Pancreatic Cysts: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

by Wisam Sbeit, Anas Kadah, Amir Shahin and Tawfik Khoury

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070716 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1685

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The diagnosis of pancreatic cysts is mostly based on a combination of morphological appearance and fluid analysis of amylase and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). We aimed to assess the capability of the string sign in differentiating mucinous from non-mucinous pancreatic [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The diagnosis of pancreatic cysts is mostly based on a combination of morphological appearance and fluid analysis of amylase and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). We aimed to assess the capability of the string sign in differentiating mucinous from non-mucinous pancreatic cysts. Materials and Methods: All patients who were referred for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for pancreatic cysts assessment from 2015 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Our cohort consisted of 112 patients. Of them, 92 patients (82.1%) had mucinous cystic neoplasms (group A) and 20 patients (17.9%) had non-mucinous cystic neoplasms (group B). The average age in groups A and B was 71.3 and 60.4 years, respectively. String sign was positive in 47 patients (51.1%) and negative in 21 patients (22.8%) in group A, while in group B, string sign was negative in 19 patients (95%). String sign showed significant correlation with the diagnosis of mucinous cystic neoplasms (OR 64.2, 95% CI 8.1–508.6, p = 0.0001). Cytology confirmed mucinous cystic neoplasms that included 32 patients; the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of string sign for mucinous cystic neoplasms were high, reaching 93.8%, 85.7%, 96.8%, and 75%, respectively, with an excellent accuracy rate of 92.3%. Conclusions: The string sign is highly accurate for predicting pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms, and should be used as an important aid for improving diagnostic accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biliopancreatic Endoscopy)

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14 pages, 1261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Functional Recovery and Subjective Well-Being after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

by Aušra Adomavičienė, Kristina Daunoravičienė, Rusnė Šidlauskaitė, Julius Griškevičius, Raimondas Kubilius, Lina Varžaitytė and Juozas Raistenskis

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070715 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2323

Abstract

Background: Rotator cuff tears are common causes of functional shoulder instability and often lead to arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. A well-programmed rehabilitation leads to successful tendon healing, positive functional recovery and subjective well-being (SWB). Objective: To evaluate the changes in shoulder functioning and [...] Read more.

Background: Rotator cuff tears are common causes of functional shoulder instability and often lead to arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. A well-programmed rehabilitation leads to successful tendon healing, positive functional recovery and subjective well-being (SWB). Objective: To evaluate the changes in shoulder functioning and SWB pre-, post-outpatient rehabilitation and after one-month follow-up. Materials and Methods: A total of 44 patients were assessed three times: at the beginning (six weeks’ post-surgery), at the end of outpatient rehabilitation (2–3 weeks) and one month after rehabilitation. The outcome measures were the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score (DASH), active range of motion (ROM), manual muscle testing (MMT), hand dynamometry (HD) and pain level by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). SWB was assessed by Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Lithuanian Psychological Well-Being Scale (LPWBS). Results are presented as a difference between periods. Results: Affected shoulder motor function (MMT, HD and ROM) significantly improved in three periods (p < 0.05); however, major recovery was observed in the follow-up period. VAS scores meaningfully decreased over all stages and negatively correlated with motor function recovery (p < 0.05). DASH rates exhibited significant retrieval in all phases, especially in follow-up. SWB results demonstrated the larger effects of self-evaluation in follow-up, improved daily functions and psychological wellness, then negative emotions significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The experienced pain and psychosocial factors significantly influence functional recovery of the shoulder during rehabilitation. The improvement in motor function, ability and pain relief during rehabilitation increases level of SWB, psychological wellness and positive emotional affect in long-term context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Sports Traumatology)

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12 pages, 976 KiB

Open AccessReview

Association of Thyroid Function with Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Freddy J. K. Toloza, Yuanjie Mao, Lakshmi Menon, Gemy George, Madhura Borikar, Soumya Thumma, Hooman Motahari, Patricia Erwin, Richard Owen and Spyridoula Maraka

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070714 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3326

Abstract

Thyroid disease is a very common condition that influences the entire human body, including cognitive function and mental health. As a result, thyroid disease has been associated with multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. However, the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and suicide is still controversial. We [...] Read more.

Thyroid disease is a very common condition that influences the entire human body, including cognitive function and mental health. As a result, thyroid disease has been associated with multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. However, the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and suicide is still controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to describe the association of thyroid function with suicidal behavior in adults. We searched four data bases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Scopus) from their inception to 20 July 2018. Studies that reported mean values and standard deviation (SD) of thyroid hormone levels [Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total thyroxine (TT4), and total triiodothyronine (TT3)] in patients with suicidal behavior compared with controls were included in this meta-analysis. The abstracts and papers retrieved with our search strategies were reviewed independently and in duplicate by four reviewers for assessment of inclusion criteria and data extraction, as well as for evaluation of risk of bias. Random-effects models were used in this meta-analysis to establish the mean difference on thyroid function tests between groups. Overall, 2278 articles were identified, and 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies involved 2807 participants, including 826 participants identified with suicidal behavior. We found that patients with suicide behavior had lower levels of FT3 (−0.20 pg/mL; p = 0.02) and TT4 (−0.23 µg/dL; p = 0.045) compared to controls. We found no differences in either TSH, FT4, or TT3 levels among groups. With our search strategy, we did not identify studies with a comparison of overt/subclinical thyroid disease prevalence between patients with and without suicide behavior. The studies included in this meta-analysis had a low-to-moderate risk of bias. In the available literature, the evidence regarding the association of thyroid disorders and suicidal behavior is limited. We found that patients with suicidal behavior have significantly lower mean FT3 and TT4 levels when compared to patients without suicidal behavior. The clinical implications and pathophysiologic mechanisms of these differences remain unknown and further research is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Disorders: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Impact on Health and Therapies)

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13 pages, 1148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robot-Assisted Gait Training in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

by Cristiano Sconza, Francesco Negrini, Berardo Di Matteo, Alberto Borboni, Gennaro Boccia, Ignas Petrikonis, Edgaras Stankevičius and Roberto Casale

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070713 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4572

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Gait disorders represent one of the most disabling aspects in multiple sclerosis (MS) that strongly influence patient quality of life. The improvement of walking ability is a primary goal for rehabilitation treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Gait disorders represent one of the most disabling aspects in multiple sclerosis (MS) that strongly influence patient quality of life. The improvement of walking ability is a primary goal for rehabilitation treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) in association with physiotherapy treatment in patients affected by MS in comparison with ground conventional gait training. Study design: Randomized controlled crossover trial. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven participants affected by MS with EDSS scores between 3.5 and 7 were enrolled, of whom seventeen completed the study. They received five training sessions per week over five weeks of conventional gait training with (experimental group) or without (control group) the inclusion of RAGT. The patients were prospectively evaluated before and after the first treatment session and, after the crossover phase, before and after the second treatment session. The evaluation was based on the 25-foot walk test (25FW, main outcome), 6 min walk test (6MWT), Tinetti Test, Modified Ashworth Scale, and modified Motricity Index for lower limbs. We also measured disability parameters using Functional Independence Measure and Quality of Life Index, and instrumental kinematic and gait parameters: knee extensor strength, double-time support, step length ratio; 17 patients reached the final evaluation. Results: Both groups significantly improved on gait parameters, motor abilities, and autonomy recovery in daily living activities with generally better results of RAGT over control treatment. In particular, the RAGT group improved more than control group in the 25FW (p = 0.004) and the 6MWT (p = 0.022). Conclusions: RAGT is a valid treatment option that in association with physiotherapy could induce positive effects in MS-correlated gait disorders. Our results showed greater effectiveness in recovering gait speed and resistance than conventional gait training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurorehabilitation of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Brain Damage)

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10 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomarkers of Glyco-Metabolic Control in Hemodialysis Patients: Glycated Hemoglobin vs. Glycated Albumin

by Francesca Gabriela Martino, Marina Vitillo, Massimo Pieri, Giulia Marrone, Fabio Gangeri, Ferruccio Ansali, Mariarita Dessì, Sergio Bernardini, Nicola Di Daniele and Annalisa Noce

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070712 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2408

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) dosage is considered the gold standard in glycol-metabolic monitoring, but it presents limits, which can underestimate the glycemia trend. In this regard, it was introduced the glycated albumin (GA). The aim of the study is to verify [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) dosage is considered the gold standard in glycol-metabolic monitoring, but it presents limits, which can underestimate the glycemia trend. In this regard, it was introduced the glycated albumin (GA). The aim of the study is to verify the predictivity of the GA compared to HbA1c in identifying glyco-metabolic alterations in non-diabetic and diabetic hemodialysis (HD) patients. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, we conducted a multicenter study involving one analysis laboratory and six dialysis centers in the Lazio region (Rome, Italy). Both diabetic and non-diabetic HD patients represent the study population, and the protocol included five time points. Results: The analyzed data highlighted the ability of GA to predict changes in glycemic metabolism in HD patients, and GA values are not significantly influenced, like HbA1c, by dialysis therapy itself and by comorbidities of the uremic state, such as normochromic and normocytic anemia. Thus, GA seems to reflect early glyco-metabolic alterations, both in patients with a previous diagnosis of diabetes and in subjects without diabetes mellitus. As part of this study, we analyzed two HD patients (one diabetic and one non-diabetic) in which GA was more predictive of glycol-metabolic alterations compared to HbA1c. Our study confirms the need to compare classical biomarkers used for the monitoring of glyco-metabolic alterations with new ones, likely more reliable and effective in specific subgroups of patients in which the classic biomarkers can be influenced by the preexisting pathological conditions. Conclusions: In conclusion, our evidence highlights that in uremic patients, GA shows a better ability to predict glyco-metabolic alterations allowing both an earlier diagnosis of DM and a prompt modulation of the hypoglycemic therapy, thus improving the clinical management of these patients. Full article

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27 pages, 2649 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Focused Update

by Niccolò Ciardetti, Francesca Ciatti, Giulia Nardi, Francesca Maria Di Muro, Pierluigi Demola, Edoardo Sottili, Miroslava Stolcova, Francesca Ristalli, Alessio Mattesini, Francesco Meucci and Carlo Di Mario

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070711 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3629

Abstract

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the leading technique for aortic valve replacement in symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis with conventional surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) now limited to patients younger than 65–75 years due to a combination of unsuitable anatomies [...] Read more.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the leading technique for aortic valve replacement in symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis with conventional surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) now limited to patients younger than 65–75 years due to a combination of unsuitable anatomies (calcified raphae in bicuspid valves, coexistent aneurysm of the ascending aorta) and concerns on the absence of long-term data on TAVI durability. This incredible rise is linked to technological evolutions combined with increased operator experience, which led to procedural refinements and, accordingly, to better outcomes. The article describes the main and newest technical improvements, allowing an extension of the indications (valve-in-valve procedures, intravascular lithotripsy for severely calcified iliac vessels), and a reduction of complications (stroke, pacemaker implantation, aortic regurgitation). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technical Improvements and Hemodynamic Response during TAVI Implantation: Is It Possible to Have a Tailored Procedure for Each Patient?)

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11 pages, 3068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lipofection of Single Guide RNA Targeting MMP8 Decreases Proliferation and Migration in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells

by Oscar David Hernandez Maradiaga, Pooi Ling Mok, Gothai Sivapragasam, Antony V. Samrot, Mohammed Safwan Ali Khan, Aisha Farhana, Badr Alzahrani, Jiabei Tong, Thilakavathy Karuppiah, Narcisse M. S. Joseph and Suresh Kumar Subbiah

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070710 - 14 Jul 2021

Viewed by 2604

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been implicated as major determinants of tumour growth and metastasis, which are considered two of the main hallmarks of cancer. The interaction of MMP8 and other signalling molecules within and adjacent tumoral tissues, including immune [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been implicated as major determinants of tumour growth and metastasis, which are considered two of the main hallmarks of cancer. The interaction of MMP8 and other signalling molecules within and adjacent tumoral tissues, including immune cells, are rather elusive, particularly of adenocarcinoma cell type. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of MMP8 in non-small cell lung cancer proliferation and invasiveness potential. Materials and Methods: We individually lipofected with two different single guide RNA (sgRNAs) that specifically targeted on MMP8, with CRISPR-Cas 9 protein into the cells. Results: Our results clearly indicated that the lipofection of these complexes could lead to reduced ability of A549 cells to survive and proliferate to form colonies. In addition, when compared to non-transfected cells, the experimental cell groups receiving sgRNAs demonstrated relatively decreased migration rate, hence, wider wound gaps in scratch assay. The quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) demonstrated significant reduction in the MAP-K, survivin and PI3-K gene expression. MMP8 might have protective roles over tumour growth and spread in our body. Conclusions: The delivery of sgRNAs targeting on the MMP8 gene could induce tumour cell death and arrest cell migratory activity. Full article

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9 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Receptor-Interacting Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase-2 as a Potential Prognostic Factor in Colorectal Cancer

by Rola F. Jaafar, Zeid Ibrahim, Karim Ataya, Joelle Hassanieh, Natasha Ard and Walid Faraj

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070709 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2681

Abstract

Background and objectives: Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-2 (RIPK2) is an important mediator in different pathways in the immune and inflammatory response system. RIPK2 was also shown to play different roles in different cancer types; however, in colorectal cancer (CRC), its role is not [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-2 (RIPK2) is an important mediator in different pathways in the immune and inflammatory response system. RIPK2 was also shown to play different roles in different cancer types; however, in colorectal cancer (CRC), its role is not well established. This study aims at identifying the role of RIPK2 in CRC progression and survival. Materials and methods: Data of patients and mRNA protein expression level of genes associated with CRC (RIPK2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TRAF1, TRAF7, KLF6, interlukin-6 (Il6), interlukin-8 (Il8), vascular-endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), MKI67, TP53, nuclear factor-kappa B (NFKB), NFKB2, BCL2, XIAP, and RELA) were downloaded from the PrognoScan online public database. Patients were divided between low and high RIPK2 expression and different CRC characteristics were studied between the two groups. Survival curves were evaluated using a Kaplan–Meier estimator. The Pearson correlation was used to study the correlation between RIPK2 and the other factors. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25.0. The Human Protein Atlas was also used for the relationship between RIPK2 expression in CRC tissues and survival. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 520 patients were downloaded from the PrognoScan database, and RIPK2 was found to correlate with MKI67, TRAF1, KLF6, TNF, Il6, Il8, VEGFA, NFKB2, BCL2, and RELA. High expression of RIPK2 was associated with high expression of VEGFA (p < 0.01) and increased mortality (p < 0.01). Conclusions: In this study, RIPK2 is shown to be a potential prognostic factor in CRC; however, more studies are needed to assess and verify its potential role as a prognostic marker and in targeted therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Landscapes in Colorectal Carcinoma)

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9 pages, 1861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound Assessment of Adnexal Pathology: Standardized Methods and Different Levels of Experience

by Indrė Tavoraitė, Laura Kronlachner, Gina Opolskienė and Daiva Bartkevičienė

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070708 - 13 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2094

Abstract

Background and objectives: An expert’s subjective assessment is still the most reliable evaluation of adnexal pathology, thus raising the need for methods less dependent on the examiner’s experience. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of standardized methods when [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: An expert’s subjective assessment is still the most reliable evaluation of adnexal pathology, thus raising the need for methods less dependent on the examiner’s experience. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of standardized methods when applied by examiners with different levels of experience and to suggest the most suitable method for less-experienced gynecologists. Materials and methods: This single-center retrospective study included 50 cases of histologically proven first-time benign or malignant adnexal pathology. Three examiners evaluated the same transvaginal ultrasound images: an expert (level III), a 4th year resident in gynecology (level I), and a final year medical student after basic training (labeled as level 0). The assessment methods included subjective evaluation, Simple Rules (SR) with and without algorithm, ADNEX and Gynecologic Imaging Reporting and Data System (GI-RADS) models. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values with 95% confidence interval were calculated. Results: Out of 50 cases, 33 (66%) were benign and 17 (34%) were malignant adnexal masses. Using only SR, level III could classify 48 (96%), level I—41 (82%) and level 0—40 (80%) adnexal lesions. Using SR and algorithm, the performance improved the most for all levels and yielded sensitivity and specificity of 100% for level III, 100% and 97% for level I, 94.4% and 100% for level 0, respectively. Compared to subjective assessment, ADNEX lowered the accuracy of level III evaluation from 97.9% to 88% and GI-RADS had no impact. ADNEX and GI-RADS improved the sensitivity up to 100% for the less experienced; however, the specificity and accuracy were notably decreased. Conclusions: SR and SR+ algorithm have the most potential to improve not only sensitivity, but also specificity and accuracy, irrespective of the experience level. ADNEX and GI-RADS can yield sensitivity of 100%; however, the accuracy is decreased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)

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13 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Myelomeningocele Surgery over the 10 Years Following the MOMS Trial: A Systematic Review of Outcomes in Prenatal versus Postnatal Surgical Repair

by Francesca Gabriela Paslaru, Anca Maria Panaitescu, George Iancu, Alina Veduta, Nicolae Gica, Alexandru Catalin Paslaru, Anamaria Gheorghiu, Gheorghe Peltecu and Radu Mircea Gorgan

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070707 - 12 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3645

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida, a congenital neural tube defect arising from an incomplete neural tube closure during early development with damage worsening with advancing gestational age. The Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) Trial proved [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida, a congenital neural tube defect arising from an incomplete neural tube closure during early development with damage worsening with advancing gestational age. The Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) Trial proved that surgery performed before 26 weeks of gestation significantly improved the prognosis, significantly changing treatment paradigms. This article aims to provide a review of the changes and updates in spina bifida repair over the 10-year period following the MOMS Trial. Material and methods: We performed a systematic review in the PubMed and Cochrane databases as well as a hand-search of high-impact journals using the reference list of all identified articles, searching for randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Results: We identified 27 articles published between 2011 and 2021 that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and review them in the present study. Conclusions: With growing experience and with the improvement of prenatal open and fetoscopic techniques, the outcome of SB-associated conditions could be improved and the risks to both the mother and the fetus reduced. A continuous follow-up of the treated infants and further randomized trials are essential to study the complications and advantages or disadvantages of any given treatment strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Prenatal Medicine: Research and Care)

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10 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Right Ventricular Diameter Are Related to Aspirin Resistance in Coronary Artery Disease Patients

by Kamila Marika Cygulska, Łukasz Figiel, Dariusz Sławek, Małgorzata Wraga, Marek Dąbrowa and Jarosław D. Kasprzak

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070706 - 12 Jul 2021

Viewed by 1816

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Resistance to ASA (ASAres) is a multifactorial phenomenon defined as insufficient reduction of platelet reactivity through incomplete inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis. The aim is to reassess the prevalence and predictors of ASAres in a contemporary cohort of coronary artery [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Resistance to ASA (ASAres) is a multifactorial phenomenon defined as insufficient reduction of platelet reactivity through incomplete inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis. The aim is to reassess the prevalence and predictors of ASAres in a contemporary cohort of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (pts) on stable therapy with ASA, 75 mg o.d. Materials and Methods: We studied 205 patients with stable CAD treated with daily dose of 75 mg ASA for a minimum of one month. ASAres was defined as ARU (aspirin reaction units) ≥550 using the point-of-care VerifyNow Aspirin test. Results: ASAres was detected in 11.7% of patients. Modest but significant correlations were detected between ARU and concentration of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (r = 0.144; p = 0.04), body weight, body mass index, red blood cell distribution width, left ventricular mass, and septal end-systolic thickness, with trends for left ventricular mass index and prothrombin time. In multivariate regression analysis, log(NT-proBNP) was identified as the only independent predictor of ARU—partial r = 0.15, p = 0.03. Median concentrations of NT-proBNP were significantly higher in ASAres patients (median value 311.4 vs. 646.3 pg/mL; p = 0.046) and right ventricular diameter was larger, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was lower as compared to patients with adequate response to ASA. Conclusions: ASAres has significant prevalence in this contemporary CAD cohort and NT-proBNP has been identified as the independent correlate of on-treatment ARU, representing a predictor for ASAres, along with right ventricular enlargement and lower hemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Management, Treatment Recommendations, and Future Research)

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8 pages, 18094 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rare Clinical Association between Clostridioides difficile Infection and Ischemic Colitis: Case Report and Literature Review

by Elena Mirela Ionescu, Ana-Maria Curte, Andrei Ovidiu Olteanu, Carmen Monica Preda, Ioana Tieranu, Artsiom Klimko and Cristian George Tieranu

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070705 - 11 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2806

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Gut microbiota plays an important role in the wellbeing of the host through different interactions between microflora constituents. In certain instances, Clostridioides difficile may pullulate, causing infection with associated colitis that may vary in terms of severity from mild disease [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Gut microbiota plays an important role in the wellbeing of the host through different interactions between microflora constituents. In certain instances, Clostridioides difficile may pullulate, causing infection with associated colitis that may vary in terms of severity from mild disease to severe colitis, with increased associated mortality due to its complications. However, there are few literature data regarding the association between Clostridioides difficile and ischemic colitis. Case report: We report the case of a 30-year-old male patient, overweight, with impending dehydration, who presented with hematochezia and colicky abdominal pain, with positive fecal tests for the detection of Clostridioides difficile infection and endoscopic appearance suggesting ischemic colitis in the sigmoid and left colon, confirmed by computed tomography and histology. The patient was treated with oral Vancomycin, with resolution of symptoms, and was reevaluated through colonoscopy eight weeks after discharge, with endoscopic mucosal normalization and histological scarring process on biopsy samples. Conclusion: We report one of the few cases in the literature of ischemic colitis associated with Clostridioides difficile infection, with resolution of clinical, endoscopic, and histologic changes after specific treatment with oral Vancomycin suggesting a possible association between the two diseases. We also review the existing literature data regarding this comorbid association. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolving Concepts in Clinical Gastroenterology)

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11 pages, 1391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Right Ventricular Functionality Following Hemodialysis Initiation in End-Stage Kidney Disease—A Single-Center, Prospective, Cohort Study

by Ana Tanasa, Alexandru Burlacu, Iolanda Valentina Popa and Adrian Covic

Medicina 2021, 57(7), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070704 - 10 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2114

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is viewed as an outstanding technique, competent of uncovering earlier subclinical myocardial anomalies compared to conventional echocardiography. A few endeavors adopted 2D-STE as a tool to estimate right ventricular (RV) function in subjects with end-stage [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is viewed as an outstanding technique, competent of uncovering earlier subclinical myocardial anomalies compared to conventional echocardiography. A few endeavors adopted 2D-STE as a tool to estimate right ventricular (RV) function in subjects with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). There is no published prospective study on an adult ESKD cohort exploring the consequences of commencing elective hemodialysis (HD) on RV behavior. Materials and Methods: We investigated the RV systolic function using traditional (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion—TAPSE, RV fractional area change—FAC) and 2D-STE (RV free wall longitudinal strain—RVFWLS) parameters following the initiation of HD. We enrolled 79 consecutive patients with ESKD and assessed them in four steps—at baseline, before HD, and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Results: RVFWLS, FAC, and TAPSE values had a significant increase at 3, 6, and 12 months from baseline (p < 0.001) and a significant increase at 6 months from 3 months (p < 0.001). However, differences between 12 months and 6 months were not significant (p > 0.05) according to Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc tests. Seventeen deaths were recorded before the completion of the study. RVFWLS, FAC, and TAPSE values significantly decreased at 3 and 6 months in all 17 deceased patients, in clear opposition with the values survivors had. All the studied parameters had a significant prediction power on mortality (p < 0.001) having an outstanding performance: baseline-RVFWLS (AUC: 1.000 (95% C.I.: 1.000–1.000)), baseline-FAC (AUC: 0.974 (95% C.I.: 0.942–1.000)), and baseline-TAPSE (AUC: 0.962 (95% C.I.: 0.920–1.000). Conclusions: Our study is the first to investigate RV function by 2D-STE and correlate it with traditional methods in patients with ESKD before and after the initiation of HD. RV function was significantly ameliorated at 3, 6, and 12 months compared to the pre-HD values. FAC and RVFWLS gain an outstanding prognostic role on mortality in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urology & Nephrology)

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Medicina, Volume 57, Issue 7 (July 2021) – 93 articles

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