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Sensors, Volume 5, Issue 11 (November 2005) – 3 articles , Pages 465-508

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529 KiB  
Article
Robust Multivariable Estimation of the Relevant Information Coming from a Wheel Speed Sensor and an Accelerometer Embedded in a Car under Performance Tests
by Wilmar Hernandez
Sensors 2005, 5(11), 488-508; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5110488 - 29 Nov 2005
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8803
Abstract
In the present paper, in order to estimate the response of both a wheel speedsensor and an accelerometer placed in a car under performance tests, robust and optimalmultivariable estimation techniques are used. In this case, the disturbances and noisescorrupting the relevant information coming [...] Read more.
In the present paper, in order to estimate the response of both a wheel speedsensor and an accelerometer placed in a car under performance tests, robust and optimalmultivariable estimation techniques are used. In this case, the disturbances and noisescorrupting the relevant information coming from the sensors’ outputs are so dangerous thattheir negative influence on the electrical systems impoverish the general performance of thecar. In short, the solution to this problem is a safety related problem that deserves our fullattention. Therefore, in order to diminish the negative effects of the disturbances and noiseson the car’s electrical and electromechanical systems, an optimum observer is used. Theexperimental results show a satisfactory improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of therelevant signals and demonstrate the importance of the fusion of several intelligent sensordesign techniques when designing the intelligent sensors that today’s cars need. Full article
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242 KiB  
Article
Brain Tissue Oxygen: In Vivo Monitoring with Carbon Paste Electrodes
by Fiachra B. Bolger and John P. Lowry
Sensors 2005, 5(11), 473-487; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5110473 - 16 Nov 2005
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 9061
Abstract
In this communication we review selected experiments involving the use ofcarbon paste electrodes (CPEs) to monitor and measure brain tissue O2 levels in awakefreely-moving animals. Simultaneous measurements of rCBF were performed using the H2clearance technique. Voltammetric techniques used include both [...] Read more.
In this communication we review selected experiments involving the use ofcarbon paste electrodes (CPEs) to monitor and measure brain tissue O2 levels in awakefreely-moving animals. Simultaneous measurements of rCBF were performed using the H2clearance technique. Voltammetric techniques used include both differential pulse (O2) andconstant potential amperometry (rCBF). Mild hypoxia and hyperoxia produced rapidchanges (decrease and increase respectively) in the in vivo O2 signal. Neuronal activation(tail pinch and stimulated grooming) produced similar increases in both O2 and rCBFindicating that CPE O2 currents provide an index of increases in rCBF when such increasesexceed O2 utilization. Saline injection produced a transient increase in the O2 signal whilechloral hydrate produced slower more long-lasting changes that accompanied the behavioralchanges associated with anaesthesia. Acetazolamide increased O2 levels through an increasein rCBF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Paste Electrodes)
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206 KiB  
Article
Potentiometric CO2 Sensor Using Li Ion Conducting Li3PO4Thin Film Electrolyte
by Whyo Sub Noh, L. Satyanarayana and Jin Seong Park
Sensors 2005, 5(11), 465-472; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5110465 - 16 Nov 2005
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 9631
Abstract
Li+ ion conducting Li3PO4 thin film electrolytes with thickness 300nm, 650nm and1.2μm were deposited on Al2O3 substrate at room temperature by thermal evaporation method.Reference and sensing electrodes were printed on Au interfaces by conventional screen printingtechnique. [...] Read more.
Li+ ion conducting Li3PO4 thin film electrolytes with thickness 300nm, 650nm and1.2μm were deposited on Al2O3 substrate at room temperature by thermal evaporation method.Reference and sensing electrodes were printed on Au interfaces by conventional screen printingtechnique. The overall dimension of the sensor was 3 x 3 mm and of electrodes were 1 x 1.5 mmeach. The fabricated solid state potentiometric CO2 sensors of type: CO2, O2, Au, Li2TiO3-TiO2 / Li3PO4 / Li2CO3, Au, CO2, O2 have been investigated for CO2 sensing properties. Theelectromotive force (emf) and δemf/dec values of the sensors are dependent on the thickness ofthe electrolyte film. 1.2μm thickness deposited sensor has shown good sensing behavior than thesensors with less thickness. The δemf values of the sensor are linearly increased up to 460oCoperating temperature and became stable above 460oC. Between 460-500oC temperatures regionthe sensor has reached an equilibrium state and the experimentally obtained δemf values areabout 80% of the theoretically calculated values. A Nernst’s slope of -61mV/decade has beenobtained between 250 to 5000 ppm of CO2 concentration at 500oC temperature. The sensor issuitable for ease of mass production in view of its miniaturization and cost effectiveness aftersome further improvement. Full article
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