Polyphenols in Metabolic Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Different Metabolic Disorders
2.1. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
2.1.1. Pre-Clinical Studies
2.1.2. Clinical Studies
2.2. Insulin Resistance/Hyperglycemia
2.2.1. Pre-Clinical Studies
2.2.2. Clinical Studies
2.3. Obesity
2.3.1. Pre-Clinical Studies
2.3.2. Clinical Studies
2.4. Liver Intoxication
2.4.1. Pre-Clinical Studies
2.4.2. Clinical Studies
2.5. Aging
2.5.1. Pre-Clinical
2.5.2. Clinical Studies
2.6. Carcinogenesis
2.6.1. Pre-Clinical Studies
2.6.2. Clinical Studies
2.7. Cardiovascular Diseases
2.7.1. Pre-Clinical Studies
2.7.2. Clinical Studies
2.8. Other Health Problems
2.8.1. Pre-Clinical Studies
2.8.2. Clinical Studies
3. Proposed Panel of Polyphenols
4. Effective Delivery of Polyphenols to the Target
5. Effect of Chemical Structure on Biological Activities of Polyphenols
6. Synergetic Interaction of PPs and Some Challenging Issues for Their Applications
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PPs Type and Main Features of Treatment | Pathologies and Mechanism of Action | Refs. |
---|---|---|
Oxidative Stress and Inflammation | ||
Oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocathechin | Cell protection (redox homeostasis) through the activation of vitagene signaling pathways | [33,197] |
Grape products containing PPs (resveratrol, proanthocyanidin, quercetin, etc.) | Significant increase in the levels of total antioxidant capacity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity as well as improving various enzymatic systems such as superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase (dependently on the dosage) | [54] |
Genistein, silymarin caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid | Healing chronic inflammation is the key pathomechanism of obesity-related metabolic disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases) | [43] |
PPs from cocoa, fruits, and vegetables | Alleviating the oxidative damage and inflammation parameters | [6,7,10,83] |
Diabetes | ||
Aloe Vera extract (enriched with PPs), PPs from grapes,and cinnamon | Control of insulin resistance | [64,65,66] |
Quercetin, resveratrol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate | Enhancing glucose uptake in the adipocytes and muscles in type 2diabetes by the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway | [67] |
Resveratrol | Reducing blood glucose levels | [57] |
PPs from fruits and vegetables | Protecting pancreatic β-cells and activating glucose/lipid metabolism pathways, affecting glucose absorption and uptake | [67,83] |
Obesity | ||
Epigallocatechin gallate | Increasing energy consumption and weight loss due to a higher rate of fat oxidation | [74] |
The total PP content (measured in urine samples using the Folin–Ciocalteu method) | Long-term intake of PPs led to significant loss of weight | [75] |
Curcumin and resveratrol | Anti-obesity effect to avoid associated metabolic disorders | [78] |
Brown seaweed PPs | Effective regulation of metabolic disorders via correction of fat function (transforming white adipose tissue into “brown” and enhancing energy consumption) | [80] |
PPs from fruits and vegetables | Reducing lipid accumulation and regulating intestinal microflora | [83] |
Liver Intoxication | ||
Silymarin/Silybin | Hepatoprotection, preventing and treatment of chronic liver disease | [85] |
Flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanones and isoflavones) | Detoxifying and oxidative stress preventive abilities of flavonoids through regulation of the autophagy and apoptosis pathways as well as by impact on mitochondria-ER stress-proteasome | [104,105,106,107,108] |
Foods’ PPs (whole-foods approach) | It affects the activity of detoxification pathways, including Nrf2 signaling, phase I cytochrome P450 enzymes, phase II conjugation enzymes, and metallothionein | [102] |
Aging | ||
Resveratrol | Vascular dysfunction in aging | [67] |
Resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin and catechins | Modulation of some of the evolutionarily conserved hallmarks of aging, such as oxidative damage, cell senescence, and autophagy | [117] |
Flavonoids, curcumin and resveratrol | Disruption of age-associated deterioration in physiological function | [123] |
Isoflavones from soybean | Anti-arteriosclerotic effect | [127] |
Flavonoids and tannins | Modulating genes associated with stress defense, drug-metabolizing enzymes, detoxification, and transporter proteins | [188] |
Carcinogenesis | ||
Epigallocatechin and other tea PPs | Chemopreventive effects on colorectal cancer | [150] |
Pomegranate fruit extract, green tea PPs, grape seed proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, genistein, silymarin, and delphinidin | Inhibition of photocarcinogenesis (melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma) | [151,153] |
Isoflavones from soybean | Prevention of prostate and breast cancer | [154,155] |
Cardiovascular Diseases | ||
Resveratrol | Increasing total plasminogen activator inhibitor and circulating vascular cell adhesion molecules | [179] |
Green tea PPs | Prevention the coronary heart disease | [180] |
Cocoa flavanols | Improving the levels of biomarkers for cardiometabolic disorders | [181,182] |
Lignans, flavonoids, and hydroxybenzoic acids | Diminishing risk of major cardiovascular disorders (ischemia, myocardial infarction, stroke) | [9] |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | ||
Curcumin | Improving metabolic parameters and inflammatory factors in women with rheumatoid arthritis | [196] |
The Common Name of Polyphenolic Compound | Structural Formula and IUPAC Name | Class of Phenolic Compounds | Main Sources | Main Targets of Action (Metabolic Diseases and States) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resveratrol | 3,5,4’-trihydroxystilbene | Stilbenes | Grapes, raspberries, mulberries, blueberries, apples, plums, and peanuts |
| [47,48,49] [57] [67] [78] [96] [143] [200] [201] [202] |
Curcumin | (1E,6E)-1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione | Curcuminoids (diarylheptanoid) | Turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome |
| [49] [67] [78] [156] [141] [186] [196] [203] [204] |
Quercetin | 3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone | Flavonoids (flavonols) | Fruits and vegetables (mainly of yellow or orange color) |
| [42] [61] [105] [106] [120] [144] [186] [202] [205] [206] [207] |
Epigallo-catechin gallate | (2R,3R)-3′,4′,5,5′,7-Pentahydroxyflavan-3-yl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate | Flavonoids (catechins) | Green tea |
| [53] [63] [67] [120] [134] [135] [136] [186] |
Anthocyanins | (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromenylium-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol chloride (Cyanidin-3-glucoside) | Flavonoids (anthocyanins) | Berries and flower corollas (in red, blue, or purple colors) |
| [199] [208] [209] |
Genistein | 4′,5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone | Flavonoids (isoflavone) | Mainly Fabaceae plants (soy-beans in particular) |
| [108] [127] [210] |
Naringenin | (2S)-4′,5,7-Trihydroxyflavan-4-one | Flavonoids (flavanone) | Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, grapefruits, etc.) |
| [169] [211] |
Apigenin | 4′,5,7-Trihydroxyflavone | Flavonoids (flavone) | Celery, parsley, Lamiaceae plants |
| [120] [189] [212] [213] |
Luteolin | 3′,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone | Flavonoids (flavone) | Celery, carrot, parsley, broccoli, oranges, chamomile tea, and Lamiaceae plants (thyme, oregano, rosemary, etc.) |
| [46] [198] [214] |
Silybin | Silybin A (2R,3R)-3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-[(2R,3R)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one | Flavonolignan (silymarin group) | Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) fruits. Silymarin is a flavonoid mixture in which silybin is the major one. |
| [43] [94] [95] |
Phlorotannins | Tetrafucol A, [11,21:23,31:33,41-Quaterphenyl]-12,14,16,22,24,26,32,34,36,42,44,46-dodecol | Oligomer of phloroglucinols (a fucol-type phlorotannin) | Brown seaweeds |
| [79] [80] [193] |
Rosmarinic acid | (2R)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-{[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}182propanoic acid | Hydroxycinnamic acids | Mainly Lamiaceae plants (especially from the Nepetoideae subfamily) |
| [147] [187] [215] |
Hydroxytyrosol | 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol | Phenylethanoid (phenolic compound) | Olive oil (in the form of oleuropein) |
| [216] [217] |
Chlorogenic acid | (1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-{[(2E)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid | Hydroxycinnamic acids (phenolic compound) | Coffee beans, peaches, eggplant, prunes |
| [43] [218] |
Caffecic acid | 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid | Hydroxycinnamic acids (phenolic compound) | Coffee beans, Lamiaceae plants, etc. |
| [43] [219] [220] |
Ferulic acid | (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid | Hydroxycinnamic acids (phenolic compound) | Mainly Apiaceae plants (Angelica sinensis, genus Ferula, etc.) |
| [207] [220] [221] |
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Gasmi, A.; Mujawdiya, P.K.; Noor, S.; Lysiuk, R.; Darmohray, R.; Piscopo, S.; Lenchyk, L.; Antonyak, H.; Dehtiarova, K.; Shanaida, M.; et al. Polyphenols in Metabolic Diseases. Molecules 2022, 27, 6280. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196280
Gasmi A, Mujawdiya PK, Noor S, Lysiuk R, Darmohray R, Piscopo S, Lenchyk L, Antonyak H, Dehtiarova K, Shanaida M, et al. Polyphenols in Metabolic Diseases. Molecules. 2022; 27(19):6280. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196280
Chicago/Turabian StyleGasmi, Amin, Pavan Kumar Mujawdiya, Sadaf Noor, Roman Lysiuk, Roman Darmohray, Salva Piscopo, Larysa Lenchyk, Halyna Antonyak, Kateryna Dehtiarova, Mariia Shanaida, and et al. 2022. "Polyphenols in Metabolic Diseases" Molecules 27, no. 19: 6280. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196280